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CONTENTS

Acknowledgments xv Diodore of Tarsus, to Commentary on Introduction 1 Psalm 118 27 , from Commentary on Galatians 30 1 , from 3 32 BIBLICAL AND INTERPRETATIONS: SOURCES OF AUTHORITY 5 Interpretation , Prefaces to the Version of the New EXTS AND ANON 11 1. T C Testament: The Four 34 Papias of Jerome, The Prologue to Genesis 35 , from Ecclesiastical History 11 Jerome, from Letter 18A (to Damasus) 36 Augustine, from 42 of , from Against 12 Pelagius, from Commentary on Romans 51 , from Against Marcion 12 Cappadocian Interpretation Irenaeus of Lyons Basil the Great, from On the Holy 52 Irenaeus of Lyons, from Against Heresies 14 Gregory of , from Treatise on the Inscriptions of the 54 Some Early Lists of the Books of the , from Commentary on the Song of The 15 Songs 61 The of , in Eusebius, Ecclesiastical History 16 Medieval Interpretation The Canon of Eusebius of Caesarea, in Gregory the Great, from Morals on the Book of 67 Ecclesiastical History 17 , Prologue to Breviloquium 76 The Catalog in the Codex Claromontanus 18 Bonaventure, “On the Third Commandment of The Canon of Athanasius, in Festal 18 the Decalogue” 82 The Canon of Jerome, in Letter 53 , “Can One Passage of Holy (to Paulinus) 19 Scripture Bear Several Senses?” 85 Interpretation 2. ISSUES OF INTERPRETATION 20 , Preface to Latin Writings 87 Alexandrian Interpretation Martin Luther, Defense and Explanation of All the Clement of , from Stro¯mateis 20 Articles 88 Origen, from On First Principles 23 Martin Luther, Against Latomus 89 Antiochene Interpretation Martin Luther, from First Lectures on the Psalms 89 Diodore of Tarsus, Prologue to Commentary on the Martin Luther, from Lectures on Galatians 95 Psalms 27

vii , from Institutes of the Christian 99 From The Letter of Aristeas 173 John Calvin, from Commentary on Galatians 101 Judaeus, from On the Account of the ’s John Calvin, from Commentary on 1 Corinthians 103 Creation Given by 176 , from Explanatory Notes upon the Old Philo Judaeus, from Who Is the Heir? 179 Testament 107 Philo Judaeus, from On the Posterity of Cain and His John Wesley, from “An Address to the ” 108 Exile 180 Post- Enlightenment Interpretation: History and Mishnah, Pesachim: The Passover Meal 180 Hermeneutics 109 Mishnah, Yoma: The Day of 182 Hermann Reimarus, from “Concerning the Mishnah, Aboth: The Fathers 186 Intention of and His Teaching” 110 Midrashim, Genesis Rabbah: “The Binding of , “On the Concept of ” 189 Hermeneutics” in The Academy Addresses of 2. GRECO-R OMAN 193 1829 113 , from The 193 Friedrich Strauss, “ and Birth of Plato, from The Symposium 197 the Baptist: Mythical View of the Narrative in Its Diff erent Stages” 121 , from The Handbook 199 201 Elizabeth Cady Stanton, from The Woman’s Bible 123 , “The Nature and Source of Evil” William Wrede, Introduction to The Messianic 3. OTHER CONTEMPORARY : 125 AND ORIENTAL CULTS 204 Albert Schweitzer, from The Quest of the Historical The 204 Jesus 128 From The Homeric to 204 The , “Sacred Scripture: Clement , from Exhortation to the Its Divine Inspiration and Its 206 Interpretation” 131 The World Council of Churches, from “Scripture, The Cult of Isis 207 and Traditions” 132 , from Metamorphoses 207 Wilder, from “The New Utterance” 136 The Mysteries of Mithras 209 Brevard S. Childs, from The : , from De antro nympharum 210 A Critical, Theological Commentary 139 Porphyry, from De abstinentia 210 Paul Ricoeur, from “Toward a Hermeneutic of the Idea of ” 142 Elisabeth Schüssler Fiorenza, from In Memory of CHAPTER 3 Her: A Feminist Theological Reconstruction of EARLY FORMS OF 213 Christian Origins 144 1. JEWISH CHRISTIANITY 223 E. P. Sanders, from Paul, the Law, and the Jewish The of the Ebionites 223 People 148 Epiphanius, from Against Heresies 223 John P. Meier, from “Criteria: How Do We Decide What Comes from Jesus?” 