Research articles

NAT. NAT. HIST. BULL. SIAM S配 .43: 185-205 ， 1995

THE VEGETATION OF DOI KHUNTAN NATIONAL PARK ， LA 加IPHUN-LAMPANG PROVINCES ，THAILAND

J.F.M ω wel l， S. Ell おtt ， P. Palee and V. Anusarnsunthorn*

ABSTRACT

Doi Kh untan National Park was established in 1975 to protect 255 km 2 of forested

hills hills in the Pr ovinces of L 紐 lpang and Lamphun. Very little scientific research has been

C 訂 ried out in 曲ep 紅 'k since i臼 establishmen t.百 lere has been no systematic survey of 血E

vegetation vegetation and although a statement of management h凶 been prep 紅吋， it is lacking informa- tion tion about the flora. Hence the methods f珂凶red to restore natural forest ecosystems to deforested deforested areas (which ∞ ver a large part of 出e park) 紅巴 unknown. An other problem is commercial commercial collection of plants ， ωpecially orchids and fems ， in large numbers. Such activity

probably probably threatens 出巴 survival of m 飢 y species ， but with no information available on 出巴 status

of of each species ，m 組 agement options cannot be formulated τ'h e vascular flora of Doi Kh untan National Park was therefore extensively sur- veyed veyed from May 1993 u凶 1the 巴nd of June 1995. Specimens of all species seen were coUected and and placed in 出巴 herbarium of the Biology Departm 巴nt ， Chiang M 泊 University. In addition ，

taxonomic taxonomic and ecological data about every species were entered into a computer datab 蹴 for analysis. analysis.

百le lower 紅 'eas of the national park ，formerly deciduous (mostly 回 k) forest ， have been been cleared and or cultivated severely degraded for nearly a century. Deciduous secondary grow 血 in 出e form of deciduous dipterocarp ・oak vegetation is common. Very degraded origi- nal nal grow 白 now has much bamboo. A mixed evergreen + deciduous facies is found from

85 0- 1，000 m above s巴a leve l. Above this the forest is evergreen h副 wood + pine ， the latter far less less far common as a result of human disturbance. Fire is common 血roughout 血ep 訂k.明記 climate climate is seasonal with a dry p出 od 仕om November to Apri l. At least 165 families and 1， 285

species species of vascular plants are found there. Four new r，巴 cords for the flora of Thailand were found. found.

INTRODUCTION

Doi (= mount) Kh untan National Park was established in March 1975 ，出 e 14 出 national p 紅 k designated in τ'h ailand. It is situated at approximately 18 0 40' north latitude ，99 0 20' east east longi 旬 de ，and a也凶凶S仕組vely is included in three districts: Mae Tah Dis 凶ct ，Lamphun Pr ovince (NW section of 白e park) ，Muang District ，Lampang Pr ovince (eastern part) 叩 d

H 佃 g Chat District ，Lampang Province (southern part of the park). Almost all of the access roads and tourist facilities ，including the park headquarters and park development ，

紅 e on the NW side. 百le area of the p 釘 k is 255 km 2 (0.05% of 白e total 1叩 d 紅白 of Th ailand). Th e lowest elevation is 325 m and 白e highest point at the summit of Doi Kh untan is 1363 m 1•

*Dep 訂 tment of Biology ，Fac 叫ty of Science ， Chiang Mai University ， Chiang Mai 50200 ，百凶land lTh is the official height ，however the acωal el 巴vation is c. 1380 m.

185 185 186 186 J.F. MAXWELL ET AL.

Very li 凶 e scientific research has been carried out in 血e park since its establishment. There There has been no systematic survey of the vegetation and a1 though a statement of m 佃 agement has been prepared ，it is lacking information about the flora. Hence the methods methods required to restore natu ra1 forest ecosystems to deforested are 出 (which cover a large large p紅 t of the park) 釘 'e unknown. An other problem is commerci a1 collection of plants ， especi a1 1y orchids and fems ， in 1紅 ge numbers. Such activity probably 白reatens 血， e surviv a1 ofmany sp 田 ies ，butwi 白 noinform 組 on av ai1 able on 血e 期制s ofeach sp 民 ies ，management options options cannot be formulated. It It was therefore decided to c紅可 out a survey of the flora and vege 旬， tion of the park to to provide baseline dataωimprove 也， e management of the park. Th e project w 部 sta 巾 d in in May 1993 and most of the collecting was completed by the end of 1995.

GEOLOGY

百le bedrock of the lowland 釘 eas ，c. 325 -8 00 m elevation ，consists of sh a1 e (especi a11 y 白eNWp 紅 t of the park) and ta1 c (e 槌 t side of 山 park) of 血e Kanchanaburi Forτnation ， Tanaosi Tanaosi Gr oup of the Sil 町 ian-Devoni 佃 geologic a1 periods. Sh a1 e，a sedimentary rock and orig 泊ally a fine clay ，w 出 deposited 泊組ancient deep sea ， while ta1 c is a soft metamo 中hic rock rock of igneous origin. It is loc a1 1y mined as a raw materi a1 for the ceramics indus 位y. Th ese two rocks are estimated to be 35 0-4 00 rnillion years old. Th ere is 佃紅ea on 血e east side side east of Doi Tah Goo which has an outcrop of qu 紅包ite on top of sh a1 e at c. 650 m elevation. elevation. A1 1 other 紅 eas of the nation a1 p釘 k 紅 'e composed of granite of the Triassic geologic a1 period ，origin a1 1y created by volcanic activity about 200 rnillion ye 紅 's ago (JAVANAPHET ， 1969). Sh a1 e on 由e NW side of 白e park ，白紙 is Tah Go o Station area ， extends up to c. 850 m ， while in other 釘 eas of the park it is found below c. 400 m. Grani te ，therefore ，is found above above 400 m elevation on 血e west side of the p紅 k and above c. 550 m elevation on 血e east east side. It is by fi 紅白e most common and abundant rock in the nation a1 p紅 k

HUMAN OCCUPATION

Kh un 悩n Village on the west side of 由ep 紅 k is situated on 白e Bangkok ベ:hlang Mai railway railway line where a 1. 3 km long tunnel is 1∞a飽d. 百ti. s tunnel ，completed 泊 1918 ，w 槌 cut 血rough solid gr ，創世 te bedrock and during its cons 回 ction ，whlch started in 1907 ，曲 e 紅 'ea was exploited by thousands of workers for food ，fuel and construction materi a1 s. Th e State State R ai1 ways of Thai1 and m 剖ntains a sm a11 resort facility at 900 m on 也e west side of 出e park (Yaw 1) where the oldest and still well-maintained bung a1 0w was b凶lt 加 1917. As an inevitable and unfortuna 飽 consequence of 血is railway conn 田 tion ， whlch provided convenient convenient access to the mountain ， almost a11 of the lowland vegetation up to c. 700 m elevation elevation has been severely and repeatedly degraded by logging and frre ， whlle the rniddle elevations elevations of 70 0- 1，000 m have experienced slightly less damage. It w 踊 not until a few ye 紅 s ago ，after the nation a1 p紅 kw 槌 established ，出 at a 18 km long road from Mae Tah (town) ， passing Kh untan Station ， to the nation a1 park headquarters w 錨 fin a11 y completed. VEGETATION OF DOI KHUNTAN NATIONAL PARK 187

Th e establishment of many villages around other p紅白 of the p訂 k has ensured that a1 1 of the the lowland and foo 出ill areas of the park are maintained as fields or deciduous scrub vegetation vegetation and subjected to annu a1 fires.

