The Holocaust : History, Memory, Historiography

Home , Adolf Eichmann, Christopher Browning, Einsatzgruppen Trial, Irving trial, Martin Gilbert, Nisko Plan

THE HOLOCAUST : HISTORY, MEMORY, HISTORIOGRAPHY

Professeur(s) : Dr. Jean-Marc Dreyfus, Dr. Samuel Ghiles-Meilhac Année universitaire 2016/2017 : Semestre de printemps (INTRO SCPO)

Wednesdays, 5-7, 9 rue de la Chaise, Room 907.

DESCRIPTIF DU COURS

More and more, the Holocaust is perceived and assessed as one of the seminal event of the 20. Century in Europe. If its consequences were not clearly embraced in the immediate after war, the long shadow of genocide shapes today’s culture and politics. This course aims at presenting some main themes in the growing field of Holocaust studies. Themes will be on the Holocaust itself, its general interpretations, the question of victims, of perpetrators, the technologies of mass killings, but also on the consequences of genocide (justice, memorials, testimonies). It is a history class, with some interdisciplinarity: politics, literature, psychology will also be used in class. A specific attention will be dedicated to the digital aspects of Holocaust learning, documentation and memory.

Assessments :

Participation in class : 10%

Group work in class (Session 7, March 15), on visual testimonies : 20% . Both an electronic and a printed copy must be submited.

An essay: deadline is 17 April 2017. Both an electronic and a printed copy must be submited, 2500 words: 50% (see the topics).

A book review : pick up a book in one of the ‘further reading’ lists. 1500 words : 20%. Read the book cover to cover ! Deadline is 19 April 2017. Both an electronic and a printed copy must be submited.

A critical review is not merely a summary of the book's contents (though that may be included) but primarily an evaluation of its strengths and weaknesses. Please, answer the following questions about the book (not especially in this set order) :

1. Thesis. What is the author's main argument? Is the thesis readily apparent? Is it convincing 2. Organization. Is the book logically constructed, or is it confusing, repetitive, etc.? 3. Which is the context in which the book was written ? Does it relate to a specific historiographical debate ? 4. Who is the author ? 5. Sources. Even without expertise you can quickly tell whether a book depends on such primary materials as documents, diaries, and letters, or whether it is all drawn from second-hand general texts. 6. Documentation. Any time you quote, you should cite the source 8. Conclusions. General value. How useful might the book be to a specialist in this field, or to a student investigating the subject matter for the first time ?

For a more detailed description, see: http://sass.queensu.ca/writingcentre/wp- content/uploads/sites/3/2013/06/Writing-Critical-Book-Reviews.pdf

Spring 2017 1 Séance 1 : 25 January, Introduction (JMD)

a) Introduction to the course. General presentation. Description of assessments.

b) Seminar : discussions of basic concepts on the Holocaust. Terminology : ‘Holocaust’, ‘Shoah’, ‘Rurban’, ‘Genocide’, ‘Crime against Humanity’, ‘Survivor’, ‘Camps’, etc. Discussion of the document

Documents : mapping the Holocaust (from Gilbert, Atlas of the Holocaust) ; Hilberg’s scheme

(extract) ‘.

Reading : None

Essay topics :

- How specific was the Holocaust compared to other mass atrocities of the 20th Century ?

- In what sense was the Holocaust a ‘modern’ genocide ?

Further reading :

Cohn, Norman, Warrant for Genocide, the Myth of the Jewish World-Conspiracy and the Protocols of the Elders of Zion (New York: Harper and Row, 1967).

Fraenkel, Ernst, The Dual State, a Contribution to the Theory of Dictatorship (New York: Octagon Books, 1969).

Herbert, Ulrich, ed., National Socialist Extermination Policies: Contemporary German Perspectives and Controversies (Oxford, New York: Berghahn Books, 1999).

Herf, Jeffrey, Reactionary Modernism: Technology, Culture and Modernism in Weimar and the Third Reich (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1984).

Katz, Jacob, From Prejudice to Destruction: Anti-Semitism 1700-1933 (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1980).

Kershaw, Ian, The “Hitler Myth”: Image and Reality in the Third Reich (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1987).

Mosse, George L., The Crisis of German Ideology: Intellectual Origins of the Third Reich (New York: Grosset and Dunlap, 1964).

Neumann, Franz L., Behemoth: The Stucture and Practice of National Socialism 1933-1944 (New York, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1982) ; reprint, New York, Octagon Books, 1963.

Spring 2017 3 Poliakov, Léon, The History of Antisemitism, volume 1 : From the Time of Christ to the Court Jews, volume 2 (New York: The Vanguard Press, 1965).