152 of the Nazarenes 224 Pseudo-Origen, from On Matthew 225 Eusebius, from Theophania 225 CHAPTER 2 Jerome, from De viro illustro 225 EARLY INFLUENCES ON EMERGING Jerome, from On Matthew 225 CHRISTIANITY 161 Jerome, from Dialogi contra Pelagianos 226 1. CONTEMPORARY PALESTINIAN AND 2. CHRISTIAN AND PROSELYTIZING 226 HELLENISTIC 166 From The 226 Flavius Josephus, from “On Jewish ” 166 Justin , from The First Apology 229 Flavius Josephus, from Testimonium Flavianum 167 Tertullian, from To Scapula 235 Flavius Josephus, from “The Death of James the of Jesus” 168 3. MARTYRDOM 237 The Dead Sea Scrolls: The Community Rule 168 From The Martyrdom of 237 The Dead Sea Scrolls: The Damascus Document 171 From The Martyrdom of Perpetua and The Dead Sea Scrolls: The Messianic Rule 172 Felicitas 240 Tertullian, from To the 245 , from On the Union in of the Body with the Godhead 330 4. AND HERMITISM 248 , from The First against the Antony the Great, from Letter 1 248 333 Amma Theodora, from “The Sayings of Amma Nestorius, from The Second Letter to Cyril of Theodora” 250 Alexandria 336 Abba Moses, from “The Sayings of Abba Moses” 251 , from The Third Letter to Abba Moses, from “Seven Instructions” 252 Nestorius 338 , from On Virginity 253 The Council of , from Defi nition of Jerome, from Letter 22 (to Eustochium) 256 341 Gerontius, from The Life of Melania the Younger 264

5. “SECTS” AND FORMATIVE CONTROVERSIES 270 CHAPTER 4 270 AND PATTERNS OF 343 From The Gospel of 270 1. THE RISE OF AS THE CENTRAL 272 FOCUS OF COMMUNITY 346 Mani, Introduction to The Kephalaia of the From The 346 Teacher 272 , from The First Apology 348 Mani, from The Kephalaia of the Teacher 273 Hippolytus, from The 351 Augustine, from Letter 236 (to Deuterius) 276 EDIEVAL ITURGIES AND AGEANTRY 354 Augustine, from 277 2. M L P Augustine, from The Way of Life of the Egeria, from Account of Her Pilgrimage 354 Manichaeans 279 “The Quem-Quaeritis Trope” 357 283 “The Sepulchre” 358 Epiphanius, from Panarion 283 , Letter 23 (Hildegard to the From The Martyrdom of Saints Perpetua and at Mainz) 359 Felicitas 283 Hildegard of Bingen, Letter 52 (Mistress Tertullian, from On the Veiling of Virgins 284 Tengswich to Hildegard) 361 Anonymous Anti- Montanist Author, in Eusebius, Hildegard of Bingen, Letter 52r (Hildegard to the Ecclesiastical History 285 congregation of ) 362 Dom Gregory Dix, from “The Development of 287 the Western ” 363 From The Acts of the Abitinian Martyrs 287 Eamon Duff y, “The Ceremonies of ” 365 Augustine, from Letter 105 (to the Donatists) 293 3. TRIDENTINE AND VATICAN REFORMS 369 Trinitarian Controversy 298 Arius, from Letter to Alexander of Alexandria 298 The , Sixth Session, from “ Arius, from Letter to Eusebius of 298 concerning Justifi cation” 369 Alexander of Alexandria, from Letter to Alexander The Council of Trent, Seventh Session, Foreword of Thessalonica 299 to “Decree concerning the Sacraments” 369 The Council of , from The Profession of The Council of Trent, Thirteenth Session, Faith of the 318 Fathers 302 from “Decree concerning the Most Holy Sacraments” 370 Athanasius, from Orations against the Arians 303 The Second Vatican Council, from The 306 on Sacred 371 Pelagius, from Letter to Demetrias 306 ASTERN RTHODOX ITURGY 375 From On the Possibility of Not Sinning 