CLIMATE

Two sets of meteorological records ar 巴 available which can be used to indicate approximate approximate rainf a1 1 and tempera 制 re in the nation a1 par k.百 le frrst set is from the Lamphun Meteorologic a1 Station at 296 m above sea level and is about 32 km NW of 血e center of the the nation a1 park (Fig. 1). 百le other information is from 血e Lampang Meteorologic a1 Station Station at 241 m above sea level and about 30 km to the SE (Fig. 2). 百lese data cI early show 白紙 the climate is monsoon a1 with a distinct and often severe 合y season from November to April ， during which the lowest (November-January) and highest (March- May) tempera 伽 res occur. 百le rainy season is from May-October. Ann ua1 rainf a1 1 averages

1004 佃 d 1064 mm at Lamphun and Lampang ，respectively. Wh ile the average temperatures will decrease about 0.6 0 C per 100 m increase in elevation ， the actu a1 temperatures on the mountain ，especi a1 1y in areas above 1，000 m ， will be considerably less. We have been at 白e camp at Yaw 3 (1 ，250 m) during January- Febru 紅 y where the tempera 加 re at night drops as low as 8 0 C.百 le rainf a1 1 in the nation a1 park ，especi a1 1y in upl 姐 d areas ， is considerably greater 仕1組曲at recorded at 白e two lowland lowland weather stations.

VEGETA TION TYPES

Lowland Vegetation

Th e boundaries of 血e park cI osely follow and encompass most of the mountainous area area of the region which is isolated ， except on the NE side where it is contiguous with Jae Sawn Nation a1 Park. All of the origin a1 forest cover ， except on the NE side ，of the lowlands lowlands was de 位 oyed decades ago and is now agricultural 1加 d. Fl at and gently sloping areas 仕om 350-c. 500 m elevation 紅 'e now used for paddy rice ，com ，and other crops 部 well well as fruit tree orchards ，e.g. Dimocarpus longan Lour. ssp. longan var. longan ，Litchi chinensis chinensis Sonn. (bo 由 Sapindaceae) ，and Mangifera indica L. (Anacardiaceae) ， as well as a few Tectona grandis L. f. (Verbenaceae ， teak) pl 組 tations. Isolated Isolated patches of deciduous secondary growth are frequently encountered with 仕ees such such as Casearia grewiifolia Ven t. v紅 . grewiifolia (Fl acourtiaceae) ，Fernandoa adenophylla (W a1l. ex G. Don) Steen. (Bigno 凶aceae) ， Ficus hispida L. f. var. hispida 組 d Broussonetia papyr 俳ra (L.) Ven t. (b o血 Moraceae). Lowland herbaceous weeds are common 佃 d rampan t. Common Grarnineae (grasses) are Chloris barbata Sw. ，Digitaria setigera Roth ex Roem. & Schul t. var. setigera ， Eleusine Indica (L.) Gaertn. ， Imperata cylindrica (L.) P. P. Beauv. var. major (Nees) C. E. Hubb. ex Hubb. & Vaugh. ，Paspalum conjugatum Berg. ， Pennisetum Pennisetum pedicellatum Trin. ， Rhynchelytrum repens (Willd.) C. E. Hubb. ， Setaria parviflora parviflora (Poir.) Kerg. ， Sporobolus indicus (L.) R. B r. vぽ . flaccidus (Roem. & Schul t.) 188 J.F. MAXWELL ET AL.

-RAINFALL --B- MAX. TEMP. --*- MIN. TEMP.

TEMPERATURE ( C)

300

200 20

100 -- 10

0 JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC MONTH Means for 1981-89

Figure 1. Meteorological data from Lamphun, 296 m elevation.

- RAINFALL -+- MAX. TEMP. --*- MIN. TEMP.

RAINFALL (MM) TEMPERATURE ( C) 400 .------~ 40

30

200 r---- 20

10

JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC MONTH Means for 1957-1985

Figure 2. Meteorological data fro m Lampang, 241 m elevation. VEGETA' 百 ON OF DOI KHUNTAN NA' 百 ONAL PARK 189

Veldk. ，and others. Cyperaceae (sedges) are 鎚 common 槌 Gramineae with numerous species species of Cyperus ， e.g. C. compac ωs Retz. ， C. d破防， us Vahl var. diffusus ， C. distans L. f. ， C. iria L. ， C. nutans Vahl var. nutans ，etc. Fimbristylis includes several abundant and weedy species ，e.g. F. adenolepis Kem ， F. dichotoma (L.) V 油 1 ssp. dichotoma ，and F. littoralis littoralis Gaud. var. littoralis. Dicot Dicot weeds 釘 e also common and include ， for example ， Mollugo pentaphylla L. (Ai zoaceae) ，Amaranthus gracilis Desf. (Amaranthaceae); Ageratum conyzoides L.， Conyza sumatrensis (Retz.) Walk. ， Crassocephalum crepidioides (Bth.) S. Moore ， Eupatorium Eupatorium odoratum L. ，Synedrella nod 抑Ora (L.) Gaertn. ，and Tridax procumbens L. (all Compositae). Compositae). Ipomoea pestigridis L. and Merremia vitifolia (Burm. f.) Hall. f. (bo 出 Convolvulaceae); Convolvulaceae); Euphorbia heterophylla L.， E. hirta L.， Phyllanthus amarus Schumach. &百 10nn. ， P. urinaria L. (all Euphorbiaceae); Hyptis suaveolens (L.) Poi t. (Labiatae); Mimosa diplotricha C. Wright ex Suav. v紅 . diplotricha and M. pudica L. var. hispida Bren. Bren. (Le guminosae ，Mim osoideae); Crotalaria pallida Ait.， Desmodium heterocarpon (L.) (L.) DC. ，and Zo rnia gibbosa Span. (Le guminosae ，Papilionoideae); Sida rhombifolia L. ssp. ssp. rhombifolia and Urena lobata L. ssp. lobata var. lobata (bo 曲 Malvaceae); Passiflora foetida foetida L. (Passifloraceae); Hedyotis co ηmbosa (L.) Lmk. ， H. diffusa Willd. ，組 d Mitracarpus Mitracarpus villosus (Sw.) DC. (all Rubiaceae); Lindernia antipoda (L.) Alst. ， L. crustacea ， Scoparia dulcis L. (all Scrophulariaceae) ， Triumfetta rhomboidea Jacq. (Tiliaceae) 佃 d many other sp 即 ies 釘 'e common.

