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Theological Exploration Vol. 2 No. 1 1 Theological Exploration Vol. 2 No. 1 1 Index of Volume 2 Introduction George Worgul, Thomas Walsh Ex Corde Ecclesiae: Solutions for Catholic Universities John Murray is a Professor of Law at Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Catholic Identity and the Liberal Arts Tradition Constance Ramirez is the Dean of the McAnulty School of Liberal Arts and Professor of English at Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Catholic Law Schools and Ex Corde Ecclesiae, Or What Makes a Law School Catholic? Nicholas Cafardi is the Dean of the Duquesne University School of Law, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. After Ex Corde Ecclesiae: Writing and Literary Studies in Catholic Higher Education Albert Labriola is a Professor of English at Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. The Emerging Presence of Ex Corde Ecclesiae In Business Schools at Catholic Universities James Weber is a Professor of Management at Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Reflections on Ex Corde Ecclesiae Aaron Mackler is a Professor of Theology at Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania The Theologian and the Open Narrative: Why the Nature of Theology Cannot Bear the Mandatum Craig A. Baron is a Ph.D. candidate in Theology at Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania Theological Exploration Vol. 2 No. 1 2 Introduction: After more than a decade, Roman Catholic Dioceses across the United States will begin implementing the Apostolic Constitution, Ex Corde Ecclesiae, originally published August 15, 1990. At the heart of From the Heart of the Church is the papal challenge to all Catholic universities to focus on the sources and essential characteristics of their "Catholic identity." The debates and conversations surrounding the pertinent documents, whether among bishop, theologians, administrators, or faculty have been vivid, far reaching, and poignant. Frequently, the discussions/debates focused on the mandatum section of the Constitution wherein theologians are directed to request this ecclesial instrument indicating their intent to teach in communion with the Church and the Bishop's approbation that they, in fact, do teach in communion in his granting of the mandatum. Ex Corde and its Application have already generated many positive and negative reactions. The essays presented in this issue of Theological Explorations examine the issues of Catholic identity primarily from the vantage point of administrators and non-theological faculty, with essays by Baron and Mackler being exceptions, rather than from the more specific topic of the mandatum for teachers of the sacred sciences. The articles address the need for Catholic colleges and universities to be comprehensively Catholic in their mission, statutes, schools, programs and scholarly disciplines. This wider horizon provides the necessary contextualization for any reasonably adequate discussion of the more particular mandatum question. It might happen that every Catholic theologian in the United States receive a mandatum, but the needed critical reflection on the Catholic character of Catholic universities and colleges tragically be left unexamined. These broader, deeper and, in some ways, more significant questions demand equally comprehensive critical inquiries and reflections. Catholic higher education in the United States is necessarily engaged with two distinct yet related audiences. As academic communities, these universities and colleges are engaged in scholarly research and teaching which must be subject to critical peer review and evaluation from the appropriate academic professional societies. As Catholic academic communities, these universities and colleges are related to the Catholic communities that are the source of their mission and goals as well as the grounding of their living Catholicity. Catholicism is not just an idea. Catholicism is a community of believers, a living organism with concrete structures and forms. Advances in the enrichment of each audience and the dual arenas of accountability/responsibility have not been simultaneous or equally successful. Theological Exploration Vol. 2 No. 1 3 In a sincere and admirable desire to attain academic excellence and academic credibility, Catholic universities and colleges have hired faculty trained in and graduated from the "best" and "most prestigious" academic institutions in the country. The key factor in hiring decisions may have been cultural/gender diversity, promise of scholarly activity, or inclusion of alternative disciplinary methodologies. These noble efforts at diversification indicate the open mindedness and ecumenical spirit of Catholic institutions. At the same time, the hiring process may have placed too little attention on the issues of whether or not these faculty had any adult exposure to the Catholic tradition whether by participation in its community actions or by academic study. It has happened that several Catholic universities and colleges have few faculty members educated in Catholic higher education institutions or few Catholic faculty knowledgeable about the Catholic tradition. In fact, it may well be that less than a majority of professors and administrators at Catholic institutions in America are, in fact, either practicing Catholics or non-Catholics with an adult understanding of the tradition and its teaching. Anecdotally, a President of a Catholic university recently distributed copies of Veritatis Splendor and Fides et Ratio to select faculty for comment and discussion. Most of the faculty tragically said that they simply could not read and understand the texts. As the result of the paucity of critical knowledge of Catholicism among the general university/college faculty, an undue weight and burden is place of the role of theology and theologians at Catholic schools. In point of fact, what students hear and discuss about the great religious issues and debates outside of religion classrooms may have a more powerful effect on them than in any religion or theology classes. The positive desire for academic excellence and credibility by Catholic colleges and universities has also led to an amplification of the idea of "academic freedom" which has sometimes blurred any relationship of the educational institution to the Catholic Church. Sometimes, it is even argued that academic freedom is an "absolute freedom" without any restraints or limits. However, academic freedom is expressed within the limits of academic methodology, accuracy in the data of one's field of investigation, in an open dialogue with the many other voices and within the framework of one's institutional mission, goals and structures. In Catholic universities and colleges, the entire intellectual enterprise draws upon and nourishes the Catholic tradition in its history and present living experience. Minimally, academic integrity demands accurate representation of this tradition. Maximally, Catholic universities should explore every question, issue and problem with diligence and passion so that the Catholic tradition can shape and propose adequate responses. At Catholic universities and colleges, faith and reason are brought into the great conversation that lies at the center of a liberating education. Theological Exploration Vol. 2 No. 1 4 Sociologists have identified two components of membership: sociability and comradeship. Sociability is the more objective component of membership. It refers to the "rules of the group," the structures which direct the groups patterns of behavior and systems of power. Comradeship is the more subjective component of membership. It refers to the "feelings of solidarity," personal bonding and level of person faith/commitment to the persons and beliefs of the community. The ratio or mix of sociability can vary widely both intra and inter various communities. It may well be that Ex Corde Ecclesiae and its Application in the American Catholic Church are an attempt to adjust the ration of sociability and comradeship. In effect, these texts are increasing the sociability side of the mix by calling attention to the need for a "Catholic presence" in the administrators and faculty of Catholic colleges and universities, to the need for a "Catholic presence" in their mission statements, goals and statutes, and a "Catholic presence" in the ambiance of their day to day activities. When membership seems threatened by a perceived weakness (rightly or wrongly judged) in comradeship, the authority in the community frequently tries to shore up the community by increasing the rules which govern behavior in the community and intensifying sociability. Ex Corde and its American Application appear to be the illustrations of such an alteration. Absent indicators of strong comradeship, Catholicism may have no other venue for preserving the membership of its higher educational institutions in the Catholic community at the present time. Only time will judge the success or failure of this adjustment. Since the articles in this issue explore different trajectories, a brief summary of each is offered to the readers. President Murray: As President of a Catholic University, Dr. John Murray, Jr. is in a unique position to discuss the impact of Ex Corde in its entirety on a Catholic university. His essay indicates that the best way to insure the successful and proper implementation of Ex Corde is with honesty, trust and open communication between the various segments within a Catholic institution of higher learning as well as with the bishops who will over see the project. Focusing on how to reduce and/or limit the anxiety
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