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5. Konference Ve Wannsee UNIVERZITA KARLOVA V PRAZE FAKULTA SOCIÁLNÍCH V ĚD Institut politologických studií Jakub Hájek Vznik vyhlazovacích tábor ů nacistického N ěmecka 1941 – 1942 Bakalá řská práce Praha 2010 Autor práce: Jakub Hájek Vedoucí práce: PhDr. et Dipl.Pol. Martin Je řábek, Ph.D. Oponent práce: Datum obhajoby: červen 2010 Hodnocení: Bibliografický záznam HÁJEK, Jakub. Vznik vyhlazovacích tábor ů nacistického N ěmecka 1941 – 1942. Praha: Univerzita Karlova, Fakulta sociálních v ěd, Institut politologických studií, 2010. 90 s. Vedoucí bakalá řské práce PhDr. et Dipl.Pol. Martin Je řábek, Ph.D. Anotace Bakalá řská práce „Vznik vyhlazovacích tábor ů nacistického N ěmecka 1941 – 1942“ se zabývá stup ňováním nacistické perzekuce Žid ů v období vymezeném útokem na Sov ětský svaz a konferencí ve Wannsee. Práce studuje rozhodující období pro osud Žid ů na území nacistického N ěmecka a hledá momenty vedoucí k postupnému stup ňování pronásledování Žid ů. Od po čáte čního hledání vhodného cíle deportací po vraždy vrcholící spušt ěním masového vyvraž ďování, skrytého pod pojmem „kone čné řešení“, v systému specieln ě budovaných vyhlazovacích tábor ů. D ůraz je kladen na distribuci rozkaz ů, řízení a koordinaci procesu z pohledu centrálních institucí bezpe čnostního aparátu a nacistické administrativy. Vznik systému řízení a postupná centrální organizace procesu hrají klí čovou roli pro pochopení zp ůsobu fungování hromadného zabíjení a jeho posunu od lokálních akcí k industrializovanému procesu, který postihl židovské obyvatelstvo celé Evropy. Klíčová slova Holokaust, holocaust, Židé, nacismus, zlo činy nacismu, genocida, koncentra ční tábory, druhá sv ětová válka, konference ve Wannsee (1942), N ěmecko. Annotation The bachelor thesis “The origin of the Nazi death camps 1941 – 1942” explores the escalation of the Jewish persecution in the period between the attack on the Soviet Union and the Wannsee Conference. The focus of this thesis lies in the cricial period for the destiny of the Jews in the Nazi Germany, with its stressing the most important points that led to the gradual escalation of the Jewish persecution. The killing starts with searching the most suitable destination for the deportations, and it proceeds to numerous murders in which there were the origins for the mass killings that followed. These were known as the “final solution” and they took place in a highly elaborated system of camps which were later called “death camps”. The main focus is therefore the distribution of the directions, control and coordination of the killings by the Nazi security institutions and administration. This is because the formation of the administration and progressive centralization of the Jewish persecution are the most important points for the understanding of how this mass killing could be so carefully controlled by the Nazis and how it could develop from such local activities to the massively industrialized killings of the Jews from the entire Europe. Key words Holocaust, Jews, Nazism, Nazi crimes, genocide, concentration camps, World War II, Wannsee Conference, Germany. Prohlášení Prohlašuji, že jsem p ředkládanou práci zpracoval samostatn ě a použil jen níže uvedené prameny a literaturu. Zárove ň souhlasím s tím, aby práce byla zp řístupn ěna ve řejnosti pro ú čely výzkumu a studia. V Praze dne 1. kv ětna 2010 Jakub Hájek Poděkování Na tomto míst ě bych rád pod ěkoval vedoucímu bakalá řské práce PhDr. et Dipl.Pol. Martinu Je řábkovi, Ph.D., za cenné rady, doporu čení studijní literatury, p řipomínky a čas, který nad prací strávil. Dále bych rád pod ěkoval Alen ě Neubauerové a mým rodi čů m za pomoc p ři úpravách jazykové podoby práce. Jakub Hájek Obsah OBSAH ....................................................................................................................................................... 8 ÚVOD .......................................................................................................................................................... 9 METODA A CÍLE ..................................................................................................................................... 10 KRITIKA LITERATURY ............................................................................................................................ 11 1. N ĚMECKÝ ANTISEMITISMUS A PROTIŽIDOVSKÁ POLITIKA 1933 – 1941 .................... 14 2. NACISTICKÉ PLÁNY P ŘED ÚTOKEM NA SOV ĚTSKÝ SVAZ .............................................. 20 2.1 NOVÉ PLÁNY „KONE ČNÉHO ŘEŠENÍ “ NA ZA ČÁTKU ROKU 1941 ...................................................... 21 2.2 SPOLUPRÁCE WEHRMACHTU A RSHA ............................................................................................ 