Deciduous Forest with Bamboo

τ'h e originallowland forest ， at about 325 to 850 m elevation ，w 槌 a facies dominated by Tectona grandis L. f. (Verbenaceae ， teak) which must have been similar to 也at of the last last remaining teak forest in 百1ailand at Mae Yom National P 紅 k，P耐田町'O vince ， about 100 km to 血e N.E. (MAl丑 DOL UNIVERSπY ，1992). 官邸 kind of deciduous forest also includes includes many other species of commercially valuable hardwood trees ， such as Xylia 勾Ilocarpa (Roxb.) Taub. var. kerrii (Craib & Hutch.) Niels. (Le guminosae ，Mi mosoideae) ， La gerstroemia cochinchinensis Gagnep. v低 ovalifolia Furt. & Mont. (Lythraceae) ， Bomb 町 ceiba L. (Bombacaceae) ，Terminalia alata Roxb. and Terminalia mucronata Craib & Hutch. ，(Combretaceae) ，Garuga flOl 幼 unda Decne. (Burseraceae) ，Crato. 砂 lum formosum (Jack) Dyer ssp. prun 抑orum (Kurz) Gog. (Hypericaceae) ， Pterocarpus macrocarpus Kurz (Leguminosae ，Papilionoideae) ，and Vitex canescens Kurz (Verbenaceae). (Verbenaceae). Duabanga grandiflora (Roxb. ex DC.) Walp. (Sonneratiaceae) 佃 d Irvingia Irvingia malayana Oliv. ex Benn. (Irv ingiac 閣 .e) 釘 'e tall evergreen s戸 cies which 釘 e also found in 血is habita t. Deciduous trees below the canopy are numerous and include Schleichera trijuga Willd. (Sap 泊daceae) ， Spondias p 初nata (L. f.) K 町 z (An ac 紅 diaceae) ，Millett ω brandisiana Kurz 佃 d Dalbergia ρlS ca Pierre (b o血Le guminosae ，Papilionoideae) ， Vitex limoniifolia Wal l. ex Kurz (Verbenaceae) ， Schrebera swietenioides Roxb. (Oleaceae); Sterculia ornata Roxb. ， Sterculia Sterculia stigmarota Pierre ， Melochia umbellata (Houtt.) Stapf (Fig. 3) and Firmiana colorata colorata Roxb. (all S町 'culiaceae) and others. Strychnos nux-vomica L. (L oganiaceae ， Fig. 4) ，Antidesma acidum Retz. (Euphorbiaceae) ，佃d Bauhinia viridescens Desv. v低 viridescens viridescens (L eguminosae ，Caesalpinioideae) 紅 e some examples of deciduous 位eelet and 190 190 J. F. MAXWELL ET AL trees trees of the lowest stature in this type of fores t. Th e ground flora is mostly perenni a1 and deciduous. Th us during the dry season (November-April) 由e ground 出 well as 白e trees 訂 e barren. 百 le frrst herbs to flower 紅 e some Zingiberaceae (gingers) e.g. Kaempj 訟ria rotunda L.， Gagnepainia godefroyi (Baill.) K. K. Sch. ，Curcuma ecomata Craib and C. zedoaria (Berg.) Rosc. ， and Globba nuda K. Lar. ， a1 1 of which flower during March-May before their leaves appe 低 Wi 出 the advent of 白e rainy rainy season in May ，a succession of species begin to flower after their leaves have developed. developed. Some of the early ones ぽ e in 血e Orchidaceae (orchids) ，e.g. Peris 砂lus constrictus constrictus (L in d1.) Lin d1. and Eulophia nuda L泊d1. (which flowers before the leaves appear ， Fig. Fig. 5); Zingiberaceae ，e.g. Globba reflexa Craib and G. xantholeuca Craib ， Hapaline benthamiana benthamiana Schott (Ar aceae ， which flowers and 企凶 ts before its leaves mature) ，組 d others. others. By about July many other herbs have matured ，in c1 uding many fem allies e.g. Selaginella Selaginella oste n_ 戸ldii Hier. (Selagine l1 aceae) ，and ferns such as Aniscocampium cumingianum Pr esl and Kuniwatsakia cuspidata (Bedd.) Pichi ・Ser. (bo 白 Athyriaceae )， Dryopteris Dryopteris cochleata (D. Don) C. Chr. (Dryopteridace 田) and Nephrolepis delicatula (Dcne.) Pichi-Ser. Pichi-Ser. (01eandraceae ， which grows on rocks) ， and Tectaria immersa (Fee) Holt t. (Dryopteridaceae) (Dryopteridaceae) are examples of fems which b配 ome fertile during the latter p制 of 由e r創 ny season.

Some other herbs that typify the deciduous forest 紅 e Oryza meyeriana (Zo l1. & Mor.) Baill. Baill. v也 granulata (W att) Duis t. (Gramineae ，w i1 d forest rice) ，Barleria strigosa W i1l d. (Acan 出aceae) ， and Hedyotis tenelliflora B l. v低 kerrii (Craib) Fuku. (Rubiaceae). Disturbed 紅 eas in the deciduous forest 紅 e often succeeded by sever a1 species of bamboos (Gramineae ，Bambuseae) ， the most common being Bambusa tulda Roxb. ， Dendrocalamus membranaceus Munro ， and Dendrocalamus nudus Pi1 g. Deciduous perenni a1 vin 邸， e.g. Ampelocissus martini Pl. and Cissus hastata Miq. (bo 血 Vitaceae) ， Stephania Stephania glabra (Roxb.) Mi ers (Menispermaceae) ， Dioscorea alata L. (Di oscoreaceae) and Stemona burkillii Pr ain (Stemonaceae) are common. Large deciduous woody c1 imbers (lianas) 紅 'e also found and in c1 ude Tetrastigma obovatum (Laws.) Gagnep. (Vitaceae) ， Entada rheedii Spreng. (Le guminosae ，Mi mosoideae) ， and Congea tomentosa Roxb. var. tomen ω sa (Verbenaceae).

Deciduous Dipterocar p-O ak Fore 渇t

As a consequence of severe destruction of the deciduous forest ，in c1 uding many places in in the nation a1 park which were c1 e紅一cut ，a c1 imax or persistent kind of secondary growth has has developed. 百lese disturbed places have lost much of their so i1 and as a consequence an an open ， often scrubby ，relatively short kind of forest with many Di pterocarpaceae and Fagaceae Fagaceae has developed. The species in this deciduous dipteroc arp-o ak forest ，especi a1 1y 血e trees ，differ from those found in the deciduous forest which has been replaced. 百le Dipterocarpaceae Dipterocarpaceae dominate this habitat in Doi Kh untan National Park and in c1 ude Dipterocarpus Dipterocarpus obtusifolius Te 祖sm. ex Mi q. var. ob ωsifoli 叫 D. tuberculatus Roxb. var. tuberculatus ， Shorea siamensis Mi q. v低 siamensis ， and S. obtusa W a1l. ex B l. Quercus kerrii kerrii Craib v低 kerrii (Fagaceae ， an oak) is a1 so found ， but is uncommon ，among these other other trees. It is 0 町 opinion 白紙 it takes much longer (centuries!) for oaks to develop in these these devastated 紅 eas th 組曲 e Dipterocarpaceae. Th is situation is seen vividly in nearby VEGETAT ION OF DO I KHUNTAN NA TI ONAL PARK 19 1

Figllr e 3. Me/och;a ulllbella/a (H Olll l.) S l apf (Sl erclllia ce a巴) . Th is is a d巴cidll oll s ~\ . lI nd erslor cy tr ee f Ollnd in m i xed bamb oo

兵'f:;~ +d 巴cidllo us 1' 01巴Sl and iso rt en fOll nd in dislllrb ed pl accs . 11 is fo un d al eleva li ons of 900- 1， 250 m a nd f1 0wers in Novc mb er and D ece mb er. Phol O: V A nu sa rn sunth orn ，1 9 Nov 巴mb er 1993 ， 925 m

Figllre Figllre 4. S /r 、''CiIl IOS IIIIX- ¥l OIII;Ca L. (Loga ni accae) ， a C0 l11 111 on dec idll oll S II 巴巴 lel 0 1' s mall

lr e巴. is fO llnd 1110s ll y in dec idll ous

dipl 巴roca rp -oa kf ores l. 11 f1 0wers w hi l巴 prod ucin g new leaves in March -A pri l and pr od ll ces rip e frllil s fro m May- A lI gll Sl. The seeds con l ain slr yc hnin e， a vc ry poi so noll s alka lo id. PhOl o: S Elli oll 3 Jul y 1993 ，900 m 192 192 J.F. M AXWEL L ET AL

Figure Figure 5. E /l lophia l1 uda Lind l. (O rchida cea 巴) is a dec idu o us，p er巴nni al g ro und orchid ，f ound in dec idu oll s dipt cro- ca rp -oak fo res t at e leva ti ons of 400-900 111 w he l巴 it flowers fro l11 A pri 1 to J 1I ne . Photo : Y An usa rn sunth orn ，3 Jun 巴 1993 ， 850 m.