Postone, Moishe, Santner, Eric, ed., Catastrophe and Meaning. The Holocaust and the Twentieth Century (Chicago and London: The University of Chicago Press, 2003).

Volkov, Shulamit, Germans, Jews and antisemites: trials in Emancipation (Cambridge, New York: Cambridge University Press, 2006).

Winckler, Heinrich August, Germany, the long road west, 1789-1933 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2006).

Yahil, Leni, The Holocaust: the fate of European Jewry, 1932-1945, translated from the Hebrew by Ina Friedman and Haya Galai (New York ; Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1990).

Séance 3 : 8 February ; Germans Jews, 1933-1941 (JMD)

The years 1933-1941 were decisive in the implementation of the Holocaust. German Jews were submitted to a progressive process of isolation. This process was both ‘legal’ and ‘spontaneous’. The agents of persecution will be described and also the path to violence. Jewish responses will be considered and so will be the attitude of the German population. Can a gendered approach to those responses be useful?

Reading : - Bankier, David, Probing the depths of German antisemitism : German society and the persecution of the Jews, 1933-1941 (New York : Berghahn Books, 2001), pp. 271-281 (Kulka) - Hilberg, Raul, The Destruction of European Jews, pp. 61-77.

a) Suppressing emancipation ; escalating isolation and violence

b) Documents on Kristallnach : video ; written testimonies.

Essay questions:

- How ‘legal’ (or ‘legalised’) was the isolation of German Jews ?

- Describe the various responses of German Jews towards persecution.

- What was the specific role of German Jewish women after 1933 ?

Further reading :

Bajohr, Frank, “The Holocaust and Corruption”, in Gerald D. Feldman, Wolfgang Seibel, eds., Networks of Nazi Persecution, Bureaucracy, Business and the Organization of the Holocaust, (Oxford, New York: Berghahn Books, 2005), p.118-125.

Aly, Götz, Hitler’s Beneficiaries: plunder, racial war, and the Nazi welfare state, translated by Jefferson Chase (New York: Metropolitan books, 2007).

Bankier, David, The German and the Final Solution. Public Opinion under Nazism (Oxford, Cambridge: Blackwell, 1992).

Barkai, Avraham, From Boycott to Annihilation. The Economic Struggle of German Jews, 1933-1943 (Hanover and London: published for Brandeis University Press by University Press of New England, 1989).

Beck, Gad, An underground life: the memoirs of a gay Jew in Nazi Berlin, written with Frank Heibert ; translated by Allison Brown (Madison, Wis.: University of Wisconsin Press, 1999).

Bergen, Doris L., Twisted Cross: the German Christian Movement in the Third Reich (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1996). Feldman, Gerald D., Seibel Wolfgang, eds., Networks of Nazi Persecution. Bureaucracy, Business and the Organization of the Holocaust (New York, Oxford: Berghahn Books, 2005).

Friedländer, Saul, Nazi Germany and the Jews, vol. 1, The Years of Persecution, 1933-1939 (New York: HarperCollins, 1997).

Gay, Peter, Freud, Jews and other Germans: masters and victims in Modernist Culture (New York: New York University Press, 1978).

Gellately, Robert, Backing Hitler. Consent and Coercion in Nazi Germany (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001).

Goschler, Constantin, Ther, Philip, eds., Robbery and restitution: the conflict over Jewish property in Europe, New York, Oxford, Berghahn Books, 2007.

Gruner, Wolf, Jewish forced labor under the Nazis: economic needs and racial aims, 1938-1944 (New York: Cambridge University Press, USHMM, 2006).

Kaplan, Marion A., Between Dignity and Despair. Jewish Life in Nazi Germany (Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press, 1998).

Kershaw, Ian, Popular Opinion and Political Dissent in the Third Reich (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1983).

Kershaw, Ian, Hitler, the Germans, and the final solution, Jerusalem : International Institute for Holocaust Research, Yad Vashem (New Haven, [Conn.]: Yale University Press, 2008).

Klemperer, Victor, I will Bear Witness, vol. 1, 1933-1941 (New York: Random House, 1998).

Mosse, Georges L., German Jews beyond Judaism (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1983).

Ogilvie, Sarah A., Miller, Scott, Refuge denied: the St. Louis passengers and the Holocaust (Madison, Wis. : University of Wisconsin Press, c2006).

Schraffstetter, Susanne, Steinweis, Alan, The Germans and the Holocaust.Popular Responses to the Persecution and Murder of the Jews (New York ; Oxford : Berghahn Books, 2016).

