Hcwlongdo i j yp* ■ j/our subcultures ' breed true? \

Bactrol Disks keep SETA Enterobacter cloacae ATCC® 23355 you sure 17 ways. Escherichia coli ATCC* 25922 Klebsiella pneumoniae PUCC^ 13883 When generating reference cul¬ Proteus vulgaris ATCC® 13315 tures, Bactrol DIsIg offer you assur¬ Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC* 27853 ance that your test results are valid. Salmoneiia typhimurium ATCC® 14028 Serratia marcescens ATCC* 8100 However, In subculturing from your Staphylococcus aureus ATCC* 25923 primary stock cultures, the more Staphylococcus 0dermidis KiQG* 12228 generations you culture beyond the Streptococcus pyogenes ATCC® 19615 original, the greater the potential SETB risk of mutation in the bacterial Escherichia coli ATCC* 25922 strain. Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC* 27853 & Staphyiococcus aureus ATCC* 25923 Considering that often the patienf s Streptococcus faecalis ATCC® 33186 progress may depend upon the SETC validity of your tests, isn't It simply Acinetobacter calcoaceticus ATCC* 19606 good practice to re-culture from Citrobacter freundii ATCC® 8090 Bactrol Disks at frequent intervals? Enterobacter aerogenes ATCC* 13048 bactrol Shigella sonnei ATX* 25931 Bactrol Disks are standardized, Shigella flexneri ATX® 12022 single-use cultures of bccteria which Streptococcus faecalis ATX* 19433 have been specifically selected for quality control of bacteriological reagents and procedures. NEW! These disks are supplied in three 'Bactrol Set B now includes the Streptococcus faecali^ different sets which, together, con¬ required to test thymidine levels in Mueller Hinton medio. This test is required tor consistent susceptibility tain M different organisms cover¬ DIFCO V results involving SXT and Tiimethoprim. y ing a broad spectrum of the most LABORATORIES WiHyo grandchildren nave to drink contaminated water?

We doubt it. Wastewater testing and Nevertheless, the misuse of equipment evaluation services fresh water and wastewater— are provided by NSF at our ex¬ on an international basis — is tensive laboratory in Ann Arbor appalling. And the old adage and our wastewater testing “waste not, want not” was never facility in nearby Chelsea, MI. more true than when applied to Additionally, our testing capa¬ the pollution of our nation’s bilities are extended by our clean water resources. Or the teams of chemists who travel to lack of reuse of so-called operating field units to conduct wastewater. on-location testing. Chances The National Sanitation are they can help you.For more Wastewater testing facility, Chelsea, Michigan. Foundation has forcefully at¬ information regarding NSF tacked the problem of waste- Processes or Devices Used in Wastewater Technology pro¬ water treatment and reuse. Our Tl"eating Wastewater,” including grams just give us a call and ask Standard No. 40 establishes package plants and disinfection for Raymond Thursby. He guidelines for “Individual devices. doesn’t want his grandchildren NSF Standards and Criteria to drink contaminated water, are voluntary, consensus docu¬ either! ments developed in cooperation with manufacturers, regulatory officials and users and establish minimum acceptable require¬ ments relative to sanitation and environmental protection. The manufacturers whose products meet these standards display i the NSF seal on their equip- ' ment. For your assurance. Free! Write for: NSF Facts Booklet; 1981 Listing of Special Categories - equipment, products and services; Standard No. 40,41 and Criteria C-9

Aerobic Wastewater Tteatment Plants”; our Standard No. 41 focuses on “Wastewater Recycle/Reuse & Water Con¬ National Sanitation servation Systems”; our Criteria C-9 is an “Evaluation of Special Foundation Offices and laboratories, P.O. Box 1468, Ann Arbor, Ml 48105 Phone: (313) 769-8010 362 lAMFES Sustaining Members

Alpha Chemical Services, Inc. Eastern Crown, Inc. Nasco International P.O. Box 431 P.O. Box 216 901 Janesville Ave. Stoughton, MA 02072 Vernon, N.Y. 13476 Fort Atkinson, Wisconsin 53538

Associated Milk Producers, Inc. GAF National Mastitis Council 8660 West Bryn Mawr 140 West 51 St St. 30 F Street NW Chicago, IL 60631 New York, NY 10020 Washington, DC 20001

Babson Bros. Co. G. B. Fermentation, Inc. Norton Co. 2100 S. York Road One North Broadway P.O. Box 350 Oak Brook, Illinois 60101 Des Plaines, IL 60016 Akron, Ohio 44309

W. A. Golomski Oxoid USA, Inc. Bio-Lab 1006 Martin Dr. West 9017 Red Branch Rd. P.O. Box 1489 Bellevue, NE 68005 Columbia, MD 21045 Decatur, GA 30031

H. B. Fuller Co. Reitman Manufacturing Co. Borden, Inc. 10319 Pearmain St. Monarch Chemicals Div. Dairy & Services Div. Oakland, CA 94603 390 Jackson St. NE 16866 Northchase Minneapolis, MN 55421 Houston, TX 77060 Seiberling Associates, Inc. Kendall Co. 441 Clark St. Dairymen, Inc. One Federal St. So. Beloit, Illinois 61080 10140 Linn Station Road Boston, Massachusetts 02101 Louisville, KY 40223 Single Service Institute Klenzade Division 1025 Connecticut Ave., NW Darigold Economics Laboratory, Inc. Suite 1015 635 Elliott Ave. W. Osborn Building Washington, DC 20036 Seattle, WA 98109 St. Paul, MN 55102

Dean Foods The Kroger Co. United Industries, Inc. 1126KilburnAve. 1212 State Avenue 1546 Henry Avenue Rockford, IL61101 Cincinnati, OH 45204 Beloit, Wl 53511

De Laval Separator Co. Maddelena's Inc. Walker Stainless Equipment Co. 350 Dutchess Turnpike 139 Lakeville St. 601 State St. Poughkeepsie, NY 12602 Petaluma, California 94952 New Lisbon, Wl 53950

West Agro-Chemical, Inc. Difco Laboratories Maryland Er Virginia Milk Producers P.O. Box864 P.O. Box 1058-A Assn., Inc. Amherst, NH 03031 Detroit, Ml 48232 P.O. Box 9154 Rosslyn Station Arlington, Virginia 22209

Diversey-Wyandotte Michigan Milk Producers Assoc. Zero Manufacturing Co. 1532 Biddle Ave. 24270 W. Seven Mile Road 811 Duncan Ave. Wyandotte, M! 48192 Detroit, Ml 48219 Washington, MO 63090

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lAMFES OFFICERS AND EXECUTIVE BOARD

President, HARRY HAVERLAND, FDA Training Facility, Room 8002 Federal Dairy and Office Building, 550 Main St., Cincinnati, OH 45202. President-Elect, ROBERT MARSHALL, 203 Eckles Hall, Univ. of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65201. Food Sanitation First Vice-President, A. RICHARD BRA- ZIS, W. A. Golomski 8- Assoc., Consul¬ tant, Sanitation-Microbiology Group, 1006 September, 1981 Martin Drive West, Bellevue, NE 68005. Second Vice-President, ARCHIE C. HOLLIDAY, 216 Ravenscroft Dr., Rich¬ mond 35, VA 23235. Secretary-Treasurer, SIDNEY BARN¬ • Yersinia enterocolitica: A New Problem in Foodborne 364 ARD, 9 Borland Lab, Pennsylvania State Illness University, University Park, PA 16802. A. B. Childers and Carl Vanderzant Jr. Past President, WILLIAM ARLEDGE, Dairymen, Inc., 10140 Linn Station Road, Louisville, KY 40223. Sr. Past President, WILLIAM KEMPA, Ryerson Polytechnic Institute, 50 Gould • Setting Forth the Right Way to Sell Salvaged Food 367 St., Toronto, Ont., Canada. Affiliate Council Chrmn., LEON TOWN¬ Roger W. Miller SEND, Milk Control Branch, Bureau for Health Services, 275 East Main St., Frankfort, KY 40601. • Challenge for the 80's: Controlling Animal Drugs 369 EorroRS Lester M. Crawford JAN GAUGER RICHARDS, Editor, Box 701, Ames, Iowa 50010 EARL 0. WRIGHT, Executive Secretary and Managing Editor, Box 701, Ames, • Causes of Rancid Flavor in Retail Milk Samples 372 Iowa 50010 EOrrORIAL BOARD Sid Barnard

H. V. ATHERTON .... Burlington, VT • Opening Address, 18th National Conference on 375 K. J. BAKER .... .Rockville, MD D. K. BANDLER . .Ithaca, NY Interstate Milk Shipments S. BARNARD ... University Park, PA H. BENGSCH ...... Springfield, MO Jay Boosinger F. BODYFELT ... .Corvallis, OR J. BRUHN. .Davis, CA J. BURKETT .... .Sioux City, lA J. CARROLL .... .Arlington, TX J. CHAMBERS .. West Lafayette, IN C. D. CLINGMAN .Orlarxlo, FL R. DICKIE. .Madison, Wl F. FELDSTEIN . ... Culpeper, VA R. FUQUA . _Mt. Juliet, TN E. GADD . Jefferson City, MO 3-A Symbol Holders List 379 J. GERBERICH .. .Eau Claire, Wl P. HARTMAN ... .Ames, lA C. HINZ. .... Alexander, NY News and Events 385 C.JELLINGS .... .Clinton, lA J.JEZESKI . .... Gainesville, FL W. LAGRANGE. .Ames, lA Book Reviews 392 C. LIVAK . .Lancaster, PA P. MARTIN . ■ .. CNcago, IL D. MILLER . .Orlando, FL Food Service Sanitation Notes 395 L. PARHAM .... Oklahoma City, OK C. PRICE . .Lombard, IL D. RACE. .Camillus, NY New Product News 396 J. REEDER . .Arlington, VA D. ROLLINS ... . Springfield, MO R. SANDERS .. .. Washington, DC Calendar 399 G. SMITH. . Schenectady, NY C. WEBSTER .... .LeClaire, lA E. ZOTTOLA .... .St. Paul, MN JFP Abstract 402 364

Yersinia enterocolitica

A. B. CHILDERS'* and environmental hygiene of food and A New CARLVANDERZANT water supplies are definitely neces¬ sary for oreventing illness (12). Departments of Veterinary Public Health and Yersinia en. crocolitica is widely dis¬ Problem in Animal Science, respectively, Texas A&M tributed, with infections being very University, College Station, Texas 77843 frequent in some countries and Foodbome possibly common, but unrecognized, Yersinia enterocolitica presents a new in others. problem in food hygiene since the organism has been documented in Illness Characterization several outbreaks of foodbome illness in humans, and the number is increasing. Yersinia enterocolitica is a gram¬ The organism has been isolated from negative, facultative anaerobic rod various food sources including water, that is urease-positive, phenylalanine milk, meat, and seafood. Previous failures to recognize Y. enterocolitica as a causal deaminase-negative, lysine decar¬ factor in foodbome illness are probably boxylase-negative, ornithine decar¬ more related to lack of familiarity with boxylase-positive, mannitol and sor¬ the organism than to its absence. Since bitol-positive, and usually lactose¬ the organism is cold tolerant and heat negative although lactose-positive sensitive, good hygienic techniques rela¬ colonies should be further character¬ tive to food and water sanitation are ized. The optimum incubation tem¬ necessary for controlling it. perature is 25°C and it is motile at this temperature but not at 37°C. Yersinia enterocolitica is a mem¬ The pH range is from pH 6-9, with ber of the genus named for the most rapid growth occurring at pH French bacteriologist A. J. E. Yersin 7-8. Recommended plating media after his isolation of the plague agent include bismuth sulfite (BS), Mac- in 1894 (9). The genus includes two Conkey, and Salmonella-Shigella other pathogens - Y, pseudotubercu¬ (SS) agars although SS agar has been losis and Y. pestis. Yersinia entero¬ found to inhibit some strains of Y. colitica only recently has been recog¬ enterocolitica. The triple sugar iron nized as a foodbome pathogen, due (TSI) reaction is an acid slant and perhaps to a lack of familiarity with, butt with no hydrogen sulfide or gas. rather than an absence of, the Test procedures and reactions have organism. It has the unique charac¬ been described by Morris and Feeley teristic of being the first recognized (12). psychrotrophic food and waterborne Of the various serotypes which enteropathogenic organism (16). The have been identified, serotypes 0:3 increased frequency of its isolation and 0:5 are most commonly isolated from man. animals, water and food from pork products (6) and serotype has caused concern among food 0:8 has been isolated from chocolate microbiologists and public health milk (20). Enterotoxin production by officials. At the present time little is Y, enterocolitica varies considerably known about methods for controlling depending upon serotypes and incu¬ this organism, but sanitation and bation temperatures (15). In vivo and 365 p

in vitro enterotoxin production is not ed that the organism is killed at 60°C pork head meat for the manufacture well correlated (13). The pathogeni¬ in 1-3 minutes (2,3). A particular of either ’•aw or processed pork city and ability of the enterotoxin to concern is that Y. enterocolitica has products supports the contention of produce foodborne illness have not the ability to grow at refrigeration some European researchers that been fully determined. The heat- temperatures (4,17), and small num¬ swine may contribute significantly to stable toxin produced by Y. entero- bers of the microorganisms, if pre¬ Y. enterocolitica infection in humans. colitica is similar to that produced by sent in pasteurized milk stored at other enteropathogenic organisms 4-7°C, could develop into large Clinical Aspects such as Escherichia coli. numbers of viable cells. One out¬ break of Y. enterocolitica illness was Although the incubation period of Isolation and Growth Potential in caused by consumption of pasteur¬ Y. enterocolitica illness is short, the Foods ized milk (20). exact times have not been accurately Extensive reduction of Y. entero¬ determined. The duration of the Yersinia enterocolitica has been colitica occurs during freezer storage illness is generally 1-2 days (16). isolated from a number of food and of meats (2). Thus, while the Yersinia enterocolitica infection pro¬ water sources. Nonchlorinated well psychrotroph, Y. enterocolitica, duces a gastroenteritis with clinical and stream water have been incrimi¬ multiplies to high levels at refrigera¬ symptoms including diarrhea, fever, nated in several outbreaks of water¬ tion temperatures, there is a re¬ vomiting, abdominal pain, nausea borne illness. Keet (11) has reported duction in numbers at freezing and headaches. The disease is often a case of illness from drinking temperatures. Vacuum packaging more severe in younger and older mountain stream water. Highsmith suppresses the growth of Y. entero¬ patients. Onset of symptoms usually et al (8) reported a large waterborne colitica, but its development is requires the ingestion of large doses outbreak of gastrointestinal illness. enhanced in oxygen-permeable (poly¬ of up to 10® organisms (19). Yersinia enterocolitica was isolated vinyl chloride) film (5). from two wells whose water was Yersinia enterocolitica has been Epidemiology consumed without chlorination. The isolated from shrimp, oysters, and prevalence of Y. enterocolitica in crab (14). Its survival pattern in these The first reported outbreak of Y. surface water is lowest in the spring seafood products is similar to that enterocolitica illness occurred in and highest in the fall, and is previously described for milk and Japanese school children in 1972 (1). probably due to the lower water meat. Swine apparently are a major The source of the infection was not levels and stagnation which occur source of Y. enterocolitica. The determined. Another outbreak of during drier months. organism has been isolated from gastroenteritis that was attributed to Hughes has reported the isolation pork tonsils, pork tongues and raw Y. enterocolitica also occurred in of Y. enterocolitica from both raw and processed pork products (6,15). Japan in 1972 (2). Although the and pasteurized milk in Australia Schiemann (4) reported a greater source of infection was not deter¬ (10). The isolation of Y. enterocolitica number of isolations from raw than mined in this case, it was assumed to from raw milk is not unexpected from processed pork products. Stem be a point source since all of the since it is often isolated from the (18) isolated Y. enterocolitica from children became ill within 3 days of feces of healthy dairy cows. However, pork throat swabs but not from pork each other. its presence in pasteurized milk is of or beef variety meats. The presence In 1975 an outbreak of febrile concern because of the public health of Y. enterocolitica in pork tonsils gastroenteritis occurred in two Ca¬ hazard it presents. It is likely that Y. increases the danger of contamina¬ nadian schools (7). Although Y. enterocolitica in pasteurized milk tion of pork head meat during enterocolitica was found in the raw results from post-pasteurization con¬ boning and handling. Thus, the milk consumed, it could not be tamination since Hanna et al report¬ inadvertent use of contaminated incriminated epidemiologically since 366

different serotypes were isolated Some of its characteristics create Testing Materials, Tech. Pub. No. 635, from the milk and children. However, potential public health hazards un¬ Philadelphia, PA. pp. 265-274. the evidence strongly pointed toward less good hygienic and sanitary 10. Hughes, D. 1979. Isolation of Yersinia a y. enterocolitica infection since it practices are maintained in water enterocolitica from milk and a dairy was the only pathogenic agent and food quality control. farm in Australia. J. Appl. Bacteriol. 46:125-130. identified. An outbreak of Y. entero¬ 11. Keet, E. E. 1974. Yersinia enterocolitica colitica gastroenteritis occurred in septicemia. NY State I. Med. 74:2226- REFERENCES 1976 among New York school 2230. children who had consumed pasteur¬ 12. Morris, G. K. and J. C. Feeley. 1976. ized chocolate milk (20). An investi¬ Yersinia enterocolitica-. A review of its 1. Asakawa.J., S. Akahane, N. Kagata, M. role in food hygiene. Bull. WHO gation revealed that chocolate syrup Noguchi, R. Sakazaki, and K. Tamura. 44:79-85. was added to pasteurized milk and 1973. Two community outbreaks of 13. Pai, C. H., V. Mors, and S. Toma. 1978. the blend was not re-pasteurized. A human infection with Yersinia enteroco¬ Prevalence of enterotoxigenicity in number of these children were litica. J. Hyg. (Camb.) 7:715-725. human and nonhuman isolates of Yer¬ suspected of having appendicitis and 2. Hanna, M. O., J. C. Stewart. Z. L. sinia enterocolitica. Infect. Immun. 22: Carpenter, and C. Vanderzant. 1977. 334-338. 13 underwent appendectomies be¬ Effect of heating, freezing and pH on 14. Peixotto, S. S., G. Finne, M. O. Hanna, fore the true nature of the disease Yersinia enterocolitica - like organisms and C. Vanderzant. 1979. Presence, was discovered. from meat. J. Food Prot. 40:689-692. growth and survival of Yersinia enteroco¬ As previously discussed, Y. entero¬ 3. Hanna, M. O., J. C. Stewart, Z. L. litica in oysters, shrimp and crab. J. colitica has been implicated as the Carpenter, and C. Vanderzant. 1977. Food Prot. 42:974-981. Heat resistance of Yersinia enterocolitica 15. Schiemann, D. A. 1980. Isolation of cause of waterborne illness involving in skim milk. J. Food Sci. 42:1134-1136. toxigenic Yersinia enterocolitica from mountain stream water and well 4. Hanna, M. O., J. C. Stewart, D. L. Zink, retail pork products. J. Food Prot. water (8,11). These cases raise serious Z. L. Carpenter, and C. Vanderzant. 43:360-365. questions about the safety of cold, 1977. Development of Yersinia enteroco¬ 16. Stern, N. J. and M. D. Pierson. 1979. non-chlorinated water from streams litica on raw and cooked beef and pork Yersinia enterocolitica: A review of the at different temperatures. J. Food Sci. psychrotrophic water and foodborne and wells. 42:1180-1184. pathogen. J. Food Sci. 44:1736-1742. 5. Hanna, M. O., J. C. Stewart, Z. L. 17. Stern, N. ]., M. D. Pierson, and A. W. A Final Word_ Carpenter, and C. Vanderzant. 1978. Kotula. 1980. Growth and competitive Effect of packaging methods on the nature of Yersinia enterocolitica in Yersinia enterocolitica is a gram development of Yersinia enterocolitica whole milk. J. Food Sci. 45:972-974. on beef steaks. J. Food Safety. 1:29-37. negative, toxigenic bacillus of enteric 18. Stern, N. J. 1981. Isolation of potentially 6. Hanna, M. O., G. C. Smith, L. C. Hall, virulent Yersinia enterocolitica from origin that is becoming more fre¬ C. Vanderzant. and A. B. Childers. 1980. variety meats. J. Food Sci. 46:41-43. quently incriminated in outbreaks of Isolation of Yersinia enterocolitica from 19. Szita, J., M. Kali, and B. Redez. 1973. foodborne and waterborne illness on pig tonsils. J. Food Prot. 43:23-25. Incidence of Yersinia enterocolitica in¬ a worldwide basis. The organism 7. Health and Welfare Canada. 1976. fection in Hungary. Contrib. Microbiol. Yersinia enterocolitica gastroenteritis grows at refrigeration temperatures Immunol. 2:1%. outbreak - Montreal. Can. Dis. Wkly. 20. U.S. Department of Health, Education, (4-7“C) but is sensitive to freezing Rep. 2:41. and Welfare, Public Health Service, temperatures (0°C) and heat (60°C). 8. Highsmith, A. K.. J. C. Feeley, P. Skalij, Center for Disease Control. 1977. Yersi¬ It has been isolated from nonchlori- J. G. Wells, and B. T. Wood. 1977. nia enterocolitica outbreak - New York. nated water, raw and pasteurized Isolation of Yersinia enterocolitica from Morbid. Mortal. Wkly. Rep. 26:53-54. well water and growth in distilled water. milk, meat and variety meats, and 21. Zen-Yoji, H., and T. Maruyama. 1972. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 34:745-750. The first successful isolations and identi¬ seafoods. It is a facultative anaerobe 9. Highsmith, A. K., J. C. Feeley, and G. K. fication of Yersinia enterocolitica from whose growth is suppressed in a Morris. 1978. Isolation of Yersinia human cases in Japan. Jpn. J. Microbiol. vacuum - packaged environment. enterocolitica from water. Amer. Soc. 16:493-500. 367

