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The Conservatjon Status of Peruvjan Seabjrds

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The Conservatjon Status of Peruvjan Seabjrds 244 Malcolm ( ·. Coulter IC/11' Technical J'uhhnllion /•io. 2, J1JS4 THE CONSERVATJON STATUS OF PERUVJAN ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS SEABJRDS 1 wish to thank the Charles Darwin Rcsc·lrch St·ttio , , .. Gahipagos for support of my efforts to s<:vc ·t ,Jil.1Cl ScrviCIO 3 t!~c' ~~ ~he Parq~JC ~acional 1 2 and the F:cuadorian Government for funds I ~)e lC .ctm to the World Wildlife Fund DAvm CAMERON DuFFY , CoPPELIA HAvs & MANUEL A. PLENGE Council for Bird Preservation for support I~·.,, <ll~l~·a·is(~ 'grateful to the International for their SUjlj)Ort in the fl'cl<l '11111 tll ~·. IS" p casuic to thank B. Bell and J. Keith ' CIJ" SUbSCCjliCill sugg' ·t. · · Percy FitzPatrick Institute of African Ornithology, University of Cape Tmvn, I)ark-rumpcd Petrel prognrnmc Tl 'r ll ··k . YCS 1011$ on nnprovmg the Rondebosch 7700, South Africa the support of F. Cruz a'nd T.. B ~~ ·Ilc .c W(~J' ~~)uld have been i~npossiblc without 2 Departrnenl of Zoology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 3261 I, USA. unpublished data. R. Bowman's com~l,llc' ',ti·n· t 1~ hclld,l M. P. H;:~rns made available · CJ s unpwvcc t 1e rnanuscnpt. 3 Casi!!a2490, Urna 100, Peru. REFERENCES ABSTRACT BoERSMA,43--93. D. 1976. Atl ceo ]og!ca · 1atH j 1lchav!oural study oft he Gahlpagos Penguin. Uving IJird 15, Peru, in the past, had some of the largest and economically most important seabird populations in the world. Ovcrlishing in the 1960s led to a decrease in bird numbers and to a collapse of the fishery COULTER, M. C., DUFFY, D. c. & HAI{COURT s ]l) '. in the 1970s. Possible recovery of flsh stocks has apparently been prevented by continuing fishing --Santa Cruz, 1981. Noticiasde Galtipa •os3s' 24 JH2. St.l!us of the Dark-rumpcd Petrel on Isla pressure. Poaching of eggs and young and mortality in flshing nets arc also problems, but persistent l·OSBFHC F R 19(:'i N . g , . 1-l~RJ~;s,'M .. P ..196;· :fl ':'rrai hml r:~fu~cs in the C!altipagos. Elepaio 25,60--7. pollutants and oil do not seem to be. Habitat destruction is also minor, except for continuing 37, 95--166. w lro ogy oJ storm petrels rn the Gahlpagos Islands. Proc. Calli A cad. Sci. damage to the few estuaries on the desert Peruvian coast. Estimates of species' breeding numbers, and location of the important, known colonies, arc presented. The species in greatest jeopardy HAHH!S, M.P. 1970. Thebiologyofancndangcrcd .•.·,. I, .... appear to be the Humboldt Penguin and the Peruvian Diving Petrel. Further details of both species plweopygia), in the Ga!<ipagos Islands. Condor?;p~~~~~ t lc D,uk-rumpcd Petrel (Prerodroma arc urgently needed. The most important research needs arc: 1. determination of present diets of 1-IARRJS, M. P. 1973. The biology of theW· v l Ail· . guano-producing species and Humboldt Penguin; 2. the relative economic and social advantages of Gahlpagos./bis llS, 483-SJO. " C( Mtross Dwmedea irrorata of Hood Island, fismcal, guano, and fishing for human consumption; and 3. identification of important estuaries and HAJ.uus, M. P. 1974a. A complete census of the Fli •I 11 I .. c~ 01 threats to them. The single critical direct action necessary is to discourage, through sdcntif\c and Conserv. 6, 188-9 J. g css · .mOl .. ,mt Nmmopterwn harrisi. Bioi. political means, continued overfishing on the surviving fishing stocks. Present no-llshing zones off !:!:::::~· %pp 19 J~b. ~ -~·iehf (:u:·~le to the Bir~~s of Galripago.v. Collins, London. the Peruvian coast should be enforced and expanded. ., .. ,: (.: ; ( 1 pless). Sc<t\mds of the Cn!apagos. In: Perr)' R ( l) K, 'u1o-\ Hilapagos. Pergamon Press, London. · · · c< · · cy l~nvironment SOBRE LA CONSERVACION DE LAS A YES MARINAS EN EL PERU Kl~I~;u_J~, _I·~: 1[979. Ecology and control of feral dogs in Gal<iJl'lgos etJestJI<l 1 ~:cology,Scotland. ' · · Unpubl. Rept, Institute of RESUMEN 1 ~~'< ;~)~3 .IKB., 1?78. The Sulidae. Oxford lJJ.Jiversity Press, Oxford. En cl pasado, e\ Perll tuvo una de las m<ls grandcs y econ6micamente importante poblaci6ns de aves , . & SNow' D. W. 1969. ObservatiOns on the Lava Gull Larusfuliginosus. Ibis I 11' 30-5. marinas de! mundo. Pero, a causa de Ia sobrepesca ocurrida en los mlos 60, el nluncro de aves decrcci<S considerab\emente y produjo un colapso en Ia pesqueria en los a!1os 70. Aparentemcnte, se esUI impidicndo una posiblc rccuperaci6n, debido a Ia continua prcsi6n de Ia industria pcsquera. Pcrsistentc contaminaci6n marina, no parece scr mayor problema todavia; pero, continUa Ia caeeria furtiva, Ia mortalidad de las aves en las redes de pcsca y Ia cosecha de huevos, La destrucci6n de habitats es minima, con excepci6n de unoS pocos estuarios en el desierto de Ia costa peruana. Estimaciones del