DOCSLIB.ORG

Distributive Creating Cleavages: Politics and Electoral Alignment

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text

Load more

Creating Cleavages: Distributive Politics and Electoral Alignment by Jiyoon Kim B.A. in Political Science Yonsei Univeristy, 1994 Master in Public Policy The University of California at Berkeley, 1997 SUBMITTED TO THE DEPARTMENT OF POLITICAL SCIENCE IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN POLITICAL SCIENCE AT THE MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY JUNE 2005 © 2005 Jiyoon Kim. All rights reserved. The author hereby grants to MIT permission to reproduce and to distribute publicly paper and electronic copies of this thesis document in whole or in part. Signature of Author: I J Department of Political Science April 4, 2005 ( Certifiedby: // Stephen D. Ansolabehere Professor of Political Science Thesis Supervisor Accepted by : Roger Peterson Professor of Political Science Chairman, Graduate Program Committee MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY OCT 17 2005 ARCHIVES., LIBRARIES ·1BV, Creating Cleavages: Distributive Politics and Electoral Alignment By Jiyoon Kim Submitted to the Department of Political Science On April 4, 2005 in partial fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Science in Political Science ABSTRACT Distributive politics plays an important role for political elites for their electoral goal. Since the resources that politicians can distribute are limited, they have to decide how to distribute them in order to maximize their utility. And region becomes one of the most important yardsticks. Politicians first distribute public goods where they are supported. Economically rational voters react to what they receive and cast votes for those who have brought most benefits to them. This establishes the relationship between politicians and voters in a region, and solidifies regional voting behavior further. Therefore, regional voting is the product of politician's strategic distributive politics and rational voters' behavior. Regionalism does not only arise from economic or social cleavages that we are able to observe, but they are also intentionally cultivated. There are numerous possible reasons why regionalism started in the first place. It could have been from ethnic cleavages, unequal economic development or historical and political events that occurred in the past. However, whether or not to breed regionalism is determined by how regionalism works for the political purpose. As in the case of Korea, regionalism has been the best political tool for political parties to decide where to focus for their electoral success. It has been used for the efficient redistribution and deepened the regional cleavage in Korea as a result. Therefore, it can be said that regionalism worked for political parties' electoral goals, which has been well received by electorates, who are interested in what they receive in return. In the second part of the dissertation, I question the claim that ethnically fragmented community is more likely to have poor fiscal policy. Scholars have raised many problems of this ethnically diversified society, and a lagged economic development and inefficient government spending are one of them. Many studies have speculated the negative effect of ethnic fragmentation on economies of scale. With a new study design, I show that previous studies on the relationship between ethnic fragmentation and provision of public goods and services can be misleading or be exaggerating the effect of ethnic diversification at most. Thesis Supervisor: Stephen D. Ansolabehere Title: Professor of Political Science 3 4 Acknowledgments It was a long journey. The journey started on one day of September in 1998, and is about to end. Of course, I know so well that a new one will start soon. It was not an easy road and I stumbled so many times during the journey. Sometimes it was exciting and fun, but there were other times that were pretty rocky, which made me feel like throwing a towel. Here, I would like to mention some of names whose support made me go through hard times to show my gratitude. Without these people, I would never have written this part of my thesis. First of all, I would like to thank my committee members. Prof. Stephen Ansolabehere, who is also my advisor, has always been there for me. Without his warm support and invaluable advices, it would have never been possible for me to finish my study at MIT. He did not just intellectually direct me as my advisor, but also cared about me in so many ways. With his office door opened, he never complained my unexpected visit with so many questions. Whenever I felt like giving up, he encouraged me with unbelievable patience. I would never know how to thank him. I also thank to Prof. James Snyder, who made me realize that being super-smart and being super-nice