Wollenberg, Jorg, ed., The German public and the persecution of the Jews, 1933-1945 : "no one participated, no one knew", English edition translated and edited by Rado Pribic (Atlantic Highlands, N.J.: Humanities Press, 1996).

Digital resources : http://www.eiu.edu/eiutps/holocaust_kristallnacht.php

Séance 4: 22 February; The Holocaust by bullets (JMD)

From July 1941 on, mobile killing units, the Einsatzgruppen, killed Jews in Eastern Poland and the newly occupied territories. They went as far as Grozny and Moscow. At the end of 1941, half a million Jews have been killed. This killing by bullets caused 1.5 million victims. How was this ‘not-modern’ Holocaust organised ? Which were the reactions of the local populations ? What happened to those corpses? The ‘Aktion 1005’ will be described.

Reading :

Spector, Shmuel, Operation 1005

Spring 2017 5 Stone, Dan, ‘Modernity and violence: Theoretical reflections on the Einsatzgruppen’, Journal of genocide research, 1/3, pp. 367-378 : available online via the library catalogue. On Father Patrick Desbois : Elaine Sciolino, ‘A Priest Methodically Reveals Ukrainian Jews’ Fate’, The New York Times, October 6, 2007. Website of Yahad-In Unum : http://www.yahadinunum.org/ a) 1.5 million victims b) Father Patrick Desbois and the search for the Holocaust by bullets

Essay questions : - How ‘modern’ was the Holocaust by bullets ? - Describe the operation 1005. - How can you explain the sheer ‘efficiency’ of the Einsatzgruppen. - Was it possible to put the Einsatzgruppen on trial ? Describe the Nuremberg trial.

Further reading :

Aly, Götz, Final Solution: Nazi Population Policy and the Murder of the European Jews (London: Arnold and Oxford University Press, 1998).

Aly, Götz, Chroust, Peter, Pross, Christian, Cleansing the Fatherland: Nazi Medicine and Racial Hygiene (Baltimore: John Hopkins University Press, 1994.)

Aly, Götz, Heim, Susanne, Architects of annihilation: Auschwitz and the logic of destruction, translated from the German by A.G. Blunden (London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 2002).

Breitman, Richard, The Architect of Genocide. Himmler and the Final Solution (London: Grafton, 1992).

Browning, Christopher, The Path to Genocide (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1992).

Browning, Christopher R., The Origins of the Final Solution. The Evolution of Nazi Jewish Policy, September 1939-March 1942 (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, Yad Vashem, 2004).

Spring 2017 7 Browning, Christopher R., Fateful Months. Essays on the Emergence of the Final Solution (New York, London: Holmes Meier, 1985).

Burrin, Philippe, Hitler and the Jews: the genesis of the Holocaust, translated by Patsy Southgate ; introduction by Saul Friedländer, London ; New York : Edward Arnold ; 1994.

Burleigh, Michael, Death and Deliverance: “Euthanasia” in Germany, 1900-1945 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994).

Burleigh, Michael, Wippermann, Wolfgang, The Racial State: Germany, 1933-1945 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991).

Confino, Alan, A World without Jews. The Nazi Imagination from Persecution to Genocide (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2014).

Digan, Katie, Places of memory : the case of the house of the Wannsee Conference (Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire ; New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2015).

Friedlander, Henry, The Origins of Nazi Genocide: From Euthanasia to the Final Solution (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1995).

Muller-Hill, Benno, Murderous science : elimination by scientific selection of Jews, Gypsies, and others. Germany 1933- 1945, translated by George R. Fraser (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1988).

Roseman, Mark, The villa, the lake, the meeting : Wannsee and the final solution (London: Allen Lane/Penguin, 2002).

Rossino, Alexander B., Hitler strikes Poland: Blitzkrieg, ideology and atrocity (Lawrence, Kan.: University Press of Kansas, c2003).

Schleunes, Karl A., The Twisted Road to Auschwitz: Nazi Policy towards the Jews, 1933-1939 (Urbana, University of Illinois Press, 1970).

Weindling, Paul, Health, Race and German Politics between Unification and Nazism, 1870-1945, (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989).

Digital resources: The House of the Wannsee Conference http://www.ghwk.de/gb

Session 6 : 8 March ; Technologies of death camps (JMD)

This is the most gruesome session, the one also most problematic : how dare we approach the killing facilities of Auschwitz and other death camps ? On the other hand, refusing to consider gas chambers and crematorias and how they were conceived, built and improved would be treacherous move in the field of Holocaust studies (many Holocaust courses just skip this central chapter of the Holocaust). Deportations to death camps will be described and also the very killing facilities, that evolved from makeship chambers to highly designed technologies in Birkenau). The Jews forced to work in the killing facilities, named ‘Sonderkommandos’, will be considered. We will also consider the ethics of dealing with such extreme themes.