nlnnero de espccics anidando y Jocalizaci6n de colonias de gran importancia, han sido prcscntadas. Las especics en mayor pc\igro pareccn scr, el Pingliino de Humboldt y el Potoyunco, de los cmlies sc necesitan nuis detallcs urgcntementc. Asf como tambiCn, las siguientes investigaciones: 1- detenninar las dietas actualcs de las especies productoras de guano y del Pingliino de Humboldt; 2- las ventajas rc!ativas econ6mica y socialmente de Ia harina de pcscado, del guano y de Ia pesca para consumo humano; y, 3- idcntificaei6n de cstuarios importantcs y sus problemas. Una sola y neccsaria acci6n directa a trav6s de medios cientfficos y polfticos, debe ser tomada, con cl lln de detener Ja sobrepesca del stock sobrevivicnte. Zonas de pesca fuera de Ia costa pcruana, actualtnentc no explotadas, deberian ser expanderse y protegcrsc. 245 246 D. C. Duffy, C. Hays & M.A. Plenge Peruvian Seabirds 247 INTRODUCTION Most of the productivity of the oceans takes place along the western coasts of contincm\ whe re wind-generated upwe llings bring nutrients to the surface. These nutrients fuel short but very rich food chains with most of the e nergy passing through just one specic 1 of fish. These te nd to be anchovies (Engraulis) or sardines/pilcha rds (Sardinops (Cushing 1971, 1975). The high productivity supports very large stocks which are further concentrated in dense shoals accessible to predators. These upwe lling a reas suppon great numbers of reside nt and migrant birds, marine mammals, and many of the Iargc11 ........... I single-species commercial fishe ries (Cushing 1975). \,.......... .,., The Humboldt or Peruvian Coastal Current has been one of the most productil'c these upwellings, supporting the largest single-species fi shery on earth (Idyll 197! immense numbers of birds (Murphy 1925, 1936; Vogt 1942; Jordan and Fuentes 196!· and a major mining industry based on avian guano (Hutchinson 1950). A ll ofthcseh,,. been based on a single species o f fi sh, the A nchoveta (Engraulis ringens). 1 conservation of Pe ruvia n seabirds is essentiall y the conservation of Engraulis ringem its populations remain viable, the birds a nd the commercial fi shery dependent on remain viable. Unfortunately, in the earl y 1970s the Anchoveta stock collapsed becac of overfishing and environmental change (Idyll 1973; Valdivia 1978) with dcvastar1 effects on the birds (Tovar 1978) and commercial fi she ries (Idyll 1973). Whether. Pia. Aguj ecosystem can recover from this and regain its high productivity remains in dour· Lobos ,; decade Ia ter. de Tierra CURRENT STATUS OF PERUVIAN SEABIRDS Except for the three guano-producing species (see below), we know almost nothmt the numbers of Peruvian seabirds. In several cases, we do not even know the breed locations of the species. Most of coastal Peru is desert, with few roads to facilitateaC\: Many of the species nesting on the mainland use cliff-sites which discourage ca1 investigation. Most of the other species are on coastal islands protected b) t government. T ransportation to islands is difficult to arrange even if the necc:\ permits can be obtained. This discourages visits by bird-watchers and others 11h<> responsible for so many distribution records in other areas. Serious workers ha\Cte to concentrate on the guano-producing species both because of their economic rmp; ance and because of the ir uniquely large colonies (e.g. Coker 1919; Murphy 1925.\ 1942; Nelson 1968; Tovar 1978). T his review of the status of resident Pe ruvian seabirds is a very subjective docu based on impressions from our fi eld work. For each species, we have estimated maximum number of breeding individuals to the nearest order of magnitude, and n.: the areas of known or suspected abundance. Details of existing counts and cstimatn given in Table 1. Figure 1 shows important localities mentioned in the text. Humboldt Penguin (Spheniscus humboldti). Estimated maximum number of br 4 individuals: 10 • Listed in Appendix 1, CITES, as e ndangered. Small numl'om breeding penguins can be found along most of the cliff sections of the Pcruvaan Larger numbers occur only at Pachachamac and Punta San Juan. Report' ol numbers at Lobos de Tierra and Punta Pampa Redonda are probably optimi'11' Peruvian Diving Petrel (Pelecanoides gamotii). Maximum number of brccdin~ 1 Figure J: I 4 mportant breeding localities of the major Peruvian seabirds. uals: 10 • Insular colonies are known only from Lobos de Afuera, San G a lfa n~ Yieja, but small colonies may a lso exist on Chincha Norte (Galarza 1968) and (Tovar 1968). Colonies on the mainland have been reported, but without dct~ species may be, with the Humboldt Penguin, of most concern among those rc' Table 1: Recent census data for Peruvian seabirds. Species Site Latitude Date Adults Humboldt Penguin Source Lobos de Tierra Sphcniscus hwnboldti 6~25'5 Feb 1979 5 D.
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