Index

AccountAbility 1000 Stakeholder Engagement Behavioural Insights Team 314 Standard (AA1000SES) 347 behaviourally informed disclosure 318–19 act-related consumption 212 choice architecture 313–14, 315, 317, 325 Africa 225 confusion, avoidance of 319 agency 86, 88, 92–5 default rules 319–23 collective 84–5, 96 and automatic enrolment 319–21 Agenda 21 55–6 extreme 322 agent-based model, modified 166–7 implicit endorsement 321 Agyeman, J. 422 mass 321 Akenji, L. 26 personalized 321 Albinsson, P.A. 419 use 318, 320–21, 325 Allwood, J.M. 142 findings 315–17 American Institute for Cancer Research 196 framing 316, 318 Antonides, G. 209–23 inertia and procrastination 315–16, 321, ascription of responsibility (AR) 256 322 Asia 62–3, 165, 193, 287 internalities 313, 315 Asia-Pacific 225 libertarian paternalism 314–15 attitude–behaviour (value–action) gaps 88, 107, ‘nudging’ 314, 318, 325 278 nutrition 318 attitude–behaviour–choice (ABC) model 95, presentation 316 105 probability assessment and attitude to risk attitudes–facilitators–infrastructure (AFI) 317 framework 26 reference point for consumer decisions 321 attitudinal factors 105, 278 salience 323–4 Austgulen, M.H. 204 savings 319–20, 325 Australia 59, 135, 140, 164, 172, 226 social norms 316–17, 324, 325 Global Green Tag 296 Belgium 64, 155 Austrian economics 394, 397–400, 401, 406, Belk, R. 415 408 Bell, D. 433 availability bias 317 Bentham, J. 396 Berg, A. 28 Baatz, C. 124, 127 best available technologies (BATs) 289, 378 Baker, S. 210, 211 Bhamra, T. 103 Ballantine, P.W. 419 Bhate, S. 105, 106 Bamberg, S. 171, 249 Biel, A. 107 Bardhi, F. 419 bio fuels 166 Barnett, C. 94, 96 biodiversity 21–2, 157 Baslington, H. 271–2 bioethanol 140 Beardsworth, A.D. 210 Bjørner, T.B. 350 Becker, G.S. 400, 401 Blengini, G. 137 Beckmann, S. 104 Blue Angel (Germany) (eco-label) 300, 301, beef sector 134–5, 192, 193, 275, 291–3, 353 305 behavioural economics and environmental Bolderdijk, J.W. 72, 77, 78, 79, 328, 330, 324, protection 9–10, 313–25, 361 337, 340 above average effect 317 Bonroy, O. 305–6 active consumer choices 322–3 Bonsall, P.W. 164 automatic enrolment and consumer Börjesson, P. 138 behaviour 321–2 Botsman, R. 415

443 Lucia A. Reisch and John Thøgersen - 9781783471270 Downloaded from Elgar Online at 09/28/2021 08:14:59AM via free access 444 Handbook of research on sustainable consumption bottom-up approach 148–9, 153, 155, 158, seal-of-approval labels 295–6 185–6, 285 transportation 291 Boulding, K.E. 35 usage and disposal 291, 294 bounded socio-technical experiments (BSTEs) Carlson, L. 111 25 Carlsson-Kanyama, A. 135, 136 Bourdieu, P. 85, 87, 92, 97, 187 cars see transportation and travel boycotts 351 Cash, D.W. 366 Brambell Report 194 Cawley, J. 231 Brazil 140, 291 Central Africa 225 Bringezu, S. 382 Central America 230 British Standards Institute (2011): Publicly certification standards 185, 204, 296, 306, Available Specification 2050 288 346–9, 354–5 Brundtland Commission/Report 51, 54–5, 186, Chabowski, B.R. 113–14 229, 243 Chappells, H. 60, 89, 92, 94, 95 Brunsson, N. 344 Change, C.-H. 112 Burger, J.M. 339 Chase, R. 412 Business Alliance for Local Living Economies Chen, Y.-S. 112 (BALLE) 440 China 11th Five-Year Plan (2006–10) 35 Cacioppo, J.T. 262 carbon triage and carbon labelling 297 Caldwell, D.F. 339 decoupling resource consumption and Cameron, D. 314 economic growth 390 Canada 164, 234 energy 62–3 carbon dioxide emissions 51, 61, 147, 150, material efficiency 379 154–6, 178 meat 193 family socialization 268, 269 rising levels of consumption 56–7 life cycle assessment 134, 138–9 transportation and travel 165 transportation and travel 167, 170, 173 63 carbon dioxide equivalent 14, 285, 292, 295 choice 28, 247, 402–3 Carbon Disclosure Project 347 see also rational choice theory carbon footprint 135, 155, 196–7, 275, 286–9 choice architecture 203, 236, 360 carbon triage and carbon labelling system 9, see also ‘nudging’ 285–97 Christensen, T.H. 92 assessment feasibility 288–9 Churchill Jr, G.A. 269 binary level of precision 295 citizen-consumers 90–91, 204–5 carbon dioxide equivalent 14, 285, 292, 295 classical liberalism 394, 395–6, 397, 400, 406 carbon footprint 135, 155, 196–7, 275, Classification of Individual Consumption 286–9, 295 According to Purpose (COICOP) 148–9, consumer responsiveness or demand-side 154–5 plasticity 290–91 Claussen, E. 165 content of labels 295–6 CleanMetrics 287 criteria for choosing products for labelling climate change 22 286–91 climate clubs 285 food industry example 292–3 climate protection strategy 386–7 framing effects 296 clothing sector 361, 411–12 geographic considerations 294–5 Club of Rome 54 governance 293–4 Meadows report 385 implementation issues 293–6 coal 53–4 ordinal level of precision 295–6 codes of conduct 209, 234 pre-testing 296 Cohen, M.A. 295 producer responsiveness or supply-side Cohen, M.J. 86, 96, 361, 426, 429 plasticity 289–90 collaborative consumption see connected product life cycle implications 291–2 consumption and collaborative production 291, 294 consumption: sharing economy ratio scales 295 Collins, A. 154