Reading : - Arad , Yiṣḥaq, Belzec, Sobibor, Treblinka : the operation Reinhard death camps, Bloomington ; Indianapolis : Indiana University Press , 1987. - Greif, Gideon, ‘We wept without tears’. Testimonies of the Jewish Sonderkommandos in Auschwitz (Coral Gables, Fl. : Yale University Press, 2005), pp. 1-20.

a) Gas chambers and crematoria b) Testimonies of the Sonderkommando We will consider the ethics of representation of the Sonderkommando, using various medias : the drawings by David Olère, the four pictures taken by the Resistance, a clip from the film Shoah (Claude Lanzmann) with the famous interview of Avraham Bomba (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X8mcNYVkdJQ)

Further reading :

Angier, Carole, The Double Bond. Primo Levi. A Biography (London: Viking, 2002).

Arad, Yitzhak, Belzec, Sobibor, Treblinka : the Operation Reinhard death camps (Bloomington : Indiana University Press, c1987).

Berenbaum, Michael, Gutman, Yisrael, eds., Anatomy of the Auschwitz Death Camp (Bloomington Indianapolis: Indiana University Press, USHMM, 1994).

Breitmann, Richard, The Architect of Genocide: Himmler and the Final Solution (New York: Knopf, 1991).

Cohen, Gilles, Les matricules tatoues des camps d'Auschwitz-Birkenau / photographies, textes et entretiens, Gilles Cohen ; avec les contributions de Danuta Czech ... [et al.].s, (Paris: Les Fils et filles des déportés juifs de France, 1992).

Cymlich, Israel, Strawczynski, Oskar, Escaping hell in Treblinka (Jerusalem: Yad Vashem, 200)8.

Dwork, Deborah, Van Pelt, Robert, Auschwitz, 1270 to the present (New Haven; London: Yale University Press, 1996).

Friedman, Tuwia, The Nazi extermination-camp Bełźec (Haifa: Institute of Documentation in Israel, 2004).

Gilbert, Alan, Auschwitz and the Allies (London : Michael Joseph/Rainbird, 1981).

Hart, Kitty, Return to Auschwitz: the remarkable story of a girl who survived the Holocaust (London: Sidgwick & Jackson, 1981).

Hoss, Rudolf, Commandant of Auschwitz: the autobiography of Rudolf Hoess / translated from the German by Constantine FitzGibbon (London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1959).

Lasker-Wallfisch, Inherit the truth, 1939-1945: the documented experiences of a survivor of Auschwitz and Belsen (London: Giles de la Mare, 1996).

Nyiszli, Miklos, Auschwitz: a doctor's eyewitness account, translated by Tibere Kremer and Richard Seaver ; with a foreword by Bruno Bettelheim (New York: Arcade, 1993).

Glazar, Richard, Trap with a green fence : survival in Treblinka (Evanston, Ill.: Northwestern University Press, 1995).

Muller, Philipp, Auschwitz inferno : the testimony of a Sonderkommando, literary collaboration by Helmut Freitag ; edited and translated (from the German MS.) by Susanne Flatauer (London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1979).

Pressac, Jean-Claude, Auschwitz: technique and operation of the gas chambers, translated from the French by Peter Moss. (New York, N.Y : The Beate Klarsfeld Foundation, 1989).

Wachsmann, Nikolaus, KL : a history of the Nazi concentration camps (London : Little Brown, 2015).

Essay questions :

Spring 2017 9 - Contrast the death camps of the Reinhardt operation (Treblinka, Chelmno, Sobibor and Belzec), to Auschwitz II – Birkenau - Which are the differences between death camps and concentration camps ? - Men and women in Auschwitz - Rudolph Hoess : his testimony.

Digital resources: The Auschwitz-Birkenau Memorial Museum’s official website http://auschwitz.org/en/

Session 7 ; 15 March : Testimonies, the Spielberg Project (JMD)

The USC Shoah Foundation : https://sfi.usc.edu/

Reading : Wieviorka, Annette, The Era of the Witness (Ithaca : Cornell U.P., 2006), p. 96-125.

This is a two hours workshop in group, searching the database of the Spielberg Shoah foundation and analysing video testimonies of survivors. Please, bring your laptop !

