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Residential Energy Conservation Residential Energy Conservation July 1979 NTIS order #PB-298410 Library of Congress Catalog Card Number 79-600103 For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office Washington, D.C. 20402 Stock No. 052-003 -00691-0 Foreword This report is the result of a request from the Technology Assessment Board that the Office of Technology Assessment (OTA) analyze the potential for conserv- ing energy in homes in terms of energy and costs. The report reviews existing and promising technologies, and a broad set of issues affecting why these technologies are or are not used, how their level of use and effectiveness can be improved, and related Federal programs and policies. The choices Congress makes in framing energy conservation policy reflect soci- ety’s views of the present and the future, its concept of the appropriate role of Gov- ernment, and its sense of urgency about the changing energy picture. The diverse nature of residential housing in this country, the many decisions involved in plan- ning, building, buying, and operating a home, and the basic desire of consumers to be allowed the maximum freedom of choice– all of these factors make policy deci- sions in this area difficult. This study focuses on the demand aspect of residential energy use, specifically those functions that consume most of a home energy budget— fuel to heat and cool space and to heat water. A number of related issues are relevant to this topic but go beyond the scope of the study: land use patterns, transportation habits, protection of residential customers as purchasers of certain types of energy, centralized versus decentralized power sources, and cogeneration. While these issues are important, this study deals only with ways to improve energy efficiency within the 80 million existing housing units and in housing to be constructed over the next two decades. Active solar systems are not included, because of the recent publication of OTA’s Application of Solar Technology to Today’s Energy Needs. Conservation as discussed in this analysis is the substitution of capital, labor, and ingenuity for energy, in the form of products that make a home more energy efficient. This definition relies on making productive investments that provide the same level of comfort and convenience with less energy. Homeowners and renters who also choose to change their styles of living could achieve savings beyond those resulting from conservation technologies alone. This is a conservative definition of conservation that does not treat ethical arguments or other areas of debate. Although based on the technology of energy conservation, the report also addresses human factors that play such a major role in shaping energy consumption. Choices open to builders, designers, suppliers, local and State officials, lenders, utilities, owners, renters, and others are examined Thus, this work attempts to address com- prehensively a problem that at first appears simple, but proves to contain many eco- nomic, behavioral, and motivational variables, many technical and human un- knowns, and many possible policy paths. As this report goes to the 96th Congress, the problems generated by an altered energy supply situation are clear and dramatic. I n addition to broad policy ques- tions such as the contribution that conservation can make and the choice between types of policy approaches, very specific questions—such as standards for new housing–face the Nation. I believe this report can assist Congress in dealing with these vital issues. DANIEL DE SIMONE Acting Director iii Residential Energy Conservation Staff Lionel S. Johns, Assistant Director Energy, Materials, and Global Security Division Richard E. Rowberg, Energy Group Manager Nancy Carson Naismith, Project Director David Claridge Steve Plotkin Joanne Seder Pamela Baldwin Doreen McGirr Richard Thoreson John Furber Rosaleen Sutton Lisa Jacobson Lillian Quigg Contractors and Consultants Booz, Allen & Hamilton John Bell John Murray McCombs Consumer Federation of America Richard Bourbon Joseph Mohbat Design Alternatives Robert D. Brenner Lee Stephenson Malcolm Lewis Associates Robert Dubinsky Robert Theobald NAHB Research Foundation Dennis Eisen Oak Ridge National Laboratory Frederick Goldstein Technology & Economics C. Alexander Hewes, J r OTA Publishing Staff John C. Holmes, Publishing Officer Kathie S. Boss Joanne Heming Residential Energy Conservation Advisory Panel John H. Gibbons, Chairman Director, Environment Center, University of Tennessee John Richards Andrews William Konyha Architect First General Vice President United Brotherhood of Joiners & Robert E. Ashburn Carpenters Manager, Economic Research Department Long Island Lighting Company W. B. Moore Vice President Operations/Marketing Edward Berlin Gulf Reston, Inc. Leva, Hawes, Symington & Oppenheimer Donald