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Dialectics of Cultural Criticism Adorno's Confrontation with Rudolf Università degli Studi di Bergamo Dottorato di Ricerca in Letterature Euroamericane Ciclo XXIII Dialectics of Cultural Criticism Adorno’s Confrontation with Rudolf Borchardt and Ludwig Klages in the Odyssey chapter of Dialektik der Aufklärung Tesi di Dottorato di Vincenzo Martella Referenti: Prof.ssa Elena Agazzi Prof. Uwe Wirth To the Memory of Professor Georg Bollenbeck I CHAPTER I. Intellectual History and Discursive Context ............................ 1 1.1. Kulturkritik : a Discursive Typology and its History in Modern Germany ........... 1 1.2. Between ‘ Konservative Revolution ’ and ‘ Ästhetischer Fundamentalismus ’: Versions of German Anti-Modernism in the Interwar Period ................................... 22 1.3. The ‘Prequel’ to Adorno’s Odyssey chapter of Dialektik der Aufklärung : “George und Hofmannsthal. Zum Briefwechsel: 1891–1906” (1939-40) and “Spengler Today” (1941) ........................................................................................... 46 CHAPTER II. The Underground Confrontation: Rudolf Borchardt in Dialektik der Aufklärung ..................................................................................... 77 2.1. An Introduction to the Odyssey chapter of Dialektik der Aufklärung : Zivilisationskritik and Homeric Allegoresis............................................................... 77 2.2. The Prehistory of Adorno’s Odyssey Interpretation: Cecil Marcel Bowra and the Project of ‘Enlightenment’ of Greek Antiquity ......................................................... 90 2.3. “Geschichtsphilosophischer Exkurs zur Odyssee ”: Approaching Greek Antiquity in post-Nietzschean Times ......................................................................................... 95 2.4. Rudolf Borchardt’s ‘Restorative’ Cultural Politics between Cultural Criticism and Philology ........................................................................................................... 106 2.5. The Polemical Backdrop of Adorno’s “Geschichtsphilosophischer Exkurs zur Odyssee ”: Borchardt’s Afterword to Pindarische Gedichte .................................... 121 2.6. Adorno’s Use of Borchardt’s Afterword to Pindarische Gedichte for his Odyssey Interpretation: between Inspiration and Criticism ................................................... 139 2.7. Language and Instrumentality in the Odyssey : a Counterpoint to Borchardt’s Neo-Romanticism .................................................................................................... 161 2.8. Adorno’s Narrative Theory of Civilization: a Confutation of Borchardt’s Poetic Theory of Culture ..................................................................................................... 171 II CHAPTER III. The Hidden Confrontation: Ludwig Klages in Dialektik der Aufklärung ...................................................................................................... 195 3.1. Ludwig Klages’ lebensphilosophische Zivilisationskritik : Der Geist als Widersacher der Seele .............................................................................................. 195 3.2. Unexpected Parallels between Der Geist als Widersacher der Seele and Dialektik der Aufklärung : the Criticism of Instrumental Rationality and Modern Civilization ............................................................................................................... 214 3.3. Adorno’s Subterranean Confrontation with Ludwig Klages’ Theory of Sacrifice in the Odyssey chapter of Dialektik der Aufklärung ................................................ 225 3.4. The Explicit Confutation of Ludwig Klages’ Theory of Sacrifice: Swindle and Rationality ................................................................................................................ 243 3.5. The Implicit Confutation of Ludwig Klages’ Theory of Sacrifice: Odysseus as a Self-sacrificing Hero of Civilization ........................................................................ 255 3.6. A Tacit Counterpoint to Klages’ Archaic Theory of Images: Odysseus’ Descent into the Underworld and the Search for Heimat ...................................................... 268 3.7. Adorno’s Reading of the Odyssey as a ‘Fable’ of Civilization ......................... 289 CHAPTER IV. Adorno and Anti-Modernist Cultural Criticism: Dialektik der Aufklärung and after ................................................................................... 309 4.1. A Reassessment of Adorno’s Odyssey chapter in the Light of Neo-Romantic Anti-Modernism in the Interwar Period ................................................................... 