Figul 巴 6. Diospyros ehre ri oide .l' W all. ex G Do n (Ebenaceae) . T his is a prese ntl y un co l11 m o n deciduo us tr e巴 In d ec idll o ll s dipter oca rp -oa k for es t w hi ch f1 0w ers at th e beg innin g 0 1' the hot-d ry seaso n (Ma rch-A pr il )， frllit s from Jul y to Nove l11 be r and is leaf less dllring F eb rllar y- M ay.

B eca us巴 0 1' it s ha rd an d va luabl e wood ，f ew l arge ind ividuals 0 1' thi s s pecies rel11 a in in th e na ti ona l pa rk. Phot o ・ Y . A nu sa rn slln tho rn ， 19 November 1993 ，925 111 VEGETATION OF DOI KHUNTAN NATIONAL PARK 193

D 'O iSut 血he 句p. 乎u泊iNati 'O nal P紅 ki 泊n which the 'O rigi 泊n鳩叫a叫1decidu 'O us l'O wland f 'O rest wa 部 sdevastated centuries centuries 砲ag'O and has had a sufficient 釘n'O un 凶t 'O f time tω .0 red 白.evel 'O叩 pi 加nt 加o 叩'O ld decidu 'O us dipt 飽er 'O ca 紅rp- 'O伺 ak facies with plenty 'O f 'O aks (MAx WELL ， 1988). Other decidu 'O us tree species species f'O und in 由is habitat include Garcinia cowa R 'O xb. (Guttiferae) ，Buchanania glabra Wall. Wall. ex Hk. f. ， B. lat ザ'o lia R 'O xb. (Anacardiaceae) ，Eugenia cumini (L.) Druce (Myrtaceae) ， Gardenia erythroclada K 町 z (Rubiaceae) ， Dalbergia dongnaiensis Pierre (Legumin 'O sae ，Papili 'O n'O ideae) ， Diospyros ehretioides Wal l. ex G. D 'O n (Ebenaceae) (Fig. 6) 6) and 'O thers. Aganosma margina ω(R 'O xb.) G. D 'O n (Ap 'O cynaceae) 佃 d Spatholobus parviflorus (R 'O xb.) O. K. (Le gumin 'O sae ，Papili 'O n'O ideae) 紅 'e tw 'O c'O mm 'O nw 'O'O dy climbers ，h 'O wever there there is a general lack 'O f vines and w 'O'O dy climbers in 血 is habitat. Smaller decidu 'O us w 'O'O dy species such 邸 Tristaniopsis burmanica (Gri ff.) Wils. & Wa t. v紅 .r ゆ scens (Hance) J. J. P紅 n. & Lug. (Myrtaceae) ， Craibiodendron stellatum (Pierre) W.W. Sm. (E ricaceae) ， Catunaregam ω mentosa (B l. ex. DC.) T 註v. (Rubiaceae) ，Ochna integerrima (L 'O町 .)Me 町. (Ochnaceae ， Fig. 7) ，and Antidesma ghaesembilla Gaertn. (Euph 'O rbiaceae) as well as 血e dwarfed dwarfed Pavettafruticosa Craib (Rubiaceae) ，Premna nana C 'O ll. & Hems l. (Verbenaceae) ， and and Phoenix humilis R 'O y. v紅 . humilis (Palmae) are c'O mm 'O n. Th e decidu 'O us perennial herbace 'O us gr 'O und fl 'O ra is diverse and in many instances similar similar t'O血 at f'O und in the decidu 'O us f'O rest ，especially in areas which grade between these tw 'O habitats. S'O me herbs typical t 'O decidu 'O us dipter 'O c紅 p- 'O ak areas are Blumeopsis flava (DC.) (DC.) Gagnep. (C 'O mp 'O sitae) ， Euphorbia capillaris Gagnep. (Euph 'O rbiaceae) ， Barleria cristata cristata L. and Andrographis laxiflora (B l.) Li ndau (b 'O也 Acanthaceae) and Smilax verticalis verticalis Gagnep. (Smilacaceae). Gr amineae (grasses) 佃 d Cyperaceae (sedges) 紅 e very c'O mm 'O n and are a seri 'O us frre hazard during the dry seas 'O n. Arundinella setosa Trin. v釘 setosa ，Capillipedium parviflorum (R. Br.) S胞， pf ， Heteropogon con ω rtus (L.) P. Beauv. ex R 'O em. & Schul t. and H. triticeus (R. Br.) Stapf ， Hyparrhenia rufa (Nees) Stapf v低 siamensis siamensis Clay. 加 d Sehima nervosum (R 'O凶.) Stapf are s'O me 'O f 由em 'O re c'O mm 'O n 阻 d c'O mbustible grasses. Carex indica L. v低 microcarpa T. K 'O y. ， C. speciosa Kunth ， Rhynchospora Rhynchospora rubra (L 'O町.) Mak. ，Scleria kerrii Tu 汀.， S. levis Retz. ，佃d S. litho 平 erma (L.) (L.) Sw. v低 lithosperma 紅 e am 'O ng the m 'O st c'O mm 'O n Cyperaceae. S'O me gr 'O und fems are are Adiantum zollingeri Mett. ex Kuhn and Cheilanthes pseudofarinosa (Ching & S. K. Wu) K. K. Iw. (b 'O曲 Parkeriaceae). Th e decidu 'O us dipter 'O carp- 'O ak f 'O rest 'O ften has many epiphytic fl 'O wering plants ，e.g. Hoya kerrii Craib (Aslcepiadaceae) and 'O thers in Orchidaceae genera Bulbophyllum ，Cy mbidium ，and Eria. M 'O st 'O f the sh 'O wy species have been rem 'O ved fr 'O m the the f'O rest ，s'O ld ，and m 'O stly died since f 'O rest species usually are unable t 'O survive in urban c'O nditi 'O ns int 'O which m 'O st 'O f them have been transplanted. Pinus Pinus merkusii Jungh. & De Vriese (Pinaceae) is f'O und scattered in 也e upper range 'O f the decidu 'O us dipter 'O c紅 p- 'O ak f'O rest 仕om c. 800 ー-9 00 m. Its sc 紅'CI ty in the nati 'O nal p紅 k can mainly be at 凶 buted t 'O human predati 'O n and l'O ss 'O f undisturbed habita t.

Mixed Evergreen + D 舵 iduous Forest

At ab 'O ut 85 0- 1，000 m elevati 'O n there is a vegetati 'O nal change where the l'O wland decidu 'O us f 'O rest and upland evergreen-pine f 'O rests mix. Th ere is n 'O sp 邸 ific p 'O int 'O r pJ:1田 ise elevati 'O n where 由is merging 'O cc 町 s since t'O p'O graphy and especially disturbance 194 194 J.F. MAx WELL 町 AL.

