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Lublin Ghetto Coordinates: 51°15′11″N 22°34′18″E Lublin Ghetto The Lublin Ghetto was a World War II ghetto created by Lublin Ghetto Nazi Germany in the city of Lublin on the territory of General Government in occupied Poland.[1] The ghetto inmates were mostly Polish Jews, although a number of Roma were also brought in.[2] Set up in March 1941, the Lublin Ghetto was one of the first Nazi-era ghettos slated for liquidation during the most deadly phase of the Holocaust in occupied Poland.[3] Between mid-March and mid-April 1942 over 30,000 Jews were delivered to their deaths in cattle trucks at the Bełżec extermination camp and additional 4,000 at Majdanek.[1][4] Two German soldiers in the Lublin Ghetto, May 1941 Contents Also known as German: Ghetto Lublin or Lublin Reservat History Liquidation of the Ghetto Location Lublin, German-occupied Poland See also Incident type Imprisonment, forced labor, References starvation, exile External links Organizations Nazi SS Camp deportations to Belzec extermination camp and Majdanek History Victims 34,000 Polish Jews Already in 1939–40, before the ghetto was officially pronounced, the SS and Police Leader Odilo Globocnik (the SS district commander who also ran the Jewish reservation), began to relocate the Lublin Jews further away from his staff headquarters at Spokojna Street,[5] and into a new city zone set up for this purpose. Meanwhile, the first 10,000 Jews had been expelled from Lublin to the rural surroundings of the city beginning in early March.[6] The Ghetto, referred to as the Jewish quarter (or Wohngebiet der Juden), was formally opened a year later on 24 March 1941. The expulsion and ghettoization of the Jews was decided when the arriving Wehrmacht troops preparing for the Operation Barbarossa, the invasion of the Soviet Union, needed housing close to the new German–Soviet frontier.[6] The Ghetto, the only one so far in the Lublin district of Generalgouvernement in 1941, was located around the area of the Podzamcze district, from the Grodzka Gate (renamed "Jewish Gate" to mark the boundary between the Jewish and non-Jewish sections of the city) and then along Lubartowska and Unicka streets, to the end of the Franciszkańska Street. Selected members of the prewar political parties such as the Jewish Bund in Poland were imprisoned in the Lublin Castle and continued to carry out their underground activities from there.[7] Widely feared collaborator was Szama (Shlomo) Grajer, owner of a Jewish restaurant with a brothel on Kowalska Street.[8] Grajer was a Gestapo informer. Dressed like a German official, Grajer summoned to his restaurant a number of wealthy Jews and extracted a ransom of 20,000 zloty from every one of them.[8] He also used to hunt for good looking girls starving in the Ghetto for his Nazi brothel, therefore the tight-knit families made sure to hide them from him.[8] Grajer had cornered the beautiful daughter of Judenrat president Marek Alten, and married her. They were shot dead together, during the final liquidation of Majdan.[8] Liquidation of the Ghetto At the time of its founding, the ghetto imprisoned 34,000 Polish Jews,[1] and an unknown number of Roma people. Virtually all of them were dead by the war's end. Most of the victims, about 30,000 were deported to the Belzec extermination camp (some of them through the Piaski ghetto) between 17 March and 11 April 1942 by the Reserve Police Battalion 101 from Orpo helped by Odilo Globocnik in 1938, future head [9] Schutzpolizei. The Germans set a daily quota of 1,400 inmates to be deported of genocidal Operation Reinhard in to their deaths. The other 4,000 people were first moved to the Majdan Tatarski Lublin ghetto – a small ghetto established in the suburb of Lublin – and then either killed there during roundups or sent to the nearby KL Lublin/Majdanek concentration camp.[1] The last of the Ghetto's former residents still in German captivity were murdered at Majdanek and Trawniki camps in the Operation Harvest Festival (German: Aktion Erntefest) on 3 November 1943.[10] At the time of the liquidation of the ghetto, the German propaganda minister, Joseph Goebbels wrote in his diary, "The procedure is pretty barbaric, and not to be described here more definitely. Jewish women in occupied Lublin, Not much will remain of the Jews."[1] September 1939 After liquidating the ghetto, German authorities employed a slave labor workforce of inmates of Majdanek to demolish and dismantle the area of the former ghetto, including in the nearby village of Wieniawa and the Podzamcze district. In a symbolic event, the Maharam's Synagogue (built in the 17th century in honor of Meir Lublin) was blown up with explosives. Several centuries of Jewish culture and society in Lublin were brought to an end. The Jewish prewar population of 45,000 constituting about a third of the town's total population of 120,000 in 1939 was eradicated.[5][10] A few individuals managed to escape the liquidation of the Lublin Ghetto and made their way to the Warsaw Ghetto, bringing the news of the Lublin destruction.