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12 Reproduction in Flowering Plants

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12 Reproduction in Flowering Plants Class: Name: ( ) Date: 12 Reproduction in flowering plants 12.1 Types of reproduction (Book 2, p. 12-3) The process of producing offspring (後代 ) is called (1) _______________. Differences between asexual reproduction (無性生殖 ) and sexual reproduction (有性生殖 ): Asexual reproduction Sexual reproduction Number of (2) ___________ (One / Two) Usually (3) ___________ (one / two) parents Fusion of (4) ___________ (Yes / No) (5) ___________ (Yes / No) gametes Type of cell Mitotic cell division Meiotic and mitotic cell divisions division involved (6) _______________ __________ (7) _______________ __________ Genetic make-up (Identical to / Different from) the (Identical to / Different from) the of offspring parent parents 12.2 Asexual reproduction (Book 2, p. 12-4) A Binary fission in bacteria (Book 2, p. 12 -4) Under favourable conditions, bacteria can reproduce asexually by (1) _______________ _______________ (二分裂 ). During the process, a parent bacterial cell divides mitotically into (2) _______________ daughter cells . bacterial 1 The DNA (3) _______________ chromosome 2 The cell membrane and the cell grows in size. constricts inwards and divides the cytoplasm into two parts. 3 Two daughter cells are formed. ▲ Binary fission in bacteria New Senior Secondary Mastering Biology Oxford University Press 2015 (Second Edition) - 11 - B Vegetative propagation in flowering plants (Book 2, p. 12 -5) (4) ______________ ______________ (營養繁殖 ) is the process in which the (5) _____________ parts (e.g. leaves, stems or roots) of flowering plants develop into new plants. The process of vegetative propagation: 1 In winter, the aerial part of the plant dies. The underground storage organ remains aerial part (6) _______________ ( 休眠 ). bud storage 芽 ( ) organ 2 When conditions become favourable, new (7) ______________ ______________ (地上莖 ) new aerial shoot develop from the buds. The storage organ provides food for the growth of the shoots. flow of food 3 (8) ______________ ______________ ( 不定根 ) are formed. They absorb water and minerals from the soil. Green leaves start to develop. adventitious root 4 The shoots develop into new plants. The green leaf storage organ dries up as food is used up. 5 The plants carry out (9) _______________ to make food. Some food is transported to and stored in the new storage organs. new storage organ old storage organ New Senior Secondary Mastering Biology Oxford University Press 2015 (Second Edition) - 12 - Examples of storage organs that allow vegetative propagation: 1 Stem tuber A (10) _______________ _______________ (塊莖 ) is the swollen end of an underground stem. Potato is a flowering plant that develops stem tubers. In winter In spring In summer aerial shoot new tuber green leaf bud old tuber adventitious developing root tuber 1 Under unfavourable 2 When conditions become 3 The old tuber dries up as food conditions, the potato tuber favourable, a bud develops is used up. Some food made remains dormant in the soil. into an aerial shoot with in the green leaves is adventitious roots using the transported to and stored in food stored in the tuber. the new tubers. ▲ Growth of a potato tuber 2 Bulb A (11) _______________ (鱗莖) is a short vertical underground stem. It has layers of (12) _______________ _______________ _______________ (肉質鱗葉 ) with stored food. Onion and daffodil (水仙 ) are examples of plants that develop bulbs. In spring In summer green leaf fleshy scale leaf aerial flower stalk shoot (花柄 ) new bulb new adventitious root 1 Under favourable conditions, a bud 2 Some food made in the green develops into an aerial shoot using the leaves is transported to and food stored in the fleshy scale leaves. stored in the new bulb. ▲ Growth of an onion bulb New Senior Secondary Mastering Biology Oxford University Press 2015 (Second Edition) - 13 - 3 Corm A (13) _______________ (球莖 ) is a short vertical underground stem surrounded by protective scale leaves. Unlike bulbs, corms do not have fleshy scale leaves . Gladiolus (劍蘭 ) and water chestnut (荸薺 ) are examples of plants that develop corms. In spring In summer flower stalk green leaf bud new corm new corm protective brown scale leaf old adventitious old corm remains of root last year’s corm 1 Under favourable conditions, 2 When green leaves have 3 A new corm develops on top the food stored in the corm is developed, some of the food of the old one each year. transported to the bud for its made is transported to and growth. stored in the new corm. ▲ Growth of a Gladiolus corm 4 Rhizome A (14) _______________ (球莖 ) is an underground stem that grows horizontally . Ginger (薑) and lotus (蓮) are examples of plants that develop rhizomes. In spring In summer flower stalk growing