309 4.2. Adorno’s Continuing Confrontation with Conservative Cultural Criticism in Post-War Germany: “Kultur und Zivilisation” (1956) and “Kulturkritik und Gesellschaft” (1951)................................................................................................. 322 Bibliography .......................................................................................................... 339 1 CHAPTER I. Intellectual History and Discursive Context 1.1. Kulturkritik : a Discursive Typology and its History in Modern Germany The goal of the present study is to provide a reading of Adorno’s Odyssey chapter of Dialektik der Aufklärung against the intellectual and discursive background of anti-modernist Kulturkritik in early 20 th -century and Weimar Germany. Adorno’s Odyssey chapter, as much as Dialektik der Aufklärung as a whole, is a cultural critical work in its own right – indeed, arguably the classic German work of cultural criticism – and has been treated as such throughout the history of its reception. What has not been brought into focus so far in the vast critical literature on Adorno-Horkheimer’s seminal work is that the famous ‘excursus’ on the Odyssey , the second chapter of Dialektik der Aufklärung , is the outcome of Adorno’s productive confrontation with the Neo-Romantic Kultur- and Zivilisationskritik of two German conservative intellectuals of the interwar period, whose names are comparatively little known today: the poet Rudolf Borchardt and the philosopher Ludwig Klages. I contend that this confrontation plays a fundamental role in Adorno’s discourse on civilization in the Odyssey chapter of Dialektik der Aufklärung , as it structures – though in a rather subterranean way – his famous allegorical interpretation of the Homeric epic. In order to demonstrate this, in the present study I will provide a close, both textual and contextual analysis of the early version of Adorno’s Odyssey chapter, published in 1998 in the Frankfurter Adorno Blätter . Based on such analysis, I will attempt to show how Adorno’s work is not just a philosophical dissertation on the concept of enlightenment, nor simply a lamentation of the dire condition of Western civilization in the early 40s, but also a polemical text and a syncretistic piece of writing , situated in a specific discursive and intellectual context, on which it heavily draws and to which it constantly – though often tacitly – refers. Adorno’s critical diagnosis of modern civilization in Dialektik der Aufklärung does not stand alone, as the product of the author’s lonely mind during his American exile, 2 but rather interacts with the dynamic ‘archive’ (Foucault) or ‘synchronic system’ (Deleuze) of cultural critical discourses of modernity in Germany in the interwar period. Since my reading of Adorno’s work will be grounded on some basic assumptions regarding Kulturkritik , it is necessary to clarify how I understand this term. For this purpose, in the present section I will provide a twofold introduction into the ‘complex’ of cultural criticism: a brief discourse-typological introduction and a more extensive historical one. Accordingly, I will firstly conceptually contour the discourse of cultural criticism, and then provide a summary overview of the development of this discourse in modern German intellectual history. In doing so, I will rely on some standard works on the topic, particularly those of Georg Bollenbeck, who is the author of a number of valuable and comprehensive studies on the history of cultural criticism in Germany. ‘Kulturkritik ’ is not a very popular word in the German language today. It is often associated with an attitude of biased criticism or even rejection of present cultural phenomena, and seen as a symptom of either backward conservatism or intellectual rebelliousness, elitism or anarchism, pessimism or radicalism: in brief, the opposite of what is generally associated with intellectual moderation and reasonable critique. Furthermore, Kulturkritik (or ‘cultural criticism’ 1) is such a semantically inclusive term in German that it could mean everything and nothing. It is usually understood as referring to a number of critical discourses about such disparate topics as the flaws of contemporary capitalism, the anarchy of the global market and finance, the stupefying power of the media and pop culture, the overgrowth of technological apparatuses and their encroachment upon human lives, the industrial destruction of the environment, and more. Given this broad semantic spectrum and vague conceptual content, it is understandable that many people turn skeptical when it comes to dealing with the topic of ‘cultural criticism’ today. A conceptual definition of Kulturkritik is also made difficult by the fact that it constitutes neither a discipline, nor a method or ‘subject’ of knowledge (Bollenbeck 2007, 8). As Konersmann suggests, the term rather functions as a Sammelbegriff für die zahllosen
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