can coexist. He can never imagine how much I was intimidated by his intellect when I first met him. Soon, I realized that he was one of the sweetest guys I have ever met. Like Steve, I thank him so much for not having complained at all when I dropped by his office with silly questions without notice. He always welcomed me with a big smile and over-answered to my questions, which eventually brought me back to him again with more questions. Prof. Jonathan Rodden should be also mentioned here. He joined in the committee member last, but showed so many interests in my research. Jonathan always directed me to look at the question with various and interesting perspectives. His sincere care for my study and my personal well-being is much appreciated. I also have to say that I so much enjoyed the presence of his son, Nathaniel, in my defense, although he gave me incorrect information that babies are calm, quiet and very peaceful. I realized that it was completely wrong only after I had my own. I thank to Susan Twarog, our beloved graduate administrator. She not only helped me with administrative process, but also cared for me so much. Being apart from my family in Korea has never been easy for me. Susan has always been there for me just like my mother. I cannot thank her enough. My officemates have enriched my life at MIT. Amos Zehavi, Rachael Cobbs, Rachel Gisselquist, David Konisky, Boaz Atzili, and Michiko Ueda are only few of them. I cannot forget the time we shared in our no-window and depression-producing office. I also would like to thank to Brett Kubicek, Doug Fuller and Yutaka Kashiwabara for being there as my friends. In particular, the friendship that Doug and Yutaka showed me to fly over to attend my wedding should never be forgotten. Some of my Korean friends should be mentioned here, too. Sungeun Im, who is my best friend since my high school days, and Yoonjung Seo always encouraged me when I was in slump. I appreciate their friendship. I would never forget the times that I spent with Eunhwan Jeon when she was in the states for her own study. Also, I would like to thank to Wonhee Jeon, Soonjo Chung, Jinwook Lee, Kyounghee Yu, Jungho Roh, Hyunjoo Yang, Hyungjoo Kim, and Carol Kim. 5 I also would like to express my gratitude to my family-in-law. My uncle-in-law and aunt-in-law always supported my study. I thank to my father-in-law who showed me various aspects of life. Also, I thank to my mother-in-law for her caring for me while I was finishing my study. My brothers-in-law and sister-in-law, who showed encouragement, should be remembered. I send infinite gratitude to my family. Without their unconditional love and concern, it could never been possible for me to finish my study. My mother, who always sacrificed everything for me should receive the most gratitude. Her endless concern and support brought me self-confidence back. My father has been intellectual inspiration to me all the time. His interest in my research and recommendations enriched my thesis. Both my parents believed in me when I was in hard times, which should be much appreciated. I also thank to my sister. I admire her positive and optimistic spirit, and proud of her very much. Last, I would like to thank to my husband, Sanghyuk Park who is the sweetest and most understanding person that I have ever met. His love, concern, support and belief in me not only enriched my life, but also let me go through this whole process of Ph.d. Also, my newborn son, Adrian Jaewoo Park should receive my gratitude. Although he took part in delaying many things in completing the study, he brought tremendous joy to our lives. I love you. 6 Contents Chapter 1. Introduction 9 Chapter 2. Regionalism around the World 17 1. Introduction 17 2. Regionalism around the World 18 Canada 22 Spain 27 The United Kingdom 31 The United States 35 3. Conclusion 41 Chapter 3. Regionalism in Korea: How Powerful is it and Why Does it Exist? 63 1. Introduction 63 2. History of the Regional Parties in Korea 65 3. Theories of Korean Regionalism 73 4. Conclusion 78 Chapter 4. Korean Regionalism - Artifacts or Truth? 83 1. Introduction 83 2. Data and Methodology 86 3. Regression Result and Discussion 89 4. Generational Effect? 94 5. Conclusion 96 Chapter 5. Distributive Politics and Korean Regionalism 109 1. Introduction 109 2. Regional Voting in Korea and Distribution Theory 110 3. Data and Methodology 114 a. Descriptive Analysis 114 b. Regression Analysis 118 4. Conclusion 121 Chapter 6. Ethnic Division and Public Goods Revisited 131 1. Introduction 131 2. Literature Review in Ethnic Politics 132 3. Methodology and Data 136 4. Result and Discussion 141 5. Micro-data Analysis 145 6. Result and Discussion 149 7. Conclusion 151 Chapter 7. Conclusion 163 7 8 In its grand outlines the politics of the South revolves around the position of the Negro...
Recommended publications
  • Sunshine in Korea