Essay questions :

- How reliable are survivors’ testimonies ? - WHy did Primo Levi’s book become the most iconic text of Holocaust literature ? - What is Holocaust literature ? Define the ‘blurring of genres’. - Holocaust memory without survivors. - Which are the problems caused by the massive campaigns of videorecording Holocaust survivors ?

Further reading: Baumel, Judith, Double Jeopardy, Gender and the Holocaust (London: Vallentine Mitchell & Co., 1998).

Czerniakow, Adam, The Warsaw Diary of Adam Czerniakow, edited by Raul Hilberg, Stanislaw Staron and Josef Kermisz, (Chicago: Ivan R. Dee, 1999).

Garbarini, Alexandra, Numbered Days. Diaries and the Holocaust (New Haven, London: Yale university Press, 2006).

Goldberg, Esther, compiled and edited by, Holocaust memoir digest: survivors' published memoirs with study guide and maps, 3 volume, (London, England; Portland, Or.: Vallentine Mitchell, 2004).

Graif, Gid’on, We wept without tears: testimonies of the Jewish Sonderkommando from Auschwitz (New Haven, Conn., London: Yale University Press, 2005).

Ofer, Dalia, Weitzman, L., ed., Women in the Holocaust (Yale: University Press, 1998).

Seidman, Hillel, The Warsaw Ghetto Diaries (Southfield, MI: Targum Press, 1997).

Ringelblum, Emmanuel, Notes from the Warsaw ghetto: the journal of Emmanuel Ringelblum, edited and translated by Jacob Sloan, (New York: Schocken Books, 1974).

Rittner, Carol, Different Voices (New York: Paragon House, 1993).

Tory, Avraham, Surviving the Holocaust. The Kovno Ghetto Diary, edited and with an introduction by Martin Gilbert, (Cambridge, Mass., London: Harvard University Press, 1990).

Zapruder, Alexandra, ed., Salvaged Pages. Young Writers’Diaries of the Holocaust (New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 2002). Session 8 : 22 March ; How to become a perpetrator (SGM)

Reading : - Browning, Christopher, Ordinary men : Reserve Police Battalion 101 and the final solution in Poland (London : Penguin, 2001), pp. 49-77. - Kay, Alex J., The Making of an SS Killer. The life of Colonel Alfred Filbert, 1905-1990 (Cambridge : Cambridge U.P., 2016), pp. 57-77. - a) Social psychology : reading Christopher Browning’s ‘Ordinary Men’

b) A film ‘If that is, I am a murderer’ (60 mn).

Essay questions :

- Why did they kill ?

- Is the history of German culture necessary to understand the psychology of Holocaust perpetrators ?

- Adolf Eichmann was described by Hannah Arendt as the seminal ‘desk’s perpetrators’, who was not in direct contact with victims. Explain this concept and discuss it.

- Discuss the theory of Daniel Goldhagen on Holocaust perpetrators (‘eliminationist anti-Semitism’).

Further reading :

Bezwinska, Jadwiga, Czech, Danuta, eds., KL Auschwitz Seen by the SS: Höss, Broad, Kremer (N.Y: Howard Fertig, 1984).

Browning, Christopher, Revisiting the Holocaust Perpetrators. Why Did They Kill?, The Raul Hilberg Memorial Lecture University of Vermont October 17, 2011 : https://www.uvm.edu/~uvmchs/documents/HilbergLectureBrowning2011.pdf

Klee, Ernst, Dressen, Willi, Riess, Volker, ed., The Good Old Days. The Holocaust as seen by its perpetrators and bystanders (New York: Free press, 1991).

The secret conferences of Dr. Goebbels, October 1939 - March 1943 / edited and selected by Willi A. Boelcke ; translated from the German by Ewald Osers (London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1970).

The Goebbels diaries, tr. and ed. by Louis P. Lochne, (London: H. Hamilton, 1948).

The Goebbels diaries 1939-1941, translated and edited by Fred Taylor. (London: Sphere, 1983).

The Goebbels diaries: the last days, edited, introduced and annotated by Hugh Trevor-Roper; translated from the German by Richard Barry (London: Secker and Warburg, 1978).

Goldensohn, Leon, The Nuremberg Interviews: Conversation with defendants and witnesses (London: Pimlico, 2007).

Matthäus; Jürgen, Bajohr, Frank, The Political Diary of Alfred Rosenberg and the Onset of the Holocaust (Rowman and Littlefield, USHMM, 2015).

Speer, Albert, Inside the Third Reich (London: Macmillan, 1970).