ROGER W. MILLER levels. Many sell wholesale to children’s homes, hospitals, camps, and homes for the elderly, while the There are some 1,000food salvage operations in the country retail outlets are often found in low-income selling food that other wholesalers and retailers won't. neighborhoods. Seventy-five percent of the salvage Investigations have revealed that these businesses have been operations are found in cities; 50 percent in the poorer operating in between the laws. Now, however, a Model Food urban areas. Salvage Ordinance has been proposed for use by local The firms operate in several ways, but their big appeal jurisdictions. is that they sell cheap because they buy even cheaper. Some are nonce, or one-time, operations-that is, they’re C or the inflation-battered food shopper, the sign set up to sell food salvaged from disasters, such as fires, ’ looms impressive: floods, or hurricanes. More stable salvage firms may “This way to even bigger savings! station a trailer van alongside a major supermarket Save up to40%on DENTS!” firm’s warehouse and collect damaged and other The sign was in a Maryland food salvage outlet. Being less-than-perfect-merchandise. offered at the supposed 40 percent discount were dented Some salvage operations do relabeling and cans of merchandise that conventional food retailers repackaging of their goods. The trouble is that the wouldn’t-or couldn’t sell. less-than-perfect-merchandise is sometimes reprocessed But under a proposal being offered through the joint under less-than-ideal-conditions. Relabeled items may¬ efforts of the Association of Food and Drug Officials be mislabeled or even unlabeled. (Some firms offer (AFDO)-an organization of Federal, State, and local “surprise packages,” cans of food that are nude or that regulating authorities-and the Food and Drug carry labels which may advise that the inside contains Administration to States and localities for adoption, peaches when there are really green beans tucked away in many of these dented cans would be legally classified as there. Buyers don’t know what they’ve bought until the “unfit for sale or distribution.” Likewise, cans known in can opener has done the work. But if the price is low the trade as “leakers, springers, flippers, and swells”* enough to persuade the buyer, he or she may be content would be deemed unfit. with the resultant unplanned meals.) What should and shouldn’t be sold in food salvage Annual sales of the estimated 1,000 salvage operations outlets and how those outlets are operated are being range from $5,000 to $ 1.5 million per outlet-in 1974 spelled out for the first time in the Model Food Salvage dollars. Those figures are-you’ll excuse the expression- Ordinance, drafted by the AFDO with the aid of FDA, small potatoes compared to the sales average of the and published earlier this year in the FEDERAI^ 76,100 establishments that process, store, repack, and REGISTER. The ordinance is designed for use by State otherwise serve as links between farm and kitchen. But and local health authorities. FDA has contracts with 21 small potatoes can be as unfit for human consumption as States to inspect food salvage operations as part of the large potatoes; thus, the interest in the food salvage overall inspection of the Nation’s more than 75,000 food outlets. manufacturers and warehouses. The General Accounting Office (GAO), which is the There are an estimated 1,000 food salvage operations investigative arm of the U.S. Congress, has been in the country, selling at both the wholesale and retail interested enough in the food salvage business to send investigators out along with FDA and local health * Leakers are cans that teak: springers are ones that have a bulge at officials on two occasions-in 1974 and again in 1978. The one end which moves to the other end when pressure iS applied; flippers long, hard looks by the GAO investigators-at both sellers have a slight bulge in one end that can be pressed back flat and will and buyers-resulted in some recommendations to remain so: swells have both ends bulged and neither end can be forced back to remain flat. Congress, including a proposal to establish a “national uniform code of practice for food salvaging.” The Model Reprinted from April, 1980 FDA Consumer. Food Salvage Ordinance is the result. Setting Forth the Right Way to Sell Salvaged Food 368

The GAO investigators scrutinized 30 operations in Guys going to do about the situation? Here are some 1974 and 59 in 1978. They also had looks at 25 children’s highlights of the model Food Salvage Ordinance: homes, rest homes, schools, and other institutions in • All salvaged food must be properly labeled and 1974 and 30 such food salvage customers in 1978. marked to inform the purchaser that the merchandise In general, the GAO reports on their investigations has been salvaged. told of potentially unfit food being sold by the outlets, • Replacement labels must show the name and mislabeling and improper labeling, ineffective address of the salvaging plant as well as the date of the reconditioning methods, and insanitary storage reconditioning. conditions. Just how widespread the problems were can • Metal cans must be “essentially free” from rust be told with a few statistics: (pitting) and dents-especially at the rim, end double • The 1978 survey found 63 percent of the salvage seams, or side seams. Leakers, springers, flippers, and operations had cans with swells, springers, or flippers; 75 swells are all outlawed. percent had cans with severe rim or seam dents; 75 • Cans of food salvaged from floods, sewer backups, percent had rusted cans; and 47 percent had leaky etc., must be sanitized in a concentration of 100 parts per containers. million chlorine for a minimum period of one minute, or • In one operation, the investigators found 200 jars of by any other approved method. baby food encrusted by filth, many with maggots • Perishable foods are to be protected against spoilage underneath the jar lids. and potentially hazardous foods (the kind on which • Of 16 firms repackaging food items, 13 of them were harmful bacteria can grow) must be kept at the accepted operating under conditions that subjected the food to safe temperatures of below 45 degrees or above 140 contamination, including the presence of rodents, degrees Fahrenheit. insects, garbage, and toxic chemicals. • Standards are established for equipment, buildings, • Thirty-four operations were found selling food items plumbing, garbage and refuse, insect and rodent control, in containers with incomplete labels. Unlabeled food employee cleanliness, housekeeping, lighting, and products were offered by 30 of the 59 operators. ventilation. • Unlabeled foods had been purchased by four of the • Food salvage operations are to be licensed by local or rest homes and convalescent centers visited. State authorities, and the operations must notify the While some food salvage operatisns may be trying to jurisdictional authorities of salvage purchases. prevent waste and serve a public need, others seem to Early comments on the proposed ordinance have been want to change the old credo from ‘‘let the buyer few. Some questions have been raised about the broad beware” to ‘‘the buyer had better beware.” scope of the proposal. But that’s what comment periods Shortweighted items were found by the investigators, as are for. well as mislabeling errors that could result in danger to In these days when regulation is a naughty word and health. An example of the latter, was the purchase by one the mere mention of over-regulation elicits knowing nursing home of‘‘salt free” spinach to which, a nods, proposal of such an ordinance may seem to run laboratory analysis showed, salt had been added. counter to public opinion. Officialdom is wearing black Lest it be thought that some of the operators weren’t hats these days for writing too many regulations. But civic minded, it should be pointed out that in some then along comes a problem like food salvage operations, locations it was found that ‘‘food in containers that were and officials are supposed to be writing regulations and too badly dented and/or rusted to stock on the retail wearing white hats. Sometimes an official has to look in shelves ,.. was donated to a halfway house for drug the mirror to see what kind of hat he has on. abusers.” So much for the Bad Guys. Now what are the Good Roger W. Miller is editor ofFTik CONSUMER. 369

The issues facing FDA's Bureau of Veterinary Medicine (BVM) involve fundamental concepts in public health protection and must often be confronted on the frontiers of scientific understanding: the benefit vs. the risk of cancer- causing drugs given to livestock to make them grow faster and cheaper; and the potentially disastrous consequences to human health of bacteria grown resistant to antibiotics because of the regular use of these drugs in animal feed. These were among the issues Dr. Lester Crawford grappled with while director of BVM from 1978 to 1980. Now back at the College of Veterinary Medicine of the University of Georgia. Dr. Crawford here reflects on these and other issues facing BVM in the 1980's.

louring its 14 years, FDA’s Bureau of Veterinary Medicine (BVM) has forged a comprehensive program designed to protect the public health with minimal burden on industry. In its attempts to steer clear of technology-forcing issues, however, the bureau has sometimes been criticized. And in sharing authority over animal drugs with another part of FDA (the Bureau of Foods), as well as with the U.S. Department of Agriculture and the Environmental Protection Agency, management problems have understandably arisen. But, all in all, BVM has exerted notable leadership in livestock agriculture regulation and has emerged as a world leader in that area. The burden of that recently recognized leadership is twofold: (1) the bureau must intensify efforts to reduce to

CHALLENGE FOR THE 80's: CONTROLLING ANIMAL DRUGS

simplest terms the priority issues in the animal drug and animal feed arena; and (2) the bureau must insist on LESTER M. CRAWFORD continued efficiency in all its operations, especially lines of management responsibility. Implicit in these under¬ takings must be the equanimity to identify and accept those areas best left unregulated. Most of the cares that infested the 1960’s and I970’s for BVM devolved from the stipulation—stated in the Delaney Clause of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act—that no cancer-causing substances may be added to food. As it applies to animal drugs and medicated feed, the cluase is modified to state that no cancer-causing agents may be administered to livestock if residues of those substances can be detected in human food derived from the animals. Recent developments in cancer research, as well as the ability to detect ever smaller amounts of potentially

Reprinted from June. 1981 FDA Consumer. 370

carcinogenic compounds through improvements in Perhaps the most formidable prospective problem is analytical methodology, tend to render obsolescent the the definition of authority in animal drug regulation. All absolutism of Delaney. Fine tuning, if not repeal, is in too often, BVM has been held hostage by other order. Congress is the proper forum for these government units with overlapping responsibility. The considerations. only justification for this kind of duplication is the FDA’s attempt to realistically address the issue of concept of checks and balances. That concept, however, residues of cancer-causing additives in livestock prod¬ is not applicable to units operating within the same ucts—the so-called Sensitivity-of-Method (SOM) pro¬ branch of government, i.e., the executive. posed regulation—from the beginning has been beset As the leadership of BVM braces for the future and with difficulties. The proposal has become a focus for surveys those problems that have persisted, there should debate among the affected parties—animal drug be an urgency for a housecleaning of issues and an manufacturers, livestock producers, and Government urgency to look at those areas that need not be regulated. regulators. FDA’s intent in the proposal is to assure that In that regard, in thinking of my 2-year tenure at BVM, I any residues escaping detection by an approved wished I had remembered Eric Severeid’s law more often analytical method would pose “no significant risk’’ of (“There are no problems, only solutions’’). cancer to humans. But the untempered furor over this attempt to deal with the absolutism of Delaney—and the Although there clearly are problems that need ensuing litigation—is proof that FDA needs Congres¬ resolution, the real challenge for the 1980’s resides in sional direction. separating those regulatory issues that can best be It is my personal opinion that Congress should codify resolved by the Government from those that might be the level of risk or move towards repeal or substitution of better resolved by a deregulated industry. The Second the Delaney Clause. And, I believe the administration Generation of Medicated Feeds regulation provides a should proffer a recommended course of action, vis-a-vis case in point. Practice had shown the enormous volume Delaney, at the earliest instance. Appropriate action on of paperwork involved in BVM’s regulation of medicated Delaney will perhaps ameliorate such issues as SOM, feeds was largely counter-productive. The revised cyclic review of animal drugs to see that they meet regulations are intended to concentrate FDA’s efforts on current definitions of safety, and a plethora of New those areas of serious public health concern, while Animal Drug applications that are either in jeopardy or lessening regulatory controls where risk to humans is have been pending approval for too long. minimal. But not all of BVM’s dilemmas derive from Delaney. There are other areas within BVM’s purview that The low-level penicillin-tetracycline issue has gone on too should likewise be considered for refocusing, such as long. The bureau’s concern is that continuous, low-level animal nutrition regulation, surveilance of nonfood use of these antibiotics in animal feed may contribute to animal drug usage, surveillance of animal vaccine antibiotic resistance among bacteria infecting humans, production, and cooperative programs with USDA for possibly rendering ineffective the invaluable therapeutic development of essential drugs of limited commercial agents traditionally used to combat human diseases. The legal maneuvering over this issue over the past several importance. years has sapped governmental resources and confused The major issues for the next decade will include the public. The National Academy of Sciences found approval and regulation of alternatives to animal drugs these low-level uses in animals could not be shown to be as we presently know them; the establishment of risk safe (or unsafe); therefore, the law requires restrictions. levels for multiple carcinogtn exposure; the safety of The Congress, however, has forebade the proposed genetic manipulation in animal husbandry; and the role restrictions. Congress must be encouraged to allow BVM of BVM in societal debates such as the ethics of animal to proceed or to specifically exempt these uses of testing, the humaneness of intensive rearing of livestock, penicillin and tetracycline from the purview of FDA. and the use of antibiotics in animal feed. i

1 • J 1 1 W 1 1 ^ J 1 ■ ' f f T \ 7 " f 1 p * 1 TT Tj

j McGruff, Crime Px evention Coalition, I 20 Banta Hace, Hackensack, NJ 07601 * Please send me lots of information on I Crime Prevention. Name: Company:

n A message from the Crime Prevention Coalition, ji I this publication and The Ad Council. nCN e 1980 The AdverUslng Council, Inc. 372

Causes Of Rancid Flavor In Retail Milk Samples

SroNEY E. BARNARD

Extension Food Scientist The Pennsylvania State University University Park, PA.

The incidence of rancid flavor of samples and all samples with rancid even from late lactation cows, milk increased sharply during the flavor. 2. There is more emphasis on late 1970’s. The situation was not Note the percentage of feed- production records, especially unique to Pennsylvania, as a similar unclean which reached a peak in 365 day lactations, which picture was found in other states 1975-76. They have declined during causes farmers to milk cows where store samples were checked. It the past four years as we were able to longer, did not occur all of a sudden. After positively identify more of the 3. In recent years there has been 1975, the incidence rose sharply, samples as rancid. a sharp increase in the num¬ peaked in 1978, and then declined. It must be remembered that the ber of pipeline milkers, es¬ Note the pattern in the table. The flavor evaluation of milk is not an pecially high lines around decline in rancidity was the result of exact science. There is considerable conventional barns. an educational program and dairy variation in sensitivity among trained 4. Dairy farmers have fed in¬ industry cooperation and effort. dairy experts, especially for ranci¬ creased quantities of corn to Rancidity varies from a soapy - dity. However, there is no doubt dairy cows in the form of bitter taste to one that is almost sour. among consumers that most prefer silage and grain, as corn was Sometimes it was confused with a good tasting milk, when they are plentiful and less expensive strong silage taste. This seemed to be given a choice. Off-flavor milk has than better sources of protein the case in the early 1970’s. Acid been one of the reasons for the such as soybeans and cotton¬ Degree Values finally confirmed that decline in per capita consumption. seed. many of the feed-unclean flavors There seems to be a number of 5. Some dairy herds have not were actually rancid with ADV’s possible reasons for the increasing been fed adequate protein in above 1.0. rancid flavors and the continuing relation to the increased levels During the years 1%7-71, a total problem. When a problem occurs, it of milk production. of 1,885 retail milk samples were usually involves more than one 6. Increased fuel costs have re¬ checked with 6.7% of all samples cause. The factors which we have sulted, in less frequent col¬ classified as strongly rancid. The identified are outlined briefly. lection of milk from farms, in¬ summary of the years from 1972 1. The continuing increase in the cluding partial pickups and until 1980, permits a more detailed price which farmers receive every third or fourth day analysis. It shows an almost steady for milk tempts them to put collection of milk from some increase in the percentage of poor all milk into the bulk tank. farms. Throughout the U.S. 373

“The summary; of the years from 1972 until 1980 . . . shows an almost steady increase in the percentage of poor samples and all samples with rancid flavor. ”

there is a trend to collection 9. Dairy farmers frequently ope- has demonstrated that rancidity can every third day. rate too many milker units per be corrected. It requires a commit- person and for the diameter ment and much time and effort 7. Larger capacity raw milk stor- ^nd slope of the line. This visiting as many as 20% of all farms, age tanks in plants provide causes excessive air incorpora- Reduction in rancidity results in less flexibility and make it tio" ^ind flooding of pipelines better consumer acceptance of fluid more difficult to empty them. ^ind the receiver jar. milk. An awareness of the 10 factors It is still important, however, 10. Some pipeline milkers have can help you correct rancid flavor to empty every processing day. installed for more than problems. Additional information 10 years and have leaky may be found in the Northeast Dairy 8. Raw milk, in some cases, is fittings and low spots. These Practices Council, “Guidelines for held longer prior to pasteuriz- systems need to be brought up Preventive Rancid Flavors in Milk.” ing because of four days a to current standards. Write: NDPC, 118 Stocking Hall, week processing schedules. The dairy industry in Pennsylvania Ithaca, NY 14853.