釘 e involved.

Large Large deciduous trees in 白is habitat 紅 e: Terminalia mucronata Craib & Hutch. (Com.bretaceae) ，Spondias pinna 加(L. f.) Kurz (Anacardiaceae) ，Lagerstroemia cochinchinensis cochinchinensis Gagnep. v低 ovalifolia Fru t. & Mon t. (Lythraceae) ，佃d others from the deciduous deciduous forest (excluding Tectona grandis L. f. ，teak). It should be noted 白紙住'ees 仕om the the deciduous dipterocarp-oak forest are not represented in this “ mixed" fores t. Ar eas that have have been severely damaged ，especially by repeated burning ，from 325 m to about 1，200 m ， have a deciduous dipterocarp-oak ，no t-“ mixed" or evergreen-pine facies. Some large evergreen 田 es which are res 凶cted to 曲e “mixed" zone include Buchanania arborescens arborescens (B l.) B l. and Mangifera caloneura Kurz (bo 出An acardiaceae) ， and Garcinia hanburyi hanburyi Hk. f. (Guttiferae). Smaller evergreen trees ，e.g. Garcinia merguensis Wight (Guttiferae) ， Scleropyrum wallichianum Arn. var. siamensis H. Lec. (Santalaceae) 組 d

Canthium umbellatum Wight (Rubiaceae) 紅 e also mostly restricted to this “mixed" zone. There There is an 泊crease in the number of species and abundance of bo 白 evergreen and deciduous deciduous woody climbers in this area ， however it does not seem 血at any of them 紅 e restricted restricted to this “mixed" zone. Combretum latifolium B l. (Combretaceae) ， which is deciduous deciduous and Hiptage benghalensis (L.) Kurz (Malpighiaceae) ，叩 evergreen woody climber ， for example ，ぽ e found in this “ mixed" area ，but 紅 e also known to grow in deciduous deciduous and evergreen-pine habitats elsewhere. The ground flora is a mixture of deciduous perennial and evergreen species. Amorphophallus Amorphophallus krausei Engl. (Ar aceae) ， which never has inflorescences/i 曲 uctescences and leaves simultaneously on the same pl 佃 t，Arisaema cuspidatum (Roxb.) Eng l. (Ar aceae) ，and Zingiber kerrii Craib (Zingiberaceae) 釘 'e some deciduous perennial herbs which 釘 e most common in 出e “mixed" zone. Evergreen counterp 紅 ts 紅 'e Hedyotis oligocephala oligocephala (KI 町 z) Craib (Rubiaceae) ，Pteris decrescens Christ (Pt eridaceae) and Bolbitis hookeriana hookeriana K. Iw. (Lοmariopsidaceae) (b o由 ferns).

Evergreen Evergreen + Pine Forest

Pinus Pinus kesiya Roy. ex Gord. (Pinaceae) ， being far more common 由an P. merkusii Jungh. Jungh. & De Vriese ， which is res 凶cted to a level of 800 ー900 m elevation in deciduous dipteroc 紅 p-oak 紅 'eas ，is the 0凶y other native p泊e in the national park (b o由紅e 血eo 凶y two in 百lailand). Again ， due to exploitation ， Pinus kes かa is certainly not 部 common 国 it it used to be ，however ，it is still common on ridges from about 1，00 0- 1，350 m.τ 'h e area around around Yaw 3，1 ，25 0- 1，300 m ，w 儲 planted with P. kes か'a about 60 years ago which are now very ma 伽re and among the largest individuals of 白is species in the national p紅k. Since Since the summit ridge of Doi Kh untan has been severely disturbed ，it seems 血atP. kesiya would have grown on 血e top since its elevation r組 ge in ne 紅 by forests (e.g. Mae Soi Ri dge ，Doi Su 血ep-Pu i ，etc.) s町 passes this point (c. 1，380 m). Since Since the entire upland 紅 'ea above 1，000 m elevation is composed ofmostly evergreen hardwood 仕'ees 組 da minority of Pin 削除siya ，we have designated 白is kind of forest as evergreen-pine. 百lere are some large canopy 紅白s ，all of which 紅 'esca 悦 :red and deciduous ， in 血 e evergreen-pine fores t.百 lese include some of the tallest (40+m) trees 泊 the national p釘 k ，viz. Hovenia dulcis 百lU nb. (Rh amnaceae) ， which was not previously recorded 泊 Thailand Thailand (MAXWELL ， 1994); Acrocarpus fraxinifolius Wight & Arn. (Leguminosae ， VEGETATION OF DOI KHUNTAN NA' 百 ONALPARK 195

Caesalpinioideae) ， Pterocymbium laoticum Tard. (Sterculiaceae) ， which is only recently known 仕om 百1ail 佃 d (MAxwE LL ，1989) ， and two Meliaceae trees: Melia toosendan Sieb. & Zucc. and Toona microcarpa (C. DC.) Harms. Tetrameles nudiflora R. Br. ex Benn. (Datiscaceae) ， with its enormous plank buttresses ，is also noted ，however it is uncommon. Eη thrina subumbrans (Hass k.) Meη. (Legum 泊osae ，Papilionoideae) ，although uncommon ， is is very conspicuous in upper water catchment valleys in December-January when it flowers while while leafless. Erythrina stricta Roxb. is more common and is found on ridges and slopes 仕om about 925-1 ，200 m. It flowers ，also when leafless ， from late Janu ぽ Y to e釘 ly March. Evergreen Evergreen c佃 opy tree species include Sapium baccatum Roxb. (Euphoribaceae) ， Michelia Michelia champaca L. and Paramichelia baillonii (Pie 町 e) Hu (bo 由 Magnoliaceae )， Actinodaphine Actinodaphine henryi Gamb. (Lauraceae) ， Betula alnoides B.-H. (Betulaceae ，which because because of denaturing properties for alcohol 加 nearly been extirpated from the area) ，

