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Mosul in the Ottoman Vilâyet Salnâmes MOSUL IN THE OTTOMAN VILÂYET SALNÂMES Editor’s Cengiz EROĞLU Murat BABUÇOĞLU Orhan ÖZDİL ORSAM MOSUL IN THE OTTOMAN VILÂYET SALNÂMES Cengiz EROĞLU Murat BABUÇOĞLU Orhan ÖZDİL Translated By Ümit İLDAN ORSAM ORSAM Books No: 5 ORSAM Middle East Books No. 3 “Mosul in the Ottoman Vilâyet Salnâmes” Editor’s: Cengiz EROĞLU Murat BABUÇOĞLU Orhan ÖZDİL ANKARA - November 2012 ISBN: 978-605-5330-94-1 ORSAM Center for Middle Eastern Strategic Studies Ortadoğu Stratejik Araştırmalar Merkezi Mithatpaşa Caddesi 46/6 Kızılay-Ankara Phone: 0 (312) 430 26 09 Fax: 0 (312) 430 39 48 www.orsam.org.tr, [email protected] ORSAM © 2012 Content of this report is copyrighted to ORSAM. Except reasonable and partial quotation and exploi- tation under the Act No. 5846, Law on Intellectual and Artistic Works, via proper citation, may not be used or re-published without prior permission by ORSAM. Assessments expressed in this report reflect only the opinions of its authors and do not represent the instiutional opinion of ORSAM. 4 MOSUL IN THE OTTOMAN VILÂYET SALNÂMES The original cover of the Salnâme of the Mosul Vilâyet dated 1330 A.H. (1912) “This is the OfficialSalnâme of the Vilâyet of Mosul” “It was printed in the Mosul Printing House as the fifth edition in the year 1330 A.H.” 5 MOSUL IN THE OTTOMAN VILÂYET SALNÂMES CONTENTS Contents ..............................................................................................................................................7 Abbreviations & Pronunciations ......................................................................................................9 Preface .................................................................................................................................................11 Translator’s Note ................................................................................................................................13 INTRODUCTION The Policies of Western Nations in Mosul ..........................................................................................15 The Place of Mosul in the Ottoman Administrative System before the Nineteenth Century ..............17 The Administrative Division of Mosul at the Turn of the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries .........21 The Mosul Vilâyet Salnâmes ...............................................................................................................35 Mosul in the Salnâmes at the Dawn of the Twentieth Century ...........................................................39 The History of the Vilâyet of Mosul ....................................................................................................41 The Demographic Situation of the Vilayet of Mosul ..........................................................................44 The Economic Structure of the Vilâyet of Mosul ................................................................................54 MOSUL IN THE SALNÂMES ..........................................................................................................59 I. THE HISTORY OF THE VILÂYET OF MOSUL .......................................................................63 The Assyrian Period .............................................................................................................................65 The Establishment, Construction and Naming of Mosul .....................................................................79 The Conquest of Mosul ........................................................................................................................80 The Governors of Mosul ......................................................................................................................81 The Invasion of the Mongols ...............................................................................................................100 The Period of the Karakoyunlus ..........................................................................................................100 The Period of the Akkoyunlus .............................................................................................................101 The Ottoman Period .............................................................................................................................102 II. THE GEOGRAPHY OF THE VILÂYET OF MOSUL .............................................................115 Settlements and Borders ......................................................................................................................117 The Administrative Divisions of the Vilâyet ........................................................................................117 Cezire (Mesopotamia) ..........................................................................................................................118 Climate .................................................................................................................................................120 Mountains ............................................................................................................................................120 Forests ..................................................................................................................................................120 Rivers ...................................................................................................................................................121 Thermal Springs and Mineral Waters ..................................................................................................122 III. AGRICULTURE IN THE VILÂYET OF MOSUL ...................................................................125 The Agricultural Situation of the Vilâyet .............................................................................................127 Agricultural Products - Vegetable Nutrition .......................................................................................128 Agricultural Plants ...............................................................................................................................129 Animal Products ...................................................................................................................................130 IV. HEALTH CONDITIONS IN THE VILÂYET OF MOSUL ....................................................133 7 ORSAM V. THE KAZÂS AND NAHIYES OF THE VILÂYET OF MOSUL ...............................................145 The Sanjak of Mosul ..........................................................................................................................147 The Sanjak of Kirkuk .........................................................................................................................171 The Sanjak of Suleymaniye .................................................................................................................205 VI. THE POPULATION OF THE VILÂYET OF MOSUL ...........................................................215 VII. THE GOVERNORS OF THE VILÂYET OF MOSUL IN THE OTTOMAN PERIOD .....223 VIII. PEOPLE FROM MOSUL GRANTED TITLES BY THE SULTAN ...................................231 IX. THE CONSULATES OF FOREIGN STATES IN THE VİLÂYET OF MOSUL ..................235 X. SPIRITUAL LEADERS OF THE VILÂYET OF MOSUL .......................................................239 XI. CIVILIAN AND MILITARY ORGANISATION OF THE VILÂYET OF MOSUL .............245 The Salnâme of the Mosul Vilâyet dated 1308 A.H. ............................................................................248 The Salnâme of the Mosul Vilâyet dated 1310 A.H. ............................................................................267 The Salnâme of the Mosul Vilâyet dated 1312 A.H. ............................................................................294 The Salnâme of the Mosul Vilâyet dated 1325 A.H. ...........................................................................321 The Salnâme of the Mosul Vilâyet dated 1330 A.H. ............................................................................353 The Salnâme of the Baghdad Vilâyet dated 1292 A.H. .......................................................................393 XII. TOMBS OF PROPHETS AND SAINTS IN MOSUL ...........................................................403 XIII. PRINTING HOUSES AND NEWSPAPERS OF THE VILÂYET OF MOSUL..................413 XIV. THE ECONOMIC SITUATION OF THE VILÂYET OF MOSUL .....................................417 XV. IMPORTANT HISTORICAL EVENTS (BEFORE AND AFTER THE HEGIRA) ............429 BIBLIOGRAPHY ..............................................................................................................................437 INDEX .................................................................................................................................................443 MOSUL IN THE OTTOMAN VILÂYET SALNÂMES ABBREVIATIONS A.H. After the Hegira b. bin (son of) B.H. Before the Hegira PRONUNCIATION GUIDE ^ The circumflex accent over a vowel denotes that it is long A,a art B,b bed C,c bridge Ç,ç chance E,e met, ä F,f fancy G,g go Ğ,ğ gh I,ı (undotted i) above, uh ıl trouble ır father ı prism ın summon İ,i please, see Ö,ö same as in German, or in French “eu” like Eugene S,s stress Ş,ş show T,t tie U,u do Ü,ü confused; same as in German, or in French “tu” Y,y you 9 MOSUL IN THE OTTOMAN VILÂYET SALNÂMES PREFARCE FOR ENGLISH VERSION The work of Mosul in the Ottoman Vilâyet Salnâmes constitutes the most important part of the three books serials that covers Mosul,
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