Objectionable Off-flavors

Total # Poor %of %of Feed-Unclean Year Samples Flavor Rancid Poor All % of All

1972 532 117 12 10.3 2.2 31.4 1973 461 132 14 10.6 3.0 30.4 1974 517 172 26 15.1 5.0 40.0 1975 701 242 33 13.2 4.7 48.3 1976 925 442 112 25.4 12.1 48.9 1977 1,184 745 215 28.9 18.2 19.4 1978 1,228 715 416 58.2 33.9 17.2 1979 1,092 545 295 54.1 27.0 24.8 1980 475 155 85 54.8 17.9 8.2 374

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Thank you, Mr. Ellsworth, for Utilizing PHS/FDA personnel for coming to welcome the National training programs and using that Conference on Interstate Milk Ship¬ agency as a channel for dissemina¬ ments to Hot Springs. Although a tion of information among state OPENING very busy program is planned and agencies - ADDRESS, this is a working Conference, I am Acquainting producers, processors sure that the Hot Springs area will be and consumers with the purpose of 18th enjoyed by all those in attendance. the Conference through the media of It has been my privilege and honor, meetings, conferences, workshops, NATIONAL and pleasure most of the time, to press releases, publications and by CONFERENCE serve as Chairman of the National utilization of facilities and personnel Conference for the past two years. of educational institutions, trade ON When I was elected by the Executive associations, state rating and enforce¬ Board to serve as your Chairman, I ment agencies and other groups INTERSTATE was awed at the responsibility given which are willing to assist in the MILK me, and the passage of two years has dissemination of such information. not lessened that awe. To quote from a popular folk SHIPMENTS I thought that this opening address song - “The Times, They Are A would be easy to put together - how Changing”. wrong I was. Somebody once told me I view this 18th Conference as the that to make a good speech you had third most important Conference to tell them what you’re gonna tell ever held, the first being the initial them, tell them, and then tell them Conference in 1950, and the second what you told them. Believe me, this the Conference at which the Food one “weren’t” that easy. and Drug Administration announced JAY BOOSINGER There are so many important their intention to federalize the areas which I could cover, however I Grade A Milk Program. Chairman, Con ference on will try and keep in mind the old The reasons that I feel this Interstate Milk adage, that one can absorb only as Conference is so important, is be¬ Shipments, much as his rear can endure. cause of change. Change in political Tallahassee, FL Since the first meeting of this attitudes, change in the economic Conference in St. Louis, Missouri in climate and change in the dynamics 1950, the Conference objective has of our industry. This change is been - “To promote the best possible reflected in what has and is happen¬ milk supply for all the people”. ing to the Conference. This was to be achieved by The issues which your Executive adopting sound uniform procedures Board, Councils and Committees which will be accepted by participa¬ have dealt with during the last two ting milk control agencies - years have been complicated and in Promoting mutual respect and some cases very sticky. trust between control agencies of The Executive Board, Council I producing and receiving states - and the Laboratory Committee, have 376

wrestled with the Food and Drug Conference objectives as originally volvement and performance in the Administration, and the problem of stated. Conference. The concerns raised a test for antibiotic residues in milk, Some of the problems under were echoed by many individuals in and as you know, it is now back in consideration reflect the trend of correspondence and in discussions the lap of the Conference. falling per capita consumption of with me. The inclusion of sterile milk in the dairy products and the influence of I would like to quote from one Pasteurized Milk Ordinance and all competition from outside the dairy letter whose writer will remain the ramifications which this entails industry. anonymous: has been in the forefront of Executive Some problems are very complex “We are concerned with the Board deliberations. and involve dynamic new technology; present status of the IMS Program. The operations of the Conference, such as, sterile milk. Like other states, we have experi¬ particularly between seatings of the Some deal with trying to get a enced differences in official interpre¬ delegate body and selection of an handle on FDA’s activities within tations among FDA personnel and a Executive Secretary-Treasurer have certain areas of the Conference; such lack of practical experience by those received considerable discussion and as, the problems submitted on assigned to the enforcement pro¬ some Constitutional Amendments uniformity of check ratings, enforce¬ gram. address these problems. The Consti¬ ment procedures and issuance of The original concepts of the tution Revision Committee have Interpretive Memoranda, program have been lost. FDA, rather done a yeoman’s job on Constitu¬ New areas of concern have been than having a primary role as a tional Revision. submitted as problems; such as, consultant and guiding hand, has animal waste feeding, inclusion of slowly, but surely, assumed an The Liquid Manure Study Com¬ frozen desserts, imitation milk, raw almost dominant role in formulating mittee and the One Farm Inspection milk and milk derived ingredients in Conference rules and policies. Per Year Committee have worked Conference agreements. Thusly, they have lost contact with diligently to comply with the instruc¬ Some of the problems reflect the reality, the reality being an industry tions from the meeting of the 17th tight economic times we face; such that is now having to play a National Conference. as, the one inspection per year subservient role to the whims and I am pleased to report to you that recommendations. A minimum of fancies of those charged with the two states. New York and Nevada, the problems involve procedural administration of the IMS Program. were found to be reciprocal by changes and original concerns of the Sadly, the cooperative practical ap¬ Council III, and at the direction of Conference. proach to industry problems has the Executive Board the stars which Another area that appears to be significantly eroded”. identified them as being non-recipro¬ changing, is that of the role that the Others have been concerned about cal have been removed in the Food and Drug Administration plays FDA’s comparing states when Quarterly Publication. in the Conference. making state program evaluations. The changes in the Conference are During the past two years there The use of untrained district further reflected in the scope of the have been many grave concerns personnel as milk specialists, infor¬ 79 problems which have been sub¬ voiced by various Conference partici¬ mal interpretations issued at a mitted to this Conference for deli¬ pants about FDA activities. district, or regional level, poor beration. Many of the problems deal You will recall that the 1979 response to questions on labeling with economic issues and only Conference passed a Resolution and other compliance matters and touch on the periphery of primary detailing concerns about FDA in¬ issuance without recourse of inter- 377

pretations through Identical Memo¬ reporting directly to the Associate state milk shipper are brought randa. Director for Compliance. to our attention. Incidentally, this move resulted There have been concerns ex¬ These serious violations initially in the extreme nervousness pressed that FDA was setting adverse might include defiled food of many Conference participants. action quotas for the regions. products or milk and milk At an Executive Board meeting of The FDA milk specialists were products that are suspected of the Dairy Divisions of NASDA, the wearing enforcement hats when gross, chemical, or microbio¬ Chief of the Milk Safety Branch, making check ratings, and that the logical contamination. These assured the Executive Board that he number of check ratings assigned to violations are circumstances will do everything in his power to various states were being arrived at not covered by the memoran¬ assure that only the closest harmony arbitrarily, rather than as spelled out dum of understanding between exists between FDA and partici¬ in Conference documents. FDA and the National Confer¬ pating members of NCIMS. There has been a feeling that FDA ence on Interstate Milk Ship¬ In answer to concerns about FDA has put its own wishes and desires pers, and the 1979 “Procedures enforcement activities during check ahead of the concerns of the Con¬ Governing the Cooperative ratings, I have been asked by the ference. A case in point being the State/Public Health Service- Associate Commissioner for Regula¬ issuance of the B. stearothermophi- Food and Drug Administration tory Affairs, to share the following lus procedures in the laboratory Program for Certification of letter with you: evaluation sheets without NCIMS Interstate Milk Shippers” (pro¬ Laboratory Committee approval, or cedures manual). acceptance by the Executive Board. We believe that the current During the past two years. Nation¬ Mr. Jay Boosinger, Chairman procedures for handling com¬ al Milk Producers Federation and National Conference on plaints a ad challenges of vali¬ Milk Industry Foundation found it Interstate Milk Shippers dity of ratings, section VII of necessary to meet with FDA and Florida State Department of the procedures manual, are express some of the same concerns Agriculture and Consumer adequate for maintaining the just mentioned. Services integrity of the interstate milk On the other side of the coin, it Tallahassee, Florida 32304 shippers program and that the appears that FDA is making some consumer is best served by our change to eliminate some of the Dear Mr. Boosinger: continued participation with concerns just mentioned. the National Conference on As a result of the industry meeting We are occasionally asked by Interstate Milk Shippers to with FDA, FDA has started publish¬ our field personnel and some support a voluntary compliance ing coded memoranda in the states as to the agency’s posi¬ program as an efficient way of Quarterly Publication to facilitate tion when, during the course of protecting the public health. communications. an interstate milk shipper FDA has long recognized that Food and Drug has reorganized “check-rating,” serious viola¬ the states have maintained and has taken the Milk Safety tions of the Federal Food, high levels of regulatory super¬ Branch activities from the Dairy and Drug, and Cosmetic Act are vision of the milk and milk Lipid Technology Branch and put encountered, or when violative products industry and has them into a Milk Safety Branch conditions affecting an inter¬ relied upon the state control 378

officials for primary regulation least some of our concerns are being 523 Certified Industry' Per¬ and surveillance of the industry. taken seriously. sonnel Therefore, the agency will The last change that I feel needs to 770 Laboratories involved in propose, as a practical enforce¬ be mentioned is evidenced by the program ment policy, that when con¬ Constitutional Revision Committee’s 63 Laboratory Evaluation taminated food products are recommendations. Officers encountered either during the The Conference must fine tune the 35 FDA Personnel involved course of a check-rating proce¬ Constitution and By-Laws, and must dure or on the basis of a be able to react quickly to change. referral from another informa¬ In spite of all this Conference has I hope I haven’t lost anybody with tion source, the information accomplished, the Conference has statistics. will be presented to the state been thought by many to be cumber¬ All this leads up to my charge to agency for initiating corrective some, unresponsive, ponderous and you - the Conference participants. or regulatory action. If for any unwieldy. Make sure you are well informed reason the state is unable to The Constitution Revision package on the issues - take appropriate action, an attempts to streamline operations Examine the issues thoroughly FDA regional food and drug and eliminate some of the red tape. and make clean decisions - director, following consultation I have a personal concern that in Use your time wisely. with the state agency, may one area the Constitution Revision Keep in mind that NCIMS has initiate action to correct the package does not go far enough to been successful because state pro¬ violations under the Federal allow the Conference to function grams have developed credibility Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act. when new problems come up between under the Conference and weigh the I believe this procedure will sessions. benefits of sanitation -vs- the eco¬ give the state regulatory agency Believe me when I say, it is an nomic climate very carefully. the first opportunity for cor¬ awesome responsibility to even con¬ Keep in mind the limitations rective action before federal sider calling a special session of this imposed on the Executive Board, intervention. This is indeed august body. Councils and Committees by the consistent with our past prac¬ The impact of the decisions which Constitution and By-Laws when you tice in state/federal coopera¬ you make are far reaching and effect consider problem solutions which tion. many people. direct them to do something. We will appreciate your Make sure your directions are cooperation in relaying this As of April 1,1981 there were: broad enough so that they can policy to the members of the function and get the job done. conference. Finally, strive to recapture the spirit and trust on which this Sincerely yours, 126,358 Grade A Dairy Farms Conference was formed. Joseph P. Hile 772 Pasteurization Plants Your decisions and actions at this Associate Commissioner 122 State Rating Officers Conference will determine the future for Regulatory Affairs 705 State Regulatory Per¬ success or failure on NCIMS. sonnel Let’s not forget what we stand From the Associate Commission¬ 322 Local Regulatory Per¬ for-“THE BEST POSSIBLE MILK er’s letter, it would appear that at sonnel SUPPLY FOR ALL THE PEOPLE”. 3-A SYMBOL HOLDERS 379 Holders of 3-A Symbol Council Authorizations on August 20, 1981

Questions or statements concerning any of the holders of 65R G & H Products, Inc. ( 5/22/57) authorizations listed helow, or the equipment fabricated, 5718 52nd Street should be addressed to Earl O. Wright, Sec’y>-Trea8., P.O. Kenosha, Wisconsin 53140 Box 701, Ames, Iowa 50010-0701. 145R ITT Jabsco Incorporated (11/20/63) 145 Dale Way Costa Mesa, California 92626 01-06 Storage Tanks for Milk and Milk Products 314 Len E.Ivarson,Inc. (12/22/78) 3100 W. Green Tree Road 28 Cherry-Burrell Corporation (10/ 3/56) MUwaukee, Wisconsin 53223 26R Ladish Co., Tri-Clover Division (unit AMCA Int’l) ( 9/29/56) 9201 Wilmot Road 575 E. Mill St. Kenosha, Wisconsin 53140 Little Falls, New York 13365 319 Mono Group, Inc. ( 3/21/79) 102 Chester-Jensen Company, Inc. ( 6/ 6/58) (Mfg. by SSP Pumps Ltd.) 5th & Tilgham Streets 847 Industrial Drive Chester, Pennsylvania 19013 Bensonville, IL 60106 2 CREPACO, Inc. ( 5/ 1/56) 241 Puriti S. A. ( 9/12/72) 100 C.P. Avenue Alfredo Noble M39, Industrial Pte. de Vigas Lake Mills, Wisconsin 53551 Tlalnepantla, Mexico 117 DCI, Inc. (10/28/59) (not available in USA) St. Cloud Industrial Park 148 Robbins & Myers, Inc. ( 4/22/64) St. Cloud, Minnesota 56301 76 Damrow Company (10/31/57) 1895 W. Jefferson St. 196 Western Avenue Springfield, OH 45506 306 Fond du Lac, Wisconsin 54935 Stamp Corp. ( 5/ 2/78) 115 DeLaval Company, Ltd. ( 9/28/59) 2410 Parview Road 113 Park Street South Middleton, WI53562 332 Superior Stainless, Inc. Peterborough, Ontario, Canada (12/10/80) 211 Sugar Creek Rd. (not available in USA) 109 Girton Manufacturing Company ( 9/30/58) Delavan.WI 53115 72R L. C. Thomsen & Sons, Inc. ( 8/15/57) State Street 1303 43rd Street MillvUle, Pennsylvania 17846 Kenosha, Wisconsin 53140 127 Paul Mueller Company ( 6/29/60) 219 Tri-Canada Ltd. ( 2/15/71) P.O. Box 828 P.O. Box 4589 Springfield, Missouri 65801 Buffalo, NY 14240 31 Walker Stainless Equipment Co. (10/ 4/56) 175R Universal Milking Machine Div. (10/26/56) Elroy, Wisconsin 53929 Universal Cooperatives, Inc. 408 South First Ave. 02-08 Pumps for Milk and Milk Products Albeit Lea, MN 56007 329 Valex Products Corp. ( 6/10/80) 325 Albin Motor Aktiebolag (12/19/79) 20447 Nordhoff St. Box 139, S-68101 Kristinehamn Chatsworth, Calif. 91311 Sweden 52R Viking Pump Div. (12/31/56) (not available in USA) Houdaille Industries, Inc. 214R Ben H. Anderson Manufacturers ( 5/20/70) 406 State Street Morrisonville, Wisconsin 53571 Cedar Falls, Iowa 50613 212R Babson Bros. Co. ( 2/20/70) 5R Waukesha Foundry Company ( 7/ 6/56) 2100 S. York Rd. 1300 Lincoln Ave. Oak Brook, Illinois 60621 Waukesha, Wisconsin 53186 29R Cherry-Burrell Corporation (10/ 3/56) (unit AMCA Inti) 04-03 Homogenizers and High Pressure Pumps 2400 Sixth St., Southwest of the Plunger T]rpc Cedar Rapids, Iowa 52406 247 Bran and Lubbe, Inc. ( 4/14/73) 63R CREPACO, Inc. ( 4/29/57) 1241 Rand Rd. 100 CP Avenue Des Plaines, IL 60016 Lake Mills, Wisconsin 53551 87 Cherry-Burrell Company (12/20/57) 205R Dairy Equipment Company ( 5/22/69) (unit AMCA Int’l) 1919 South Stoughton Road 2400 Sixth Sweet, Southwest Madison, Wisconsin 53716 Cedar Rapids, iowa 52404 380 3-A SYMBOL HOLDERS

37 CREPACO, Inc. (10/19/56) 08-17 Fittings Used on Milk and Milk Products Equipment 100 CP Avenue and Used on Sanitary Lines Conducting Milk and Lake Mills, Wisconsin 53538 Milk Products 75 Gaulin, Inc. ( 9/26/57) 44 Garden Street 291 Accurate Metering Systems, Inc. ( 6/22/77) Everett, Massachusetts 02149 1731 Carmen Drive 237 Graco Inc. ( 6/ 3/72) Elk Grove Village, IL 60007 P.O. Box 1441 79R Alloy Products Corporation (11/23/57) Minneapolis, Minnesota 55440 1045 Perkins Avenue 309 General Dairy Equipment ( 7/19/78) Waukesha, Wisconsin 53186 (Mfg. by Rannie A/S, Denmark) 245 Babson Brothers Company ( 2/12/73) 434 Stinson Boulevard 2100 South York Road Minneapolis, Minnesota 55413 Oak Brook, Illinois 60521 256 Liquipak International, Inc. ( 1/23/74) 284 Bristol Engineering Company (11/18/76) 2285 University Avenue 210 Beaver Street St. Paul, Minnesota 55114 Yorkville, Illinois 60560 301 Brown Equip. Co., Inc. (12/ 6/77) 05-13 Stainless Steel Automotive Milk Transportation Tanks 9955-9 V4 Ave. for Bulk Delivery and/or Farm Pick-up Service Hanford, California 93230 82R Cherry-Burrell Company (12/11/57) (unit AMCA Int’l) 131R Almont Welding Works, Inc. ( 9/ 3/60) 2400 Sixth Street, Southwest 4091 Van Dyke Road Cedar Rapids, Iowa 52406 Almont, Michigan 48003 260 CREPACO, Inc. ( 5/22/74) 70R Brenner Tank, Inc. ( 8/ 5/57) 100 CP Avenue 450 Arlington Lake Mills, Wisconsin 53551 Fond du Lac, Wisconsin 54935 322 ( 7/16/79) 40 Transportation Equipment Corporation (10/20/56) ALFA-LAVAL LIMITED 900 Sixth Ave,, Southeast (not available in USA) Minneapolis, Minnesota 55114 113ParicSt. So. Peterborough, Ontario 66 Dairy Equipment Company ( 5/29/57) Canada K9J 3R8 1919 South Stoughton Road 304 VNE Corp. ( 3/16/78) Madison, Wisconsin 53716 (Mfg. by Egmo Ltd.-Israel) 45 The Heil Company (10/26/56) 1415 Johnson St., P.O. Box 187 3000 W. Montana Street Janesville, WI53545 Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53235 271 The Foxboro Company ( 3/ 8/76) 297 Indiana Tank Co., Inc. ( 8/29/77) Neponset Street P.O. Box 366 Foxboro, Massachusetts 02035 Summitville, Indiana 46070 67R G & H Products, Inc. ( 6/10/57) 305 Light Industrial Design Co. ( 3/23/78) (Some Models Mfg. by Alfa-Laval AB-Sweden) 8631-A Depot Road 5718 52nd Street Lynden, WA 98295 Kenosha, Wisconsin 53140 338 Murphy’s Inc. (4/20/81) 203R ITT-Grinnell Company, Inc. (11/ 7/68) P.O. Box 18 DIA-FLODiv Avon, MN 56310 33 Centerville Rd. 201 Paul Krohnert Mfg., Ltd. ( 4/ 1/68) Lancaster, Pennsylvania 17603 811 Steeles Avenue 34R Ladish Co., Tri-Clover Division (10/15/56) Milton, Ontario, Canada LOT 2Y3 9201 Wilmot Road (not available in USA) Kenosha, Wisconsin 53140 85 Polar Tank Trailer, Inc. (12/20/57) 287 Sanitary Processing Equipt. Corp. ( 1/14/77) Holdingford, Minnesota 56340 (Mfg. by Koltek OY-Finland) 47 Pullman Trailmobile (11/ 2/56) P.O. Box 26 701 East 16th Avenue Dewitt, New York 13214 North Kansas City, Missouri 64116 121 Technova Inc. Gosselin Division (12/ 9/59) 239 LUMACO ( 6/30/72) 1450 Hebert c.p. 758 Box 688, Drummondville, Quebec, Canada J2C 2A1 Teaneck, New Jersey 07666 (not available in USA) 200B1 Paul Mueller Co. ( 3/ 5/68) 189 A. & L. Tougas, Ltee (10/ 3/66) P.O. Box 828 1 Tougas St. Springfield, Missouri 65801 Iberville, Quebec, Canada 295 Precision Stainless Products ( 8/11/77) (not available in USA) (Mfg. by Toyo Stainless Co. Ltd.) 25 Walker Stainless Equipment Co. ( 9/28/56) 5636 Shull St. New Lisbon, Wisconsin 53950 Bell Gardens, CA 90201