Digital resources: Holocaust photography http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Holocaust/libpictoc.html

Spring 2017 11 Session 9 : 29 March ; Holocaust denial (JMD) This is the great fear of Holocaust activists, human rights organisations, survivors’ associations, etc. This very strange idea of denying the very fact that the Holocaust took place. This phenomenon needs to be analysed? Why is the Holocaust denied? Would you deny that WWI did take place? How widespread is Holocaust denial today? Via which medias? Who are those deniers? How are they organised? What is their political agenda? Is Holocaust denial anti- Semitic? In which way? Is it an anti-Israel movement? In this session, we will try to describe a ‘genealogy’ of this ‘thinking’, together with the methods employed. It is a French invention! And confront the question of free speech.

Reading : - Lipstadt, Deborah, Denying the Holocaust : the growing assault on truth and memory (Free Press Maxwell Macmillan International, 1993), pp. 157-182. - Evans, Richard, Lying about Hitler : history, Holocaust, and the David Irving trial (Basic Books, 2001), pp. 1-14.

- A ‘lecture’ by Holocaust denier Robert Faurisson : https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Tvy-Gtu5CR8

a) Holocaust denial as a French invention b) Discussion : how to fight Holocaust denial ?

Documents : the Gayssot French law ; the verdict of the David Irving trial.

Essay questions : - Is the Gayssot law useful to fight Holocaust denial ? - Why should we take Holocaust denial seriously ? - Analyse the verdict of the Irving trial : did the judge tell history ? - What was the role(s) of historians in the Irving trial. - Holocaust denial in the Middle-East : its role and its uses.

Further reading :

- Achcar, Gilbert, ‘Assessing Holocaust Denial in Western and Arab Contexts’, Journal of Palestine Studies, Vol. 41, No. 1 (Autumn 2011), pp. 82-95.

- Blumenthal, David A., McCormack, Timothy L. H., (eds.), The legacy of Nuremberg: Civilising Influence or Institutionalised Vengeance?, (International Humanitarian Law series, vol. 20, Leiden: Martinus Nijhoff, 2008).

- Deak, Itsvan, Europe on trial, The story of collaboration, resistance and retribution During World War II (Westview Press, 2015).

- Evans, Richard J., Lying about Hitler: History, Holocaust, and the David Irving Trial (New York: Basic Books, 2001).

- Guttenplan, D.D., The Holocaust on Trial: History, Justice and the David Irving Libel Case, (London: Granta, 2001).

- Dershowitz, Alan M., (ed.), The Irving Judgment: David Irving v. Penguin Books and Professor Deborah Lipstadt (London: Penguin, 2000).

- Eaglestone, Robert, Postmodernism and Holocaust Denial (Cambridge: Icon Books, 2001).

- Grobman, Alex, Shermer, Michael, Denying history: who says the Holocaust never happened and why do they say it? (Berkeley ; London: University of California Press 2000).

- Kahn, Robert A., Holocaust Denial and the Law: a Comparative Study (New York, Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2004).

- Lipstadt, Deborah, Denying the Holocaust: the Growing Assault on Truth and Memory (Vidal Sassoon International Centre for the Study of Antisemitism New York, New York, Oxford: The Free Press, Maxwell Macmillan International, 1993). - Litvak, Meir, Webman, Esther, From empathy to denial : Arab responses to the Holocaust (London: Hurst 2009).

- Seidel, Gill, The Holocaust denial : antisemitism, racism & the new right (Leeds: Beyond the Pale Collective, 1986).

- Van Pelt, Robert Jan, The Case for Auschwitz: Evidence from the Irving Trial (Bloomington, Ind.: Indiana University Press, 2002).

- Vidal-Naquet, Pierre, The Jews: History, Memory, and the Present (London: Pluto, 1999).

- Vidal-Naquet, Pierre, Assassins of Memory: Essays on the Denial of the Holocaust, translated and with a foreword by Jeffrey Mehlman (New York: Columbia University Press, 1992).

Digital resources : The website of Deborah Lipstadt : https://www.hdot.org/ Deniers : the Institute for Historical Review (handle with care, please !) http://www.ihr.org/

Session 10 : 5 April ; The Holocaust on trial (SGM)

To the contrary of what is commonly thought, Allied nations very early in the war planned to put on trial perpetrators of mass crimes and genocide. The project of an International Military Tribunal dates back to 1943. It was set up in the German city of Nuremberg. The main trial attracted much media attention. It was a major turn in international criminal justice, especially after the failed attempts to judge war crimes after WWI – and the crimes against Armenians. But many more trials occurred in Germany and all over Europe: subsequent Nuremberg trials, war crimes trials in the various zones of occupation, trials in Eastern Europe. From 1949 and the creation of the Federal Republic of Germany, the responsibility to judge Nazi criminals was transferred to the German judicial system: from that moment, prosecution proved difficult. Only from the early 1960s, were German judges (and politicans) ready to face the past. The seminal trial was the Auschwitz one in Francfort/Main in 1964. We will address in this session the following questions: - how was it possible to judge crimes perpetrated at such a massive scale? – can one put the Holocaust on trial? – what was the impact of the Eichmann trial in Jerusalem? – Can justice be made?