Lucia A. Reisch and John Thøgersen - 9781783471270 Downloaded from Elgar Online at 09/28/2021 08:14:59AM via free access Index 445 common but differentiated responsibilities and conscious deliberation 246 benefits 382–5 consideration of future consequences (CFC) communication media 110–11, 361 263 connected consumption and collaborative Constantatos, C. 305–6 consumption: sharing economy 12, 42, consumer behaviour modelling 104–5 410–23, 433, 440 consumer habits and sustainable consumption AirBnB 412–13, 414, 415, 419, 420–21 8, 227, 243–51, 361 apparel 411–12 automaticity 247 bartering 43 choice alternatives 244–6 building social connections 411 definition of sustainable consumption 243–4 business-to-peer (B2P) exchanges 420 dual-process models 246, 247 car sharing 414 eco-labelling 305 carbon footprint reduction 414, 422 family socialization 278 circuits of commerce 417–18 goal-directed habits 248 classification: typology of platforms and habit discontinuity hypothesis 248–50 practices 419–20 intentions 247–8 co-design 108 interventions effect 249–50 co-production of utility 40 mental clustering of sustainable behaviours Couchsurfers 412, 418 245 cultural capital 417, 419 repetition 247 ecological impact and tunnel vision 247 414 consumer policy 1, 182, 254, 265 economic motivation 414 Consumer Policy Committee (COPOLCO) emergence of sharing economy 410–13 Working Group on Consumer Protection exchange of services 411, 413 in the Global Market 352 food swaps 419, 420–21 consumer responsibility for sustainable for-profit motive 420, 421, 422 consumption 8, 254–65, 267 Freecycle 415 ascription of responsibility (AR) 256 ideological motivation 414–15 behavioural dimensions 267 non-profit motive 420 conception of 258–60 optimizing use of assets 411 consumer social responsibility 255 peer-to-peer (P2P) public reputation systems disposal 260–61 418, 420–21 distribution of responsibility 259–62 practical example 420–22 economic 260 quantification and definition of sharing environmental 260 economy 415–18 felt responsibility for promoting constructive reciprocity 417 change (FRCC) 257 recirculation 411, 414 norm activation 255–6 RelayRides 419, 420, 421 outcome dimensions 267 rental of excess space 412–13 personal norms (PN) 255–6, 257 sharing websites 416 production 260–61 social connections and social networks purchase and usage 260–61 building 414 ratings of relevance of conceptual model social currency 413 elements 261 social lending sites 413 shared responsibility 258–62 Task Rabbit 413, 421–2, 423 social 260 technophilia 414 willingness to pay 257–8 time banks 413, 419, 423 see also consumers’ felt responsibility for transformative potentials and challenges sustainability 422–3 (CFRS) trust and reputation 416–17, 418–19, 421 consumer sensibilities, new 429–30 value creation 420 consumer sovereignty 12, 20, 394–408 vouching 418 Austrian economics 394, 397–401, 406, 408 Zipcar 412, 419, 420, 422 classical liberalism 394–7, 400, 406 Connelly, B.L. 109 consumers are not sovereigns 402–6

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economy, structure of 404–5 contraction and convergence 382–3 instrumental efficiency argument 394, 397, decoupling triangle of efficiency, sufficiency 400–401 and consistency 384–5 market ideal argument 394, 397–400 Germany (case study) 377, 385–9 modern political economy, development of business level 388–9 395–6 dialogue 388 neoclassical economics 394–7, 400–401, Energiewende 389 405–6 financing-based incentives 388 neoliberalism 395, 401 fiscal tools 388 political instrument argument 394, 397–8 framework conditions 387–8 power over preferences 405–6 framing resource policies 385–7 rational choice theory and individual choice international covenant 388 and preference 402–3, 406–7, 408 Material Efficiency and Resource role of in economic thought 397–401 Consumption (MaRess) 385–7, consumers 39–40 388 see also under sustainability marketing Ministry of Environment 385–6 consumers’ felt responsibility for sustainability performance 388 (CFRS) 255–6, 264, 267 public efficiency awareness and antecedents and correlates 262–4 performance 388–9 behaviour prediction 257–8 regulatory approaches 387–8 demographics 263–4 research 388 mindset 262–3 Resource Efficiency Programme scale 257 (ProgRess) 385, 388–9 values and ideology 263–4 Roland Berger (consultancy firm) 386 consumption junctions 90–91, 96 selected policies and measures 387–9 consumption and use of goods and services Wuppertal Institute for Climate, 267 Environment and Energy 385 convenience-oriented path 213 growth, resource protection and jobs 383–4 corporate social responsibility (CSR) 111, 113, illustration of decoupling challenges 383 254, 263, 296 impact decoupling 380 corporate sustainability and responsibility measurement and key areas 378–82 346–9, 350–52, 354 quality of life, economic growth and CORPUS (case study) 366–8, 369–70 resource use 381 Creech, H. 365 relative decoupling 27, 383, 385 Crivits, M. 94 resource consumption indicators 380–81 Cullen, J.M. 142 resource decoupling 27 cultural turn 86–7 triple decoupling 380 Curran, M.A. 140 definition of sustainable consumption 19, curtailment behaviours 271, 339 70–71, 243–4 Delre, S.A. 166–7 Dagevos, H. 213, 220 Denmark 155, 204, 226, 235 Dahlstrand, U. 107 ‘Use more, waste less’ campaign 42 dairy sector 134–5, 158, 192, 275, 292–3 dependence effect 406 cheese 135, 287, 292–3 Descartes, R. 396 eggs 192, 293 design-for-environment process 108 milk 135–6, 192, 292 Devinney, T.M. 255 De Bakker, E. 213 Di Carlo, T. 137 De Groot, J.I.M. 256, 264 direct material input (DMI) 380 de Koning, A. 288 Dodoo, A. 138 decommoditization of consumption 42 Dolnicar, S. 106 decoupling resource consumption and dolphin-safe label 309, 350 economic growth 11, 27, 157–8, 377–91 domestic material consumption (DMC) 380 absolute decoupling 27, 383–4, 385, 387 droughts 59–60, 63 common but differentiated responsibilities dual-process models 246, 247 and benefits 382–5 Dunlap, R.E. 263

Lucia A. Reisch and John Thøgersen - 9781783471270 Downloaded from Elgar Online at 09/28/2021 08:14:59AM via free access Index 447 early adopters 105, 166, 415 Ehrlich, P. 22 Earth Overshoot Day 21 Eisenhower, D. 404–5 Eckhardt, G.M. 419 electricity sector 61–2, 278, 294 eco-efficiency approach 212 elimination-by-aspect rule 245 eco-industrial parks 34 Ellen MacArthur Foundation report 35–6 Eco-invent database 148 energy 61–3, 155, 294, 297, 377, 440 eco-labelling 9, 285, 293, 300–309, 343 coal 53–4 certification standards 306 consumption 268 concern 303 labels 291 demand-side factors 306 see also Energy Star factors influencing purchasing decisions efficiency 271, 309 301–6 flows 34 familiarity 304 fossil fuels 53–4, 147 financial incentives 309 heating 156 framing and habit 305 natural gas 61–2, 166 future directions 308–9 paradox 318, 323 marine resources 307–8 ration 138 monitoring and enforcement 306 requirements 137 non-state labels 301 use 154, 318, 320–21, 325 non-tariff trade barriers 309 see also electricity norms 303 Energy Star (United States) 291, 294–5, 296, perceived consumer effectiveness 303 304 personal characteristics 302–4 energy-related impact indicators 155 programme and product characteristics Engelbert, A. 272 304–6 environmental drivers 227–8 single-issue label 309 Environmental Impact of Products (EIPRO) socio-economic factors 304 project 153–4 soft policy 301 environmental Kuznets curve 389–90 standard-setting 306 environmental problem shifting 139–40 standardization 304–5, 309 environmental psychology 3–4, 70–80 state/government-sponsored 301, 305 definition of sustainable consumption 70–71 third-party certification 305–6 promoting sustainable consumption 75–9 trust 305–6 situational factors activating/deactivating Type I (ISO 14024) label or eco-seal values 73–8 300–301, 302, 309 see also values Type II (ISO 14021) label 301 environmental self-identity 73, 78, 79, 80 Type III (ISO/TR 14025) label 301, 302 environmental sustainability 267 voluntary labelling 305 EORA database 152 wood certification 306–7 Epstein, S. 345 eco-toxicity, terrestrial and marine 132 Eriksson, L. 171 ecoinvent 287 ethics 4–5, 118–27 Index 353 animal welfare 194–5 ecological footprint 24, 178, 209 compliance duties 122–3, 126 theory 84 corporate 254 ecological sustainability 24, 195, 232–3 duties, individual (duty to change one’s economic growth slow-down 427–32 lifestyle) 123–4 economic input–output life cycle analysis duties to contribute one’s fair share 124, 126 (EIO-LCA) 288–9 environmental duties 121–4 economic sustainability 267 financial incentives 338 Edelman, B.G. 419 flexitarianism 210, 211 Edwards, P. 232 green or 120 efficiency 20 intra- and intergenerational justice 118, 126 behaviours 339 justice, direct and indirect claims for 119 movement 54 mainstream sustainable consumption 120–21 efficiency–sufficiency debate 27 meat sector 194–5, 200–202