T 3-A SYMBOL HOLDERS 381

242 Puriti, S.A. ( 9/12/72) 1522 Main Street Alfredo Nobel #39 Industrial Pte de Vigas Niagra Falls, N.Y. 14301 Tlalnepantla, Mexico 20 A.P.V. Company, Inc. ( 9/ 4/56) (not available in USA) 395 Fillmore Avenue 149R Q Controls ( 5/18/64) Tonawanda, New York 14150 Occidental, California 95465 30 Cherry-Burrell Corporation (10/ 1/56) 334 Stainless Products Inc. (12/18/80) (unit AMCA Inti) 1649 72nd Ave., Box 169 2400 Sixth Street, Southwest Somers, WI53171 Cedar Rapids, Iowa 52404 73R L. C. Thomsen & Sons, Inc. ( 8/31/57) 14 Chester-Jensen Co., Inc. ( 8/15/56) 1303 43rd Street 5th & Tilgham Streets Kenosha, Wisconsin 53140 Chester, Pennsylvania 19013 300 Superior Stainless, Inc. (11/22/77) 38 CREPACO, Inc. (10/19/56) 211 Sugar Creek Rd. 100 CP Avenue P.O. Box 622 Lake Mills, Wisconsin 53551 Delvan, Wisconsin 53115 120 DeLaval Company, Ltd. (12/ 3/59) 191R Tri-Canada, Ltd. (11/23/66) 113 Park Street P.O. Box 4589 South Peterborough, Ontario, Canada Buffalo, NY 14240 (not available in USA) 250 Universal Milking Machine ( 6/11/73) 342 General Dairy Equipment Co. (7/6/81) Div, of Universal Cooperatives (Mfg. by PasUak-Therm, Denmark) 407 First Ave, So. 437 Harding Street, N.E. Albert Lea, Minnesota 56007 Minneapolis, MN 55413 278 Valex Products ( 8/30/76) 279 The Schluter Co. ( 8/29/76) 20447 Nordhoff St. (Mfg. by Samuel Parker Ltd.) Chatsworth, California 91311 112 E. Centerway 86R Waukesha Specialty Company, Inc. (12/20/57) Janesville, WI 53545 Darien, Wisconsin 53114 17 ALFA-LAVAU iic. ( 8/30/56) (Mfg. in Sweden) 2115 Linwood Ave. 09-07 Instrument Fittings and Connections Used on Ft. Lee, New Jersey 07024 MOk and Milk Products Equipment 15 Kusel Equipment Company ( 8/15/56) 321 Anderson Instrument Co., Inc. ( 6/14/79) 820 West Street R.D. #1, Fultonville, New York 12072 Watertown, Wisconsin 53094 315 Burns Engineering, Inc. ( 2/ 5/79) 10201 Bren Road, East 12-04 Tubular Heat Exchangers, Minnetonka, MN 55343 for MOk and Milk Products 206 The Foxboro Company ( 8/11/69) 248 Allegheny Bradford Corporation ( 4/16/73) Neponset Avenue P.O. Box 264 Foxboro, Massachusetts 02035 Bradford, Pennsylvania 16701 285 Tank Mate Company (12/ 7/76) 243 Babson Brothers Company (10/31/72) 2269 Ford Parkway 2100 S. York Road St. Paul, Minnesota 55116 Oak Brook, Illinois 60521 32 Taylor Instrument Process Control (10/ 4/56) 103 Chester-Jensen Company, Inc. ( 6/ 6/58) Div. Sybron Corporation 5th & Tilgham Street 95 Ames Street Chester, Pennsylvania 19013 Rochester, New York 14601 307 G&H Products, Inc. ( 5/ 2/78) 10-00 Milk and Milk Products Filters Using Disposable 5718-52nd St. Filter Media, As Amended Kenosha, WI 53141 217 Girton Manufacturing Co. ( 1/23/71) 35 Ladish Co., Tri-Clover Division (10/15/56) Millville, Pennsylvania 17846 9201 Wilmot Road 252 Ernest Laffranchi (12/27/73) Kenosha, Wisconsin 53140 P.O. Box 455 296 L. C. Thomsen & Sons, Inc. ( 8/15/77) Ferndale, California 95536 1303 43rd St. 238 Paul Mueller Company ( 6/28/72) Kenosha, Wisconsin 53140 P.O. Box 828 11-03 Plate-type Heat Exchangers for Milk and Springfield, Missouri 65801 Milk Products 96 C. E. Rogers Company ( 3/31/64) P.O. Box 188 316 Agric Machinery Corp. ( 2/ 7/79) Mora, Minnesota 55051 P.O. Box 6 13-06 Farm Milk Cooling and Htdding Tanks Madison, NJ 07940 326 American Vicarb Corporation (2/ 4/80) 240 Babson Brothers Company ( 9/ 5/72) (Mfg by Vicarb S. A. France) (Mfg. by CREPACO, Inc.) 382 3-A SYMBOL HOLDERS

2100 S. York Road Somerville, New Jersey 08876 Oak Brook, Illinois 60521 311 Wiegand Evaporators, Inc. ( 8/28/78) HR CREPACO, Inc. ( 7/25/56) 5585 Sterrett Place 100 CP Ave. Columbia, Maryland 21044 Lake Mills, Wisconsin 53551 119R DCI, Inc. (10/28/59) 17-06 Fillers and Sealers of Single Service Containers St. Cloud Industrial Park For Milk and Milk Products St. Cloud, Minnesota 56301 333 Anderson Bros. Mfg. Co. (12/15/80) 4R Dairy Equipment Company ( 6/15/56) 1303 Samuelson Road 1919 South Stoughton Road Rockford, Illinois 61101 Madison, Wisconsin 53716 192 Cherry-Burrell Corporation ( 1/ 3/67) 92R Alfa-Laval Limited (12/27/57) (unit AMCA Int’l) 350 Dutchess Turnpike 2400 Sixth St., Southwest Poughkeepsie, N.Y. 12602 Cedar Rapids, lA 52404 49R Alfa Laval, Inc. (12/ 5/56) 324 ERCA (11/29/79) (De Laval Agricultural Division) S.A.B.P. 54 Z.I. de Courtabeouf 350 Dutchess Turnpike Avenue de Pacifique, 91943 Les Ulis Poughkeepsie, N.Y, 12602 Cedex, France lOR Girton Manufacturing Company ( 7/25/56) (not available in USA) Millville, Pennsylvania 17846 137 Ex-Cell-0 Corporation (10/17/62) 356 Meyer D. Haberer ( 2/3/81) 2855 Coolidge, P, 0. Box 220 Troy, Michigan 48084 Bowdle, S.D. 57428 220 Liquipak International, Inc. ( 4/24/71) 179R Heavy Duty Products (Preston), Ltd. ( 3/ 8/66) 2285 University Ave. 1261 Industrial Road St. Paul, Minnesota 55114 Preston, Ontario, Canada 330 Milliken Packaging ( 8/26/80) (not available in USA) (Mfg. by Chubukikai Co, Ltd.) 12R Paul Mueller Company ( 7/31/56) White Stone, South Carolina 29353 P.O. Box 828 281 Purity Packaging Corporation (11/ 8/76) Springfield, Missouri 65801 800 Kederly Drive 249 Sunset Equipment Co. ( 4/16/73) Columbus, Ohio 43228 293 Como Ave, 211 Twin-Pak Ltd. (Canada) ( 2/ 4/70) St. Paul, Minnesota 55103 (Mfg. byThimonnier& Cie, Prance) 16R Zero Manufacturing Company ( 8/27/56) Steel & Cohen, 745 Fifth Ave, Washington, Missouri 63090 New York, New York 10022

16-04 Evaporators and Vacuum Pans for Milk and 19-03 Batch and Continuous Freezers, For Ice Cream, Ices Milk Products and Similarly Frozen Dairy Foods, As Amended

254 Anhydro, Inc. ( 1/ 7/74) 286 O.G. Hoyer, Inc. (12/ 8/76) 165 John Dietsch Square 201 Broad St. Attleboro Falls, Massachusetts 02763 Lake Geneva, WI 53147 132R A.P.V. Company, Inc. (10/26/60) (Mfg, by O.G. Hoyer A/S of Denmark) 137 Arthur Street 146 Cherry-Burrell Company (12/10/63) Buffalo, New York 14207 (unit AMCA Int’l) 263 C, E. Howard Corporation (12/21/74) 2400 Sixth Street, Southwest 240 N. Orange Avenue Cedar Rapids, Iowa 52404 City of Industry, California 91746 141 CREPACO, Inc. ( 4/15/63) 107R C. E. Rogers Company ( 8/ 1/58) 100 CP Avenue P.O. Box 118 Lake Mills, Wisconsin 53551 Mora, Minnesota 55051 22-04 Silo-Type Storage Tanks for Milk and Milk Products 277 ConTherm Corp. ( 8/19/76) DeLaval Contherm Division 168 Cherry-Burrell Corporation ( 6/16/65) P.O. Box 352 (unit AMCA Int’l) Newbury Port, MA 01950 575E.MmSt. 186R Marriott Walker Corporation ( 9/ 6/66) Little Falls, New York 13365 925 East Maple Road 154 CREPACO, Inc. ( 2/10/65) Birmingham, Michigan 48010 100 CP Avenue 273 Niro Atomizer Inc. ( 5/20/76) Lake Mills, Wisconsin 53551 1600 County RdF. 160 DCI, Inc. ( 4/ 5/65) Hudson, WI54016 St. Cloud Industrial Park 299 Stork Food Machinery, Inc. (11/16/77) St. Cloud, Minnesota 56301 (Mfg. by Stork-Friesland B.V.) 181 Damrow Company, Division of DEC ( 5/18/66) P.O. Box 816 International, Inc., 196 Western Ave. 3-A SYMBOL HOLDERS 383

Fond du Lac, Wisconsin 54935 156 W. Sandford Boulevard 262 DeLaval Company Ltd., Canada (11/11/74) Mt. Vernon, New York 10550 350 Dutchess Turnpike 173 B. F. Gump Division ( 9/20/65) Poughkeepsie, N.Y. 12602 Canada Blaw-Knox Food & Chem. Equip. Inc 155 Paul Mueller Co. ( 2/10/65) 750 E. Ferry St., P.O. Box 1()41 P.O. Box 828 Buffalo, NY 14211 Springfield, Missouri 65801 185 Rotex, Inc. ( 8/10/66) 312 Sanitary Processing Equip. Corp. ( 9/15/78) (Mfg. by Orville Simpson Co.) P.O. Box 26 1230 Knowlton St. Dewitt, New York 13214 Cincinnati, Ohio 45223 165 Walker Stainless Equipment Co, ( 4/26/65) 176 Koppers Company, Inc. ( 1/ 4/66) Elroy, Wisconsin 53929 Metal Products Division 23-01 Equipment for Packaging Frozen Desserts, Sprout-Waldron Operation Cottage Cheese and Milk Products Similar to Munsy, Pennsylvania 17756 Cottage Cheese in Single Service Containers SWECO, Inc. ( 9/ 1/65) P.O. Box 4151 174 Anderson Bros. Mfg. Co. ( 9/28/65) 6033 E. Bandini Blvd. 1303 Samuelson Road Los Angeles, California 90051 Rockford, Illinois 61109 209 Doboy Packaging Machinery Division ( 7/23/69) 27-01 Equipment for Packaging Dry Milk of Nordson Corporation, 215 N. Knowles Ave. and Dry Milk Products New Richmond, Wisconsin 54017 313 WPM Systems, Inc. (10/10/78) 302 Eskimo Pie Corp. ( 1/27/78) Div. of St. Regis Paper Company 530 E. Main St. 4990 Acoma St. Richmond, Virginia 23219 Denver, Colorado 80216 24-00 Non-Coil Type Batch Pasteurizers 28- 00 Flow Meters for Milk and Liquid Milk Products 161 Cherry-Burrell Corporation ( 4/ 5/65) 272 Accurate Metering Systems, Inc. ( 4/ 2/76) (unit AMCA Int’l) (RZ2A Mfg. by Ringkolbenzahler-Germany) 575 E. Mill St. 1731 Carmen Drive Little Falls, New York 13365 Elk Grove ViUage, Illinois 60007 158 CREPACO, Inc. ( 3/24/65) 253 Badger Meter, Inc. ( 1/ 2/74) 100 CP Avenue 4545 W. Brown Deer Road Lake Mills, Wisconsin 53551 Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53223 187 DCI, Inc. ( 9/26/66) 223 C-EIN-VAL-CO, Division of Combustion (11/15/71) St. Cloud Industrial Park Engineering, Inc. St. Cloud, Minnesota 56301 P.O. Box 556,3102 Charles Page Blvd. 166 Paul Mueller Co. ( 4/26/65) Tulsa, Oklahoma 74101 P.O. Box 828 265 Electronic Flo-Meters, Inc. ( 3/10/75) Springfield, Missouri 65601 P.O. Box 38269 Dallas. TX 75239 226 Fischer & Porter Co. (12/9/71) 25-00 Non-Coil Type Batch Processors for Milk and Magnetic Flowmeters Milk Products Dept. 372 County Line Road 162 Cherry-Burrell Corporation ( 4/ 5/65) Warminster, Pa. 18974 (unit AMCA Int’l) 224 The Foxboro Company (11/16/71) 575 E. MUl St. Neponset Avenue Litlle Falls, New York 13365 Foxboro, Massachusetts 02035 159 CREPACO, Inc. ( 3/24/65) 320 Max Machinery, Inc. ( 3/28/79) 100 CP Avenue 1420 Healdsburg Ave. Lake Mills, Wisconsin 53551 Healdsburg, CA 95448 188 DCI, Inc. ( 9/26/66) 270 Taylor Instrument Company Division ( 2/ 9/76) St. Cloud Industrial Park Sybron Corporation, 95 Ames Street St. Cloud, Minnesota 56301 Rochester, New York 14601 177 Girton Manufacturing Co. ( 2/18/66) Millville, PA 17846 29- 00 Air Eliminators for Milk and Fluid Milk Products ( 4/26/65) 167 Paul Mueller Co. 340 Accurate Metering Systems (6/2/81) Box 828 (Mfg. by Luftabscheider-Germany) Springfield, Missouri 65801 1731-33 Carmen Drive 202 Walker Stainless Equipment Co. ( 9/24/68) Elk Grove Village, IL 60007 New Lisbon, Wisconsin 53950 30-00 Farm Milk Storage Tanks 26-01 Sifters for Dry Milk and Dry Milk Products 257 Babson Bros. Co. ( 2/ 7/74) 229 Russell Finex Inc. ( 3/15/72) (Mfg. by CREPACO. Inc.) 384 3A SYMBOL HOLDERS

2100 S. York Road 339 Walker Stainless Equipment Co., Inc. (6/2/81) Oak Brook, Illinois 60521 601 State Street New Lisbon, WI53950 31-00 Scraped Surface Heat Exchangers 33-00 Polished Metal Tubing for Dairy Products 274 Contherm Corporation ( 6/25/76) P.O. Box 352 310 Allegheny Bradford Corporation ( 7/19/78) Newburyport, Massachusetts 01950 P.O. Box 264 322 Cherry Burrell ( 7/26/79) Bradford, PA 16701 24006th St. SW 289 Ladish Co., Tri-Clover Division ( 1/21/77) Cedar Rapids, lA 52406 9201 WUmot Road 290 CREPACO, Inc. ( 6/15/77) Kenosha, Wisconsin 53140 100 So. CP Ave. 308 Rath Mfg. Co. Inc. ( 6/15/77) Lake Mills, WI 53551 2505 Foster Ave. 337 Girton Manufacturing Co. (3/30/81) Janesville, WI 53545 (Mfg. by Machinefabriek-HoUand) 335 Stainless Products Inc. ( 1/4/81) MiUvUle, PA 17846 1649-72nd Ave., P.O. Box 169 32-00 Uninsulated Tanks for Milk and Milk Products Sumers, WI 53171 331 United Industries Incorporated (10/26/80) 264 Cherry-Burrell Company, ( 1/27/75) 1546 Henry Ave. (unit AMCA Int’l) Beloit, WI 53511 575 E. MUl St. Little FaUs, NY 13365 35-00 Continuous Blenders 268 DCI, Inc. (11/21/75) P.O. Box 1227 292 Waukesha Division, AbexCoip. ( 8/24/77) St. Cloud, Minnesota 56301 1300 Lincoln Ave. 341 Letsch Corporation (6/8/81) Waukesha, WI 53186 501N. Belcrest Springfield, Missouri 65801 36-00 CoUoidMiUs 293 Waukesha Division, AbexCoip. ( 8/24/77) 1300 Lincoln Ave. Waukesha, WI 53186

37-00 Pressure and Level Sensing Devices ELIASON’' CORPORATION 318 Anderson Instrument Co., Inc. ( 4/ 9/79) MANUFACTURER OF SANITARY USER ORIENTED PRODUCTS R.D. #1 Fultonville, N.Y. 12072 Ruttproofed, Firtproofad, Sectional Steal WALK-IN COOLERS & FREEZERS 317 C-E Invalco Division of Combustion ( 2/26/79) Engineering, Inc. P.O. Box 556 Tulsa, OK 74101 328 Rosemount, Inc, ( 5/22/80) 12001 West 78th St. Easy Svvingi&Fatentad NO SPRING Self Closing DOUBLE ACTION DOORS P.O. Box 35129 for Safety in ALL Doorways Eden Prairie, MN 55344

ECONO-COVER®Patantod NIGHT COVERS for Open Refrigaratad Casas and Freezers - - Batter Sanitary and Food Protection Safety

ELIASON'S Commitment Fullfills "MANUFACTURERS warranty, of Sanitary. Safety. Performance SPECIFICATIONS Plan" to r USER LAWFUL PERFORMANCE REQUIREMENTS

PfteSlDBNT 385

News and Events

Pennsylvanians Discuss “Art of Communication"

More than 250 sanitarians and laboratory directors from Pennsylvania and the northeast participated in the annual conference held June 1-4 at the Pennsylvania State University. A wide variety of topics were covered with 45 speakers and panel members. Topics varied from transient voltage to media preparation. The “Art of Communicating” was rated by participants as the outstanding presentation. Panel discussions with Industry and regulatory speakers were well received. Topics included bulk tank sampling, correcting rancidity, common problems of field and laboratory, antibiotic causes and penalties, causes and correction of mastitis problems and use of the microscope to correct farm problems. Lester Tegler, Laboratory Director at Meadow Brook Dairy in Erie received the Sanitarian’s Award. The Distinguished Service Award was given to Henry R. Geisinger, Executive Vice President of the Pennsylvania Association of Milk Dealers. The 1982 conference will be held May 24-26 at the Keller Conference Center on the Penn State campus in State College, Pennsylvania. J. Gene Lauver assumes the presidency of the Sanitarians Association with Ivan Redcay as vice president and Wallace Jackson continuing as secretary- treasurer. Ganelle Kendall is the new president of the Laboratory Directors Association. Other officers are Daniel Hamilton, vice president; Kay Fontenoy, treasurer and Thomas Wright, secretary. Both associations plan committee meetings for September 10 and 11 to initiate planning for next year’s Scenes from the Awards Banquet included, top photo, Henry R. conference. All committees will review concerns and Geisinger receives the Distinguished Service Award from Gerald topics submitted for discussion and continue progress Schick, while bottom photo, Lester Tegler receives the Sanitarian’s toward the goals for the year. Award, also from Schick, Chairman of the Awards Committee.

Sign up a new member in lAMFES!

