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The Battle Scenes on the Column of Marcus Aurelius the Battle Scenes on the Column of Marcus Aurelius

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The Battle Scenes on the Column of Marcus Aurelius the Battle Scenes on the Column of Marcus Aurelius THE BATTLE SCENES ON THE COLUMN OF MARCUS AURELIUS THE BATTLE SCENES ON THE COLUMN OF MARCUS AURELIUS By MARTIN BECKMANN, B.A., M.A. A Thesis Submitted to the School of Graduate Studies In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree Doctor of Philosophy McMaster University Copyright by Martin Beckmann, 2003 DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY (2003) McMASTER UNIVERSITY (Classical Studies) Hamilton, Ontario TITLE: The Battle Scenes on the Column of Marcus Aurelius AUTHOR: Martin Beckmann B.A. (Wilfrid Laurier University) M.A. (McMaster Univeristy) SUPERVISOR: Professor K.M.D. Dunbabin NUMBER OF PAGES: ix, 302 ii ABSTRACT This dissertation focuses on the battle scenes of the column of Marcus Aurelius (Rome, late 2nd century AD), which are analysed from three main points of view: from the viewpoint of composition, as representations of historical events, and as bearers of message to the contemporary viewer. As works of art, the battle scenes of the Marcus column diverge significantly from both the established classical tradition of battle art, and also from the battle scenes on the column of Trajan. This identifies them as novel, original works created for the purpose of adorning the new monument. Detailed analysis of the figure types making up the scenes also indicates a connection to the contemporary sarcophagus industry based in Rome, suggesting that it was from here that the designer(s) and/or carvers of the column came. As representations of historical events, the battle scenes prove to be very poor evidence, whether from the view of military equipment, troop behaviour in battle, or in comparison to the few literary descriptions of the battles of Marcus' wars. This contrasts sharply with the representation of battle on the column of Trajan. Finally, and as has been noted by scholars, the scenes of battle on the Marcus column present a remarkably violent depiction of combat. However, this can be shown to be reflective not only of the nature of Marcus' wars but also of a much harsher set of standards for the treatment of rebellious enemies. Thus, the message of the column's battle scenes is one which would correspond well with the presumed viewpoint of a contemporary Roman. 111 ACKNOWLDEGEMENTS I owe a great debt to my supervisor, Dr. K.M.D. Dunbabin, to the members of my committee, Drs. M. George and E. Haley, to my parents, and to my friends and colleagues. I thank you all. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS List of Illustrations................................................................................vi Introduction .......................................................................................1 1. Previous Approaches to the Column of Marcus Aurelius .................................4 2. Methodology of the Present Study ...........................................................13 Chapter 1: Genesis and Planning of the Column ..........................................20 1. The Decision to Build ..........................................................................21 2. The Planning Process ...........................................................................23 3. Drafting the Content of the Frieze ............................................................26 Chapter 2: The Marcus Column Battle Scenes ............................................38 1. The Opposing Forces ...........................................................................42 2. Battle Scene Composition .................................................................... .46 3. Scenes Depicting Formations ..................................................................48 4. Scenes Depicting Einzelkiimpfe ..............................................................54 5. Battles in Villages ...............................................................................57 6. Other Combat Encounters ......................................................................58 7. Figure Types .....................................................................................59 8. Figure Groups ....................................................................................62 9. Summary and Conclusions .....................................................................68 Chapter 3: The History of Battle Art before Trajan......................................70 1. Archaic Greece ..................................................................................72 2. The Persian Wars and Classical Greece ......................................................73 3. The 4th Century and the Alexander Mosaic ................................................. 77 4. The Hellenistic Period- Introduction........................................................80 5. Hellenistic Battle Monuments .................................................................81 6. Early Roman Traditions in Battle Art........................................................84 7. Summary and Conclusions .....................................................................90 Chapter 4: Public Battle Art of the Second Century AD .................................94 1. The Column ofTrajan..........................................................................95 2. The Battle Scenes ...............................................................................97 3. Composition ofTrajan's Column Battle Scenes ...........................................102 4. Figure Types and Figure Pairs ................................................................106 5. Summary ofTrajan's Column Battle Scenes ................................................111 6. The Tropaeum Traiani .........................................................................114 7. The Great Trajanic Frieze ..................................................................... 117 8. Conclusions......................................................................................121 v Chapter 5: Battle Sarcophagi. ...............................................................123 1. Group 1: Greeks versus Gauls in Einzelkiimpfe ..........................................126 2. Group 2: Roman versus German Sarcophagi ..............................................131 3. Unclassified Sarcophagi ......................................................................136 4. The Relationship between the Groups 1 and 2 .............................................138 5. Dating...........................................................................................142 6. The Relationship between the Sarcophagi and the Marcus Column ....................144 7. Composition andFigures .....................................................................145 8. Dress and Equipment. .........................................................................150 9. Summary and Conclusions ...................................................................153 Chapter 6: The Marcus Column Battles and the Tradition of Battle Art ............156 1. Sources of Battle Imagery on the Marcus Column ........................................156 2. Copying or Inspiration?........................................................................157 3. Sources of Images..............................................................................163 4. The Significance of the Sarcophagi ..........................................................165 5. The Battle Scenes as History: Specific Events .............................................171 6. The Battle Scenes as History- the Details ..................................................179 7. Historicity- The Structure of Battles........................................................185 8. Conclusions......................................................................................187 Chapter 7: Meaning and Message_. ...........................................................189 1. Meaning and Message of the Marcus Column Battle Scenes .............................192 2. Messages of Battle Art .........................................................................192 3. What the Viewer Saw ..........................................................................194 4. Interpretation of the Frieze .....................................................................202 5. Conclusions .....................................................................................208 Conclusion....................................................................................... ..211 Appendix: The Types of Figures...................................................... ........215 Catalogue of Battle Scenes .................................................................... .230 Bibliography... ...................................................................................260 Figures......................................................................................... .....271 VI LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS Introduction- Chapter 2: 1.1 The Column of Marcus Aurelius, Caprino et al. 1955 pl. 1. 1.2 Map of Campus Martius, Gatti 1955, fig. 2 1.3 Cutaway of the Column, ibid. fig. 4. 1.4 Scene IL, photo by author of cast in Museo della Civilta Romana. 1.5 Diagram of column frieze, by author. 1.6 Scene XX, Caprino et al. 1955, pl. 15. 1.7 Scene XX, photo of cast by author. 1.8 Scene XX, photo of cast by author. 1.9 Scene XXXIX, Scheid and Huet (eds.) 2000, fig. 59. 1.10 Scene XXXIX, photo of cast by author. 1.11 Scene LIT, photo of cast by author. 1.12 Scene LIV, Scheid and Huet (eds.) 2000, fig. 74. 1.13 Scene LXVIII, Scheid and Huet (eds.) 2000, fig. 82. 1.14 Scene LXXI/II, Scheid and Huet (eds.) 2000,
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