A げ'ocarpus lanceolata Trec. 加 d Ficus altissima B l. (bo 血 Moraceae) ， as well 儲 many Fagaceae Fagaceae which ，泊釘eas associated with frre and Pinus kesiya ，紅 e very common. Some of 出ese Fagaceae are Castanopsis calathiformis (Skan) Rehd. & Wils. ， C. diversifolia Ki ng ex Hk. f. ，Lithocarpus elegans (B l.) Ha 旬 s. ex Soep. and L.fenestratus (Roxb.) Rehd. ， and and Quercus vestita Rehd. & Wils. 百1e understorey is composed mainly of evergreen trees ，10 ー30 m tall ，e.g. Schima wallichii wallichii (D C.) Ko 地. (百 eaceae) ， Ostodes paniculata B l. andAntidesma bunius (L.) Spreng. (Fig. (Fig. 8) (bo 由 Euphorbiaceae) ，Cinnamomum iners Reinw. ex B l. and Litsea monopetala (Roxb.) (Roxb.) Pers. (both Lauraceae) ， Sarcosperma arboreum Bth. (Sapotaceae) ， Eugenia alb 伊ora Duth. ex Kurz (Myrtaceae) ，and Dysoxylum procerum Wal l. ex Hiern (Meliaceae). (Meliaceae). Some deciduous counte 中出S 紅 'e Engelhardia spicata Lechen. ex B l. var. spicata spicata and v低 colebrookeana (Li nd l. ex Wall.) O. K. (Juglandaceae). Memecylon pleb そ;um Kurz (Melastomataceae) ， Baccaurea ramiflora Lour. (Euphorbiaceae) ，and Turpinia Turpinia pom 俳ra (Roxb.) Wall. ex DC. (Staphyleaceae) are examples of common evergreen 仕'ees up to 10 m tall in 血e upland forest. Slightly disturbed ぽ eas ，especially with with Pinus kesiya an d/ or periodic fire have Vaccinium sprengelii (D. Don) Sleum. (Ericaceae) ， Helicia nilagirica Bedd. (Proteaceae) ，and Styrax benzoides Craib (Staphyleaceae (Staphyleaceae ). Woody climbers are abundant and include Rourea minor (Gaertn.) Leenh. ssp. minor (Connaraceae) ， Spatholobus spirei Gagnep. and Mucuna macrocarpa Wall. (both Leguminosae ，Papilionoideae) ， Bauhinia omata Kurz var. kerrii (Gagnep.) K. & S.S. L 訂. (Leguminosae ，Caesalpinioideae) ，Tetrastigma laoticum Gagnep. (Vitaceae) ， and Eη cibe subspicata subspicata Wal l. ex G. Don (Convolvulaceae). Al l 紅 'eas of the forest also include a pro 向sion of see d1 ings ，saplings ， and immature climbers and trees. Shrubs and treelets include include Euodia triphylla DC. (Rutaceae) ，Leea indica (Burm. f.) Merr. (Leeaceae) ， Prismatomeris Prismatomeris tetrandra (Roxb.) K. Sch. spp. tetrandra (Rubiaceae) ，Ardisia co ηmb 俳ra Mez and Maesa montana A. DC. (bo 白 Myrsinaceae ). The herbaceous ground flora is mostly evergre 団組d is most diverse 泊 upper water catchment catchment valleys with constant stre 創 n flow throughout the ye 釘 which extend up to c. 1，300 m elevation. 百1e fern flora is especially abundant in the valleys where Pinus kes かa is is absent and includes bo 出 ground and epiphytic/epilithic species. Some of the ground ferns ferns are Pteris longipes D. Don (Pt eridaceae); Amphineuron terminans (Hk.) Holt t.， The か'P teris truncata (Poir.) K. Iw. ， and Christella のllindrothrix (Roesens t.) Holtt. (all 196 196 J.F. MAXWELL ET AL

elypteridaceae); Th elypteridaceae); Diplazium leptophyllum Christ and Kuniwatsukia cuspidata (B edd.) Pichi- Ser. Ser. (both Athyriaceae) ，andAngiopteris evec ω(Fors t.) Hoffm. (Marattiaceae) ，which grows along along s住'eams. Epiphytic and epilithic fems are common and include the massive Asplenium nidus nidus L. var. nidus and the smaller A. obscurum B l. (Asple 凶aceae) ，Vittaria flexuosa Fee (Vittariaceae) ，and several Polypodiaceae ，e.g. Cη 'P sinus ebinipes (Hk.) Cope l.， Le pisorus scolopendrium scolopendrium (Ham. ex D. Don) Tag. ，and 乃rrosia mollis (O. K.) Ching. Epiphytic flowering plants are mostly Orchidaceae with Bulbophyllum morphologorum Kr zl.， Coelogyne trinervis L 泊dl.， Dendrobium crystallinum Rchb. f. ， D. signatum signatum Rchb. f. ， Eria amica Rchb. f. ， E. bractescens Li nd l. var. bractescens ，etc. Ground Orchidaceae 紅 e numerous ， but the number of individuals is much less than the epiphytic ones. ones. Some of 血e more common ground Orchidaceae include: Habenaria co ηmbosa Par. & Rchb. f. ，Malaxis acumin α ta D. Don ， Nervilia aragoana Gaud. ，and Peristylus constrictus constrictus (Li nd l.) Lind l. Saprophytic/parasitic ground Orchidaceae 訂 'e rare and include Epipogium roseum (D. Don) Li nd l.， Aphyllorchis montana Rchb. f. ，and Gastrodia siamensis siamensis Ro l. ex Dow. Some examples of other flowering ground flora herbs are: Le pidagathis incurva Ham. ex ex D. Don and Justicia procumbens L. (both Acanthaceae) ， Anisomeles indica (L.) O. K. and Gomphostemma lucidum Wal l. ex Bth. (both Labiatae) ，Aerva sanguinolenta (L.) O.K. (Amaran 白aceae) ， Argyreia henryi (Craib) Craib (Convolvulaceae) (Fig. 9) and Impatiens violaeflora violaeflora Hk. f. (Balsar 凶naceae) (Fig. 10) ，which 紅 e all dicots. Some common monocots are are Peliosanthes te ωAndr. spp. humilis (An dr.) Jess. and Asparagus filicinus Ham. ex D. Don (both of which 紅 e deciduous) ， plus Dianella ensifolia (L.) DC. and Paris polyphylla J.E. J.E. Sm. (both evergreen) (all Liliaceae); Amorphophallus yunnanensis Eng l. and Colocasia Colocasia fallax Schott (both Ar aceae) ， Boesenbergia rotunda (L.) Mansf. 佃 d Zingiber smilesianum smilesianum Craib (Zingiberaceae). Other monocots include Carex baccans Nees and C. continua continua C l. (Cyperaceae) ，and Grarnineae such as Cyrtococcum accrescens (Trin.) Stapf ， Panicum notatum Retz. ， with Microstegium vagans (Nees ex Steud.) A. Camus being very common in open places where it is a frre hazard. Musa acuminata Colla (Musaceae ， wild banana) banana) is common in wet ， upper water catchment valleys.

Secondary Growth

Cultivated Cultivated and severely degraded lowland areas have many weeds and deciduous secondary secondary grow 白 species which have been mentioned previously. Many of the weeds are also also found at higher elevations. Th e summit of Doi Kh untan has been cleared for decades and and in addition to numerous weeds ，it also has dense grow 血 of Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kunth spp. 何 uilinum var. wightianum (Ag.) Try. (Denstaedtiaceae). 日~ysanolaena latifolia (Roxb. (Roxb. ex Hom.) Honda (Grar 凶neae) ， as coarse and frre-resistant as Pteridium ， is also common in ve 可 disturbed areas. Second 紅 y growth tr ，田 s include Callicarpa arborea Roxb. Roxb. vぽ . arborea (Verbenaceae) 叩 d Macaranga denticulata (B l.) M.- A. (Euphorbiaceae). VEG ETA TrO N OF DO r KHUNTA N NAT rONA L PARK 197

Figll re 7. Ochlla illlergerrillla (L ollr. ) M 巴rr. (Oc hna cea 巴) is a cO l11l11 on

d巴ciclll Oll S tr ee let or sl11 all tr e巴 fOllncl fOllncl in clecicllloll s clipt 巴roca rp oak a ncl mi xecl bamb oo +

CI 巴cicl ll Oll S for es t fr o l11 35 0-9 00 111 . It ll owe rs ll sll all y w hil e

lea fl ess fro l11 Febrllar y to Ma y ncl ancl pr ocl ll ces bla ck berri es ona cl recl recep tacle w hi chi ss ll btenclecl

by by clark r巴CI sepa ls. It is lea fl ess

fro l11 Janll ary 10 Apr il. Ph oto: V. V. Anllsa rn slI nth orn ，2 Ap ril 1994 ， 500111.