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new economic sustainable consumption 121 and circularity 36, 37 normative concept of sustainable Landfill Directive (1999) 64 development 118–20 obesity and public health 232 obligations: individual duties as imperfect SCORE project 363 duties 124–6 Strategy 233 perfect duties 125 transportation and travel 164 promote, duties to 123, 126 Union of European Beverages Associations weak and strong sustainable consumption 234 120 waste 65 weak versus strong sustainability 119–20, Eurostat 150, 151–2, 164 126 Evelyn, J. 52 Europe 22, 153 exceptors 106–7 carbon triage and carbon labelling 287 EXIOBASE database 152 energy sector 61 Externality Data and Input–Output Tools for flexitarianism (food styles) 211 Policy Analysis (EXIOPOL) project 154, historical background of sustainable 156, 157 consumption 52 industrial ecology and circularity 35, 38 fair Earth share 22, 25 knowledge brokerage 360 FairTrade 111, 350 life cycle assessment 135 family socialization 8–9, 268–78 meat sector 203 behavioural costs 273 obesity and public health 224–5, 228–9, 231 consumer socialization 269–70, 275 Resource-Efficient Europe 359–60 consuming less 276 rising levels of consumption 57 energy-consumption-relevant behaviours sharing economy 411 270, 271–4 Sustainable Consumption and Production travel modes 271–2 and Sustainable Industrial Policy 359 warm water use and electricity 272–4 transportation and travel 167–8, 170 environmentally friendly products 274–5 waste 64, 65 family experiences and relevance for later water pressure 58–9 consumption behaviours 276–7 see also European Union food consumption, sustainable 275–6 European Commission 36, 234, 235, 314, from general processes to specific processes 359–60, 370 270–77 European Environmental Agency (EEA) 23 impact-oriented acts 269, 278 European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) intention-oriented acts 269, 278 235 norms and values 277 European Parliament 234 sustainable consumption 269 European Roundtable on Sustainable values, norms and intentions 277–8 Consumption and Production (ERSCP) FAOSTAT 150 363 Fellner, W.J. 394–409 European Union 154, 155, 156–8 Fenton, A. 419 behavioural economics 318 fertility increase 22 Confederation of the Food and Drink Filippa K 37 Industry (CIAA) 234 financial incentives 203, 309 decoupling resource consumption and see also promotion of sustainable economic growth 390, 391 consumption: financial incentives Directorate-General for Health and Finkelstein, E.A. 231 Consumers 314 Finland 28, 44, 108, 212, 235, 435 ‘Diet, Physical Activity and Health’ 234 Fischer, D. 269, 270 ‘Do The Right Mix’ 172 fish stocks 21, 293 Eco-label 293 Fitzmaurice, C. 415, 419, 421 Ecodesign Directive 43, 387–8 Flade, A. 272 Energy Performance of Buildings Directive flexitarianism: sustainable food styles 7, 199, (EPBD) 185 201, 209–21 Green behaviour 314 act-related consumption 212

Lucia A. Reisch and John Thøgersen - 9781783471270 Downloaded from Elgar Online at 09/28/2021 08:14:59AM via free access Index 449 active segment 212 motives for meat eating, meat reduction and animal welfare 212 meat avoidance 211 cheese 217, 218, 220 mushrooms 217, 218 clusters 209, 212, 220–21 nuts 218 codes of conduct 209 pathways towards flexitarianism 212–13 compulsive/very light meat consumers potential/medium flexitarians 216–21 216–19, 221 product-related consumption 212 conscious/heavy flexitarians 212, 216–19, pulses 217, 218 221 strong sustainable consumption 212 convenience-oriented path 213 sufficiency approach 212 dairy 209 sustainability by stealth 213 eco-efficiency approach 212 tofu 218 eggs 209, 217, 218, 220 unconscious/medium flexitarians 216, empirical survey 213–19 217–19, 221 analysis 217–19 unwilling segment 212 appreciation of meatless meals 214–15 vegetarian burger 218 cluster 1 (meat lovers/light flexitarians ) vegetarians 211, 212 215–19, 221 Ward’s method 215 cluster 2 (unconscious/medium weak product-related sustainable flexitarians) 216–21 consumption 212, 220 cluster 3 (conscious/heavy flexitarians) Food Choice Questionnaire 210 212, 216–19, 221 food sector 23, 39, 154, 156–8, 234, 440 cluster 4 (compulsive/very light meat apples 135 consumers) 216–19, 221 carbon triage and carbon labelling 292–4, cluster 5 (potential/medium flexitarians) 296 216–21 cereals 192 dislike of animals as source of meat family socialization 268 214–15 knowledge brokerage 360, 361–2 importance of environment and animal- life cycle assessment (LCA) 132, 134–6 friendliness 214–15 nutrition 318 medium flexitarians 216, 217, 220, 221 waste 232 method 213–14 see also beef sector; dairy sector need for meat consumption 214–15 Ford, H. 429, 435 perceived positive health effects 214–15 Forest Stewardship Council (FSC) 306–7, 309, perceived status of meat consumption 343, 348–9 214–15 forests/wood 52, 54, 138 personal norms 214 certification 306–7 preferred actions of societal institutions fossil fuels 53–4, 147 and neophobia 219 Foucault, M. 85, 87, 92, 97 reported meat consumption and Fox, N. 210 intentions 216 framing 227, 296, 305, 316, 318, 338–9 results 215–19 France 52, 56, 61, 63, 65, 235 segmentation variables 216 Friman, M. 163–77 socio-demographic variables 216 Fuchs, D. 27 spending money on meat 214–15 Fuller, J.B. 257 environmental factors 211–12 functional unit 133, 148 ethical factors 210, 211 future research 14–15 fish 209, 217, 218, 220 food styles 210–11 Gabi software 148 health factors 211–12 Galbraith, J.K. 394, 404, 405–6, 408 meat alternatives and meat reduction Gardner, G.T. 271 behaviour 218 Gärling, T. 166 meat consumption 209 Gatersleben, B. 131 meat lovers/light flexitarians 215–19, 221 general regulatory focus measure (GRFM) 263 meat reduction studies 211–12 genuine progress indicator (GPI) 389

