Flexible Flatfoot
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Pierre Robin and the Syndrome That Bears His Name PETER RANDALL
Pierre Robin and the Syndrome That Bears His Name PETER RANDALL, M.D. WILTON M. KROGMAN, Ph.D. SOONA JAHINA, B.D.S., M.Sc. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania The Pierre Robin Syndrome refers to a combination of micrognathia (a small jaw) and glossoptosis (literally, a falling downward or back- ward of the tongue) in the newborn infant (Figure 1). These conditions are likely to cause obstruction of the upper airway, and they are fre- quently associated with an incomplete cleft of the palate. Patients with the Pierre Robin Syndrome may present a real emer- gency in the delivery room because of the obstructed upper airway, or the airway problem may not become manifest for several days or weeks (10, 11, 38). There is frequently a feeding problem, as well as problems associated with the cleft of the palate (if one is present) and also an unusual malocclusion (2, 5, 12, 16). In addition, it presents a fascinating anthropological puzzle (22, 23). This paper will review the work of Dr. Robin, consider some possible etiologies of this syndrome, and report on some work on mandibular bone growth in a group of such patients. History Pierre Robin was far from the first person to recognize this syndrome. One account is recorded in 1822 by St. Hilaire. In 1891 Taruffi men- tioned two subclassifications-hypomicrognatus (small jaw) and hypo- agnathus (absent jaw). In 1891, four cases, two of them having cleft palates, were reported by Lanneloague and Monard (12, 14). Shukow- sky in 1902 described a tongue to lip surgical adhesion to overcome the respiratory obstruction (34). -
Podo Pediatrics Podo Pediatrics
Podo Pediatrics Identifying Biomechanical Pathologies David Lee, D.P.M., D. A.B.P.S. Purpose • Identification of mechanical foot and ankle conditions • Base treatments • Knowing when to refer to a podiatrist Topics • Flatfoot (Pes Plano Valgus) • Equinus • Intoed feet (Cavo-adductor Varus) • Heel pain (Calcaneodynia) • Shin Splints • Various Pedal deformities 1 WHAT IS NORMAL? At birth to ~9 months • Ankle flexible to over 20 deg DF • No “C” shaped foot • No clicking or popping sounds • Babinski sign • Pull up 7-8mo. 9-16 months… • Begin walking • Feet are fat, flat and floppy • Knees are always center or externally rotated, never internal. • Stance is wide and less stable • Stomping gait pattern 2 16-18 months • Able to walk upstairs • Knee never internal • Still wide base and flat and floppy feet • Stomping still 3-7 years • Able toe walk downstairs • Heel-to-toe walk • Watch for – Intoeing – Tripping – Tight ankle joint (equinus) 7 years and up • Arch should be developed • Heel-to-toe walk • Heel is perpendicular to ground • Knees straight ahead 3 Neutral Internal Rotation Early detection is important • Prevent long term adaptation • Joint damage • Adult pathology – Heel pain, bunions, hammertoes, ankle instability, knee pain, shin splints, etc. • Ability to thrive physically and socially 4 THE FLAT FOOT Visual Complaints by the Parent • Tripping or falling • Poor balance- Clumsy • Feet look funny, walks funny • Shoes wearing out quickly Social Complaints by the Parent • Lazy, inactive, “doesn’t like going outside to play or play sports -
Orthopedic-Conditions-Treated.Pdf
Orthopedic and Orthopedic Surgery Conditions Treated Accessory navicular bone Achondroplasia ACL injury Acromioclavicular (AC) joint Acromioclavicular (AC) joint Adamantinoma arthritis sprain Aneurysmal bone cyst Angiosarcoma Ankle arthritis Apophysitis Arthrogryposis Aseptic necrosis Askin tumor Avascular necrosis Benign bone tumor Biceps tear Biceps tendinitis Blount’s disease Bone cancer Bone metastasis Bowlegged deformity Brachial plexus injury Brittle bone disease Broken ankle/broken foot Broken arm Broken collarbone Broken leg Broken wrist/broken hand Bunions Carpal tunnel syndrome Cavovarus foot deformity Cavus foot Cerebral palsy Cervical myelopathy Cervical radiculopathy Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease Chondrosarcoma Chordoma Chronic regional multifocal osteomyelitis Clubfoot Congenital hand deformities Congenital myasthenic