06 円 cocHuIρ JUtulEμ伽irHb1O b川田I川.川崎引町liJ、 shp1巴凶oeOE l -M UV- 。 (laE叫 的 ι叫釦同吃巴 ) ，T1ほ引制ー川川1lfehdong h A S ueJMebEUn1rilriuUnHEY- 印 yauo は 川 dmm川α1 y mmsvIA

li-soKCFmhddrI四川 ρ町巴-l!1l h-J OF li uni U5d l a巴 nMωGt|lLlつコ Hn 叫 ・-o nduk山市EJnndd口叫町 山山唱削 向11u ei ghHy E IB

F h 川 JfBI d yA、 Hal川uhト l J-ramMKLU phαyo d 訓 J 5 け -日ノ 山旧nm日l n lh ，， 1i; O 198 J. F . M AXIV ELL ET A L

Fi gul 巴 9. A rgy reia hellr yi (C raib ) C raib (C onvo lVlll ω巴a巴). Thi s 巴vergree n v in e is fOllnd in ope n Ill ixe d ba lllb oo + d巴cicl ll OllS for es t and eve rgreen hard wood + pin e fores t fr olll 900- 1，200 Ill. Flower s ar e p rod ll ced fr o lll Octob er t o

D ece lllb 巴r and fr lli ts d llr in g Dece lll ber to Febrllar y. Ph o to: v.

A nll sarn SlI nlh o rn ， 19 NOVClllb 巴1 1993 ，925 III

Figu l巴 10 . Im pali ell s v iola eJl o ra H k. f (B alsalllina ceae) . T his iso ne of lh e lllo s1 cO llllll on a ncl co nspi cll oll S

annu al grollncl h巴rb s fO lln cl lll os 11 y 111 111 ev 巴rgJ巴巴 n hardw oocl + pin 巴 ar eas al cleva tion s mo stly abov 巴

1，000 Ill. Wh il 巴 il f1 0we rs f rolll

Ma y 10 D 巴ce lllb 巴r，ilS pea ki s fro m Allg ll Sl1 0 Nove mb er. PhOl 0: S E lli ot し 17A ll gll Sl 1994 ，1 ，250 III VEGET A:官 ON OF DOI KHUNTAN NATIONAL PARK 199

CONSERV ATION

Doi Kh untan Nation a1 Park ，especi a1 1y below 1，000 m elevation ， has been ravaged by uncon 住olled cutting ，burning ，阻 d extraction of many fems and orchids which 紅 'e sold at Kh untan railway station. Upl 組 d 紅 'eas have a1 so been plundered to the extent 白紙 sever a1 streams streams which formerly provided water to the houses at Yaw 2 (1， 025 m) have recently become dry. Thi s is due to 血 e destruction of water catchment va1 1eys to ens 町 e 血e cleanliness" “cleanliness" of the water and a1 so for mosquito ，etc. contro l. Many other areas above this level level have been deliberately burned ，出 us destroying much of the origin a1 vegetation as well well as reducing the water storage capabilities of the soi l. Hunters arrogantly roam throughout throughout the nation a1 park unrestrained resulting in the elimination of many anim a1 species. species. Th is has and will continue to have adverse effects on 血e vegetation and over a1 1 biodiversity biodiversity of 由e area. Fire control and refuse/sewage disposal 紅 e other problems which have have yet to be solved there. Tourism has dropped 合om 25 ，018 visitors in 1977 to 11 ，073 in in 1993. Th is is partly due to other forested 釘 eas b回 oming nation a1 parks ， but a1 so due to to the fact 白紙 Doi Kh untan is not as scenic or interesting as it used to be. In recent ye 紅 S 血e major emphasis has been to lure rich visitors to 血e elegant resort-style bung a1 0ws there at 也e expense of conservation and naωre education in the nation a1 par k. If the nation a1 park park is to survive as a viable forested 紅白 then the priorities 組 d management of Doi Kh untan Nation a1 Park require urgent rectification.

A BRIEF ANAL YSIS OF THE FLORA

A data record for every species observed was entered into a computer database ， using the the Fo xPr o package. Data include botanic a1 name ，f:釘 nily ，habit ，abundance ，habitat ， a1 tiωde r佃 .ge and time of flowering ，fruiting 叩 d leafing and other notes.τ 'h e database can can be used to generate statistics to determine the conservation va1 ue of different habitats or or r組 ges of a1 tiωde and answer more specific questions to help plan management of the p紅k.百 le da ぬbase now covers 1， 285 plant species ，including 297 回 es ， 136 tr 田 lets ，92 lianas ，52 shrubs ， 146 vines and 562 herbs. For a taxonomic breakdown of the flora ， see Table Table 1. 200 J.F. MAXWELL ET AL.

Table Table 1. Summary of collection as of 30th June 1995.

FAMILIES SP. ，SPP. ，VAR. TOPOTYPES 明 NEW REc ORDS

121 121 934 l 19 19 267 on 制 OSPERMS 3 4

FERNS 8i.AIL IES 22 80

TOTAL 165 1， 285 1

百le new records 紅 e: Hovenia dulcis 百lU nb. (Rh amnaceae; Maxwell ， 1994) Ventilago Ventilago laotica (Tard.) M 邸 w. (Rh amnaceae; Maxwell ， 1994) Desmodium laxiflorum DC. ssp. lacei (Schi d1.) Oha. (Le guminosae ，Pap i1i onoideae; Maxwell ， 1994) Phyllanthus Phyllanthus debilis Kl ein ex W i11 d. (Euphorbiaceae; M 邸 well ， 1992)

Table Table 2. Number of species 佃 d percentage of habitat's to ta1 flora res 出cted to a single habitat habitat or close to ex 曲pation from Doi KllU ntan Nation a1 Park

Habitat Habitat Habitat-res 甘icted Close ωext 討pation

No. spp. % No. spp. 9も

Deciduous dipterocarp-oak forest forest 120 37 3

Bamboo + deciduous forest 109 19 16 3

Mixed deciduous + evergreen forest forest 31 8 1 。

Evergr 田 n + pine forest 172 29 7 1

Disturbed 蹴 as and s田 on 也ry grow 出 14 6 1 1 VEGETATION OF 001 KHUNTAN NAT IO NAL PARK 201

NO. NO. SPECIES 1400 仁コ Herbs 1200 盤illill Vines _ Shrubs 1000 亡コ Woody Cli mbers _ Treelets 800 _ Trees 600

400

200 。 Total Total Dec Dipt /Oak Bamb /Dec Mixed Eg /Dec E.green Disturbed Areas HABITAT

Figure Figure 11. Vascu lar p lant specie s by habit and habitat on Doi Kh untan.