311 4. E O L Augustine, from Encheiridion 314 Timothy Ware, from “Doctrine and Worship in Augustine, from and Grace 318 the Orthodox : The Earthly ” 375 The Christological Controversy 323 Robert F. Taft, from “ via Origen, from On First Principles 323 ” 380 Athanasius, from Orations against the Arians 326 5. LITURGICAL ISSUES IN SIXTEENTH- AND CHAPTER 5 TWENTIETH-C ENTURY 381 STRUCTURES OF COMMUNITY: James F. White, from “Commonly Called WAYS OF LIVING, DECISION MAKING 449 Sacraments” 381 1. EARLY COMMUNITY STRUCTURES 457 Rudolph Collin, “Report of The Marburg From The Didache 457 Colloquy between Martin Luther and Ulrich Clement of , from The First Letter of the Zwingli” 384 Romans to the Corinthians 458 Preface to The First Book of 388 Ignatius of , from Letter to the Ephesians 459 The World Council of Churches, “, , from Letter to the Trallians 460 Confi rmation, and ” 390 Ignatius of Antioch, from Letter to the Smyrneans 461 Thomas F. Best, Dagmar Heller, et al., “Beyond the Lima Liturgy: A Proposal” 398 2. MONASTIC LIFE AND RULES, EAST AND WEST 461

6. “INDEPENDENT” AND HOLINESS CHRISTIAN Paralipomena, in Pachomian Chronicles 401 and Rules 461 Basil the Great, Preface to The Long Rule 463 Smith, trans., from The Book of 402 Augustine, from The Rule of Saint Augustine J. D. Y. Peel, from Aladura: A Religious Movement (Feminine Version) 466 among the Yoruba 402 Benedict, Prologue to The 468 Harvey Cox, from “Shamans and Entrepreneurs: Primal on the Asian Rim” 409 Albert of , The Rule of Carmel 469 David L. Kimbrough, from Taking Up Serpents: , from The First Rule of Saint Snake Handlers of Eastern Kentucky 414 Francis 472 , from The Rule of Saint Clare 473 7. CONTEMPORARY AND POPULAR 418 The , from “The Fundamental Edward Foley, “Toward a of Christian Constitution” 475 Ritual Music” 418 “The Inner Feelings,” in Ancrene Wisse 476 “Las Apariciones Guadalupanas” 422 Iosif Volotsky, from The Monastic Rule 479 “Silent Night” (words by Josef Mohr, music , from The Jesuit Constitution 482 ascribed to Franz Grüber) 423 Schutz, from The “Little Source” of Taizé 486 “Go Down, Moses” 423 VOLVING TRUCTURES OF INISTRY AND OWER 487 “Jesu, Joy of Man’s Desiring” (words by Martin 3. E S M P Janus, music by Johann Schop, arranged by The Church 487 J. S. Bach) 424 Clement of Rome, from The First Letter of the “O for a Thousand Tongues to Sing” (words and Romans to the Corinthians 487 music by Charles Wesley) 424 Irenaeus, from Against Heresies 487 “Trusting Jesus” (words by Edgar P. Stites, music Eusebius, from Ecclesiastical History 488 by Ira D. Sankey) 424 The , from Defi nition of Janet Walton, from “Feminist Liturgy: Its Tasks Faith 491 and Principles” 425 The Council of Chalcedon, from Canon 28: and Antonio Valeriano, from “The Resolution concerning the Prerogatives of the of Guadalupe” 429 See of 492 Karen McCarthy Brown, from Introduction to From The of Constantine 492 Mama Lola: A Vodou Priestess in Brooklyn 432 Boniface VIII, from Unam sanctam 494 The , from aeternus: 8. ART AND ARCHITECTURE 434 First Dogmatic Constitution on the Church of Richard Krautheimer, from Early Christian and Christ 495 Byzantine Architecture 434 From The Baltimore 499 The , “Extracts from The Second Vatican Council, from “The Church Is the Acts of the Council of Nicaea Hierarchical” 503 (Session I)” 441 John Paul II, from “Address by Pope John Paul II , from “On What Was Done under in the Patriarchal Church of St. George at the His Administration” 444 Phanar at the Conclusion of the Patriarchal Edward Foley, “Ecclesiastical Architecture” 447 and Synodal Liturgy (30 November 1979)” 508 Dimitrios I, from “Address in Reply by CHAPTER 6 Dimitrios I to Pope John Paul II , PHILOSOPHY, THEOLOGY: (30 November 1979)” 510 DEMANDS ON THE INTELLECT 581