syndromes Congenital pseudoarthrosis Contractures Desmoid tumors Discoid meniscus Dislocated elbow Dislocated shoulder Dislocation Dislocation – hip Dislocation – knee Dupuytren's contracture Early-onset scoliosis Ehlers-Danlos syndrome Elbow fracture Elbow impingement Elbow instability Elbow loose body Eosinophilic granuloma Epiphyseal dysplasia Ewing sarcoma Extra finger/toes Failed total hip replacement Failed total knee replacement Femoral nonunion Fibrosarcoma Fibrous dysplasia Fibular hemimelia Flatfeet Foot deformities Foot injuries Ganglion cyst Genu valgum Genu varum Giant cell tumor Golfer's elbow Gorham’s disease Growth plate arrest Growth plate fractures Hammertoe and mallet toe Heel cord contracture -
Spinal Dysraphism an Orthopaedic Syndrome in Children Accompanying Occult Forms
Arch Dis Child: first published as 10.1136/adc.35.182.315 on 1 August 1960. Downloaded from SPINAL DYSRAPHISM AN ORTHOPAEDIC SYNDROME IN CHILDREN ACCOMPANYING OCCULT FORMS BY C. C. MICHAEL JAMES and L. P. LASSMAN From the Departments of Orthopaedic Surgery and Neurological Surgery, Newcastle General Hospital, Newcastle upon Tyne (RECEIVED FOR PUBLICATION OCTOBER 19, 1959) Much interest has been shown in the pathology which usually suffer. The treatment in the first of the more gross developmental anomalies of the place is principally in the field of neurosurgery since spinal cord and its coverings and in their clinical the removal of the primary cause, when it is possible, manifestations, most of which are not amenable to demands laminectomy and exploration around the treatment. It has not been appreciated that lesser spinal cord within the dura mater. Subsequent anomalies can also produce disabilities, that they orthopaedic care will be needed only to correct can be diagnosed in life and that they can frequently established deformity if the diagnosis has been be treated by surgery before the secondary effects made late. have become severe and irreversible. Clinical Spinal dysraphism is a term which has been experience over a number of years of the many applied to failure of complete development in the copyright. children sent to orthopaedic clinics with various midline of the dorsal aspect of the embryo. The types of foot or lower limb defect led us to suspect extent of this failure may be of mild, moderate or the presence in some children of a spinal cord severe degree. -
Peds Ortho: What Is Normal, What Is Not, and When to Refer
Peds Ortho: What is normal, what is not, and when to refer Future of Pedatrics June 10, 2015 Matthew E. Oetgen Benjamin D. Martin Division of Orthopaedic Surgery AGENDA • Definitions • Lower Extremity Deformity • Spinal Alignment • Back Pain LOWER EXTREMITY ALIGNMENT DEFINITIONS coxa = hip genu = knee cubitus = elbow pes = foot varus valgus “bow-legged” “knock-knee” apex away from midline apex toward midline normal varus hip (coxa vara) varus humerus valgus ankle valgus hip (coxa valga) Genu varum (bow-legged) Genu valgum (knock knee) bow legs and in toeing often together Normal Limb alignment NORMAL < 2 yo physiologic = reassurance, reevaluate @ 2 yo Bow legged 7° knock knee normal Knock knee physiologic = reassurance, reevaluate in future 4 yo abnormal 10 13 yo abnormal + pain 11 Follow-up is essential! 12 Intoeing 1. Femoral anteversion 2. Tibial torsion 3. Metatarsus adductus MOST LIKELY PHYSIOLOGIC AND WILL RESOLVE! BRACES ARE HISTORY! Femoral Anteversion “W” sitters Internal rotation >> External rotation knee caps point in MOST LIKELY PHYSIOLOGIC AND MAY RESOLVE! Internal Tibial Torsion Thigh foot angle MOST LIKELY PHYSIOLOGIC AND WILL RESOLVE BY SCHOOL AGE Foot is rotated inward Internal Tibial Torsion (Fuchs 1996) Metatarsus Adductus • Flexible = correctible • Observe vs. casting CURVED LATERAL BORDER toes point in NOT TO BE CONFUSED WITH… Clubfoot talipes equinovarus adductus internal varus rotation equinus CAN’T DORSIFLEX cavus Clubfoot START19 CASTING JUST AFTER BIRTH Calcaneovalgus Foot • Intrauterine positioning • Resolve -
Maternal Use of Opioids During Pregnancy and Congenital Malformations: a Systematic Review