A preliminary analysis of th 巴 database (Fig. 11) indicates that 巴vergre 巴n + pin 巴 forest has has the highest speci 巴s richn 巴ss (591 speci 巴s or 45.9% of the park's flora) and bamboo + deciduous deciduous for 巴st is also 巴xc 巴巴 dingly rich (579 specie s，45.0 % of the park's flora). Seco ndary growth or disturbed ar 巴as support only 233 speci 巴s (1 8.1 9もof the park's flora) . C lea rl y further further conversion of forest into disturbed ar 巴as wo uld lead to a great decrease in th e botanical botanical div 巴rsity of the par k. Evergre 巴n + pin 巴 forest al so ha s the highest d巴gre 巴 of habitat endemism (defin 巴d as th 巴 total number of sp 巴cies restricted to a sing le habitat type) ， followed by deciduous dipterocarp -oak forest ， with secondary growth and disturbed 創 'eas being least impor tant (Ta bl 巴 2). However ，bamboo + d巴ciduous forest is most important for plant sp 巴Cl 巴s which are are recorded as down to a f巴，w indi vid uals or close to 巴xtirpation from the park. Such ana lys 巴s h巴 lp to prioritiz 巴 conservation activities ，especia ll y wh 巴n manpower and fi nan cial r巴sources are limiting. It is cl 巴紅 that incr 巴ased prot 巴ction of the ev 巴rgr 巴en + pine forest 紅巳as would do mo st to main tain th 巴 biodiv 巴rsity of th 巴 park. 202 J. F. MAXWELL 町 AL

The database can also provide interesting insights into the functioning of different forest forest ecosystems or different types of plants according to their habi t. Understanding how complex ecosystems function c組 help to develop effective methods to restore degraded areas. areas. For ex 創 nple ，a comparison of the seasonality of flowering of trees and herbs between the driest habitat (deciduous dipterocarp-oak forest) and the wettest (evergreen + pine pine forest) is shown in Figs. 12 & 13 ，respectively. 百le seasonal pattems in both habitats were remarkably simil 也日owering of trees peaked in March at the hottest ，合iest time

of 白e ye 紅 and reached a minimum in August in deciduous dipteroc 紅 p 四 oak forest and in November in evergreen forest ， i. e. the end of the rainy season to the beginning of the cool ， 合y season. Non-epiphytic herbs reached their peak of flowering when tree flowering was mi 凶mal ， i. e. Septβmber-October. 百lere were too few epiphytic herbs flowering in each month to perr 凶tme 創Ii ngful 叩 alysis of the data for deciduous dipteroc 訂 p-oak forest ， but in in evergreen + pine forest flowering of epiphytic herbs showed two peaks ，one coinciding with with the flowering peak of ground herbs and another co-inciding with the flowering peak of of trees.

Figures Figures 14 & 15 show the s創 ne analysis for fruiting seasonality. For trees in deciduous dipteroc 訂 p-oak forest there was a fairly constant ， but low number of species fruiting in all months ， whereas in evergreen + pine forest a broad peak occurred at the beginning of the rainy rainy season. Tree seedlings from seeds gerr 凶nating at 出at time would have the maximum amount of time during the rainy season to accumulate food reserves before the onset of less optimal optimal conditions in the cool season and 合y season. Herbs showed a different strategy ， with with peak numbers of species fruiting in October (the end of the rainy season) in both habitats. 百IIs would have included many annual herbs which survive as seeds during the cool cool season 佃 d dry season ，gerrninate at 出e st ぽ t of the rainy season ， during which 出ey accumulate accumulate food reserves for flowering and 企uiting before the weather 加 ms cold and 合y in in November-December. The database is open to anyone who wishes to use it for research or conservation managemen t. Th ose wishing to access the facility should contact the authors. VEGETATION OF DOI KHUNTAN NATIONAL PARK 203

NO. SPECIES FLOWERING 100

_ TREES

80 ~ _ NON-E 仰附TIC HERBS にコ EPIPHYTIC HERBS 60

40

20 。 JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC MONTHS

F igur e 12 . Th 巴 seaso nalit y of flowerin g in d巴cidu ous dipt eroc arp -o ak fores t.

NO. SPECIES FLOWERING 100 _ TREES

髭髪室~ NON-EPIPHYT IC HERBS 80 仁コ EPIPHY Tl C HERBS

60

40

20 。 JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC MONTHS

Fig ur e 13 . Th e seaso nalit y of flowering in evergreen + pine fores t. 204 J.F. MAXWELL ET AL

NO. SPECIES FRUITING 100

_ TREES

80 卜屋~ NON-EPIPHYTIC HERBS 仁コ EPIPHYTIC HERBS 60

4 0

20 。 JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC MONTH

Fig ur e 14. T he seasona li ty of fr ui tin g in d巴αduous dipterocarp ーoak fores t.

NO. SPECIES FRUITING 100

_ TREES

80 ~_ NON-E 仰附TIC HERBS 仁コ EPIPHYTIC HERBS 60

40

20 。 JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC MONTH

Figu re 15. The seaso nality of fruitin g in 巴vergl巴en + pi ne fore st VEGETATION OF DOI KHUNTAN NATIONAL PARK 205

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

We greatly appreciate the cooperation and interest of Mr. Therasak Boonchuduang ， superintendent ， and staff of Doi Kh untan National Park during our project there. Collection of of many specimens ，especially tall trees and epiphytes ，would not have been possible without without the energetic and enthusiastic assistance of our field helpers. The Onkeew family is is headed by Mr. Gayo who has lived at Yaw 3 (1 ， 225 m) for 45 years. Three of his sons ， Sutat ，Tai ， and Boonmee plus Suta t' s son Surasak (“ Mic") ，all of whom have lived all their lives lives on the mountain ， are thanked for sharing their experience 佃 d knowledge of the forest as as well as helping us during field work. Mr. Sutat Y opanatsaht ，who was our field assistant at at lower elevations in the national p釘 k， is also thanked for his friendship and help. r. D r. Yeunyong Panjasawatwong of the Geology Department ，CMU offered his expertise to us us in the identification of rocks from Doi Kh untan ， for which we are very appreciative. Sharon Sharon London ，A US Peace Corps volunteer assigned to the national park ， has taken a keen keen interest in our work there and has accompanied us on many trips in the fores t. She has has also assisted us in some of our ecological surveys there as well as effectively co ・ ordinating ordinating some of our work with the national park officials. We thank her for her friendship ，efficiency and enthusiasm. Administrative Administrative assistance from the Biology Department and logistical suppo ロfrom the the Faculty of Science ， Chiang Mai University is acknowledged. Mr. Greuk Pakkad ， our computer computer technician ，is 白包lked for his secretarial work as well as maintaining the database of of the flora of Doi Kh untan. Finally ，financial support for this project came from the World Wildlife Fund-US to whom we are greatly indebted.

REFERENCES REFERENCES

M 組 IDOL UNIVERSITY ，CE 町 ER FOR CONSERVATION BIOLOGY. 1992. Rapid Assessment of Fores 州 'ildlife lR iver Ecology Ecology in Area Aff 並cted by Keng Sua Ten Dam. Centre for Conservation Biology ，Faculty of Science ， Mahidol Mahidol University ，Bangkok; 27 -6 9. JAVANAPHET ，J.C. 1969. Geological Map of Thailand. Departrnent of Miner aI Resources ，Bangkok (2 sh 田 ts). MAXWELL ，J.F. 1988. 百le Vegetation of Dio Suthep- Pu iNation aI Park ，Chiang Mai Pr ovinω ，Th ailand. Tigerpaper XV: XV: 4 (Oc t. -Dec.):ι14. 一一一一. 1989. Botanical Notes on the Vascular Flora of Chiang Mai Province ，Thailand. Nat. Bull. Hist. Siam Soc. Soc. 37 (2): 178-18 1. 1992. . 1992. Botanical notes on the 110ra of Northern Th ailand: 3， Nat. Bull. Hist. Siam Soc. 40: 188. 1994. . 1994. Bota !U cal notes on 血 e 110ra of Northern 百lailand: 4. Nat. Bull. Hist. Siam Soc. 42: 259-262.