For more information, contact lAMFES, P.O. Box 701, Ames, lA 50010, 515-232-6699. 386

Crumbine Award to Nassau Co., NY

The 1981 Samuel J. Crumbine Consumer Protection “displayed a commendable sensitivity to the needs of the Award for conducting an outstanding program of food people being regulated.” and beverage sanitation was awarded to the health The Crumbine Award consists of a bronze medal and department of Nassau County, NY. The department an engraved plate mounted on a walnut plaque. serves a suburban area adjacent to New York City on Engraved bronze medallions are also presented to Long Island. individual public health officials who are directly The Crumbine Award is presented annually by the responsible for the winning agency’s program. Single Service Institute, the trade association of manufacturers of disposables for food service and Don Raffel, 1980 Citation packaging. The Award honors the local health authority Award Winner, Dies which has demonstrated outstanding achievement in the design and execution of a public health program of Donald G. Raffel, 54, supervisor of the Madison consumer protection in food and beverage service. A District Food Division of the Wisconsin Dept, of panel of seven jurors, made up of public health Agriculture, Trade & Consumer Protection where he had professionals and consumer representatives, selects the worked for 29 years, died unexpectedly July 27. winning entry. A registered sanitarian and active member and officer Established by the Single Service Institute in 1954, the of the Wisconsin Association of Milk, Food and Crumbine Award takes its name from the Kansas State Environmental Sanitarians, Inc., Raffel was active in Health Officer and public health pioneer who in 1909 lAMFES. He received the 1980 lAMFES “Citation first banned common drinking cups from public Award,” presented during last year’s Annual Meeting in facilities. Milwaukee. The Nassau County Department of Health is He served as a regional liaison with the Food and Drug responsible for providing all public and environmental Administration, Washington, and on other state and health services, including food protection, to 1.3 million national programs. For many years he served as secretary residents of the 298 square mile area on Long Island that and treasurer of the Wisconsin Sanitarian’s Association. borders New York City on one side and Suffolk County Don was a graduate of the University of Wisconsin- on the other. Madison, College of Agriculture. He served with the US The Crumbine Award Jury judged the Nassau County Navy during World War II and also served with the food protection program to have exceeded the norm, Marine Corps during the Korean War, retiring as a more than any other entry, in four principal areas of major. measurement: Program improvement, innovative use of evaluation, effectiveness of planning and management, Marion Causey Passes Away and information and education activities. According to Charles W. Felix, Director of E. Marion Causey, Jr. passed away Sunday, July 12, Environment, Health and Public Affairs of the Single 1981 at the Spartanburg, SC, General Hospital. Service Institute, the Jury placed special emphasis on the Marion and his wife were returning from an extended following exceptional features of the Nassau program: trip to Canada and Alaska. They had stopped off in The creative use of reduced resources within the Spartanburg to visit their daughter and her family on Division of Environmental Health, so that a high level of their way home. Marion became ill on the night of July 9 protection was maintained at considerably reduced cost and was taken to the hospital about midnight. His heart to the County; the innovative approaches the County attack occurred at 3:00 a.m., July 10. health unit exhibited to contemporary problems such as Marion was very active in several lAMFES com¬ flea market sanitation, choking education and the mittees. as well as the Conference on Interstate Milk promotion of non-smoking sections in public eating Shipments. In the latter group he served as a Board places; the ability the Department displayed in working Member for several years. cooperatively with the food industry and with the public. His expertise in the field of regulations in the free “The Health Department’s communications” Felix said. movement of milk interstate will be missed. 387

I FT Award Winners, Officers Announced

Arthur T. Schramm was named president of the Institute of Food Technologists (IFT) at the group’s annual meeting, held in Atlanta in early June. Dr. Owen R. Fennema was named president-elect and will become the organization’s president July, 1982. Arthur T. Schramm Owen R. Fennema IFT award winners for 1981 were also recognized at the meeting and include Prof. Frode Bramsnaes, Dr. Prof. Bramsnaes graduated from the Technical Paul A. Carroad and Dr. R. Larry Merson. University of Denmark with a masters degree in chemical Schramm, president of Food Materials Corp. of engineering in 1937 and worked briefly for Imperial Chicago, has served as chairman of IFT’s Committee on Chemical Industries in London, the London Gas Light Public Information and is active in the Flavor and and Coke Co. and a pharmaceutical company in Extract Manufacturers Association, the Food Safety Belgium. Council, Food Update, and the American Medical In 1943, he returned to Copenhagen and joined the Association’s Food Industry Liaison Panel. Upon staff at the Fishery Products Research Station on the obtaining his masters degree from Canisius College in University campus. During the ensuing years. Prof. Buffalo, NY, Schramm worked for Allied Chemical Bramsnaes developed a number of courses at the where he served in several capacities including director of Fisheries Station and the University, including courses analytical and spectroscopy laboratories, manager of on refrigeration of foods and on fishery technology for color sales, and national sales manager. In 1959 he developing nations, and did research on processing and joined the Stange Company as vice president of research quality control of frozen foods. He was dean of the and development. He joined Food Materials Corporation faculty of chemical engineering at the Technical as vice president and general manager in 1%8 and was University from 1959 to 1964. named to his present position in 1972. In 1%6, he established a Food Technology Dr. Fennema, professor and chairman of the Department at the University and has headed it since Department of Food Science at the University of that time. Wisconsin, received the society’s Cruess Award for Dr. Bramsnaes is an honorable member of the excellence in teaching in 1978 and was elected an IFT International Institute of Refrigeration and was Fellow in 1980. After receiving his doctorate from the president of the IIR committee for application of University of Wisconsin, he spent three years in the refrigeration to food from 1%3 to 1971. He is a member research department of the Pillsbury Company then of the Danish Academy of Technical Sciences and of the returned to the University of Wisconsin as a member of honorary society Phi Tau Sigma. He was chairman of the its faculty. Technical Committee of Danish Fruit and Vegetable His research interests have focused on the areas of low Canners for 15 years. temperature preservation of food and biological matter; Recipient of the 1981 Nicholas Appert Award was Dr. aqueous clathrates - their characteristics and Bernard S. Schweigert, professor and chairman of the applications in biological systems; characteristics of Department of Food Science and Technology at the water and ice; and reaction kinetics in frozen systems. University of Califomia-Davis. The award recognizes Prof. Frode Bramsnaes, head of the Food Technology ’‘pre-eminence in and contributions to the fteld of food Department at the Technical University of Denmark, technology” and consists of a bronze medal and a $1000 received the IFT International Award. The award honorarium. recognizes a member who has made outstanding efforts Schweigert received his B.S., M.S. and Ph.D. degrees to promote the international exchange of ideas and from the University of Wisconsin. Upon receiving his understanding in the field of food technology and doctorate, he joined the faculty of Texas A & M consists of a silver salver and a $1000 honorarium. University as associate professor of biochemistry and 388

IFT Award Winners, 1 to r, include Frode Bramsnaes, Paul A. Carroad, and R. Larry Merson.

nutrition. Two years later, he moved to the American engineering in 1976. On receipt of his doctorate, he Meat Institute Foundation at the University of Chicago joined the faculty at the University of California-Davis as as chief of the Division of Biochemistry and Nutrition. an assistant professor. He was named assistant director of research and His research interests focus on converting agricultural education there in 1953, and director in 1956. and food processing waste products into useful products In I%0, he was named professor and chairman of the which have resulted in the publication of 27 journal Department of Food Science at Michigan State articles and 18 reviews or reports, plus 19 presentations University, a post he held for 10 years, when he moved to at scientific and professional meetings. He was presented the University of California-Davis in his present capacity. the UC-Davis Magnar Ronning Award for Excellence in Dr. Schweigert received the Signal Service Award from Teaching in 1979, only three years after his appointment the American Meat Science Association in 1963. The to the faculty. Massachusetts Institute of Technology presented him Dr. R. Larry Merson, professor in the Department of with the Underwood Prescott Award for outstanding Food Science and Technology at the University of contributions to food science in 1%9, and in 1974, IFT California-Davis, received the 1981 Wm. V. Cruess named him Babcock-Hart Award winner for award. The award honors a person who has achieved “contributions to food technology which have improved excellence in teaching food science and technology and public health through more nutritious food.” includes a bronze medal and a $1000 honorarium. He has published almost 200 scientific papers in the Dr. Merson received his B.S. degree in chemical fields of biochemistry, nutrition and food science, as well engineering from the University of Califomia-Berkeley in as an internationally known text The Science of Meat 1%0. He then moved to the University of Illinois for and Meat Products. graduate study, receiving his M.S, and Ph.D. degrees in He is or has been a member of several advisory chemical engineering in 1%2 and 1%4, respectively. committees for the National Academy of Sciences, the Upon receiving his doctorate, he joined the staff of the Food and Nutrition Board, the Board of Agriculture and USD A Western Regional Research Center as a research Renewable Resources, and the GRAS review. Dr. chemical engineer. After five years, he moved to the Schweigert was IFT president in 1978-79 and has served University of California-Davis and has served on the on many IFT committees including service as the original faculty there ever since. He has been full professor since chairman of the society’s Public Information Program’s 1977. Expert Panel on Food Safety and Nutrition. In 1976, Dr. Merson spent one year on sabbatical leave Dr. Paul A. Carroad, assistant professor in the in Germany as an Alexander von Humboldt Fellow. This Department of Food Science and Technology at the time was spent at the University of Karlsruhe with Prof. University cf California-Davis, has been named recipient Marcel Loncin with whom he published a text on food of the Samuel Cate Prescott Award which honors a engineering in 1979. research scientist who is 35 or younger for outstanding While at Davis, Dr. Merson has developed basic ability in some area of food science and technology. The courses entitled "Introduction to Thermal Processing,’’ award includes a $1000 honorarium and a plaque. “Physical Principles in Food Processing,’’ “Thermal Dr. Carroad received both his B.S. and M.S. degrees in Process Design” and "Freezing Preservation of Foods.” chemical engineering from Massachusetts Institute of His nomination for the IFT teaching award was Technology in 1971. He then moved to the University of “seconded” by a remarkable number of students, former Califomia-Berkeley where he earned a M.B.A. in finance students and colleagues who praised both his classroom and applied economics in 1975 and a Ph.D. in chemical presentations and his effective counseling. Single Service Institute Offers Ten Issue Papers

A series of 10 issue papers about disposables has just been published by the Single Service Institute (SSI) under the title “In The Public Eye — The Issues Surrounding Disposables.” The issues discussed in these papers include: the economic impact of a ban; water conservation; energy conservation; solid waste; single service and sanitation; public health attitudes; concern Receiving a S2,000 graduate fellowship from the NIFI-Heinz Graduate about litter; convenience, safety and the consumer; Degree Fellowship Program is Robert W. Small (center), an instructor single service food packaging; and fast food packaging. in the Department of Hotel and Restaurant Management, Califoniia The Single Service Institute is the national trade State Polytechnic University, Pomona, California. Looking on (from association of makers of disposable products for food left) are Dr. Angelo Bentivegna, Chairman, Hotel and Restaurant service and packaging. Its members manufacture paper Management Department, and Dr. W. Slater Hollis, Dean of the School of Business of California State Polytechnic University. NIFI is and plastic cups, plates, bowls and platters; fast food the not-for-profit foundation created by the industry to professionalize containers and round nested containers for ice cream, foodservice management through education. cottage cheese and yogurt; fibre and foam trays for prepackaging meat and produce; fibre and foam egg cartons; and linen and lace placemats and doilies. A single set of the 10 issue papers is available free. AIB Educational Programs Multiple sets are available at a cost of .75^ each prepaid. Offered To order write: In The Public Eye, Single Service Institute, 1025 Connecticut Avenue, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20036. A wide range of educational programs dealing with food plant sanitation and food product quality assurance is currently available from the Department of Sanitation Education at the American Institute of Baking. “The cornerstone of our educational offerings lies with Hepatitis Outbreak Traced to our two primary training courses, the Basic Food Plant Sanitation Course and the Advanced Food Plant Babysitting Sanitation Course,” stated Bill Pursley, program coordinator for the Sanitation Education Department at AIB. “In addition, we also offer several other short Judy Watt, R.N. courses and seminars throughout the year covering such topics as basic and advanced microbiology, pest control An outbreak of Hepatitis A occurred among food- operator recertification, principles of quality assurance, handlers in a restaurant in Marion County, IN during and warehousing practices. We also have the capability March 1981. All three cases were confirmed by clinical to prepare custom-designed courses and seminars for use signs (including jaundice) and were differentiated from by individual companies on request.” Hepatitis B by a negative HBSAG (Hepatitis B Surface The Sanitation Education Department also has a Antigen). variety of books and other regular publications available The local health department first learned of these to assist individuals within the food industry in keeping cases from a private physician’s telephone call on current on approved practices and standards for food 3-25-81. The physician was not treating any of the cases product safety. Four manuals are currently available; but was made aware of the outbreak because one of his Basic Food Plant Sanitation Manual, Quality Assurance patients had requested prophylaxis for exposure to one of Manual For Food Processors, Warehouse Sanitation the cases. Manual, and Basic Microbiology For Sanitation and On 3-26-81 the Department of Food Protection Quality Control, and Retail Store Sanitation Manual contacted the manager of the restaurant who provided For more information, contact AIB, 1213 Bakers Way, the names of the cases. On 3-27-81 the cases were Manhattan, KS 66502,913-537-4750. con't. p. 390 390

Enteritis Outbreak Caused by Raw Milk

An outbreak of enteritis caused by a multiresistant period July 8-19. Extensive environmental culturing did Salmonella typhimurium occurred from June 25-August not show how the milk had been contaminated. No 3,1980 in 105 persons in Montana who drank raw milk salmonellae were isolated from fecal specimens from from a local dairy. Isolates from 77 patients were dairy cattle, water and feed samples, fecal specimens confirmed as Salmonella group b; 22 were serotyped as from dairy employees or from swabs from milking S. typhimurium. All of these isolates were resistant to machinery. The cattle feed did not contain tetracycline, ampicillin, kanamycin, streptomycin, antimicrobials, and no signs of mastitis appeared among sulfonamides and cephalothin. The following symptoms the milk cows. were noted among persons affected: diarrhea, fever, abdominal pain, headache, chills, nausea, and vomiting. Inman Retires from Raw milk was ingested in the three days before onset of ADMI, WP! illness by 59 of the 77 persons with confirmed cases. A matched-pair case-control study of 36 ill persons and Marshall O. Inman retired from the staff of the age-, sex-, and neighborhood-matched controls showed a American Dry Milk Institute and the Whey Products significant association between drinking raw milk and Institute on June 30. Inman coordinated membership being ill. A group of 19 children and 4 adults visited the services for the American Dry Milk Institute since dairy on July 2. Each drank 2 oz. of raw milk. One child joining that organization in 1960; he also coordinated became ill with diarrhea 72 hours later. Two weeks after membership services for the Whey Products Institute the visit, 6 of 13 members of this group, including the since that organization was founded in 1971. He was symptomatic child, were found to be excreting recognized for his service to the Institutes, and the Salmonella. The dairy involved in the case produces industries which they serve, during the April, 1981 about 3,000 gallons of raw milk each week and it is the Annual Meeting in Chicago. least expensive milk on sale in the area and is sold only at John A. “Tony” Scott, a staff member of the the dairy. Multiresistant S. typhimurium was isolated Institutes, will succeed Inman in coordinating from 2 of 6 unopened milk samples obtained in the membership services for both ADMI and WPI.

Hepatitis Outbreak, con't. from p. 389

interviewed by phone by the Communicable Disease was remembered to have had very dark urine early in Office and subsequently confirmed by the attending February and the other child, age 9, developed hepatitis physicians. It was noted that all 3 of the cases had onset 3-25-81. of symptoms either March 17th or 18th. Two of the cases It was postulated that the 4-month-old had an were female and 1 was male. The ages ranged between 24 inapparent infection early in February infecting the and 32 years. All were Caucasian. The 32-year-old male suspect child at the babysitter’s home. The suspect child, was a cook and the females were waitresses. They were with an inapparent infection, infected the 3 not permitted to return to work until their physicians foodhandlers, the babysitter and the 9-year-old. released them. The importance of handwashing after changing Because of the similarity in onset dates, a common diapers, using the bathroom, and prior to handling food source was suspected. All of the cases denied socializing was discussed with all of the cases and with the parents of outside of the restaurant. the children in the babysitting group. On 3-30 and 3-31-81 ISO (Immune Serum Globulin) After the babysitter became ill, all of the children in was offered to the restaurant co-workers by the Division this group were cared for by their own parents at home. of Public Health. One of these co-workers requested ISG Most of these children received ISG. for her daughter (age 10 months) because all 3 of the This outbreak demonstrates the role of children in cases had babysat for her. An interview with this child’s diapers with inapparent infections spreading hepatitis to mother revealed no history in the child of symptoms older siblings, parents and babysitters. When compatible with hepatitis within the last several weeks; investigating hepatitis outbreaks it is important to however, this child may have been the common source. ascertain if a day care center or a babysitting situation is Further conversation with the three cases revealed that involved. this suspect child and 2 children of 1 of the cases were routinely cared for by another adult who developed Reprinted from “The Hoosier Sanitarian, ” the newsletter of the hepatitis 3-24-81. One of these 2 children, age 4 months. Indiana Association of Sanitarians.

1 391

liM

NRA Officers Installed

The annual membership meeting of the National Restaurant Association at McCormick Place, Chicago, IL, unanimously elected Walter!. Conti, president of Conti Cross Keys Inn, Doylestown, Pennsylvania, as Chairman of the Board for a year-long term beginning July 1. Conti, a past president of the Pennsylvania Restaurant Association, was elected to the NRA Board in 1977. He The new members of the College of Diplomates of the National has served on several association committees and was Institute for the Foodservice Industry iNIFD are shown with the plaques they were awarded at the Eighth Annual NIFI Champagne chairman of the Education and Membership committees Brunch, May 17 at Chicago's Palmer House. From left to right are: before being elected Vice President for 1980-81. He is a Joseph W. Gilbert. Sr., Vice President-Public Relations, Gilbert/ graduate of Penn State University and is a past president Robinson, Inc., Kansas City, Missouri NIFI President William G. of the Penn State Hotel and Restaurant Alumni. A Stratton, former Governor of Illinois; William H. Edwards. President, director of Big Brothers and a member of the Hotels Division, Hilton Hotels Corporation, Beverly Hills, California; Alex Schoenbaum, Senior Chairman of the Board, Shoney’s, Inc.. Pennsylvania Governor’s Council on Physical Fitness and Charleston, West Virginia, arul NIFI Executive Vice President Chester Sports, Conti was a delegate to the White House G. HalL Conference on Small Business in January, 1980. The Natiortal Institute for the Foodservice Industry is the Elected to the position of Vice Chairman of the NRA not-for-profit foundation created by the industry to advance Board was Jack A. Laughery, president and chief foodservice management standards through education. NIFI establish¬ ed the College of Diplomates in 1974 to recognize outstanding members executive officer of Hardee’s Food Systems, Inc., Rocky of the foodservice industry whose activities embody the objectives of the Mount, NC. Laughery currently serves as NRA Treasurer Institute. A NIFI Diploma of Honor arul election to the College of and was elected to the Board in 1977. Laughery, a Diplomates constitutes the highest honor conferable by the fourtdatiotL graduate of Iowa State University, is on the board of the North Carolina Restaurant Association, and active in NRA/NIFI Work Study civic and business affairs. He has served as Chairman of the NRA Energy and Government Affairs committees. Program Outlined Elected 1981-82 Treasurer of the NRA was John G. Dankos, president of Dankos Enterprises, Inc., Thirty-three foodservice educators are gaining on-the- Richmond, VA. Dankos is a past president of the job experience through the NRA/NIFI Teacher Virginia Restaurant Association and the National Work-Study Grant Program. Made possible by a $50,000 Tobacco Festival. He serves on the board of the Virginia grant from the NRA, the program is administered by Capital Bank of Richmond. A member of the NRA NIFI, the not-for-profit foundation established to Board since 1975, Dankos currently chairs the advance professionalism in the foodservice industry association’s Communications Council and is a past through education. chairman of the Convention and Nominating Grants were awarded on a competitive basis to committees. teachers and administrators of foodservice career On the unanimous vote of the general membership, education programs to “enable them to update their former secretary to the NRA Board, Ruth K. Tracy, has knowledge of the industry and increase their capacity to been elected Corporate Secretary of the association. She relate that knowledge to students,” Stratton said. is the first woman to be elected an NRA officer. As Each grant is in the amount of $1,500. Teachers must Corporate Secretary Mrs. Tracy assists the NRA work in foodservice establishments for a minimum eight- President with a wide range of managerial week period, thereby increasing both their skills and responsibilities, maintains official NRA records, and is awareness of trends and operational techniques. the holder of the corporate seal. Teachers interested in applying for next year’s program Mrs. Tracy first joined the NRA staff as secretary to should contact NIFI, 20 North Wacker Drive, Suite 2620, the Directors of Public Health and Safety and Research. Chicago, IL 60606. Book Reviews