Maternal Use of Opioids During Jennifer N. Lind, PharmD, MPH, a, b Julia D. Interrante, MPH, a, c Elizabeth C. Ailes, PhD, MPH, a Suzanne M. Gilboa, PhD, a PregnancySara Khan, MSPH, a, d, e Meghan T. Frey, and MA, MPH, a CongenitalApril L. Dawson, MPH, a Margaret A. Honein, PhD, MPH, a a a, b f, g a Malformations:Nicole F. Dowling, PhD, Hilda Razzaghi, PhD, MSPH, A Andreea Systematic A. Creanga, MD, PhD, Cheryl Review S. Broussard, PhD CONTEXT: abstract Opioid use and abuse have increased dramatically in recent years, particularly OBJECTIVES: among women. We conducted a systematic review to evaluate the association between prenatal DATA SOURCES: opioid use and congenital malformations. We searched Medline and Embase for studies published from 1946 to 2016 and STUDY SELECTION: reviewed reference lists to identify additional relevant studies. We included studies that were full-text journal articles and reported the results of original epidemiologic research on prenatal opioid exposure and congenital malformations. We assessed study eligibility in multiple phases using a standardized, DATA EXTRACTION: duplicate review process. Data on study characteristics, opioid exposure, timing of exposure during pregnancy, congenital malformations (collectively or as individual subtypes), length of RESULTS: follow-up, and main findings were extracted from eligible studies. Of the 68 studies that met our inclusion criteria, 46 had an unexposed comparison group; of those, 30 performed statistical tests to measure associations between maternal opioid use during pregnancy and congenital malformations. Seventeen of these (10 of 12 case-control and 7 of 18 cohort studies) documented statistically significant positive associations. Among the case-control studies, associations with oral clefts and ventricular septal defects/atrial septal defects were the most frequently reported specific malformations. -
On the Inheritance of Hand and Foot Anomalies in Six Families
On the Inheritance of Hand and Foot Anomalies in Six Families OLA JOHNSTON AND RALPH WALDO DAVIS Department of Biology, North Texas State College, Denton, Texas INTRODUCTION Malformations of the hands and feet are common and of many kinds. Ac- cording to Gates (1946) there probably are more abnormalities of the hands and feet than of any other part of the body, with the exception of the eye. It is true that some hand and foot anomalies are the result of accident and disease but it is equally true that many are the result of variation in heredity. The extent to which the latter is true and the mode of inheritance of those variations which have some genetic basis are questions which are not com- pletely answered. Hence when an opportunity presented itself to study a number of different hand and foot anomalies which appeared to have a he- reditary basis, it seemed worthwhile to investigate them and to present the findings. The malformations which are included are syndactyly and split hand and foot, polydactyly, and brachydactyly. Each will be considered more or less independently and in the order indicated. A BRIEF REVIEW OF LITERATURE 1. Syndactyly and Split Hand and Foot Syndactyly is the condition in which two or more fingers or toes are adherent or are more or less completely grown together. Split hand and foot (also called lobster claw) is a deformity in which the central digits of the hands and/or feet are lacking. It may represent an extreme variant of syndactyly. According to Lewis (1909) a description of split hand and foot is difficult because of the great variation in the deformity even within the same family. -
Prevalence and Associated Factors of Flat Feet Among Patients With
Arch Physiother Rehabil 2020; 3 (4): 076-083 DOI: 10.26502/fapr0016 Research Article Prevalence and Associated Factors of Flat Feet among Patients with Hypertension; Findings from a Cross Sectional Study Carried Out at a Tertiary Care Hospital in Sri Lanka Jithmi N Samarakoon1, Nipun Lakshitha de Silva2, Deepika Fernando3* 1Department of Allied Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Colombo, Sri Lanka 2Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, General Sir John Kotelawala Defence University, Ratmalana, Sri Lanka 3Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Colombo, Sri Lanka *Corresponding author: Deepika Fernando, Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Colombo, 