Reading :

Marrus, Michael, “The Holocaust at Nuremberg”, in Yad Vashem Studies vol. 26 (1998), pp. 5-41. Kay, Alex J., The Making of an SS Killer. The life of Colonel Alfred Filbert, 1905-1990 (Cambridge : Cambridge U.P., 2016), pp. 96-109. Documents on the Eichmann trial: - Session n°64 – The verdict. a) An impossible justice

b) The Eichmann trial

Essay questions :

- Can one judge the Holocaust ?

- Why were so few Holocaust perpetrators put on trial ?

- Explain the controversy over the book by Hannah Arendt ‘Eichmann in Jerusalem’

- Analyse one of the subsequent Nuremberg trial.

Spring 2017 13 - Which were the argument opposed by Holocaust perpetrators on trial ?

Further reading :

Bartov, Omer, Grossmann, Atina, Nolan, M., (eds.), The Crimes of War: Guilt and Denial in the Twentieth Century (New York: New Press, 2002).

Bazyler Michael J., Tuerkheimern Frank M., Forgotten Trials of the Holocaust (New York: NYU Press, 2014).

Blumenthal, David A., McCormack, Timothy L. H., (eds.), The legacy of Nuremberg: Civilising Influence or Institutionalised Vengeance? (International Humanitarian Law series, vol. 20, Leiden: Martinus Nijhoff, 2008).

Earl, Hilary, The Nuremberg SS-Einsatzgruppen trial, 1945-1958 : atrocity, law, and history (Cambridge; New York: Cambridge University Press 2009).

Freyhofer, Horst, The Nuremberg medical trial: the Holocaust and the origin of the Nuremberg Medical Code (New York: P. Lang c2004).

Ginsburgs, George, Kudriavtsev, V. N. (Vladimir Nikolaevich), (eds)., The Nuremberg Trial and International Law (Law in Eastern Europe, vol. 42, Dordrecht; London: M. Nijhoff, 1990).

Heberer, Patricia, Matthaus, Jurgen, (eds.), Atrocities on trial: historical perspectives on the politics of prosecuting war crimes (Lincoln : University of Nebraska Press ; Washington, DC : Published in association with the United States Holocaust Museum c2008).

Hebert, Valérie, Hitler’s generals on trial. The last war crimes tribunal at Nuremberg (Lawrence: Kansas University Press, 2010).

Jardim, Tomaz, The Mauthausen Trial (Cambridge; London: Harvard UP, 2011).

Jockusc, Laura, Gabriel N. Finder, (eds.), Jewish Honor Courts. Revenge, Retribution and Reconciliation in Europe and Israel after the Holocaust (Detroit: Wayne State University Press, 2015).

Lipstadt, Deborah, The Eichmann Trial (New York: Nextbook/Schocken, c2011).

Naumann, Bernd, Auschwitz: A Report on the Proceedings Against Robert Karl Ludwig Mulka and Others Before the Court at Frankfurt (London: Pall Mall P, 1966).

Overy, Richard, Interrogations: the Nazi Elite in Allied Hands, 1945 (London: Allen Lane, 2001).

Smith, Bradley F., The American Road to Nuremberg: the Documentary Record, 1944-1945, (Stanford, Calif.: Hoover Institution Press, 1982).

Telford, Taylor, The Anatomy of the Nuremberg Trials: A Personal Memoir (London: Bloomsbury, 1993).

The Trial of Adolf Eichmann (Jerusalem : Trust for the Publication of the Proceedings of the Eichmann Trial in cooperation with the Israel State Archives and Yad Vashem - The Holocaust Martyrs' and Heroes' Remembrance Authorit, 1995), 8 volumes.

Weindling Paul Julian, Nazi Medicine and the Nuremberg Trials: From Medical War Crimes to Informed Consent (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2004).

Wiesenthal, Simon, Justice not Vengeance, translated from the German by Ewald Osers, (London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1989).

