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Sustainable Production and Consumption by Upcycling Understanding and Scaling-Up Niche Environmentally Significant Behaviour

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Sustainable Production and Consumption by Upcycling Understanding and Scaling-Up Niche Environmentally Significant Behaviour Sustainable production and consumption by upcycling Understanding and scaling-up niche environmentally significant behaviour Kyungeun Sung A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements of Nottingham Trent University for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy School of Architecture, Design and the Built Environment May 2017 COPYRIGHT STATEMENT This work is the intellectual property of Kyungeun Sung. You may copy up to 5% of this work for private study, or personal, non-commercial research. Any re-use of the information contained within this document should be fully referenced, quoting the author, title, university degree level and pagination. Queries or requests for any other use, or if a more substantial copy is required, should be directed in the owner of the Intellectual Property Rights. 2 ABSTRACT Upcycling is the creation or modification of a product from used materials, components and products which is of equal or higher quality or value than the original. Scaling-up upcycling, in theory, contributes ultimately to reducing carbon emissions by extending lifetimes of used materials, components and products, and thereby decreasing embodied energy. This PhD focuses on the emerging household behaviour of upcycling as niche environmentally significant behaviour. It aims to understand the current upcycling behaviour and factors that influence behaviour in order to develop design and policy interventions to influence behaviour in order to upscale upcycling. Interviews, a short questionnaire study, a survey and use of a ‘semi-Delphi’ method (a questionnaire study followed by a workshop with experts) were employed. The interviews provided insights into current upcycling behaviour (e.g. approaches to and context for upcycling), behavioural factors influencing upcycling, and potential differences arising from demographic characteristics. The short questionnaire study showed that upcycling has potential to create high attachment leading to product longevity. The survey revealed UK-specific key behavioural factors of upcycling (intention, attitude and subjective norm) and the potential target groups for scaling- up (people in art and design aged 30 years or older) based on group differences. Synthesising the data from the interviews and surveys, 15 promising design and policy interventions for upscaling upcycling were formulated. These interventions were subsequently explored and evaluated through the semi-Delphi study. The outcome pinpointed the suitable actor(s) for each intervention and sets of important and feasible interventions for short-term and long-term success in scaling-up. This research contributes further to knowledge in design for sustainable behaviour by suggesting interventions beyond product and communication design to influence behaviour, and demonstrating novel use of mixed methods consumer research based on a behaviour model and an existing framework for behaviour understanding and intervention. The research also contributes to knowledge in upcycling theory and 3 practice by providing behavioural insights, factors influencing upcycling and promising interventions for upscaling upcycling in the UK. Finally, a contribution was made to consumer behaviour theory by suggesting and testing a new combination model to understand behaviour. 4 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to acknowledge that this research was funded by Nottingham Trent University with support from the RCUK Energy Programme’s funding for the Centre for Industrial Energy, Materials and Products, grant reference EP/N022645/1. Data collection and research dissemination activities were also funded partially by Design Research Society (student research bursary 2015) and Santander (travel bursary 2016). I would like to thank everyone who has helped and supported me directly or indirectly throughout my PhD journey for the last three years as below: - My supervisors, Prof. Tim Cooper and Dr. Sarah Kettley, for academic support and guidance as well as practical help and encouragement; - Independent assessor, Leslie Arthur, for his insightful questions and advices; - Examiners, Prof. Jonathan Chapman and Prof. Anthony Kent, for examining my thesis and viva; - Research mentor, Prof. Michael White, for reviewing statistical analyses; - Professional Research Practice tutors, Prof. Steve Allin, the late Dr. Anthony Crabbe, Lindsay Davies, Prof. Matt Henn, Prof. Rebecca Parry, Andy Sutton and other lecturers and professors that have helped me with the research, for invaluable sessions and assignments; - CIE-MAP NTU (past and present) members, Dr. Naomi Braithwaite, Dr. Christine Cole, Dr. Alex