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Germany 155 Grønhøj, A. 273–5 behavioural economics 320 gross domestic product (GDP) and growth 27, family socialization 272, 276 147, 150, 377, 380, 383–4, 389 industrial ecology and circularity 409 Grun, B. 106 material efficiency 379 Gunning, J.P. 398–9, 408 meat sector 193–4, 199–200, 202, 204 Gustavsson, L. 138 Nutrition Society 196 Gwozdz, W. 275 obesity and public health 232 Raw Materials Resource Strategy 35 Haber–Bosch process 64 RWE 61 Hackman, R.J. 257 Sustainability Code 347 Halkier, B. 94–5, 97 transportation and travel 171, 172 Handy, S. 167 waste 63–5 Hansen, U. 264 see also Blue Angel; and under decoupling happiness 24, 28, 147, 380, 389 Giddens, A. 41, 85, 86, 87, 89–90, 92, 93 hard paternalism 203–4 Girod, B. 136 hard policies 173, 301 Global Footprint Network 21, 379 Hargreaves, T. 94 Global Reporting Initiative (GRI) 343, 347, Harvey, M. 96 348, 350–51 Hauptstock, D. 377–93 global warming 135, 147 Haustein, S. 272 global warming potential (GWP) 134–5, Hawkins, T.R. 140–41 140–41, 154–6 Hayek, F. von 401 Golob, T.F. 303 health factors 24, 194, 196, 211–15 Gonzàlez, A.D. 135, 136 see also obesity and public health Goodwin, P. 165 Heinen, E. 168 Gosling, S.D. 262 Heiskanen, E. 108, 364 Gould, J. 303 Hennicke, P. 377, 378, 380–81, 383, 385, 386, Gram-Hanssen, K. 94, 273 387, 391 Grankvist, G. 303, 305 Hernandez, P. 138 Great Transition scenario 28 Hertwich, E.G. 39, 14 Greece 64, 226, 287 heuristics 77, 227, 317 green consumerism 20–21, 43, 120, 210, 275, Hewlett-Packard 291 277 Hindess, B. 88 green economy 27 historical background to sustainable green governmentality 87 consumption: ideas, resources and green growth agenda 27 practices 3, 51–66 ‘green keyhole’ 235 idea of sustainability 52–6 green-soc innovations 390 see also rising levels of consumption green-tech innovations 386, 390 Hobbes, T. 397 Greenhouse Gas Protocol 297 Hoek, A.C. 212 Product Life Cycle Accounting and Holden, J. 22 Reporting Standard 288 Holland, R. 246 greenhouse gases (GHGs) 23, 150, 153, 157, Hopwood, B. 103 232–3, 275, 364, 414 household metabolism 34–5 decoupling resource consumption and housing sector 6, 23, 154, 156, 157, 158, 178–89 economic growth 386 bottom-up approach 185–6 life cycle assessment 134, 135–6, 140, 142 comparative study 179 meat sector 195 as consumption, material structure and methane levels 51, 134–5, 154 meaning 184–7 nitrogen/nitrous oxide emissions 22, 51, 64, Denmark 178–86 135 eco-villages 185, 186 transportation and travel 163, 165, 172 electric lighting appliances 183–4, 186 see also carbon dioxide; carbon triage Elsparefonden 186 Greenpeace: Greenwash campaign 300 and energy use 39, 182 greenwashing 112, 300 energy-efficient buildings 137–8, 180–82, 185

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explicit knowledge elements (competences) inertia and procrastination 315–16, 321, 322 183 information 173, 203, 236, 300, 364, 402–3 family socialization 268 informational cascades 324 habits and consumption 182–4, 186–9 input–output (IO) models 287, 380–81, 385, historical approach 179 387 implicit non-verbal habits 183 input–output tables (IOTs) 148, 149–51, 152, information and communication technology 153, 154 (ICT) 183–4 environmentally extended (EE) 148, 149, knowledge brokerage 183, 187–8, 360, 361 150, 152 life cycle assessment (LCA) 139 multi-regional (MR) 151, 152 meanings 183, 187 industry-by-industry 150 one-person households 186–7 product-by-product 158 ‘ordinary’ buildings 180 instrumental efficiency argument 394, 397, policy for sustainable housing sector 400–401 consumption 187–9 intention-oriented acts 269, 278 practice theories 182–3, 187 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change rebound effects 180–81, 188 (IPCC) 14, 285 renovation projects and urban renewal 185 internalities 313, 315 shelter 132, 137–8 International Organization for Standardization social innovation in United States 430 (ISO): technologies 179–84, 187–8 Consumer Policy Committee (COPOLCO) top-down approach 185–6 352 Hukkinen, J.I. 28 Corporate Responsibility Management Human Development Index 147 Systems Standards (CR MSSs) 352 Hume, D. 57, 395–6 Council 352 Hungary 64, 225, 235 ISO 9001 345 Hutt, W.H. 397–8 ISO 14021 301 hyperbolic discounting 227 ISO 14024 300–301 ISO 14040 133, 134, 148 ILCD database 148 ISO 26000 343, 347–8, 352, 354 image concerns 336–7 ISO/IEC 1996 345 impact assessment 23, 131–2, 148–9, 289 ISO/TR 14025 301 impact-oriented acts 269, 270, 278 ISO/TS 14067 288, 297 India 63, 193, 379, 390, 432 voluntary standards 343, 345, 347–8, 352–4 individualism 85–6 interventions effect 249–50 industrial ecology and 2–3, IPAT formula (impact/population/affluence/ 33–44 technology) 22–3 circularity principle 33 Ireland 235 consumption: from passive transaction to Israel 331 dynamic interaction 39–40 Italy 52, 56–7, 63 end of life: from to ‘zero Itard, L. 138 waste’ and urban mining 40–41 implications for advancing sustainable Jackson, T. 105, 107 lifestyles 41–3 Jakobsson, C. 170–71 linear economy, unsustainability of 33–4 Janda, S. 210 nature, lessons from, for benefit of society Jansson, J. 166 34–5 Japan 57, 153, 390 policies, enabling 43–4 Cool Biz campaign 63 product design: from throwaway junk to industrial ecology and circularity 35, 409 multi-life goods 36–7 social innovation 426, 435 production: from throughput to cascaded transportation and travel 172 remanufacturing 37–8 waste 64, 65 retail: from sales to re-commerce 38–9 Jensen, J.D. 235 industrial metabolism 34 Jevons paradox 23, 127 industrial revolution 51 Jevons, W.S. 127, 396