Microbial Diseases: Notes, Reports, Sum¬ Quantity Food Sanitation. 3rd Edition, by maries, Trends. Edited by Carl W. May. Karla Longree. Wiley & Sons, Inc. William Kauffmann, Inc., Los Altos, CA. 300 pages, $7.95 paperback, $14.00 hardcover. 1980 Edition. Karla Longree has done the impossible! She has made The first of a new series - Microbial Diseases - is the best better. The 2nd edition of Quantity Food supposed to bring together information on the etiology, Sanitation was the best - but the third edition is even symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, transmission and better. Once again Longree has provided a classic text prevention of major and unusual diseases caused by and reference to the art and practice of food service bacteria, viruses, fungi and protozoa. The material sanitation. presented in this 1980 edition is reproduced directly from Not only does Longree provide a firm foundation to The Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (MMWR) basic food sanitation microbiology, but she also provides printed by the Center of Disease Control in Atlanta, what might be the best state-of-the-art references to Georgia. Each article reports the outbreak of a disease current literature. Throughout Quantity Food Sanitation (including symptoms, diagnostic procedures, and treat¬ the reader will find current research findings that ment), epidemiological investigations and public health provide the indepth knowledge required by the food measures. In addition, the editor has included the sanitation specialist. editorial notes included in the MMWR. The editor This reviewer highly recommends the use of CDC’s placed emphasis on recent information. Almost all home study course in foodborne disease control, which articles included volumes 27 and 28 of MMWR, uses the Longree text as a basic reference. This course, extending coverage through January 4, 1980. New together with Quantity Food Sanitation should be editions of Microbial Diseases will appear every two mandatory for all personnel involved in food sanitation years. programs. con 'l. p. 394 con't. p. 394

Food Sanitation. 2nd Edition, Rufus K. Guthrie. AVI Publishing Co., Inc. $22.00 US and Canada, $24.00 elsewhere.

chapters 11 and 12. The final chapter provides The second edition of Food Sanitation by Rufus information on training of food service workers and Guthrie, in collaboration with other specialists, is not certification of food service facility managers. intended as a text for the experienced sanitarian. In the One problem that I noted was that food sanitation preface Guthrie implies that the target population for regulations and standards that are presented use the this edition is inexperienced individuals in the health 1962 USPHS definition for potentially hazardous food care field. Food Sanitation can provide health care instead of the definition presented in the 1976 revised professionals who have little or no background in food code. The 1976 revision excludes those foods with a pH of service sanitation (nurses, engineers, entomologists) a 4.6 or below or a water activity value of 0.85 or less. working knowledge of basic terminology and techniques. Guthrie does not address water activity value in Food In the first chapter Guthrie provides an introduction Sanitation. to the art and practice of sanitary science and lays a foundation for chapters two through five that focus on The second edition of Food Sanitation does achieve its stated purpose of providing the uninformed public food microbiology. Chapters six and seven review basic health worker with a basic understanding of food water and wastewater treatment and relate these two sanitation. For the experienced individual Guthrie’s text subjects to the food service industry. Chapter eight would not serve as a technical reference. Individuals reviews various regulatory standards including federal, teaching basic courses in food sanitation would find state, and local food sanitation codes. Chapters nine and ten concern sanitary procedures in dairy and food Food Sanitation useful as a student text. processing plants. Sanitation in food preparation areas Homer C. Emery, Ph.D and sanitary aspects of equipment are discussed in Academy of Health Sciences 393

Somatic Cell Count Must Be Interpreted Correctly

SOMATIC CELL COUNTS on an individual cow determine if the treatment was successful is to wait at basis can be a very useful tool in a mastitis control least 10 days after treatment, then have a milk sample program. However, they must be interpreted correctly. from the quarter cultured. Perhaps it is even more important to determine what 6. Cows (especially first and second calf heifers) with factors are causing high counts and eliminate them. low cell counts may suddenly flare up with severe mastitis Treatment without correcting the cause is a waste of time without prior warning. This occurs most frequently in the and money. Here are some key points to remember and first two weeks after freshening. to pass along to your dairy patrons: These cases usually are caused by coliform (digestive tract or environmental) organisms. Cows with low cell 1. Excluding counts taken the first week or the last counts seem to be particularly susceptible to these two weeks of lactation, most cows with cell counts infections, which usually result from unsanitary between 500,000 and 1,000,000 are infected. The environmental conditions such as wet bedding, mud and chances are 80 percent or greater that cows with cell manure. counts above 800,000 have one or more infected quarters. 7. Information is incomplete on factors other than This level indicates udder irritation with some loss of infection, age and stage of lactation that influence cell production. counts. Infection is the single most important cause of 2. Age of the animal plays a very important role in high cell counts. Other stresses such as a interpreting cell counts on composite milk samples. stepped-on-teat, udder injury or systematic infections Second lactation and older cows with cell counts below may cause high cell counts without udder infection. 500,000 can generally be considered uninfected, 8. Culturing milk for bacteria is the only way to although some infected cows may occasionally dip below determine whether a high cell count is due to infection or this level. some other stress. Culturing milk from high-count cows First calf heifers normally freshen without mastitis and will help guide both treatment and control procedures. with low cell counts (100,000 to 350,(XX)). The cell counts Wait at least 10 days after the last treatment before gradually increase as the cow becomes older and has taking milk samples for culturing. been exposed to injury and infection. Therefore, higher 9. A veterinarian should be consulted to evaluate cell cell counts • up to about 750,(XX) - can be considered counts and treat infected cows. normal in older cows. Dairymen must learn to accept that there are some 3. Testing composite samples may hide an infected forms of mastitis that do not respond to treatment even quarter. Because of the dilution effect, an infected with modem “miracle” drugs and that prevention and quarter shedding 1,(XX),(XX) cells may not be detected culling are the only ways of eliminating such mastitis. when the three healthy quarters have cell counts of 10. Individual somatic cell counts are also useful in 350,000 or less. In this case the composite sample would selecting cows for dry treatment. Cows whose cell counts have 550,000 or fewer cells and the mastitis in the one slowly increase through lactation ($ee cow 121, table) quarter would probably go undetected. probably have a low grade, subclinical infection. Dry cow 4. The DHI composite cell count does not indicate treatment is often effective in eliminating this type of which quarter or quarters are infected. The affected infection. quarters can only be identified by use of the California Cows that have been treated during lactation and Mastitis Test or an equivalent test of individual quarter whose cell counts remain high are also candidates for milk samples. dry-cow treatment or culling, depending on the severity 5. Treatment of infected cows, if effective, may cause and chronicity of the infection. cell counts to decrease within 10 to 14 days. However, 11. Cell counts also can be useful to dairymen when depending on the organisms, several weeks may pass purchasing lactating cows. before the cell count approaches a normal level. Cows with composite milk cell counts in excess of Cell counts may remain above normal throughout a 8(X),()()0 to 1,000,000 cells should not be purchased. In lactation in a quarter that had a coliform or Strep ag addition, all purchased cows should be quarter-cultured infection in early lactation. If the treatment was before they are added to the milking string. Cows shown successful, when the cow freshens again the count will be to have Streptococcus agalactiae or Staphylococcus near normal. aureus infections should not be placed in the milking It is also possible that the treatment will reduce the string until the infection has been eliminated. number of organisms and cells temporarily, but not The table shows somatic cell counts that can be found eliminate the infection. One way for dairymen to in a dairy herd. con’t. p. 394 394

Somatic Cells, con't. from p. 393 Cow 127: Young cow, obviously has picked up infection in September or October. Identify problem quarter or quarters and culture. Treatment may be Monthly cell counts based on culture result. Cow cannot wait until dry period in a sample dairy herd for treatment. Fresh Month Cow 243: Young cow with infection in early lactation Cow date Age Aug Sept Oct Nov and treated in August. Decrease in cell count indicates Somatic cell count successful treatment. in hundred thousands Cow 83: Older cow, cell count is intermediate. No (100,000) lactation treatment necessary. Dry cow treatment is 326 July 2 yrs 2 3 3 3 necessary. 127 June 3 yrs 4 12 15 21 Cow 92: Older cow with chronic mastitis. Cull as soon 243 May 2 yrs 8* 3 2 2 as possible. 83 March 8 yrs 8 7 8 8 Cow 121: Slowly advancing cell count, late lactation. 92 June 9 yrs 25 28 25 30 121 April 5 yrs 4 5 6 7 Dry cow treatment recommended. 36 August 4 yrs 6 3 2 3 Cow 36: Fresh seven days when first somatic cell count 201 May 3 yrs 16* 46 5 3 run. Cell count may be slightly higher at start of lactation. Wait for next month’s count. 'Antibiotic therapy administered. Cow 201: August count indicates infection. Treatment occurred in August. September cell count taken 10 days Cow 326: Young cow, recently fresh. Normal cell count after treatment. Cell count will normally increase after should be 300,000 or less. antibiotic therapy and remain elevated for days or weeks depending on bacteria involved. Therefore, disregard September count and wait for October, which in this case Microbial Diseases, con't. from p. 392 indicates successful treatment. For earlier information on results of treatment, quarter milk samples could be The book includes 40 chapters divided into five cultured 10 to 14 days after treatment - Myers Owens sections: I) Diseases caused by bacteria, II) Diseases and C. A. Kirkbride, South Dakota State University. caused by viruses. III) Diseases caused by fungi, IV) Diseases caused by protozoa and animal parasites and V) Reprinted from "Professional Fieldman," a publication ofKlenzade Data for the United States on diseases caused by Products. microorganisms-1978. However, few chapters are of direct relevance to the food industry or food micro¬ biologists. These chapters include salmonellosis, typhoid fever, shigellosis, Campylobacter enteritis, cholera, food Quantity Food Sanitation, con't. from p. 392 poisoning, botulism, viral gastroenteritis and assorted protozoan diseases. In the preface Longree describes Quantity Food Carl W. May states on the preface of the book that Sanitation as a text for students in dietetics and hotel Microbial Diseases should be used as a “supplementary administration. This is a gross understatement. The desk, laboratory or library reference to update older texts scope of this publication is far beyond the dietetic and or reference works.” However, if the laboratory receives hotel administration student. Any public health pro¬ MMWR they already have the information about each fessional with responsibility in food sanitation programs disease. A feature of Microbial Diseases not seen in should have this publication available as a reference. weekly MMWR issues is the bringing together of the Information provided in Quantity Food Sanitation can individual reports concerning a disease during the assist the public health worker in determining the actual previous two years. Microbial Disease is an experimental health implications of specific food sanitation problems. book that has a good place in pathogenic/medical Whether a student, novice, or experienced specialist in microbiology, clinical microbiology, epideimology, and food service sanitation the 3rd edition o{ Quantity Food public health laboratories. However, its application to Sanitation is a must. food technology, food safety, food poisoning or food microbiology is very Mmited. Homer C. Emery Ricardo J. Alvarez MAIM SC Gibco Laboratories Academy of Health Sciences 2801 Industrial Drive Fort Sam Houston, Texas Madison, Wl 53711 78234

L 395

Food Service Sanitation Notes

Food Service Sanitation Notes is written by the National Sanitation Foundation. Write to the NSF with your questions on food service sanitation, problems for which you need answers, or issues you feel should be aires. They'll be included in a future issue q/'Dairy and Food Sanitation.

Q. The information on walk-in cooler shelving published end use (i.e., dry storage only or general purpose). in NSF’s Notes in the May 1981 issue of “Dairy & “General purpose: uses to include walk-in Food Sanitation” magazine prompts me to ask this refrigerator/freezers and other areas subject to question for a solution to a shelving problem. routine moisture. The manufacturers would include the designation in sales literature and heavily stress Our restaurant inspectors frequently observe its importance. This action should be of future deteriorating cooler racks which I believe in most benefit as a preventive measure. cases is attributable to high abrasion and continual moisture conditions. As NSF is aware, rust, chipping Q. What does NSF have to offer in the way of detailed chrome, and inferiorly painted racks can deposit information on converting hot water sanitizing their exfoliates on the food below, especially when dishwashing machines to chemical sanitizing food is not sufficiently covered. machines?

Restaurant owners are hard pressed to purchase new A. Field conversion of an NSF listed hot water sanitizing racks at the prevailing prices. We recommend that a dishwashing machine to a chemical sanitizing new establishment purchase stainless racks but few if machine voids the NSF listing for the following any ever do, even though they would save in the long reasons: run at today’s inflationary rates. They always ask if they can resurface the old racks and some a. The machine was tested in a hot water sanitizing unfortunately go ahead without approval and spray mode. Without additional testing, it cannot be with a rustoleum-type paint which rubs off verified that the machine will continue to meet the immediately by hand. requirements of the standard. b. NSF does not have an evaluation/listing program for Question: Does NSF approve or suggest a method chemical sanitizing agent feeders for use in field that operators can use to restore cooler racks such as conversion. a type of paint that one could apply to a rusted rack c. Materials used in the construction of hot water that would be adequate for continued commercial sanitizing machines may not be compatible with the use? Unfortunately, we have no local industries in the higher concentrations of sanitizing solutions. This Ithaca-Finger Lakes area that I know of that restores may result in accelerated corrosion of parts (nozzles, these racks. pump parts, etc) and adversely affect the performance of the machine. -Steven J. Smolen, Public Health Sanitarian, Tompkins Co. Health Dept., Ithaca, NY 14850. Should you have any question regarding this subject, please feel free to contact the NSF regional office in your A. There is no provision within the NSF evaluation and area. listing service for restoration (recoating) of cooler racks. ADDRESS any problem or questions you wish clarified At the April 1981 meeting of the NSF Joint or answered to: Committee on Food Equipment Standards, the subject of shelving was discussed. One issue relating Food Service Sanitation Notes to knock-down shelving was the end use application. National Sanitation Foundation 3475 Plymouth Road It was the consensus of the Joint Committee that the P.O. Box 1468 NSF listing of shelving should identify the intended Ann Arbor, Michigan, U.S.A. 48106 3%

New Product News

•Foss America Inc., has introduced a new Milkmeter for measuring an individual cow's yield. Called the Milko-Scope, the unit is now approved by the National DHIA. It is of a sanitary design and is contructed to resist breakage through rough handling. For more information, contact Foss America, PO Box 504, Fishkill, NY 12524.

•Don Gilbert Industries introduces a new flying insect electrocutor to their line of equipment. Model 711 'Imperial' was de¬ veloped specifically for fly control and the •An easy-to-use test for the monitoring and results prove far superior to general purpose control of microbial problems in cooling water units. Features include more attractant area, systems is offered in kit form by Mogul, 80 watt power factor, easy access for cleaning Division of The Dexter Corporation. The test and service, plus a narrow profile to avoid provides a measurement of bacteria popula¬ damage. Write Don Gilbert Industries, P.O. tions in cooling water samples, and can be Box 2188, Jonesboro, AR 72401 for further used to determine effectiveness of a microbio¬ •Thomsen Transverters offer food and information. cide or the need for additional treatment. The dairy users an efficient, manually-changed Mogulab®^ Total Count Test Kit III includes flow panel, where length of runs or conditions a re-sealable tube containing a sterile dip slide do not warrant investment in automatic air coated with agar culture medium. To obtain valves. A new bulletin describes Thomsen's additional information, write to Mogul, complete line of 2 to 8 station, standard, Division of The Dexter Corporation, P.O. Box stainless steel transverters with 1-1/2” to 4” pesT senif Y 200, Chagrin Falls, OH 44022,216-247-5000. fittings. The company also offers custom panels to specifications. A copy of the new bulletin.can be obtained from L. C. Thomsen & Sons, Inc., 1303 - 43rd Street, Kenosha, WI 53140,414-652-8755. • A 20-page brochure describing high capacity evaporative condensers is available from Frick Company, manufacturers of • Milpriiit. a converter of flexible packag¬ industrial refrigeration systems and equip¬ ing materials, has recently installed new ment. Detailed information is provided on pouch making equipment capable of produc¬ both the Model HCU-A and Model AFC. Both ing pouches up to 46" x 80". The equipment models are operable with either ammonia or was installed primarily to service the cheese halocarbon refrigerants. Specific subjects industry with pouches for block cheese •A new ultra sonic sound wave system. included are equipment selection and con¬ vacuum packaging. Using its patented Neal- named “Pest Sentry", broadcasts high inten¬ struction, physical data, application informa¬ ani extrusion process. Milprint provides sity ultrasonic waves on a continually chang¬ tion. and optional equipment available. For a pouches constructed of tough PVDC coated ing frequency of from 30,000 to 60,000 Hz. copy of the brochure. "High Capacity Nylon/EVA polyethylene that meet or exceed The ultrasonic waves seriously affect the Evaporative Condensers. Models HCU-A and USDA standards for holding block cheese. A auditory and nervous system of rats, mice, AFC" write Frick Company. 345 W. Main full line of cheese pouch products is available roaches, flies, mosquitoes, waterbugs and Street. Waynesboro. PA 17268. to meet individual cheese maker's needs. For other flying and crawling pests. While more information, contact Milprint. PO Box "resident" pests, those used to having water 454.4200 N. Holton Street. Milwaukee. Wl. and food supplies immediately available, are eliminated in 2 to 6 weeks. Pest Sentry will not •“Volatile Halocarbons in Water by Purge harm people, pets, farm animals, birds, and Trap" is available free from the Varian plants, T.V. receivers or related technical Instrument Group. It describes analysis of •A new line of sight gauges has been equipment. Each unit covers an indoor area of several halocarbons frequently found in announced by L. C. Thomsen & Sons, from 1500 to 2000 square feet. Developed for drinking or waste waters, using EPA Method Kenosha. Wl manufacturer of sanitary and indoor use. Pest Sentry’ works in homes, 601. These halocarbons are all suspected industrial equipment for the dairy and food restaurants, warehouses, schools, farm build¬ carcinogens and are found on the EPA processing industries. The new sight gauges ings, garages, retail stores, hospitals, nursing priority pollutant list. To receive the applica¬ are available in sizes from 1-1/2" to 2", with homes - any indoor location where flying and tions note. Number GC-46, contact the sizes to 4" on P.O.A. For additional crawling pests are a problem. Pest Sentry is a nearest Varian Instrument Group sales office information, contact L. C. Thomsen & Sons, warranted, maintenance-free device developed or write: Varian Instrument Group, D-070, Inc., 1303 - 43rd Street, Kenosha, Wl 53140, by Sentronic Controls Corp., Chicago. IL. 10060 Bubb Road. Cupertino, CA 95014. (408) 414-652-8755. Suggested retail price is $99.95. 725-2950; ext. 44. 397

• Transparent, reach-through plastic cur¬ tains that keep cold air inside upright freezer and dairy cases while maintaining comfort¬ able aisle temperatures are available from BSL Corporation of Nashua, NH. BSL Frig-l-Door^^ is a clear, reach-through plastic curtain for multi-deck freezers, dairy, and deli cases that maintains even tempera¬ tures to maximize product life. Slit every 3” for easy product access, each 48”W x 54" or 66"L panel is attached to the case canopy with lock and loop fasteners. Each curtain folds back on itself to make stocking shelves easy. According to the firm, Frig-I-Door^^ re¬ duces electrical consumption by up to 25% on multi-deck freezers and as much as 50% on dairy and deli cases. For more information contact: BSL Corporation, Bill French, National Sales Mgr., 14 Mica Lane, Wellesley, MA 02181,617-235-5340.