[1] The eyewitness evidence convinced some Warsaw Jews that in fact, the Germans were intent on exterminating the whole of the Jewish population in Poland.[11] However, others, including head of the Warsaw's Judenrat, Adam Czerniaków, at the time dismissed these reports of mass murders as "exaggerations".[3] Only 230 Lublin Jews are known to have The German Order Police from Orpo survived the German occupation. descending to the cellars on a jew- hunt, Lublin, December 1940 See also List of Nazi-era ghettos Nisko Plan for Lublin reservation Operation Reinhard in occupied Poland Henio Zytomirski murdered at the age of 9 Richard Wendler, the Governor of District Lublin Operation Harvest Festival conducted at Majdanek and its subcamps References 1. Fischel, Jack (1998). The Holocaust (http s://books.google. com/books?id=Hr Showers (left) and gas chambers W-b3Q-3ewC&pg (right) at Majdanek =PA58&dq=Lubli 1939 very early German issued n+ghetto&lr=&as Jewish work permit from Lublin. _brr=3). Greenwood. p. 58. 2. Doris L. Bergen, War & Genocide: A Concise History of the Holocaust (http s://books.google. com/books?id=61 Vid0UfbD4C&pg =PA114&dq=Lubl in+ghetto&lr=&as _brr=3), Rowman & Littlefield, 2002, pg. 144. ISBN 0-8476- 9631-6. 3. Lawrence N. Main extermination ghettos in occupied Powell, Troubled Poland marked with stars; death camps, Memory: Anne with white on black skulls. Lublin, lower Levy, the centre Holocaust, and David Duke's Louisiana, UNC Press, 2002, pg. 125 [1] (https://bo oks.google.com/b ooks?id=cxDbrgT jrQMC&pg=PA12 5&dq=Lublin+Gh etto&lr=&as_brr= 3) 4. The statistical data compiled on the basis of "Glossary of 2,077 Jewish towns in Poland" (http://www.sztetl. org.pl/en/selectcit y/) Archived (http s://web.archive.or g/web/20160208 215116/http://ww w.sztetl.org.pl/en/ selectcity/) 2016- 02-08 at the Wayback Machine by Virtual Shtetl Museum of the History of the Polish Jews (in English), as well as "Getta Żydowskie," by Gedeon, (http://w ww.izrael.badacz. org/historia/szoa_ getto.html) (in Polish) and "Ghetto List" by Michael Peters at www.deathcamps.org/occupation/ghettolist.htm (in English). Accessed July 12, 2011. 5. Grodzka Gate Centre, History of Grodzka Gate (the Jewish Gate). (http://teatr nn.pl/node/78/the _grodzka_gate _%E2%80%93_n n_theatre_centr e?kat=77&mkat= 77) Remembrance of Lublin's multicultural history. Also: "Operation Reinhard" in Lublin (http://teatr nn.pl/leksykon/no de/2034/%E2%8 0%9Eoperation_r einhard%E2%8 0%9D_in_lublin _%E2%80%93_t he_liquidation_of _ghetto) with relevant literature. Accessed July 2, 2014. 6. Schwindt, Barbara (2005). Das Konzentrations- und Vernichtungslage r Majdanek : Funktionswandel im Kontext der "Endlösung" (PhD) (in German). Königshausen & Neumann. p. 56. ISBN 382603123 7. OCLC 95935137 1 (https://www.wo rldcat.org/oclc/95 9351371). 7. Robert Kuwalek, "Lublin's Jewish Heritage Trail" (ht tp://www.niecodzi ennik.mbp.lublin. pl/images/stories/ polka_niecodzien nika/2007/20070 614_sciezki_pam ieci/sciezki_pami eci_6.pdf) 8. Helena Ziemba née Herszenborn, Irena Gewerc- Gottlieb (2001). "Ścieżki Pamięci, Żydowskie Miasto w Lublinie – Losy, Miejsca, Historia (Path of Memory. Jewish Town in Lublin - Fate, Places, History)". 1. Mój Lublin Szczęśliwy i Nieszczęśliwy; 2. W Getcie i Kryjówce w Lublinie (http://bib lioteka.teatrnn.pl/ dlibra/Content/20 604/sciezki_pami eci_1.pdf) (PDF file, direct download 4.9 MB) (in Polish). Rishon LeZion, Israel; Lublin, Poland: Ośrodek "Brama Grodzka - Teatr NN" & Towarzystwo Przyjaźni Polsko- Izraelskiej w Lublinie. pp. 24, 27, 29, 30. 9. Browning, Christopher R. (1998) [1992]. Arrival in Poland (http://hampshire high.com/exchan ge2012/docs/BR OWNING-Ordinar y%20Men.%20R eserve%20Polic e%20Battalion%2 0101%20and%2 0the%20Final%2 0Solution%20in% 20Poland%20(19 92).pdf) (PDF file, direct download 7.91 MB). Ordinary Men: Reserve Police Battalion 101 and the Final Solution in Poland. Harper Perennial. ISBN 978- 0060995065. Retrieved 27 June 2014. 10. Mark Salter, Jonathan Bousfield, Poland, Rough Guides, 2002, pg. 304 [2] (https://bo oks.google.com/b ooks?id=YgQ0B1 CNYfQC&pg=PA 304&dq=Mahara m+synagogue&lr =&as_brr=3) 11. Alexandra Garbarini, Numbered Days: Diaries and the Holocaust, Yale University Press, 2006, pg. 49 [3] (https://books.go ogle.com/books?i d=i4K9mUlAWU QC&pg=PA49&d q=Lublin+ghetto& lr=&as_brr=3) Tadeusz Radzik, Zagłada lubelskiego getta. The extermination of the Lublin Ghetto, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University 2007 (in Polish and English) External links Remember Jewish Lublin (http://chelm.freeyellow.com/lublin.html) Scenes from the Lublin Ghetto (https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Holocaust/Lublin1.html) (Jewish Virtual Library) Lublin Ghetto Listings - April 1942 (http://www.jewishgen.org/databases/Holocaust/0130_Lublin.html) Chronicles of the Vilna Ghetto: Photo Gallery :: Lublin (http://www.vilnaghetto.com/gallery/album41) Adina Cimet.
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