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Johannesburg Summit (2002) 359 Latvala, T. 212, 220 Johansson, L.-O. 172 Lauterbach, D. 418 Johansson, M. 272 Lave, L.B. 140 John, D.R. 277 Lawler, K. 105, 106 Johnson, B. 127 leap-frogging 378–9, 390 Joireman, J. 263 Leonidou, L.C. 111–12 Jones, C.H.D. 250 Leontief model 133, 152 Jones, P. 111 Levi 37 libertarian (soft) paternalism 203, 314–15 Kaidesoja, T. 98 life cycle assessments (LCAs) 5, 20, 131–42, Kaliner, M. 434 147–8, 153–4, 288–9 Kant, I. 125 carbon triage and carbon labelling 294 Kapp, K.W. 405, 408 decoupling resource consumption and Kardash, W.J. 106 economic growth 380 Kaufman, K. 434 food sector 134–6 Keil, T. 210 goal and scope definition 133 Kenny, P. 138 housing sector 137–8, 139 Kenworth, J.R. 167 impact assessment 133, 134 Kilbourne, W.E. 104 interpretation 133–4 Kim, H.C. 138 inventory analysis 133–4 Klöckner, C.A. 272 knowledge brokerage 362 Klunder, G. 138 societal sustainability assessments 141–2 knowledge brokerage 11, 359–70 structure 133–4 brokerage strategy 366 transportation and mobility 138–41 collaborating development 366, 368 life cycle impact assessment (LCIA)-based consulting 366 indicator of resource CORPUS (case study) 366–70 depletion potential 153–4 engagement pyramid 365, 366, 368 life cycle inventory (LCI) 148–9, 151, 153, 158 evidence on demand, provision of 369 life expectancy 22 future research 368–70 life satisfaction 380, 389 information provision and quality 365–6, lifestyle-related factors 90, 124–5, 194, 197–8 368 Limits to Growth (Meadows report) 54 joint action 365 Limonond, T. 167 knowledge collaboration facilitation 369 linear economy, unsustainability of 33–4 knowledge system framework 365 Litman, T. 165 matchmaking 366 local living economy 440 nurturing relationships 365, 368 Locke, J. 397 policies and research 359–61 Lorek, S. 27 political system 363 Lotade, J. 350 science–policy gap 361–6 Loureiro, M.L. 350 social change framework 365 Lovio, R. 108 socio-ecological system 363 LOVOS (Lifestyle of Voluntary Simplicity) 27 transactional framework of knowledge 365 Luca, M. 419 Luchs, M.G. 109, 257, 302 labelling 112, 203–4, 343, 362 products 347, 349–50, 361 McCarthy, E.J. 108 and standards distinction 346 McCormick, B. 230 voluntary 293 McDonald’s 289 see also carbon triage and carbon labelling McDonald, S. 106–7 system; eco-labelling Mackett, R.L. 164 Labouze, E. 154, 158 McKinsey 381 land 21, 51, 52–3, 153 MacLean, H.L. 140 use 150, 154, 156–8 McLean, R. 362, 365 Landor Associates 108–9 McMahan, J. 198 Latin America 165 McMeekin, A. 96

Lucia A. Reisch and John Thøgersen - 9781783471270 Downloaded from Elgar Online at 09/28/2021 08:14:59AM via free access Index 453 maker movement 40 pork 135–6, 193, 293 Marckmann, B. 186 poultry 136, 193, 196, 293 marine resources labelling 307–8 prohibitions 203 Marine Stewardship Council (MSC) 307–8, quantity–quality dilemma 198–202, 204–5 309, 343 confirmatory factor analysis 200 market ideal argument 394, 397, 398–400 empirical results 199–202 marketing see sustainability marketing typology of meat consumers 198–9 Marks and Spencer: Plan A communications rebound effects 196–7 materials 111 regional differences 193 Marrakech Process 55, 359 regulatory requirements 203 Martinsson, J. 273 shifters (consumer group) 199, 204–5 Marx, K. 396 social aspects 195 materiality 92–3 socio-demographic characteristics 193, 198 materials extraction 150, 156 and sustainable consumption 192–3 materials flows 20, 34, 51, 53 taxes or subsidies 203 materials productivity 378–9 trade-offs 196–7 Matthies, E. 270, 272, 274 Ward method 200 meat sector: sustainable consumption 7, 26, willingness to pay 200–201 158, 192–205, 292 mediation junction 96 animal products 193–4 mediation model 256, 264 animal welfare 201, 204 methane levels 51, 134–5, 154 attitudes, changing 197–8 Mexico 235 beef 134–5, 192, 193, 275, 291–3, 353 Meyerhoefer, C. 231 benign carnivores (consumer group) 198–9, Michaels, S. 365–6 204–5 Microsoft 290 certification systems 204 Middle East 224, 287 characteristics of sustainable meat Middlemiss, L. 94 consumption 194–7 Milà, i Canals, L. 135 cluster 1 (bad influence) 199, 200–201 Millard-Ball, A. 165 cluster 2 (low meat consumer) 198, 200–201 Miller, R.A. 254–67 cluster 3 (indifferent heavy meat consumer) mindful consumption 265, 440 200–201 Mirowski, P. 396, 401 consumer-oriented policy measures 203 mobility see transportation and travel consumption of meat 200–201 moderation model 256, 264 ecological aspects 195 Mont, O. 360 ethical issues 194–5, 200–202 Morris, W. 396 feed conversion rate 193 Morrison, E.W. 257 financial incentives (economic instruments) mortality decline 22, 147 203 Moschis, G.P. 269 ‘five freedoms’ 194–5 motivation 246, 278 five-cluster solution 200–201 motivation–ability–opportunity model 105 flexitarians 199, 201 multi-level perspective (MLP) of socio- hard paternalism (command and control) technical transitions 96 203–4 health-related factors 194, 196 Nakao, A. 418 information/education, consumer 203 National Obesity Observatory 231 labelling 203, 204 natural gas 61, 62, 166 less meat/better meat approach 197, 198, 204 need for cognition (NFC) 262 libertarian (soft) paternalism 203 Nemry, F. 154 life cycle assessment 134–5 neoclassical economics 394–5, 396, 397, lifestyle-related factors 194, 197–8 400–401, 405–6 ‘nudging’ 203 neoliberalism 395, 401 obligations 203 Netherlands 57, 63–4, 155, 204, 435 ‘peak meat’ 198 flexitarianism (food styles) 211–13, 219–20 policy measures 202–4 theories of practice 95, 96