Navarre Ellen Berman Vice president, Marketing Executive Director Washington Natural Gas Company Consumer Energy Council of America Harold Olin Joel Darmstadter Director of Construction Research Senior Fellow U.S. League of Savings Association Resources for the Future David Rickelton Sherman B. Given Consulting Engineer President Morley Construction Company Andy Sansom Energy Institute Donald Holtzman University of Houston President Holtzman Petroleum Company Samuel Stewart Car/son Companies, Inc. Grant P. Thompson Senior Associate The Conservation Foundation Reviewers and Friends OTA thanks these people who took time to provide information or review part or all of the study. Robert Naismith Lee Schipper Atlantic Research Corporation Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory Alan Ackerman, Energyworks, Massachusetts George Amaroli, Public Utility Commission, State of California Carl Bernstein, Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory Ed Bistany, Office of Energy Resources, State of Georgia Ken Bossong, Center for Science in the Public Interest Mary Love Cooper, Legislative Counsel Bureau, State of Nevada Alan S. Davis, National Consumer Law Center Gary DeLoss, Environmental Policy Center Bruce Hannon, University of IIIinois Craig Hollowell, Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory Betsy Krieg, Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory Sally Cook Lopreato, University of Texas Ed Meyer, Office of Energy Resources, State of Georgia Harvey Michaels, Energy Office, State of Massachusetts David Norris, Energy Task Force, New York City EIliott Wardlaw, Energy Management Office, State of South Carolina Edith Woodbury, Woodward East, Detroit Contents Volume I Chapter Page Executive Summary.. 3 1. Trends . 17 Il. Residential Energy Use and Efficiency Strategies . 29 Ill. The Consumer . 65 Iv. Low-lncome Consumers . 77 v. Housing Decisionmakers . 91 VI. Utilities and Fuel Oil Distributors . 119 VIl. States and Localities. 153 Vlll. Federal Government and Energy Conservation . 167 lx. Economic Impacts.. 211 x. Indoor Air Quality. 219 xl. Technical Options. 227 Appendix A–lnsuIation . 277 Appendix B–Thermal Characteristics of Single-Family Detached, Single- FamilyAttached, Low-Rise Multifamily, and Mobile Homes–1975-76. 292 Appendix C– Thermal Characteristics of Homes Built in 1974, 1973, and 1961 . 322 Volume ll—Working Papers (These working papers will be available from the National Technical Information Service. PIease contact the OTA Public Affairs Office for details) 1. Low-Income Consumers’ Energy Problems and the Federal Government’s Response: A Discussion Paper–prepared by Consumer Federation of America Il. Description and Evaluation of New Residential Energy Efficient Technologies—prepared by Technology & Economics vii EXECUTIVE SUMMARY EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Page n Residential Energy Consumption , . 4 -Residential Energy Prices. 6 Consumer Attitudes . 7 Low-lncome Consumers. 7 Existing Housing . 8 Building Industry Response . 9 Affordability . 10 Design Opportunities. 10 States and Localities.. 11 Utilities . 11 lndoor Air Quality . 12 Federal Conservation Programs . 12 Housing Standards. .. :... 13 Research and Development . 13 Tax Policy . 13 Federal Housing Programs . 14 FIGURES Page I. Comparative Energy Use Projections. .,.... 6 Executive Summary Americans are responding to a changed amines the underlying problems and what to energy situation by rapidly curtailing the direct do about them. use of energy in their homes. The patterns of energy use established by households in the Following this section, the study’s major 1960’s have changed dramatically, Residential findings are presented. They lead to these con- energy use, which grew at a rate of 4.6 percent clusions, among others: per year during the 1960’s, has grown at an average annual rate of 2.6 percent since 1970. 1. Analysis of data on price and consump- In 1977, Americans used 17 quadrillion Btu* tion, combined with research on consum- (Quads) of energy in their homes, 22 percent of er motivation, indicates that the desire to the total national energy use. Had the growth save money is the principal motivation for rate of the 1960’s continued, the Nation wouId changes in energy habits (turning down have used an additional 2.5 Quads–equiva- the thermostat at night) and investment in Ient to 430 million barrels of oil – in 1977. conservation (purchasing insulation or having the furnace improved). This report As impressive as these figures are, they can outlines the approximate level of energy be better. Savings of more than 50 percent in savings that might result from investments average use by households, compared to the up to the point where dolIar savings over early 1970’s, are already being achieved in the life of the investment are greatest.
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