from terminal bud (頂芽 ) green leaf lateral bud (側芽 ) new rhizome developing from lateral bud adventitious root 1 Under favourable conditions, a bud 2 Some food made in the green leaves is develops into an aerial shoot using transported to the rhizome for storage the food stored in the rhizome. and formation of new rhizomes from the lateral buds. ▲ Growth of a ginger rhizome New Senior Secondary Mastering Biology Oxford University Press 2015 (Second Edition) - 14 - C Artificial vegetative propagation (Book 2, p. 12 -8) A particular variety of plants can be produced by (15) _______________ _______________ _______________ (人工營養繁殖 ). (16) _______________ (插枝 ) is one of the methods. African violet (非洲紫羅蘭 ) and Coleus (洋紫蘇 ) can be propagated using this method. 1 Cut a leaf or a portion 2 Place the cutting 3 After (17) ____________ 4 The cutting grows of stem. in water. have developed, plant the and develops into cutting in soil. a new plant. ▲ Propagation of African violet by cutting Go to Practical 12.1 Examination of binary fission in bacteria (Book 2, p. 12-4; Practical Workbook for SBA 2, p. 12-1) 12.3 Sexual reproduction in flowering plants (Book 2, p. 12-10) A Structure and functions of a flower (Book 2, p. 12 -10) Most flowers consist of four main parts: (1) _______________ (萼片 ), (2) _______________ (花瓣 ), (3) _______________ (雄蕊 ) and (4) _______________ (心皮 ). (9) _____________ (柱頭 ) (5) _____________ (花藥) (10) _____________ (花柱 ) stamen carpel (6) _____________ (11) _____________ (子房 ) (花絲) (12) _____________ (胚珠 ) petal (collectively called (7) _______________ (花冠 )) nectary (蜜腺 ) (13) _______________ (花托 ) sepal (collectively called flower stalk (8) _______________ (花萼 )) ▲ General structure of a flower New Senior Secondary Mastering Biology Oxford University Press 2015 (Second Edition) - 15 - Floral part Function Sepal (calyx) (14) _______________ the flower bud Petal (corolla) May be brightly coloured and scented to attract (15) ______________ May have nectaries to produce (16) _______________ (花蜜 ) for insects to feed on May have (17) _______________ _______________ (蜜源標記 ) to lead insects towards the nectaries Stamen Anther produces (18) _______________ _______________ (花粉粒 ) (male reproductive which carry (19) _______________ (male / female) gametes part) (20) _______________ supports the anther Carpel (21) _______________ receives the pollen grains (female Style supports the stigma reproductive part) Ovary with one or more ovules, each ovule contains an (22) _______________ (卵) Each ovule is attached to the ovary wall by the funicle (珠柄 ) and is protected by (23) _______________ (珠被 ) with a small hole called the micropyle (珠孔 ) Flowers with both stamens and carpels are called (24) _______________ flowers (兩性花 ). Flowers with either stamens or carpels are called (25) _______________ flowers (單性花 ). B What is pollination? (Book 2, p. 12 -14) (26) _______________ (傳粉 ) is the transfer of pollen grains from the anthers to the stigmas of flowers. Through this process, the male gametes carried in pollen grains can reach the carpel for (27) _______________ to take place. 1 Self-pollination and cross-pollination The transfer of pollen grains to the stigma of the same flower or to the stigma of another flower of the same plant is called (28) _______________-_______________ (自花傳粉 ). The transfer of pollen grains to the stigma of a flower on a different plant of the same species is called (29) _______________-_______________ (異花傳粉 ). Cross-pollination leads to (30) _______________ (greater / smaller) genetic variations in the offspring. New Senior Secondary Mastering Biology Oxford University Press 2015 (Second Edition) - 16 - 2 Insect pollination and wind pollination Differences in characteristics of insect-pollinated flowers and wind-pollinated flowers : Insect-pollinated flower (蟲媒花 ) Wind-pollinated flower (風媒花 ) stigma anther filament anther stigma filament nectary Petals Large and brightly coloured Reduced, green or dull-coloured Often have nectar guides Scent (31) _______________ (32) _______________ (Present / Absent) (Present / Absent) Nectaries (33) _______________ (34) _______________ (Present / Absent) (Present / Absent) Anthers Located inside the flower Hang outside the flower to release pollen grains into the air (35) _______________ (36) _______________ (Firmly / Loosely) attached to the (Firmly / Loosely) attached to the filaments filaments Pollen Larger and heavier Smaller and lighter grains Rough, spiky and sticky to help Smooth and dry attach to insects (37) _______________ (38) _______________ (Larger / Smaller) in number (Larger / Smaller) in number Stigmas Located (39) _______________ Hang (40) _______________ (inside / outside) the flower (inside / outside) the flower to catch pollen grains in the air (41) _______________
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