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Neumayer, E. 27 individual drivers 227 neutrality principle 122–3 individual/societal challenge 224–6 new economic sustainable consumption 121 information-based public campaigns 236 new economy movement 27 meat 232–3 new environmental paradigm (NEP) 263 Mediterranean diet 229 new social movements 26 Nordic ‘green keyhole’ 235 new welfare economics 400, 408 obesogenic environment/society 228, 237 Nicolini, D. 85 physical activity promotion 236 Niemeier, D.A. 167 policy interventions 233–5 Nijdam, D.S. 154, 156 potential nexus 224 nitrogen/nitrous oxide emissions 22, 51, 64, 135 prevalence worldwide 225 Nitzko, S. 192–308 product reformulation 234 Niven, R.K. 140 productivity, losses in 231–2 Noblet, C.L. 303 social drivers 227 non-governmental organizations (NGOs) 294, social sustainability 229–31 351, 354 societal drivers 228–9 Nordic ‘green keyhole’ 235 socio-economic factors 230–31 Nordic Swan (eco-label) 300, 302, 304, 305, taxation on foods 235 350 ‘traffic light’ system 235 norm activation model (NAM) 79, 105, 254, unsustainable consequences 229–33 264, 277 vegetarian diets 233 normative concept of sustainable development water use 232–3 118–20 weight-related stigma/discrimination 230 North America 287 obsolescence of desire 36–7 see also Canada; United States Ogilvie, D. 250 Norway 135, 154, 155, 234 oil crises 61, 62 ‘nudging’ 203, 236, 314, 318, 325, 360 Oldham, G.R. 257, 362, 365 Nutley, S. 362 Oosterveer, P. 90–91 nutrition see food sector; obesity and public opt-out/opt-in offers 320, 322–3 health optimistic bias 317 Nutrition, Obesity and Physical Activity Ordway, S. 54 (NOPA) 234 Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) 35, 147, 192, 197, obesity and public health 7, 224–37 389, 432, 435 beverages 232 Consumer Policy Tookit 314 body mass index (BMI) 227, 230, 232, 275 Towards Sustainable Household childhood obesity 225–6, 275 Consumption? 55 codes of conduct on marketing/advertising O’Rourke, D. 353 aimed at children 234 Ortner, S. 87 dairy products 232 Oslo Symposium on Sustainable Consumption dietary guidelines 235 55 ecological sustainability 232–3 Osterhus, T. 107 economic sustainability 231–2 Ott, M. 418 educational programmes 236 Ouellette, J.A. 247 environmental drivers 227–8 Overgoor, J. 418 food industry 234 Oywang, J. 415 food waste 232 Ozanne, L.K. 419 fruit and milk schemes in schools 236 functional food 234 packaging 112, 294 general daily allowances (GDAs) 235 Palm, V. 154 government policies 229 Panta Rhei model 386 health expenditures 231–2 Pantzar, M. 93 health promotion 235–6 Paredis, E. 94 human ecological model 226 particle emissions reduction 165, 170 indirect costs 231–2 see also greenhouse gases

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Peattie, K. 106 promotion of sustainable consumption: peer-to-peer (P2P) provisioning 440 financial incentives 10, 263, 328–40 Pelletier, N. 292 cognitive impact of money 329 perceived consumer effectiveness (PCE) 106, decision frame 331–3 303 image concerns 336–7 perceived consumer social responsibility 107–8 incentives may not affect broader types of percolation models 166–7 sustainable consumption 339–40 Perera, Y. 419 incentives may not improve target behaviour Persky, J. 398 338–9 personal norms (PN) 79, 255, 264 incentives may only affect behaviour Peters, G.P. 154 temporarily 339 Pettersson, A. 276 instrumental value of money 329 Phelps, C.C. 257 normative considerations 331–2 Philips 38 pro-environmental actions 335, 336–7, 340 Piaget, J. 277 psychological impacts 331–7 Pinker, S. 209 risk and potential remedies 337–40 planetary boundaries 377, 379, 390 self-concept 333, 335–6, 337, 339–40 planned behaviour theory 105, 210 self-interest (economic) 328, 332, 336 Plehwe, D. 401 self-persuasion 333–6, 339–40 political instrument argument 394, 397–8 tainting of signal ensuing from sustainable population 22, 147 actions 336–7 portfolio model/approach 88, 95, 166 Prospective Studies Collaboration 230 Portugal 64 prosumerism 43 poultry 136, 193, 196, 293 prosumption 440 Povey, R. 210 Prothero, A. 114 power over preferences 405–6 Pucher, J. 164 priorities for sustainable consumption policies Putnam, R. 417 5–6, 145–58 bottom-up approach 147–9 quality of life 122, 382–3 Earth’s natural system enveloping the global see also happiness; life satisfaction economic system and source and sink quantity–quality dilemma see meat sector: function of nature 146 sustainable consumption practical analyses 153–7 reflections and implications 157–8 Rasche, A. 343, 346, 348 sustainability problem 145–7 ratio scales 295 top-down approach 149–52 rational choice theory 88, 313, 330, 400, 402–3, pro-environmental behaviour 76–80, 166, 249, 406–7, 408 277, 335–7, 340 raw material consumption (RMC) 380 pro-social behaviour 264, 302 raw material input (RMI) 380 pro-sustainability consumption behaviours Rawls, J. 122 (PSCBs) 104, 106, 107, 113 rebound effects 23, 127, 180–81, 188, 196–7, pro-sustainability marketing 106 360 probability assessment 317 decoupling resource consumption and producer responsibility 35 economic growth 380, 384, 387, 391 producer responsiveness 292–3 Reckwitz, A. 85 product design: from throwaway junk to multi- 35, 37, 40, 42–3, 63, 64–5, 267 life goods 36–7 consumer habits 244 product–service systems 35, 103 family socialization 277 production chains 23 financial incentives 328, 338–9 production and consumption, relationship in-process 34 between 84, 95 sustainability marketing 104 production of goods and services 267 Redman, L. 168–9 production–consumption continuum 36 regulatory focus (promotion focus) 262–3 Programme for International Student Reisch, L.A. 28, 40, 192, 209, 228, 229, 232, Assessment (PISA) 435 275, 315, 317, 320, 321, 361