    Sunshine in Korea

    CENTER FOR ASIA PACIFIC POLICY International Programs at RAND CHILDREN AND FAMILIES The RAND Corporation is a nonprofit institution that EDUCATION AND THE ARTS helps improve policy and decisionmaking through ENERGY AND ENVIRONMENT research and analysis. HEALTH AND HEALTH CARE This electronic document was made available from INFRASTRUCTURE AND www.rand.org as a public service of the RAND TRANSPORTATION Corporation. INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS LAW AND BUSINESS NATIONAL SECURITY Skip all front matter: Jump to Page 16 POPULATION AND AGING PUBLIC SAFETY SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Support RAND Purchase this document TERRORISM AND HOMELAND SECURITY Browse Reports & Bookstore Make a charitable contribution For More Information Visit RAND at www.rand.org Explore the RAND Center for Asia Pacific Policy View document details Limited Electronic Distribution Rights This document and trademark(s) contained herein are protected by law as indicated in a notice appearing later in this work. This electronic representation of RAND intellectual property is provided for non-commercial use only. Unauthorized posting of RAND electronic documents to a non-RAND website is prohibited. RAND electronic documents are protected under copyright law. Permission is required from RAND to reproduce, or reuse in another form, any of our research documents for commercial use. For information on reprint and linking permissions, please see RAND Permissions. The monograph/report was a product of the RAND Corporation from 1993 to 2003. RAND monograph/reports presented major research findings that addressed the challenges facing the public and private sectors. They included executive summaries, technical documentation, and synthesis pieces. Sunshine in Korea The South Korean Debate over Policies Toward North Korea Norman D.
  • HEBEELE, Gerald Clarence, 1932- the PREDICAMENT of the BRITISH UNIONIST PARTY, 1906-1914

    HEBEELE, Gerald Clarence, 1932- the PREDICAMENT of the BRITISH UNIONIST PARTY, 1906-1914

    This dissertation has been microfilmed exactly as received 68-3000 HEBEELE, Gerald Clarence, 1932- THE PREDICAMENT OF THE BRITISH UNIONIST PARTY, 1906-1914. The Ohio State University, Ph.D., 1967 History, modem University Microfilms, Inc., Ann Arbor, Michigan © Copyright by Gerald Clarence Heberle 1968 THE PREDICAMENT OF THE BRITISH UNIONIST PARTY, 1906-1914 DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Gerald c / Heberle, B.A., M.A, ******* The Ohio State University 1967 Approved by B k f y f ’ P c M k ^ . f Adviser Department of History ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I wish to express my deepest gratitude to Professor Philip P. Poirier of the Department of History, The Ohio State University, Dr. Poirier*s invaluable advice, his unfailing patience, and his timely encouragement were of immense assistance to me in the production of this dissertation, I must acknowledge the splendid service of the staff of the British Museum Manuscripts Room, The Librarian and staff of the University of Birmingham Library made the Chamberlain Papers available to me and were most friendly and helpful. His Lordship, Viscount Chilston, and Dr, Felix Hull, Kent County Archivist, very kindly permitted me to see the Chilston Papers, I received permission to see the Asquith Papers from Mr, Mark Bonham Carter, and the Papers were made available to me by the staff of the Bodleian Library, Oxford University, To all of these people I am indebted, I am especially grateful to Mr, Geoffrey D,M, Block and to Miss Anne Allason of the Conservative Research Department Library, Their cooperation made possible my work in the Conservative Party's publications, and their extreme kindness made it most enjoyable.
  • Proquest Dissertations

    Proquest Dissertations

    OPPOSITION TO CONSCRIPTION IN ONTARIO 1917 A thesis submitted to the Department of History of the University of Ottawa in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts. % L,., A: 6- ''t, '-'rSily O* John R. Witham 1970 UMI Number: EC55241 INFORMATION TO USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleed-through, substandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely affect reproduction. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyright material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. UMI UMI Microform EC55241 Copyright 2011 by ProQuest LLC All rights reserved. This microform edition is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. ProQuest LLC 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE INTRODUCTION 1 CHAPTER ONE:IDEOLOGICAL OPPOSITION 8 CHAPTER TWO:THE TRADE UNIONS 33 CHAPTER THREE:THE FARMERS 63 CHAPTER FOUR:THE LIBERAL PARTI 93 CONCLUSION 127 APPENDIX A# Ontario Liberals Sitting in the House of Commons, May and December, 1917 • 131 APPENDIX B. "The Fiery Cross is now uplifted throughout Canada." 132 KEY TO ABBREVIATIONS 135 BIBLIOGRAPHY 136 11 INTRODUCTION The Introduction of conscription in 1917 evoked a deter­ mined, occasionally violent opposition from French Canadians. Their protests were so loud and so persistent that they have tended to obscure the fact that English Canada did not unanimous­ ly support compulsory military service.
  • Electoral Politics in South Korea