•The latest Sampling Equipment Catalog is now available from Nasco, Fort Atkinson, WI. •Groen's full line of continuous processing This updated catalog includes equipment and equipment and complete engineered process¬ materials for dairy, DHIA, veterinary, food, ing systems for the food, confectionery, medical, water, sewage, soil, and forage pharmaceutical and chemical industries ate sampling. The catalog features Nasco’s Whirl- featured in a new 12 - page catalog. Send for a Pak Bag, and describes its basic features, copy of this brochure to Groen Dhrisiori/Dover advantages, and uses. It also provides Corporation. 1900 Pratt Boulevard, Elk Grove pertinent facts concerning sampling, labora¬ Village. IL 60007. tory facilities, and methods of application for Whirl-Pak Bags. The 40-page catalog also • The first lightweight, fiberglass floor includes the Whirl-Pak Sodium Thiosulfate grates for milking parlor and prep-stall have Sampling Bags, recently approved by the EPA been introduced by Babson Bros. Co., builder for testing potable water. For a free copy of of Surge Dairy Farm Equipment, llie grates Nasco’s Sampling Equipment Catalog, write •Juice processors can reduce packaging and weigh approximately one-third as much as to Nasco, Fort Atkinson, WI 53538. distribution costs by replacing metal cans and galvanized steel grates, but are heavy-duty glass bottles with a new extended shelf life and corrosion resistant. Because they are paperboard carton, according to a brochure lightweight, the grates can be easily moved for just released by International Paper Company cleanup. Special fiberglass I-beam construct¬ (IP). Non-refrigerated juices, packaged in the ion provides extra strength and offers a new IP carton have a shelf life of three durable non-slip surface. Ths grates measure months. In a dairy case, product shelf life is 15 5/8 in. wide by 41 1/8 in. long but can be substantially increased. For a copy of “The shortened by removing sections to fit varying Carton That Came in From the Cold,” contact gutter lengths. For more information, contact International Paper Company, 77 West 45th your Surge dealer, or write: Babson Bros. Co., Street, New York, NY 10036 or call toll-free: 2100 S. York Road. Oak Brook, IL60521. (800) 223-1268. •A new sanitary pipeline pulsation damp¬ ener has been developed by the Gaulin Corporation specifically for application in •A precision granular feeder from Johnson • Applications of welded stainless steel milk product and other liquid food processing Engineering and Sales, Inc., is now available tubing and pipe are featured in a new 20-page pipelines where transfer pumps are utilized. with 3A acceptance and USDA approval. Dry brochure olTered by Republic Steel Corpora¬ The new product is effective in dampening granular feeders accurately meter, within tion. A section of the brochure is devoted to both low and high-fi^uency pressure fluctua¬ R grams, from 30 grams per minute to 1200 Republic's Electrunite Enduro stainless tions which cause potentially destructive pounds per minute. A wide variety of control tubing and pipe, detailing manufacturing, vibrations in pipelines and large equipment, options are available. For more information, testing, marking and shipping stages. Copies as well as in gauges and other instrumenta¬ contact: Johnson Engineering and Sales, Inc., of the brochure are available from Republic tion. Technical, illustrated data-pack is 11 North Grant St., Hinsdale, IL, 312-325- Steel Corporation. P.O. Box 6778, Cleveland, available from Gaulin Corporation, Garden 2272. OH 44101. Ask for ADV 2650. Street, Everett, MA 02149.

V- 398

•A new catalog describing the Reliance Electric family of Easy Clean electrical and mechanical products for specialized applica¬ tions in the food industry is available. The catalog describes and depicts Reliance Easy Clean A-C motors. Duty Master® Energy Efficient XE A-C motors, D-C motors and Master® XL EASY CLEAN gearmotors as well as Dodge speed reducers. All products are designed to withstand washdown require¬ ments according to the NEMA MG1-1.26E definition for waterproof machinery. To obtain a free copy of the catalog, write to Reliance Electric Company, 24701 Euclid •For large dairy installations requiring two Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44117. Request or more vacuum pumps, Babson Bros. Co., •Chemidyne Corporation has introduced an Bulletin A-2612. energy-saving Combo Rinse/Foam Station as builder of Surge Dairy Farm Equipment, has a module component to the Commander (TM) made the Alamo 100- and 200-plus pumps High Pressure Cleaning System used in food • The role of a Westfalia "Wine Design" available without the 60-gallon vacuum tanks. processing plant operations. Each restrictor is Clarifier in doubling champagne production is The pumps, without tanks, must be used with custom-machined to the exact size necessary described in the lead article of Centri-Facts' a header or balance tank. Both the Alamo for the desired GPM for each rinse station. By latest issue. The publication of Centrico, Inc., 100- and 200-plus pumps feature the Surge taking control of the water volume out of the Northvale, NJ. also includes articles on how a L-2 oiling system and filtered air intake. For hands of the operator, costs for energy, hot large Florida citrus cooperative uses ten more information, contact your Surge dealer, water and sewage can be reduced as much as Westfalia De-Sludger/Separators to purify or write: Babson Bros. Co., 2100 S. York 50%. Detergent usage is controlled by a peel oil, its most profitable product by weight. Road, Oak Brook, IL 60521. stainless steel injector that injects only the Copies of Centri-Facts No. 40 are available amount of detergent necessary to produce the from Centrico, Inc., 100 Fairway Court, foam required to accomplish a particular Northvale, NJ 07647. •New product literature available from cleaning job. For more information on the Beckman Instruments, Inc. describes the Combo Rinse/Foam Station and the Com¬ company’s pH monitoring system designed for mander (TM) high pressure cleaning and improved technology and simplification in sanitizing systems, contact David Trombley, waste water applications. The 8-page bro¬ national sales manager (216) 653-5512, chure provides system performance features Chemidyne Corporation, 8679 Freeway Dr., and photographs detailing non-isolated and Macedonia, OH 44056. isolated current outputs, alarm modules, preamplifiers and electrode selections. Speci¬ fications and dimensions are also provided. • The Productivity Balance from American For your free Bulletin 4213A, please contact Scientific Products is the lab industry's first Beckman Instruments, Inc., Technical Infor¬ portable electronic balance. Applications mation Services, Process Instruments Divi¬ include lab. plant, field, production line and sion, 2500 Harbor Boulevard, Fullerton, CA educational labs. This balance converts 92634. grams to ounces automatically. For more •LaMotte Chemical Products Company has information, contact: American Scientific developed a new series of water quality test Products, 1430 Waukegon Road, McGraw kits with specific applications in the food •University Micro Reference Laboratories, Park. IL 60085,312-689-8410. processing and food service industries. Each Inc. supplies standard and custom cultures to of these portable titration test kits features a educational, clinical, industrial and veterinary LaMotte Direct Reading Titrator which gives laboratories. Over 100 cultures routinely used • "Analysis of Volatile Nitrosamines With test results directly in terms of the test factor by labs are available, as well as specialized The Hall Detector" is another in the series concentration. No counting of drops or custom cultures and controls for microbiolo¬ "Varian Instruments at Work". Its applica¬ calculations are required. Titrator kits are gical testing. As a full-service reference tion note gives procedures for using the Hall available for control of sanitizing solutions, laboratory. University Micro Reference Labo¬ electrolytic conductivity detector with a food inspection, control of pretreated process ratories provide specialized services for the Varian automated Model 3700 Gas Chroma¬ waters, waste water treatment, and a variety of dairy, food, pharmaceutical, beverage, biolo¬ tograph to measure nitrosamines. The mini¬ other water quality and sanitation testing gical and chemical industries. These services mum detectable quantity of N. N-dimethyl- applications. No special training is needed to encompass microbiological testing, protocol nitrosamine using this procedure was found to perform critical chemical tests on-site, in a development, quality control analysis, and, a be less than 40 picograms. To receive the matter of minutes, with professional accuracy. complete consultation program. For further applications note (No. 43) contact: Varian Direct Reading Titrator Test Kits are details, and your free UMRL catalog, write or Instrument Group. Box D-070. 10060 Bubb available from the LaMotte Chemical Prod¬ call University Micro Reference Laboratories. Road, Cupertino. CA 95014. 408-725-2950. ucts Company, P.O. Box 329, Chestertown, Inc. at 7885 Jackson Road, Suite 4, Ann Ext. 44. MD 21620,301-778-3100. Arbor. Ml 48103,313-426-5052. 399

Calendar ~—/

Sept. 14-16 -PESTICIDE RECERTIFI¬ Sept. 23-24—SOUTH DAKOTA STATE Oct. 21 -IOWA ASSOCIATION OF CATION. Chicago. IL. Course sponsored by DAIRY CONVENTION. Downtown Holiday MILK, FOOD AND ENVIRONMENTAL American Institute of Baking, 1213 Bakers Inn, Sioux Falls, SD S71(X). Contact: Shirley SANITARIANS, Fall Meeting. Holiday Inn, Way. Manhattan. KS 66502. W. Seas, Dairy Science Dept., South Dakota Cedar Rapids. lA. Contact; Hale Hansen, State University. Brookings, SD 57(X)7, 4010 University Avenue, Des Moines, lA 605-688-5420. 50311,515-281-4937.

Sept. 14-16 -AMERICAN CULTURED DAIRY PRODUCTS INSTITUTE, Annual Oct. 21-22—NORTH CENTRAL CHEESE Meeting and Conference. Sheraton Royal Sept. 25 -FOCUS ON FOOD SCIENCE INDUSTRIES, Annual Conference. Earl Hotel. Kansas City, MO. For information: Dr. SYMPOSIUM III, “Modern Meat Techno¬ Brown Center, University of Minnesota. St. C. Bronson Lane, P.O. Box 7813, Orlando, FL logy—Microbial Considerations.” Kansas Paul. For information: E. A. Zottola, Secre¬ 32854. State Union. Contact: D.Y.C. Fung, Food tary-Treasurer, North Central Cheese Indus¬ Science Graduate Program. Call Hall, Man¬ tries Association, P.O. Box 80113, St. Paul, hattan. KS 665C6,913-532-5654. MN 55108.

Sept. 14-18 -- MICROANALYTICAL SANITATION SERIES I (Basic Quantita- Oct. 4-9—65th Annual Session, INTER¬ Oct. 22-24 -GUM CHEMISTRY AND tive). Melbourne, FL. Course sponsored by NATIONAL DAIRY FEDERATION, Tor- TECHNOLOGY IN THE FOOD INDUS¬ American Association of Cereal Chemists, remolinos, Spain. For information and regis¬ TRY, Denver, CO. Course sponsored by 3340 Pilot Knob Road. St. Paul, MN 55121. tration: Harold Wainess, Secretary, United American Association of Cereal Chemists, States of America National Committee of the 3340 Pilot Knob Road, St. Paul, MN 55121. International Dairy Federation (USNAC), 464 Sept. 15-17—FEMS SYMPOSIUM, “Sig¬ Central Ave., Northfield, IL 60093. nificance of Indicator Organisms." Nether¬ lands Congress Centre. Churchillplein 10, The Nov. 15-19—FOOD AND DAIRY EXPO Hague. 070-512851. For information: H. J. Oct. 7-8 -NEBRASKA DAIRY INDUST¬ '81, Dairy and Food Industries Supply Beckers. Rijksinstituut voor de Volsgezond- RIES ASSOCIATION, 27th Annual Conven¬ Association. World Congress Center, Atlanta, heid. Postbus 1.3720BA Bilthoven, The tion Regency West Motel, 1-680 and Pacific GA Contact: Fred Greiner, DFISA, 5530 Netherlands. Street, Omaha, NE. Contact: T. A. Evans, Wisconsin Ave., Room 1050, Washington, DC Executive Secretary, 116 Filley Hall, East 20015. Sept. 15-17—INTRODUCTION TO FOOD Campus, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, LAW AND REGULATIONS, Chicago. IL. Lincoln, NE 68583. Course sponsored by American Association of Nov. 16-19 -ADVANCED FOOD MICRO¬ Cereal Chemists. 3340 Pilot Knob Road. St. BIOLOGY. Manhattan. KS. Course spon¬ Oct. 7-9 -KANSAS ASSOCIATION OF Paul. MN 55121. sored by American Institute of Baking, 1213 SANITARIANS, Annual Meeting. Thunder- Bakers Way, Manhattan, KS 66502. Sept. 15-17—"SIGNIFICANCE OF INDI¬ bird Motel, Concordia, KS. Contact: John CATOR ORGANISMS. ■■ Symposium spon¬ Mitchell, 2715 Ousdahl Rd., Lawrence, KS sored by Food Microbiology Section. Nether¬ 66044. lands Society for Microbiology. The Hague. Jan. 7-9, 1982 -ANALYTICAL AND Netherlands. Contact: H. J. Beckers. Meeting QUALITY - CONTROL TECHNIQUES, Secretary, Rijksinstituut voor de Volksgenz- Oct. 13-14 -CALIFORNIA ASSOCIA¬ Manhattan, KS. Course sponsored by Ameri¬ ondheid. Postbus 1. 3720 BA Bilthoven. The TION OF DAIRY AND MILK SANI¬ can Association of Cereal Chemists, 3340 Pilot Netherlands. TARIANS, Annual Meeting. Holiday Inn, Knob Road, St. Paul. MN 55121. Ontario, CA. Contact: Jack Pollock, 402 Sept. 16-18 --NEW YORK STATE A- Johnson St., Manhattan Beach, CA 90266, SOCIATION OF MILK AND FOOD SANl- 213-374-4752. l ARIANS. Annual Meeting. Hotel Syracuse. Mar. 22-26, 1982 -MICROANALYTICAL Syracuse, NY. Contact: Dave Bandler. 11 SANITATION SERIES II (Intermediate Quantitative Interpretive), Melbourne, FL. Stocking Hall. Ithaca. NY 14853, 607-256- Oct. 14-15 -NEBRASKA DAIRY INDUS¬ Course sponsored by American Association of 3027. TRIES ASSOCIATION, Annual Convention. Cereal Chemists, 3340 Pilot Knob Road, St. Omaha, NE. For information: T. A. Evans, Sept. 17-18—MINNESOTA SANITAR¬ Paul. MN 55121. 116 Filley Hall, East Campus, University of IANS ASSOCIATION. Inc.. Annual Educa¬ Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583. tional Conference. Earle C. Brown Continuing Apr. 26-30, 1982 -MICROANALYTICAL Education Center. St. Paul Campus. Univer¬ SANITATION SERIES III (Advanced Quali¬ sity of Minnesota. Banquet. Sept. 10. Olympia Brewing Co.’s "Rathskellar in the Sky." Oct. 19-21—CANADIAN SANITATION tative Interpretive), Melbourne, FL. Course Contact: Roy Ginn. Dairy Quality Control SEMINAR. Course sponsored by American sponsored by American Association of Cereal Institute. Inc.. 2353 N. Rice St.. St. Paul. MN Institute of Baking. 1213 Bakers Way, Chemists, 3340 Pilot Knob Road, St. Paul. 55113. I-612-484-"269. Manhattan, KS 66502. MN 55121.

-4 Home Formaldehyde Emission Can Be A Problem

E. Edsel Moore, Manager shipment and after being installed. Emission of vapors Pesticide and Consumer Product Safety Branch for these wood products is dependent on several factors. Kentucky Department for Human Resources • The amount of “free” formaldehyde remaining in the panels. Is formaldehyde in mobile and conventional homes a • The panel volume held in an enclosed space in health hazard? relation to the volume of that space. Several Federal agencies that include the CPSC, HUD, • The area of exposed surface of the panels. EPA and OSHA are concerned about a recent industry • The temperature and humidity and the time for study indicating formaldehyde may be a carcinogen. vapor to diffuse from the panels. Consequently, these and other agencies assisted by state • The extent of ventilation available to exchange the and local governments, are gathering information and enclosed space with fresh air. instituting further scientific studies to evaluate the health Because of the concern for energy conservation, rising effects of formaldehyde. energy costs and tax incentives, consumers are installing The Formaldehyde Institute report revealed that additional insulation in their homes. preliminary results of a two-year animal study showed Because of the high R-value rating (resistance to heat), the development of squamous cell carcinoma of the nasal plastic foams such as polystyrene, polyurethane or urea passages. This is the first evidence suggesting that formaldehyde are popular and used in addition to formaldehyde may be a carcinogen. mineral wool, rock wool, fiberglass, cellulose, or other The use of the chemical is very broad and has grown to insulating materials. con t.D.40l an annual production of about 6.5 billion pounds. Approximately 50% is used in the manufacture of wood building materials that include particle board, plywood and paneling, about 5% is used in the manufacture of urea formaldehyde foam insulation. These products are commonly used in mobile and conventional homes. The remainder is used in the manufacture of plastics, cosmetics and deodorants, textiles that include both carpeting, as a dye, and perma-press garments, paper manufacture, embalming fluid and many other products. FORMALDEHYDE EMISSION SImpling Particle board and chip board are processed by Simple as one, two, three. impregnating wood chips or sawdust with a synthetic resin, usually urea formaldehyde. This mixture Just put your food samples in undergoes high pressure and forms a 4 ft. x 4 ft. board Masco pre-sterilized Whirl-Pak that varies in thickness from 1 /4 in. to 1 in. bags. Whirl shut for a tight Plywood and paneling are produced by bonding seal. Sizes range from various layers of veneered wood with urea formaldehyde 1-36 oz., with two new wide under increased pressure and temperature. mouth bags, SVz” x 9” and Formaldehyde emissions from chip board and particle SVz” X 15”. Easy to handle, board utilizing area formaldehyde adhesives results from easy to store. Send for free free formaldehyde that remains in the boards after sample bag and a copy of manufacture which, in the course of time, is released and Nasco’s Sampling Equipment Catalog. Write Dept. WL-819. partly replaced by formaldehyde regenerated from the polymerized urea formaldehyde glue by reaction with water vapor and temperature. In the manufacture of plywood and paneling, the Free Phone Order Service gaseous formaldehyde escapes during the pressing or 1-800-558-9595 'OdCO In Wisconsin 1-800-242-9587 during subsequent storage, sanding, trimming. However, Fort Atkinson, Wl 53538 Modesto, CA 95352 small amounts of the formaldehyde gas is emitted after 401

con't. from p. 400

One of the urea formaldehyde foam formulation is a Consequently, there may be a delay of “off-gasing” in two-part system comprised of liquid urea formaldehyde certain situations. resin combined with a hardener containing a foaming agent. Both the resin and hardener are applied under pressure by a specially designed mixing gun at the HEALTH CONSIDERA TIONS installing site. The two components are ejected in a Formaldehyde is a known “sensitizer” and sensitivity liquid foam consisting of tiny air cells somewhat like to formaldehyde varies among individuals. Infants, shaving cream. elderly persons and individuals with allergies and The foam is forced directly into the hollow stud space respiratory problems may become sensitized to low levels from the interior or exterior of the building through of formaldehyde Oess than 1 ppm) if chronically exposed. pre-drilled holes. Symptoms of exposure to formaldehyde fumes are: The foam may also be installed into a pre-studded wall • Eye, ear and nose irritation and other upper and “sits up” within a minute or two, and subsequently respiratory problems covered by a vapor barrier and drywalled, paneled or • Lower respiratory tract problems such as coughing, plastered. asthma and shortness of breath Foam is generally not placed in the attic because of • Swelling of the face and neck extreme shrinkage and “off-gasing.” • Nausea and vomiting The stability of the foam relative to emission of • Nosebleeds formaldehyde is unknown and the potential for releasing • Skin rashes vapors is dependent on the following factors and may • Headaches and dizziness continue indefinitely. • Allergic reactions • Neurological problems • Quality of the ingredients. • Age or shelf life of ingredients. • Viscosities of ingredients. What action should consumers take if they notice or • Ratio of ingredients. (This is critical.) detect formaldehyde gas in their mobile, modular or • Temperatures at which foaming occurs. conventional home? • Blending of ingredients. • Ventilation is always helpful. • Maintain the lowest comfortable temperature There are several factors that enhance the likelihood of setting and control humidity, if feasible. liberating formaldehyde. These include improper • If householders notice allergic reactions or blending, foaming at low temperature or high humidity, experience symptoms of exposure, they should dry density of foam exceeding the manufacturer’s consult their family doctor immediately. specifications. • In the case of problems in mobile and modular After a proper installation of foam insulation, there homes, contact the manufacturer immediately. may be an initial “off-gasing” that may last for several • In the case of conventional homes where “off weeks dependent on numerous factors and then gasing” continues to occur after initial installation disappears when the “free” formaldehyde is exhausted. of urea formaldehyde, contact the installer There is no doubt that the presence of formaldehyde in immediately. mobile homes and conventional homes is of urgent concern. The extent of the problems associated with the use of At present, the problem appears to be more serious in formaldehyde, wood and insulation containing products mobile and modular homes since these homes utilize in mobile, modular and conventional homes is not much more plywood, particle board and paneling per known. However, the potential exists. The U.S. volume of space than is found in conventional homes. In Consumer Product Safety Commission has received addition, the mobile and modular home is constructed approximately 500 complaints associated with urea much tighter than are conventional homes; therefore, formaldehyde foam insulation and ISO complaints dilution with fresh air is minimized. associated with formaldehyde in other products, largely Temperature and humidy are the two most critical wood product in mobile and modular homes. factors in the liberation of formaldehyde gas and the “off-gasing” increases with higher temperatures and Reprinted from Fall Issue. Kentucky Sanitarian's and Fieldmen's humidity. Journal. 402