The 512 1. MYSTICS, MYSTICISM, AND VISIONARIES: Timothy Ware, from “The Church of ” 512 APOPHATIC AND CATAPHATIC TENSIONS 585 Chrysostomos Konstantinidis, from “The Pseudo-Dionysius, from The Divine Names 585 Signifi cance of the Eastern and Western , from “On the Kiss” 587 Traditions within ” 515 , from “How Love and The Church 521 the Queen Spoke to Each Other” 589 , from Letters to Thomas Müntzer by Bonaventure, “On Contemplating God through Conrad Grebel and Friends 521 His Image Stamped upon Our Natural , On the Ban: Questions and Answers Powers” 591 by Menno Simons 525 , Prologue to The 593 Sattler, The Brotherly Union of a Number of Fourteenth- century English, from The Cloud of Children of God concerning Seven Articles 529 Unknowing 594 Walter Travers, from The Book of Discipline 533 Teresa of Avila, from 596 Grassroots Movements 538 John of the , from Prologue to The Spiritual Leonardo Boff , “A New Experience of Church” 538 Canticle 600 Robert Anthony Orsi, from “The Origins of From The ’s Tale—On the Occasion of His the Devotion to in Italian Second Meeting, 13 December 1859 601 Harlem” 543 2. PHILOSOPHY AND THEOLOGY: Paul Heelas, from “Manifestations” 545 QUESTIONS OF METHOD 604 Chiara Lubich, “General Statutes of the Work of Medieval Methodological Questions 604 Mary” 548 Pseudo-Dionysius, from The 604 4. QUESTIONS OF 551 Anselm of , from 607 Richard A. McCormick, from “Does Religious Gaulino, from A Reply to the Foregoing by a Certain Faith Add to Ethical Perception?” 551 Writer on Behalf of the Fool 609 H. Richard Niebuhr, from “Responsibility and , from A Reply to the Christ” 557 Foregoing by the Author of the Book in Question 611 National Committee of Negro Churchmen, Hildegard of Bingen, from 613 “Racism and the Elections: The American , from The 614 Dilemma, 1966” 560 Bonaventure, from On the Reduction of the Arts to The Medellín Conference, from “Justice” 562 Theology 618 Lisa Sowle Cahill, from “Sex, Gender, and the Thomas Aquinas, from Summa theologiae 622 Problem of Moral Argument” 563 Reformation 628 The Just- Tradition 568 Martin Luther, from against Scholastic Augustine, from Letter 138 (to Marcellinus) 568 Theology 628 Augustine, from Letter 189 (to Boniface) 571 Martin Luther, from The Freedom of a Christian 631 Thomas Aquinas, from Summa theologiae 572 Martin Luther, from To the Christian Nobility of the John Howard Yoder, “Criteria of the Just-War German Nation 636 Tradition” 574 John Calvin, from Institutes of the Christian Religion 641 Richard Hooker, from Of the Laws of 648 Enlightenment and After 651 CHAPTER 7 , from “The Christian Religion as a TWENTIETH- CENTURY ISSUES AND CHALLENGES 715 Natural Religion” 651 1. SOCIAL 718 Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel, from “Need for the Reconciliation of Religion and , “Concerning the Our Father” 718 Cognition” 653 Martin Luther King, “I Have a Dream” 722 , from An Essay on the , from “Politics and Principles” 723 Development of Christian Doctrine 655 , from “The Night Spirit and the Dawn Aff air” 725 Major Contemporary Theological Models 658 Dom Hélder Câmara, “Grown-ups Just ’t Liberal/Modernist 658 Understand” 726 Friedrich Schleiermacher, “The Divine Attributes Dom Hélder Câmara, “The Foreign Geologist” 727 as Related to the Religious Dom Hélder Câmara, “About the Ocean Self-” 658 Depths” 727 , from “What Faith Is” 661 Teresa of