23 2.3 RADIKALIZACE PROTIŽIDOVSKÉ POLITIKY P ŘED ÚTOKEM NA SSSR ............................................... 27 3. ÚTOK NA SOV ĚTSKÝ SVAZ A JEHO VLIV NA RADIKALIZACI NACISTICKÉ PROTIŽIDOVSKÉ POLITIKY V ČERVENCI 1941 .......................................................................... 30 3.1 EINSATZGRUPPEN ........................................................................................................................... 31 3.2 ZDOKONALOVÁNÍ VRAŽEDNÝCH METOD ........................................................................................ 34 3.3 HLEDÁNÍ NOVÝCH ZP ŮSOB Ů VRAŽD ĚNÍ .......................................................................................... 37 4. POSLEDNÍ KROK KE SPUŠT ĚNÍ „KONE ČNÉHO ŘEŠENÍ“ .................................................. 41 4.1 VLIVY VEDOUCÍ K RADIKALIZACI (SRPEN – ZÁ ŘÍ 1941) .................................................................. 41 4.2 DEPORTACE Z ŘÍŠE DO GENERÁLNÍHO GOUVERNEMENTU .............................................................. 44 4.3 VÝSTAVBA VYHLAZOVACÍCH TÁBOR Ů ........................................................................................... 46 4.4 POČÁTKY PROGRAMOVÉHO VYHLAZOVÁNÍ .................................................................................... 51 5. KONFERENCE VE WANNSEE ...................................................................................................... 54 5.1 CÍLE KONFERENCE .......................................................................................................................... 55 5.2 PRŮBĚH JEDNÁNÍ VE WANNSEE ...................................................................................................... 56 5.3 DŮSLEDKY KONFERENCE VE WANNSEE .......................................................................................... 61 6. STRUKTURA A ORGANIZACE ŘÍZENÍ PRONÁSLEDOVÁNÍ ŽID Ů ................................... 63 6.1 ROZHODOVACÍ MECHANISMY ......................................................................................................... 64 6.2 ORGANIZACE „KONE ČNÉHO ŘEŠENÍ “ .............................................................................................. 67 6.3 EKONOMICKÉ ASPEKTY HOLOKAUSTU ............................................................................................ 72 ZÁV ĚR ..................................................................................................................................................... 77 SUMMARY .............................................................................................................................................. 82 SEZNAM ZKRATEK ............................................................................................................................. 84 POUŽITÁ LITERATURA A PRAMENY ............................................................................................. 85 8 Úvod Když 15. dubna 1945 britští vojáci osvobodili koncentra ční tábor v Bergen- Belsenu objevili n ěkolik desítek tisíc židovských v ězňů živo řících v ot řesných podmínkách. P řestože spojenci m ěli zprávy o nacistických koncentra čních táborech a masových vraždách, filmové záb ěry oblet ěly a šokovaly celý sv ět. Pochopit osud milion ů Žid ů1 bylo tém ěř nemožné, stejn ě tak jak mohli Němci tento zlo čin zp ůsobit. Tato práce si klade za cíl zjistit, kdy a jak došlo k zahájení „kone čného řešení židovské otázky“ 2 spo čívajícím v organizovaném fyzickém vražd ění p říslušník ů tohoto národa. Odsoudit viníky se pokusil Norimberský tribunál s hlavními vále čnými zlo činci. Avšak podobn ě jako o šestnáct let pozd ěji p ři procesu s Adolfem Eichmannem se ukázalo velmi obtížné dokázat porušení platného práva a to p řesto, že jen málokdo pochyboval o zodpov ědnosti zú častn ěných. Pro ú čely soudu byl definován nový typ zlo činu – zlo čin proti lidskosti, který nahrazoval porušení vyšších princip ů humanity. Podobn ě se v Jeruzalém ě vyjád řil i Eichmann ův obhájce: „Eichmann se cítí vinen před Bohem, nikoli p řed zákonem.“ 3 Obecnou vypovídací hodnotu má i jeho komentá ř k tomu, že se obžalovaný snažil d ělat jen to, „za co člov ěka vyznamenají, stane-li se vít ězem, a za co skon čí na šibenici, pokud prohraje.“ 4 Důraz na pln ění povinností plynoucí z vojenské p řísahy nebo řízení se Hitlerovými rozkazy, jejichž autoritu se v nacistickém Německu neopovážil nikdo zpochybnit, soud neuznal. Tribunál dal jasn ě najevo, že p řed slepým pln ěním rozkaz ů a v ůle mocných stojí nad řazené právo, které je nutné respektovat. Práv ě systém slepé poslušnosti a malých zdánliv ě bezvýznamných úkon ů, za které doty čný necítil zodpov ědnost, uvád ěl v činnost ohromné soukolí „kone čného řešení“. Množství jeho ob ětí p řekonalo nejhr ůzn ější zlo činy d ějin. D ěsivý je ale i po čet spolupachatel ů, kte ří se na holokaustu
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