Lucia A. Reisch and John Thøgersen - 9781783471270 Downloaded from Elgar Online at 09/28/2021 08:14:59AM via free access 456 Handbook of research on sustainable consumption remanufacturing/reverse logistics system 35 SCORAI initiative (Sustainable Consumption repair 37, 40, 43 Research and Action Initiative) 363 resource conservation strategy 386–7 SCORE (Sustainable Consumption Research resource consumption indicators 380–81 Exchange) 370 ‘Resource Efficiency and Sustainability in the second-hand goods/shopping see connected Financial Sector’ inquiry commission consumption 388 Sedjo, R.A. 350 resource extraction 21, 157, 379 self and communal cultivation and fabrication resource intensity 414 441 resource scarcity states 431–2 self-concept and financial incentives 333, resource-based key performance indicators 335–6, 337, 339–40 (R-KPI) 388 self-interest (economic) 210, 328, 332, 336 responsibilization of consumer 87 self-monitoring feedback techniques 168 retail: from sales to re-commerce 38–9 self-persuasion and financial incentives 333–6, 34, 35, 37, 42, 43, 64 339–40 reverse manufacturing 38 self-regulation 74–5, 77 Richardson, N. 211 Setiffi, F. 419 Rio+20 Conference (2012) 147, 359 Seyfang, G. 25 rising levels of consumption 56–65 sharing economy see connected consumption energy 61–3 and collaborative consumption: sharing outlook 65–6 economy waste 63–5 Sheth, J.N. 265 water pressure 58–60 Shewmake, S. 290 Roberts, I. 232 Short List of Effective Actions 271 Rockström, J. 21–2 short-termism 43 Roe, B. 305 Shove, E. 56, 87, 88–9, 91–7, 183 Roese, N.J. 263 SIMAPRO software 148 Rogers, E.M. 166 Simpson-Bowles Commission (National Rölle, D. 171 Commission on Fiscal Responsibility and Romania 225, 235 Reform) 430 Røpke, I. 92 Singapore 170 Rostow, W. 56, 432–3 Stock Exchange 351 Rothberger, H. 210 Sinnot-Armstrong, W. 123 Rothenberg, J. 403 situational cues/factors 73–80 Rothschild, E. 54 Smed, S. 235 Roy, D. 250 Smith, A. 25, 53, 57, 395, 396 Roy, P. 136 social desirability bias/effects 308, 350 Ruby, M.B. 194 social indicators 24 Ruskin, J. 396 social influence strategies 79, 316–17 social innovation in United States 12–13, SA 8000 348, 355 426–36, 440–41 Sassi, F. 230 car manufacturers 429–30 satisficing rule 245 collaborative consumption/sharing economy savings 319–20, 325 440 scaling up 148, 153 demographics 428 Schatzki, T. 85, 87, 92, 94, 97, 183 economic growth slow-down 427–32 Schipper, L. 165 energy production 440 Scholl, G. 212, 360, 361, 367, 368 food production 440 Schor, J.B. 37, 43, 406, 410, 411, 415, 419, 421, Generation Y-ers 429–30, 435 422, 433, 436 household income 428–9 Schösler, H. 213 housing sector 430 Schrader, U. 264 local living economy 440 Schuitema, G. 171 mindful consumption 440 Schwartz, S.H. 255–6, 257 new consumer sensibilities 429–30 science–policy gap 361–5 peer-to-peer (P2P) provisioning 440

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political paralysis 430–31 sustainability marketing 4, 101–114 post-consumerist future 432–4 advertising 110 prosumption 440 attitude–behaviour (value–action) gaps 107 resource scarcity 431–2 communications media/messages 110–112 self and communal cultivation and consistency in consumer behaviour 105–7 fabrication 441 consumer behaviour modelling 104–5 unconsumption 441 consumers, understanding 104–8 social multiplier effect 227 cost–price issues 109 social norms 316–17, 324, 325, 345 distribution 109 social practice theory 26 ecological marketing 102 social sustainability 267 environmental marketing 102 Socially Responsible Purchase and Disposal evolving relationship 101–4 Scale 104 future research 113–14 societal sustainability assessments 141–2 greenwashing 112 socio-demographic factors 105, 193, 198, 216, interactive marketing 111 428 macro-marketing 103–4 socio-economic factors 230–31, 304 marketing mix: influencing consumer sociology of sustainable consumption 87–8, 108–112 361 marketing research 104 soft paternalism 173, 203, 314–15 micro-marketing 103–4 soil 21, 52 offerings to consumers 108–9 South America 225 packaging and labelling 112 South Asia 225–6 perceived consumer social responsibility Southern Africa 224 107–8 Southern America 230 point-of-sale 111 Southerton, D. 96 public relations, sponsorship and events Southworth, F. 164 111 Spaargaren, G. 87, 88–9, 90–91, 93, 95, 96 sales promotion 110 Spain 61 scepticism, uncertainty and trust 107 Spash, C.L. 402, 403 segmentation of consumer markets 105 Sperling, D. 165 selling 110 Spiller, A. 192–308 services marketing 103 spillover effects 182, 251 social marketing 103, 112–13 SPREAD project 25, 26 sustainable marketing 102 Stack, C.B. 410 sustainable consumption and production Stahel, W. 35 (SCP) 359 standardization 304–5, 309, 343, 345 Sustainable Forestry Initiative (SFI) 307, 349 Steen-Olsen, K. 131–44 Swallow, S.K. 350 Steg, L. 256, 264 Sweden 135, 155, 179, 272 Stern, P.C. 142, 257, 271, 309 obesity and public health 226, 234, 236 Stigler, G. 401 Think Twice! (SCP programme, abandoned) Stiglitz, J. 427 360–61 Stone, I. 230 transportation and travel 164, 169, 170–72 strong sustainability 27, 119–20, 126, 178 waste 64, 65 strong sustainable consumption 27, 212 Switzerland 204, 225 structuration theory 86–7, 89, 90 System of National Accounts (SNA) 149–51 structure and agency 85–7 systemic challenge: inter- and trans disciplinary subsidies 77, 78, 203 research questions 2, 19–20, 21 sufficiency approach 24–5, 212, 278 empirical evidence on unsustainable Summerville, A. 263 consumption 21–4 Sunstein, C.R. 28, 203, 227, 236, 313, 314, health and social problems in relation to 315, 316, 317, 321, 322, 323, 324, 360 income inequality 24 supply and use tables (SUTs) 149–53 sustainable world population at different sustainability by stealth 213 consumption levels 22 sustainability liability 302 systemic change, striving towards 224–8