Gnanapragasam, Patrick Keen, Dr. Ana Mestre, Carina Millstone, Dr. Mariale Moreno, Alex Rodrigues and Dr. Giuseppe Salvia, as well as other office colleagues, Chris Barr, Angharad McLaren and Dr. Laura Piscicelli, for their shared expertise, information and inspiration; - Other CIE-MAP (past and present) members (including previous UK INDEMAND Centre members) from University of Bath, Cambridge, Leeds and Cardiff, and the Green Alliance: Prof. Julian Allwood, Prof. John Barrett, Dustin Benton, Dr. Paul Brockway, Dr. Catherine Cherry, Dr. Samuel Cooper, Simone Cooper, Dr. Jon Cullen, Dr. Jannik Giesekam, Prof. Geoff Hammond, Suzana Matoh, Dr. Jonathan Norman, Dr. Anne Owen, Prof. Nick Pidgeon, Dr. Katharine Rietig, Dr. Katy Roelich, 5 Dr. John Rogers, Dr. Sally Russell, Dr. Marco Sakai, Kirsten Saward, Dr. Kate Scott, Fran Sergent, Dr. André Serrenho, Dr. Katharine Steentjes, Robin Styles, and Dr. Danielle Tingely, for their intellectual stimulation, various opinions and technical support, and special thanks to Dr. Catherine Cherry again for her thorough review and proofreading of my interview analysis; - All of my interview participants, survey respondents, and semi-Delphi study participants for their time and priceless inputs to my study; - NTU product design team staff members, Grant Baker, Alan Crisp, Chris Ebbert, Dr. Rebecca Gamble, Bella Malya, and Dr. Daniel Shin, for helpful information and support, and special thanks to Jamie Billing, Tracy Cordingley and Prof. Tom Fisher for their initial inputs and inspiration to shape my research; - Upcycling artist and designer, Sarah Turner, for her great work and passion, and the participation in my interview study for the portrait section; - Postgraduate research tutor, Prof. Mike Hoxley, for giving me appropriate advice when I was in a difficult situation; - Research support staff members, Sarah Dossor and Claire Wragg, as well as Graduate School, IT support, library, and student support staff members for their help and assistance; - All of the people I have met at conferences (Sustainable Innovation 2014; Product Lifetimes and the Environment 2015; International Conference on Environmental, Cultural, Economic and Social Sustainability 2015; Symposium on Sustainable Development Research at Universities in the UK 2016; and Design Research Society 2016) for their shared knowledge and insights; - My family and friends in South Korea for emotional support and faith in me; - Fellow PhD students and other friends in Nottingham for sharing their lives with me; - Big Bang, especially G-Dragon, for cheering me up in the darkest moments of my PhD; - Last but not least, my brilliant partner, Dr. Julian Robinson, for his proofreading, love and care, and his lovely family members for making me feel at home. 6 TABLE OF CONTENTS COPYRIGHT STATEMENT .............................................................................................. 2 ABSTRACT ..................................................................................................................... 3 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ................................................................................................ 5 TABLE OF CONTENTS .................................................................................................... 7 LIST OF FIGURES ......................................................................................................... 12 LIST OF TABLES ........................................................................................................... 13 AUTHOR’S DECLARATION & PUBLICATIONS .............................................................. 16 1 INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................................... 18 1.1 Why this study? .......................................................................................................... 18 1.1.1 Sustainability in design and product lifetime extension ................................................... 18 1.1.2 Challenges to product lifetime extension ......................................................................... 19 1.1.3 Upcycling for sustainable production and consumption .................................................. 20 1.1.4 Product attachment through upcycling ............................................................................ 20 1.1.5 Research needs in upcycling by consumers ...................................................................... 21 1.2 Scope of the study ...................................................................................................... 21 1.2.1 Household upcycling ......................................................................................................... 21 1.2.2 Upcycling as environmentally significant behaviour ........................................................ 22 1.2.3 Scaling-up upcycling and interventions in the UK............................................................
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