JFP Abstracts

Abstracts of papers in the September Journal of Food Mucor racemosus isolated from butter exhibited maximum Protection lipase production at 22 C in 3 days at pH 5.0, when grown as a static culture. Supplementation of the medium with glucose Use of Salted Whey to Reconstitute Dried Milk for and lactose at 1% level resulted in maximum (18.0 pmoles FFA) Manufacturing White Soft Cheese. I. Character of the Curd, and minimum (10.5 pmoles FFA) enzyme production. Of the M. S. El-Safty, A. Ellen and N. Fahmy, Faculty of five different nitrogen sources tested, peptone at the 2% level Agriculture, Tanta University, Kafr El-Sheik, Egypt and supported highest production of lipase. Calcium, potassium Misr Dairy and Food Company, Cairo, Egypt and sodium citrate (0.1%), when incorporated in the medium, J. FoodProt. 44:652-654 stimulated production of enzyme to the extent of 80, 60 and 47%, respectively. Dried skim or whole milk was used for manufacture of Domiati cheese, the popular soft white cheese in Egypt. Salted Control of Staphylococcus aureus in Dry Sausage by a whey instead of water was used for reconstitution of non-fat dry Newly Developed Meat Starter Culture and Phenolic-Type milk and/or dried whole milk. Use of whey caused a decrease in Antioxidants, Moshe Raccach, Microlife Technics, P.O. Box curd firmness. Increasing the amount of CaCl2 and rennet 3917, Sarasota, Florida 33578 improved curd firmness. Yield of cheese made using salted J. FoodProt. 44:665-669 whey was higher than when cheese was made without using Genoa sausage and pepperoni inoculated with LACTACEL salted whey. Salted whey gave the cheese a flavor of pickled 75, a selected strain of Pediococcus sp., attained pH 5.0 after 12 cheese of 45 days of age. and 11 h, respectively, at 35 C and after 48 and 40 h, respectively, at 21 C. LACTACEL 75 controlled the growth of S. aureus in the outer surface (0.5-1.0 cm, depth) of both Genoa Thermostahle Deoxyribonuclease Content and Enterotoxi- sausage and pepperoni during the fermentation period to attain genicity of Cheddar Cheese Made with Sub-Normal Starter pH 5.0. In Genoa sausage, the population of S. aureus, in Activity, G. F. Ibrahim and A. K. Baldock, Dairy Research association with LACTACEL 75, was up to 1,000-fold lower Centre, Department of Agriculture, P.O. Box 217, than the minimal level associated with enterotoxin production. Richmond, N.S.W. 2753, Australia The generation times of S. aureus, in association with J. FoodProt. 44:655-660 LACTACEL 75, (in Genoa sausage) were up to 15 times longer than those of the pathogen growing alone. In Genoa sausage at The minimum detectable concentrations of purified thermo¬ 21 C, LACTACEL 75 was bactericidal, causing a 42% stable deoxyribonuclease (nuclease) in Tris buffer and in Tris decrease in the population of S. aureus. LACTACEL 75, in buffer containing 0.1% bovine serum albumin were 300 and combination with BHA and BHT, brought about a 67% 10 ng/ml, respectively. Recovery rate of nuclease added to inhibition of growth of S. aureus in Genoa sausage, as cheese samples was 57 ± 18%. The trend of changes in nuclease compared to the growth of the pathogen in the absence of the concentration in unsalted and salted Cheddar cheese made starter culture and the phenolic-type antioxidants. In with sub-normal starter activity, during production and storage pepperoni at 35 C, LACTACEL 75 prevented a >2 log increase at 11 and 4 C for 6 weeks, was similar to that of enterotoxin-A. in the population of S. aureus. Correlations between Staphylococcus aureus count, nuclease and enterotoxin concentrations were not significant under all Storage Life of Pork Chops in CO2- Containing Atmos¬ experimental conditions. Nuclease was always detected in pheres, Amy Spahl, Gary Reineccius and Sita Tatini, cheese containing enterotoxin, and also in cheese containing S. Department of Food Science and Nutrition, University of aureus in numbers below those required for producing Minnesota, 1334 Eckles Avenue, St. Paul, Minnesota 55108 detectable amounts of enterotoxin. In some instances, J. FoodProt. 44:670-673 uncharacteristic results were observed on the nuclease assay reagent: however, these were easily distinguishable. The Pork chops were packaged in a controlled atmosphere (10% nuclease test appeared to be specific for S. aureus when C02/79% N2/1% O2. 30% C02/68% N2/2% Oj, 30% concentrations of > 20 ng/20 g of cheese were considered a CO2 /70%N2 , 100% CO2 or air) and then stored at either 2 or 5 positive result. Nuclease showed stability to the extensive C. Changes in gas composition, microbiological counts and biological activity of the cheese during extended storage. It is sensory quality were monitored after 0, 9, 12, 16, 19, 23, 30 and recommended that the nuclease test be done routinely in 37 days of storage. Two chops from each treatment were stored factories processing cheese, made with sub-normal starter additionally under retail-like conditions for 3 and 5 days. The activity, immediately before processing. CO2 percent composition in the packages increased greatly during storage while O2 and N2 showed corresponding Factors Affection Lipase Production by Mucor racemosus, decreases. The most effective gas environment in extending A. K. Chopra, Harish Chander, V. K. Batish and B. sensory acceptability was 100% CO2. The best gas mixtures for Ranganathan, Division of Dairy Bacteriology, National extending shelf life at both 2 and 5 C were those containing only Dairy Research Institute, Karnal (Haryana) 132 001, India CO2 and N2. Sensory data indicated that odor became J. FoodProt. 44:661-664 objectionable before the chops were rejected because of 403

appearance. A temperature increase from 2 to 5 C resulted in resulted in the swelled condition. Microbiological analyses were greater increases in psychrotroph growth in the control performed on the products in the remaining 790 cans; the environment (air) than in the CO2- containing environments. following results were obtained: (a) typical leaker spoilage, Pseudomonas (oxidase-positive colony count) accounted for 25 - 86%; (6) typical underprocessing spoilage. 7%; (c) thermophilic 60% of these counts. The inhibition of microbial growth in the spoilage, 1% and (

The sensitivity of a local Lebanese yogurt culture to different Microbiological Analysis of Food Product m Swelled Cans of antibiotics was checked, using either a fresh or a freeze-dried Low-Acid Foods Collected From Supermarkets, P. M. culture. Laban fermentation was significantly affected by 0.005 Davidson, I. J. Pflug and G. M. Smith, Department of Food lU of penicillin/ml, Ipg of streptomycin/ml, Ipg of Science and Nutrition, University of Minnesota 1334 Eckles dihydrostreptomycin/ml, 10 pg of chloramphenicol/ml and a Avenue, St. Paul, Minnesota 55108 level of oxytetracycline between 0.05 and 0.5 pg/ml. Although J. FoodProt. 44:686-691 the method was not standardized, it was used to check 858 milk samples in Lebanon of which 11.20% were found to contain Swelled cans of low-acid food were collected from lactic acid bacterial inhibitory substances. supermarkets over a 17-month period. Microorganisms were recovered from 47% of the 790 containers tested. Calculations Radurization of Prime Beef Cuts, J. G. Niemand, H. J. Van suggested that approximately another 47% of the swelled cans Der Linde and W. H. Holzapfel, Atomic Energy Board, were the result of microbial contamination, although no Private Bag X256, Pretoria 0001 and Department of microorganisms were recovered, while 6% were physically Microbiology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa induced (nonmicrobiological) swells. Food type appeared to J. FoodProt. 44:677-681 influence the recovery of microorganisms. Types and incidences The bacteriology, organoleptic quality and shelf-life exten¬ of organisms recovered were: 91.6% typical leaker spoilage sion of radurized beef cuts were investigated. Application of microorganisms, 0.5%thermophiles, and 7.9% pure cultures of doses of 2 kGy to vacuum-packed meat caused a considerable sporeforming organisms traditionally associated with under¬ change in the bacterial population by elimination of the processing. pseudomonads, Enterobacteriaceae and enterococci. The LLP group of lactic acid bacteria was relatively resistant to Leakage Potential of Swelled Cans of Low-Acid Foods radiation, and after radurization was mostly comprised of Collected from Supermarkets, P. M. Davidson and I. J. Lactobacillus species. The lactobacilli multiplied rapidly on the Pflug, Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Univer¬ meat during storage at 4 C, and reached relatively high sity of Minnesota, 1334 Eckles Avenue, St. Paul, Minnesota numbers toward the end of the storage period. Odor and 55108 appearance evaluations were carried out at regular intervals J. FoodProt. 44:692-695 and were used together with organoleptic testing and bacteriological analyses to determine the shelf-life extension of The objective of this study was to determine the potential for radurized beef cuts. A doubling in the shelf-life of samples leakage of swelled cans of low-acid foods. Using a vacuum leak irradiated to 2 kCy was attained when compared to test, 294 (38.5%) of 764 containers tested were found to have non-irradiated (control) samples. leaks. Most leakage detected by the vacuum test was located in the canner's end area (73.5%). The lap area at the side Incidence of Canned Food Spoilage at the Retail Level, I. J. seam-double seam junction was the specific location that had Pflug, P. M. Davidson and R. G. Holcomb, Department of the highest incidence of leakage. Can seam measurement data Food Science and Nutrition, 1334 Eckles Avenue, University indicated that insufficient seam tightness was one of the of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota 55108 primary double seam defects. It was not possible to account for J. FoodProt. 44:682-685 double seam leakage from the individual seam measurement Swelled cans were collected over a 17-month period from data. Therefore, a scoring system was developed to give a single outlets of two supermarket food chains. Each swelled can was number that included interactions of the double seam classified by product and the probable cause of the swelled measurements. Seam measurement scores indicated that 55% condition. Using weekly sales volume data for each outlet, the of the cans had double seams of poor or questionable quality incidence rate of swelled cans for each type of food was which were judged as having a potential for leakage. The estimated. The incidence rates ranged from 2.1 to 78.4 swelled results of the vacuum leak test indicated that in 26%of the cans cans per 100,000 units sold, depending upon the type of food. there was potential for leakage at points other than the double Of the 1,104 swelled cans collected, 314 (28.4%) were found to seam. Therefore, a total of 81% of the swelled cans showed a have major container defects which were assumed to have potential for leakage. 404 I

Evaluation of Methods Used to Detect Antibiotic Residues metabolites of P. roquefurli, are unstable in cheese. in Milk, D. M. Macaulay and V. S. Packard, Manitoba Roquefortine, isofumigaclavine A, mycophenolic acid and the Department of Agriculture, Animal Industry Branch, Dairy siderophore ferrichrome have been detected in blue cheese at Laboratory, 545 University Crescent, University of Mani¬ low ppm levels. Cyclopiazonic acid is a metabolite of toba Campus, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3T 2N2, Canada and PeniciUium caseicolum (P. camemberti), the fungus used in the Department of Food Science and Nutrition, University of manufacture of Camembert-type cheeses. Low concentrations Minnesota, 1354 Eckles Ave., St. Paul, Minnesota 55108 of this mycotoxin have been detected in the cheese crusts. J. FoodProt. 44:696-698 Although no acute health hazard can be identified from the presence of these known fungal metabolites in mold-ripened Over nine replicate trials, five methods for detectine cheeses, there are conflicting reports on the carcinogenicity of antibiotic residues were evaluated for sensitivity to various P. camemberti cultures and one report on sub-acute toxicity of levels of penicillin, erythromycin and chloramphenicol in milk. lipids from an Egyptian blue cheese. The methods included (a) the Charm test, {b) Delvotest P, (c) disc assay with Bacillus subtilis on whey agar, (d) B. subtilis on Antibiotic Medium #1 and (e) Difco disc assay method using Sterigmatocystin and other Mycotoxins Produced hy Bacillus stearothermophilus var. calidolactis on PMI agar. Specific to penicillin only, the Charm test detected the Aspergillus Species, Norman D. Davis, Department of Botany, Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Agricultural antibiotic 100% of the time down to and including 0.01 Experiment Station, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama unit/ml, dropping to 56% detectability at 0.0025 unit/ml. 36849 Delvotest P detected penicillin 100% of the time at 0.025 J. FoodProt. 44:711-714 unit/ml, but at varying degrees of sensitivity through 0.0025 unit/ml, and with evidence of showing false-positive results. Methods (c), (d) and (e) detected penicillin at 0.05 unit/ml 78, The aflatoxins, ochratoxins and sterigmatocystin are the 89 and 100% of the time, respectively. Methods (d) and (e) were principal mycotoxins of Aspergillus spp. that are known to generally more sensitive to erythromycin and chloramphenicol occur naturally in levels sufficient to be regarded as significant than either (b) or (c). hazards to animal and human health. Adequate research has not been done to allow generalizations concerning the other 27 Improved Bactericidal Efficiency of an Acidic Quaternary or more mycotoxins of Aspergillus spp. However, the Ammonium Compound with Increasing Temperature, C. D. widespread and frequent occurrence of toxigenic isolates of Freke and D. Haggie, National Dairy Laboratory, Ruakura these fungi in feed and food materials indicates that concern is Animal Research Centre, Private Bag, Hamilton, New justified, and these fungi and their mycotoxins must be Zealand considered hazards until proven otherwise. J. FoodProt. 44:699-700 The bactericidal efficiency of an acidic quaternary ammonium compound (QAC) was examined over a tempera¬ Fungal Tremorgens, R. J. Cole, National Peanut Research ture range of 20-55 C. The efficiency increased from no Laboratory, USDA, SEA, AR, SR, P.O. Box 637, Dawson, detectable kill in 1 min at 20 C to a 5-decimal reduction in Georgia 31742 1 min at 55 C. It is recommended that temperature be taken J. FoodProt. 44:715-722 into account when assessing the efficiency of disinfectants.

Mycotoxins Other than Aflatoxins-Their Relationships to Contamination of feed supplies by fungal tremorgens has Food Safety, Introduction, Lloyd B. Bullerman and Robert been well established. This fact, in conjunction with the L. Buchanan, Department of Food Science and Technology, widespread occurrence of fungi capable of producing University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska 68583 and tremorgenic metabolites, warrants further study to determine if Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Drexel these metabolites can contaminate our food supply. Studies University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104 directed toward analysis of tissues, especially in cattle fed J. FoodProt. 44:701 fungal tremorgens, should be done to determine if tremorgens can enter the food supply indirectly through tissue residues. Toxins of PeniciUium Species Used in Cheese Manufacture, P, M. Scott, Food Directorate, Health Protection Branch, Health and Welfare Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada KIA Toxic Species of PeniciUium Common in Food, Philip B. 0L2 Mislivec, Division of Microbiology, Food and Drug Administration, Washington, DC 20204 J. FoodProt. 44:702 710 J. FoodProt. 44:723-726

Brief descriptions are presented of six toxigenic PeniciUium The known metabolites of strains of PeniciUium roqueforti species: P. cyclopium. P. viridicatum. P. islandicum, P. associated with blue-veined cheeses are penicillic acid, expansum, P. citrinum and P. urticae. The profiles are based roquefortine, isofumigaclavines A and B, PR toxin and related on previous studies in which mold flora were determined in metabolites, mycophenolic acid and siderophores. Of these, various stored and dried foods. The toxic metabolites of these penicillic acid and PR toxin, one of the most acutely toxic PeniciUium species are also reviewed. This pubKcation is av^able in microform

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300 North Zeeb Road 30-32 Mortimer Street Dept. PR. Dept. P.R. Ann Arbor, Mi. 48106 London WIN 7RA U.SA. England SOMEONE YOU SHOULO KNOW /N THE OMRYINOUSTRY

Clarence Pearson, VO-AG Instructor

Mr. Pearson grew up on a small dairy farm in Elma, Leadership and Quality are the Goals Washington. Graduating from Washington State “It is very rewarding to see the growth of a student University with a degree in Agricultural Education who, on the surface, might appear shy and awkward in 1959, he eventually returned to his alma mater, at first. Time and time again we have seen these Elma High School, as a vo-ag teacher after kids blossom into leaders. They have learned that teaching twelve years in Eatonville and three years success requires participation, confidence and at Winlock. Earning a masters degree through determination. We teach the importance of taking summer study at the University of Wisconsin at pride in workmanship, being dependable, having a River Falls in 1970, his teaching efforts in animal good attitude, and being able to enjoy those whom science, farm management and forestry have you must associate with each day, whether in contributed to the continued success of the Vo-ag business or leisure activities. program at Elma High. Each year, FFA judges rank “We believe anyone can be a leader if they have the school's program among the national leaders the desire. It often takes some kind of program to and in 1979, Elma was the only school in the nation bring this out. It is very self satisfying for me to see receiving gold medals in all areas of competition. someone succeed, and become a leader in the In addition, Mr. Pearson operates a dairy farm community or industry. consisting of 84 registered Guernseys and grade “I feel being an active dairyman, in addition to my Holsteins. teaching duties, helps bring a certain value to my We Stress Variety and Practical efforts with students. At a recent ag teachers conference, the question of teacher’s involvement in Management farming arose. The conclusion was that it does help “Our program exposes young people to a large in two ways: It helps improve the teacher’s variety of agricultural related areas from grades nine knowledge and, perhaps more important, it tends through twelve. We plan a good, well rounded to help the teacher keep current on the latest program of activities so each student can find an advances in agriculture. area suiting their interests. Once a student finds an “However, being active in farming is far less area of interest, they really become dedicated to the important for a vo-ag teacher than being dedicated Ag Program. Success in one area seems to rub off to helping his students succeed. This requires a on other areas and the student finds he or she can certain amount of sacrifice such as not being home accomplish many things; a positive attitude results, much on weekends and contributing some of your which helps them succeed in life. vacation time to helping students who ask for extra “We tour many farms in the area to see what assistance. But the rewards of helping young people farmers are doing to find out what things are working succeed far outweigh the sacrifice. Successful for them. We stress the p'^actical application of dairy teaching and farming both have the same important management, so knowledge gained in the ingredient; ‘Dedication’.” classroom can be used on the home farm or the place of employment. We can “As part of this effort, each student must have a makeyour project for the school year called a ‘supervised cows worth occupational experience program’ or SOEP. These mote. projects range from actual on-farm production to agri-business related activities. In this way, students who might not actually live on a farm can still SURGE participate in the many vocational opportunities which exist in and around the agricultural industry. The goal is to profit from the experience and build on it for the future.”

Babson Bros. Co., 2100 South York Road, Oak Brook, Illinois 60521 I

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