00800, Sri Lanka, Tel: +94717229509; E-mail: [email protected] Received: 24 October 2020; Accepted: 03 November 2020; Published: 05 November 2020 Citation: Jithmi N Samarakoon, Nipun Lakshitha de Silva, Deepika Fernando. Prevalence and Associated Factors of Flat Feet among Patients with Hypertension; Findings from a Cross Sectional Study Carried Out at a Tertiary Care Hospital in Sri Lanka. Archives of Physiotherapy and Rehabilitation 3 (2020): 076-083. Abstract recognized risk factors were enrolled. Socio- Background: Hypertension is considered a risk factor demographic details and clinical information were for flat feet as it causes posterior tibial tendon collected using a pre-tested interviewer administered dysfunction. The objectives of this study were to questionnaire. Arch index was obtained by a static identify the prevalence and associated factors of flat feet footprint on the Harris mat. Body weight and height among patients with hypertension. were measured using standard instruments. Body Mass Index was calculated. Descriptive statistics, Independent Methods: A cross sectional study with systematic t- test, Chi-square test and Pearson correlation were sampling was done in three selected hypertension used for data analysis. -
Common Lower Extremity Problems in Children Susan A
Article orthopedics Common Lower Extremity Problems in Children Susan A. Scherl, MD* Objectives After completing this article, readers should be able to: 1. Describe the presentation of hip joint pathology in children. 2. Know how to treat most rotational and angular deformities. 3. Describe the hallmark of clubfoot that helps to differentiate it from isolated metatarsus adductus. 4. Explain why screening for developmental dysplasia of the hip should be performed. 5. Describe foot problems that can be markers for a neurologic disorder. Overview Growing children are susceptible to a variety of developmental lower extremity disorders of varying degrees of seriousness. Because children are growing and developing and are not simply smaller versions of adults, it can be difficult to treat some conditions, but in other cases, there is leeway in the results of treatment not available to adults. Long-term outcome is of utmost importance for pediatric patients because their bones, joints, and muscles optimally should remain functional and pain-free during childhood and throughout their lives. Treatment should disrupt daily life as little as possible to minimize the social and psychological toll of the illness. Common lower extremity problems in children can be grouped broadly into four categories: rotational deformities, angular deformities, foot deformities, and hip disorders. This article covers the major conditions in each group. Pediatricians and other primary care clinicians can expect to encounter these disorders in their practices. A working knowledge of the basics of these disorders will help in appropriate diagnosis, treatment, counseling, and referral of patients. Rotational Deformities The developmental rotational deformities, intoeing and outtoeing, probably are the most common childhood musculoskeletal entities that prompt parents to consult a physician. -
Escobar Syndrome Associated with Spine and Orthopedic Pathologies
tics: Cu ne rr e en G t y R r e a Balioglu, Hereditary Genet 2015, 4:2 t s i e d a e r r c DOI: 10.4172/2161-1041.1000145 e h H Hereditary Genetics ISSN: 2161-1041 Case Report Open Access Escobar Syndrome Associated with Spine and Orthopedic Pathologies: Case Reports and Literature Review Balioglu MB* Metin Sabanci Baltalimani Bone Disease Education and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey Abstract Escobar syndrome (ES) is associated with a web across every flexion crease in the extremities (most notably the popliteal space) and other structural anomalies such as a vertical talus, clubfoot, thoracic kyphoscoliosis and severe restrictive lung disease. In our study, we evaluated 3 patients diagnosed with multiple pterygium syndrome (MPS) type Escobar. The purpose of this study was to assess the abnormalities of the vertebrae and concomitant orthopedic pathologies. Two male patients (17 and 20-year-old siblings) and one female patient (9 