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Takahashi, N. 418 life cycle assessment (LCA) 132, 135, 138–41 ‘Take Back Your Time’ (United States) 28 peak car use 164–5 taxation 77, 122–3, 203, 235, 360, 388 personal travel unsustainability: automobile technical cooperation policies 378 use 164–5 Teisl, M.E. 305, 350 public transport service quality attributes: tell-tale heart effect 289 definitions 168 Tellus Institute Great Transition Scenario 25 seamless transportation 169 Tesco 285–6 tank-to-wheel 140 theories of practice 4, 84–98 unsustainability 163–4 agency, change and convergence 92–5 vehicle cycle 140 components 86 well-to-tank 140 development 85–7 Trentmann, F. 55, 57, 59, 63 housing sector 182–3, 187 Trocchia, P.J. 210 practice as accomplishment 85 trust 107, 305–6 practice as activity 85 Tukker, A. 27, 35, 39, 103, 108, 132, 134, 147, practice as discourse 85 152, 153, 154, 155, 156, 157, 158, 178, 209, practice as entity 86 268, 275, 360, 361, 370 practice as performance 86 two practice-theoretical programmes 88–92 practice as tradition and community 85 Tyedmers, P. 292 prospects 95–7 social practice 85 uncertainty 107, 364 sociology of sustainable consumption 87–8 unconsumption 441 strong version of practice 92–4 United Kingdom 155 two-practice-theoretical programmes 88–92 Behavioural Insights Team 314 citizen-consumers at consumption junction consumer habits 244, 249 90–91 Department for Environment, Food and conventions, competence and kit 91–2 Rural Affairs (Defra) 243 Thøgersen, J. 13, 110, 166, 249–50, 273–5, 277, energy sector 61–2, 63 302, 304, 332 flexitarianism (food styles) 211 Timmermans, S. 345 historical background of sustainable tipping points 377, 390 consumption 51, 52–3 Toffler, A. 433 housing sector 180 top-down approach 148–53, 155, 158, 185–6 industrial ecology and circularity 37 Torre, D. 400 life cycle assessment 135 total material consumption (TMC) 380 meat sector 204 total material requirement (TMR) 23, 380 obesity and public health 225, 226, 229, 230, ‘traffic light’ system 235 231, 232, 235 transportation and travel 6, 23, 39, 154, 156, rising levels of consumption 56–7 157, 158, 163–74 social innovation 435 accessibility, increase in 167 sustainability marketing 111 alternative travel modes 167–9 Sustainable Practices Research Group automobile use reduction methods 169–73 (SPRG) 93 information 172–3 theories of practice 95 pricing 169–72 transportation and travel 164, 166, 170, 172 prohibition 169 waste 63–4 car manufacturers in United States 429–30 water pressure 58–60 carbon triage and carbon labelling 294, 297 United Nations 132, 229 clean automobile technology 165–7 Conference on Environment and eco-driving 172 Development (Rio de Janeiro)(1992) 1, electric vehicles (EVs) 166, 297 55, 359 electrical versus conventional cars 140–41 Environment Programme (UNEP) Resource family socialization 268 Panel study 157 fuel cycle (well-to-wheel) 140 Environment Programme (UNEP) fuel-efficiency and financial incentives 328 Sustainable Consumption and knowledge brokerage 360, 361 Production (SCP) Framework 55–6

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Framework Convention on Climate Change pro-environmental 249, 256 285 pro-social 256 Global Compact 343, 346, 354–5 self-enhancement 71 10-Year Framework of Programmes 363 self-transcendence 71, 73 World Commission on Environment and situational factors activating/deactivating Development (WCED) see Brundtland 73–5 Commission targeting process variables through which United States 20, 24, 153 values affect behaviour 78–9 Behavioral Insights Unit 314 van der Zwan, F. 103 behavioural economics 319–20, 322, 324 van Koppen, C.S.A. 91 carbon triage and carbon labelling 285, 287, van Wee, B. 167 293, 296–7 Vanclay, J.K. 290–91 Carlsbad Desalination Project (California) Vandenbergh, M.P. 295 60 Vanhonacker, F. 212, 220 consumer habits 244 vegetarianism 194, 199, 201, 204–5, 233 consumer responsibility 259, 262 Verain, M. 212, 221 decoupling resource consumption and Vergragt, P. 20 economic growth 390 Verplanken, B. 246–50 Department of Agriculture 318, 319 Vilhelmson, B. 164 Department of Energy 320 Viner, J. 398 energy sector 61–3 Voget-Kleschin, L. 119, 120, 123, 126, 127 Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) 65, voluntary agreements 234 295, 304 voluntary downshifting 27 Federal Housing Administration 61 voluntary instruments 55 financial incentives 330 voluntary labelling schemes 293 Fiscal Year 2013 Budget 404 voluntary simplicity movement 26–7 Food Pyramid (abandonment) 319 voluntary standards 10–11, 343–55 historical background of sustainable business-to-business certification 348, 355 consumption 52 certification standards 346, 347–8, 349, housing sector 179 354–5 industrial ecology and circularity 37 civil society actors 348 life cycle assessment 135, 138–9 coercive pressure 344 meat sector 193 competing products 353 obesity and public health 224, 226, 228, 230, consumer groups 352 231–2, 236 corporate sustainability and responsibility sharing economy 410, 411, 413, 417 346–9, 350–52, 354 transportation and travel 164, 167–8, 172 de facto standards 345 voluntary standards 350 definition 344 waste 63–4 design standards 345 water pressure 58 enablers of sustainable consumption see also Energy Star 349–53 unsustainable consumption 21–4 Global Reporting Initiative (GRI) 350–51 35, 40 governments 348 34 as impediments to sustainable consumption urban mining 40–41 353–4 urban planning 44 influencing discourse on sustainable consumption 352–3 value–belief–norm theory (VBN) 105, 277 International Standards Organization (ISO) values 71–3, 79–80 343, 345, 347–8, 352–4 altruistic 71–2, 74–9 labelling schemes 343 biospheric 71–9 labels and standards distinction 346 conflicting 74 legitimacy, perceived 344 consumer habits 246 monitoring and auditing mechanisms 353–4 egoistic 71–4, 76–9 multi-stakeholder initiatives 348–9 hedonic 71–4, 76–9 performance standards 345

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principle-based standards 346, 348, 355 Welch, D. 84–100 process standards 345, 347–8 welfare preference paradox 204 product labels 347, 349–50 well-being 24–5, 28, 43 as providers of product-specific market Wheeler, K. 94 signals 349–52 White, K. 107 regulative authority 344 Willard, T. 365 reporting standards 347, 354 Williams, A.G. 135 soft law 346 Williams, J. 53, 54 specific types of rules 344–5 willingness to pay: standardization 343, 345 carbon triage and carbon labelling 290 sustainability reports 343 consumer responsibility for sustainable technical standards 345 consumption 257–8 terminological standards 345 eco-labelling 302–5 third party endorsements 351–2 meat sector 200–201 types of standards 346–8 sustainability marketing 106, 109 voluntary reporting 351 voluntary standards 350 von Blottnitz, H. 140 Wilting, H. 154, 156 von Carlowitz, H.C. 52, 54 wood see forests/wood von Mises, L. 398–400 Wood, R. 135 Voordouw, J. 220 Wood, W. 247 Working Group III (WGIII) on climate change Waddock, S. 343 mitigation 14 Wal-Mart 291, 307, 429 Working Groups I and II (WGI and WGII) on Walker, I. 249 human activity and global warming 14 Wallis, H. 268–81 World Business Council for Sustainable Wang, Y.F. 418 Development 297, 379 Ward, K. 210 World Cancer Research Fund 196 Ward method 200, 215 World Health Organization (WHO) 224, 225, Warde, A. 86, 87, 94, 183 233–4 waste 63–5, 156, 277 World Population Prospects 22 hazardous 65 World Resources Institute 297 management 40–41 World Trade Organization (WTO) 295 minimization 244 World Watch Institute: Transforming Cultures ‘’ 40–41 (2010) report 22 water 153, 154, 156 World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF) 203 gap 147 Climate Savers programme 291 pressure 58–60 use 150, 156–8, 232–3 Xerox 38 Watson, M. 93 weak sustainability 27, 119–20, 126, 178 Yli-Kauhaluoma, S. 92 weak sustainable consumption 27, 120, 212, 220 Zajonc, R. 304 Webb, D. 104 Zelizer, V.A. 415, 417

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