Calcutta, in Suff ering unto Joy 728 Blondel, from The Letter on Apologetics 663 Desmond Tutu, in Rainbow 729 , from History and 664 Orthodox/Neo-Orthodox 667 2. CHURCH AND RELATIONS 731 , from “Christ the Centre Pedro [Serena P.] Ramet, from “Pitfalls in the of the Form of Revelation” 667 Study of Church– State Relations” 731 , from “The Righteousness of God” 669 , from “The Problem of Existentialist/Phenomenological 671 Religious Freedom” 734 Søren Kierkegaard, from “The Contemporary Alexander Chambliss, John T. Scopes v. State of Follower” 671 Tennessee 740 , “Is without Hugo Black, Steven I. Engel, et al., Petitioners, v. Presuppositions Possible?” 675 William J. Vitale, Jr., et al. 743 , from “Human Destiny and Enrique D. Dussel, “Church State Relations in History” 679 Peripheral Latin American Societies” 746 , from “Nature and Grace” 682 William Martin, from “Up against the Wall” 752 Bernard J. F. Lonergan, from “The Functions of 3. NEW NOTIONS OF “CHURCH” 754 Transcendental Method” 684 Fundamentalist/Evangelical 686 The Second Vatican Council, from “The People George Marsden, from “Preachers of ” 686 of God” 754 J. Gresham Machen, from “Christian Doctrine vs. The Second Vatican Council, from “The ” 756 Liberal Doctrine” 688 Rosemary Radford Ruether, from Radical 692 “Women-Church: A Feminist Exodus Community” 757 Thomas J. J. Altizer, from “America and the Future of Theology” 692 The World Council of Churches, from The Role of the “Diakonia” of the Church in Contemporary Liberation 693 Society 760 , from “Liberation and The World Council of Churches, “ of ” 693 Women in Ecumenical Perspective” 762 James H. Cone, from “God in Black Theology” 696 From Joint Working Group between the Roman Delores S. Williams, from “Black Experience, and the World Council of Wilderness Experience, Theological Task” 702 Churches, Seventh Report 765 Elizabeth A. Johnson, from “To Speak Rightly of Richard Norris, “On ‘’ between God” 705 the Episcopal Church and the Evangelical Revisionary 709 Lutheran Church in America” 772 David Tracy, from “Limit-Situations in the World J. M. R. Tillard, from “Episcopacy: A Gift of the of the Everyday” 709 Spirit” 776 Gordon D. Kaufman, from “Constructing the Concept of God” 712 4. RELIGION, SCIENCE, AND 780 The Second Vatican Council, from Declaration on Ian G. Barbour, Introduction to Myths, Models, and Religious Liberty: On the Rights of the Person Paradigms: A Comparative Study in Science and and Communities to Social and Civil Liberty in Religion 780 Religious Matters 816 Nicholas Lash, from “Secularity and The Second Vatican Council, from Declaration on Godlessness” 784 the Relationship of the Church to Non- Christian Religions 818 John Paul II, from from “” 786 The of the Evangelical Church in Germany, John Paul II, “Faith Can Never Confl ict with “Statement on the Jewish Question” 820 : On Galileo” 787 , “Jewish– Christian Relations in the Wider Perspective of Dialogue with CHAPTER 8 People of Other and Ideologies” 821 CHRISTIANITY AND OTHER RELIGIONS The World Council of Churches, “Statement on AS WORLD PHENOMENA 793 the ” 824 The World Council of Churches, from “ Andrew F. Walls, “Romans One and the Modern and in Society” 824 Movement” 796 John B. Cobb, “ and Christianity as Fabien Eboussi Boulaga, from Christianity without Complementary” 829 Fetishes 802 Hans Küng, from “Dual Citizenship in Faith?” 833 Gerhardus Cornelis Oosthuizen, from “The Church and the Road to the Future” 806 Metropolitan Georges Khodr, from “Christianity Permissions Credits 837 in a Pluralistic World—The of the Index 845 ” 810