year-old) were diagnosed with ES by genetic analysis. Patients had been diagnosed with kyphosis and progressive scoliosis (except one), high-set palate, ptosis, low-set ears, arachnodactyly, craniofacial dysmorphism, mild deafness, clubfoot, hip luxation, and joint contractures. Patients received operations for dislocation of the hip, clubfoot correction (except the female patient), and contractures of the knee and ankle. Furthermore, patients also underwent surgery for ptosis and inguinal hernias (except the female patient). One male patient received posterior vertebral instrumentation and fusion for a progressive spine deformity. Spinal and orthopedic pathologies commonly occur in patients with ES and scoliosis, and kyphosis may progress considerably over time. -
Common Anomalies Associated To
ISSN: 2643-3885 Muhsin. Int J Foot Ankle 2018, 2:013 Volume 2 | Issue 2 Open Access International Journal of Foot and Ankle RESEARCH ARTICLE Common Anomalies Associated To Congenital Vertical Talus: A Single Center Experience Elmas Muhsin* Check for Department of Medical Genetic, Afyon Kocatepe University, Turkey updates *Corresponding author: Elmas Muhsin, Department of Medical Genetic, Afyon Kocatepe University, Afyonkarahisar, Turkey vicular. The incidence is estimated to be one in 10,000. Abstract Approximately half of all cases (idiopathic) are associ- Background: Congenital vertical talus is defined as a foot deformity in which the calcaneus is in equinus, the talus is ated with deformity and 2-5 neuromuscular and genet- plantarflexed, and there is a rigid and irreducible dislocation ic disorders in the remaining cases. There is evidence of the talonavicular joint complex, with the navicular articu- that some isolated deformities are transmitted as an lating on the dorsolateral aspect of the talar neck. It is often autosomal dominant feature with incomplete pene- associated with systemic involvement. trance [1-4]. The deformity is also known by congenital Aims: To identify the most common anomalies accompany- “rocker-bottom” flatfoot because of its rigid deformity ing to CVT (Congenital Vertical Talus). No literature investi- gating similar clinical data was found in the literature review. with the forefoot dorsiflexed and the hindfoot plantar- Study design: CVT has a systemic effect and is accom- flexed. The term “congenital convex pes valgus” is also panied by many anomalies. At the same time as this study, frequently used. To make a definite diagnosis, it is im- anomalies were frequently found accompanying CVT. -
Congenital Anomalies and in Utero Antiretroviral Exposure in Human Immunodeficiency Virus– Exposed Uninfected Infants
Supplementary Online Content Williams PL, Crain MJ, Yildirim C, et al; Pediatric HIV/AIDS Cohort Study. Congenital anomalies and in utero antiretroviral exposure in human immunodeficiency virus– exposed uninfected infants. Published online November 10, 2014. JAMA Pediatr. doi:10.1001/jamapediatrics.2014.1889. eTable 1. Frequency of Specific Major Congenital Anomalies Within Anomaly Categories eTable 2. Anomalies Reported Among Children Exposed to Atazanavir During the First Trimester eTable 3. Association of Timing of the First ARV Exposure During Pregnancy With Congenital Anomalies by ARV Drug Class and for Specific ARV Drugs This supplementary material has been provided by the authors to give readers additional information about their work. © 2014 American Medical Association. All rights reserved. Downloaded From: https://jamanetwork.com/ on 09/24/2021 eTable 1. Frequency of Specific Major Congenital Anomalies Within Anomaly Categories # of children with at Total # of least one major anomaly in Anomaly anomalies category Category (Total=242) (Total=201) List of Major Anomalies Musculoskeletal 72 59 Polydactyly (15), torticollis/muscular anomaly (12), clubfoot, talipes, other foot deformity (9), congenital dislocation of hip (5), craniosynostosis (4), plagiocephaly (4), pectus excavatum/funnel chest (3), lower limb anomaly (3), hypertelorism/other face or skull anomaly (3), spina bifida occulta/spine anomaly (3), syndactyly (3), inguinal hernia (2), diaphragmatic hernia/Morgagni, genu recurvatum/bowed legs, rib/sternum anomaly, scoliosis/congenital