Digital ressources : The Avalon project brings many fascinating documents of Holocaust trials www.yale.edu/wawweb/avalon/imt/imt.htm

The Eichmann trial on Youtube : ttps://www.youtube.com/results?search_query=Eichmann+trial

Session 11 : 12 April ; Memory and Memorials (SGM)

Reading: Peter Carrier, Holocaust Monuments and National Memory Cultures in France and Germany since 1989. The Origins and Political Function of the Vel’ d’Hiv’ in Paris and the Holocaust Monument in Berlin (New York, Oxford: Berghahn Books, 2005), pp. 154-170. Fuchs, Jonathan, ‘Visiting Memorials. A Worthwhile, Cathartic Experience, or A “Waste of Time and Money”, in Davies, Martin L., Szejnmann, Claus-Christian W., eds.), How the Holocaust looks now. International Perspectives (Palgrave McMillan, 2006), p. 185-193.

a) The texture of memory

b) The USHMM

Essay questions :

– What do Holocaust memorials tell us about national cultures ? You can choose one country (Israel, United States, France, Poland etc.) or compare memorials in two countries.

– Fiction writing and the memory of the Holocaust.

– How has humor been used to transmit and memorialize the Holocaust (in cinema, theater, etc.)?

Further reading :

Ball, Karin, Disciplining the Holocaust (Albany, N.Y.: SUNY Press; Bristol: University Presses Marketing distributor 2008).

Bartov, Omer, Murders in Our Midst: The Holocaust, Industrial Killing and Representation (New York: Oxford University Press, 1996).

Cole, Tim, Selling the Holocaust: from Auschwitz to Schindler, How History is Bought, Packaged, and Sold (New York: Routledge, 2000).

Colombo, Pamela, Schindel, Estela (eds.), Space and the Memories of Violence. Landscapes of Erasure, Disappearance and Exception (London: Palgrave McMillan, 2014).

Crownshaw, Richard, Kilby, Jane, Rowland, Antony, (ed.), The future of memory, (New York: Berghahn Books, 2010).

Dannatt, Adrian, United States Holocaust Memorial Museum: James Ingo Freed (London: Phaidon 1995).

Davies, Marion, Absence and loss: holocaust memorials in Berlin and beyond, (London: David Paul, 2007).

Dekel, Irit, Mediation at the Holocaust Memorial in Berlin (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2013)

Flanzbaum, Hilene, The Americanization of the Holocaust, (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins UP, 1999).

Hansen-Glucklich, Jennifer, Holocaust Memory Reframed - Museums and the Challenges of Representation (New Brunswick; New Jersey; London: Rutgers University Press, 2014).

Spring 2017 15 Hartman, Geoffrey, Holocaust remembrance: the shapes of memory, (Oxford, Cambridge, Mass.: Blackwell, 1994).

Holtschneider , Hannah, The Holocaust and Representations of Jews: History and Identity in the Museum (Routledge Jewish Studies Series, Routledge: London, 2011).

Milton, Sybil, In fitting memory: the art and politics of Holocaust memorials, photographs by Ira Nowinski (Detroit: Wayne State University Press in cooperation with the Judah L. Magnes Museum, Berkeley c1991).

Rotem, Stephanie Shosh, Constructing Memory: Architectural Narratives of Holocaust Museums (New York: Peter Lang, 2013).

Rousso, Henry, The Vichy Syndrome: History and Memory in France since 1944 (Cambridge, Mass., Harvard University Press, 1991).

Young, James E., The Texture of Memory: Holocaust Memorials and Meaning (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1993).

Young, James E., Writing and Rewriting the Holocaust: Narrative and the Consequences of Interpretation (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1988).

Young, James E., (ed.), The art of memory: Holocaust memorials in history (Munich: Prestel, 1994).

Young, James E., At memory's edge: after-images of the Holocaust in contemporary art and architecture (New Haven ; London: Yale University Press 2000).

Zelizer, Barbie (ed.), Visual culture and the Holocaust, (New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers University Press, 2001).

Digital resources : the United States Holocaust Memorial-Museum : www.ushmm.org

Session 12 : 19 April ; The Holocaust in France. Conclusive session 19 April (JMD)

a) The Holocaust in France : why did 75% of Jews in France survive the Holocaust ?

b) Conclusion : the Holocaust in the 21st Century

Reading : Marrus, Michael M., Paxton, Robert O., Vichy France and the Jews (New York: Basic Books, 1981), pp. 83-95.

Essay questions : - why did 75% of Jews in France survive the Holocaust ?

- Describe the complex memory of the Holocaust in France - What was the role of the United States (or at least of some Americans) in the confrontation France had with its past ? - Describe the controversy over the SNCF in the Holocaust.