    Electoral Politics in South Korea

    South Korea: Aurel Croissant Electoral Politics in South Korea Aurel Croissant Introduction In December 1997, South Korean democracy faced the fifteenth presidential elections since the Republic of Korea became independent in August 1948. For the first time in almost 50 years, elections led to a take-over of power by the opposition. Simultaneously, the election marked the tenth anniversary of Korean democracy, which successfully passed its first ‘turnover test’ (Huntington, 1991) when elected President Kim Dae-jung was inaugurated on 25 February 1998. For South Korea, which had had six constitutions in only five decades and in which no president had left office peacefully before democratization took place in 1987, the last 15 years have marked a period of unprecedented democratic continuity and political stability. Because of this, some observers already call South Korea ‘the most powerful democracy in East Asia after Japan’ (Diamond and Shin, 2000: 1). The victory of the opposition over the party in power and, above all, the turnover of the presidency in 1998 seem to indicate that Korean democracy is on the road to full consolidation (Diamond and Shin, 2000: 3). This chapter will focus on the role elections and the electoral system have played in the political development of South Korea since independence, and especially after democratization in 1987-88. Five questions structure the analysis: 1. How has the electoral system developed in South Korea since independence in 1948? 2. What functions have elections and electoral systems had in South Korea during the last five decades? 3. What have been the patterns of electoral politics and electoral reform in South Korea? 4.
  • Title, Table of Contents, Acknowledgements

    Title, Table of Contents, Acknowledgements

    ☯ A TURNING POINT: DEMOCRATIC CONSOLIDATION IN THE ROK AND STRATEGIC READJUSTMENT IN THE U.S.-ROK ALLIANCE Alexandre Y. Mansourov ii About APCSS The Asia-Pacific Center for Security Studies (APCSS) is a Department of Defense regional study, conference, and research center established in Honolulu, Hawaii, on September 4, 1995. The Center staff and faculty of 127, including civilians, multi-service active duty military and contract workers, support the U.S. Pacific Command (PACOM) and complements PACOM's theater security cooperation strategy of maintaining positive security relationships with nations in the Asia-Pacific region. With its non-warfighting, academic focus, the APCSS builds upon strong bilateral relationships between PACOM and 45 Asia-Pacific region governments, and their armed forces, by focusing on a broader multilateral approach to addressing regional security issues and concerns. The Center’s mission is “to provide a forum where current and future military and civilian leaders from Asia-Pacific nations gather to enhance security cooperation through programs of executive education, professional exchange, and policy-relevant research.” The APCSS principles are transparency, non- attribution, and mutual respect. Its website is http://www.apcss.org/. The Center embraces its vision as an internationally recognized, premier study, research, and conference institution, actively contributing to stability and security in the Asia-Pacific Region. iii ROK Turning Point ALEXANDRE Y. MANSOUROV EDITOR ©ASIA-PACIFIC CENTER FOR SECURITY STUDIES HONOLULU, HAWAII 2005 Alexandre Y. Mansourov iv Copyright @ 2005 by the Asia-Pacific Center for Security Studies Published 2005 by the Asia-Pacific Center for Security Studies Honolulu, Hawaii Printed in the United States of America All rights reserved.
  • Bioactive Nanotherapeutic Trends to Combat Triple Negative Breast Cancer

    Bioactive Nanotherapeutic Trends to Combat Triple Negative Breast Cancer

    University of Texas Rio Grande Valley ScholarWorks @ UTRGV School of Medicine Publications and Presentations School of Medicine 3-13-2021 Bioactive nanotherapeutic trends to combat triple negative breast cancer Pallabita Chowdhury University of Tennessee Health Science Center Upasana Ghosh Kamalika Samanta Meena Jaggi The University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, [email protected] Subhash C. Chauhan The University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, [email protected] See next page for additional authors Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.utrgv.edu/som_pub Part of the Chemicals and Drugs Commons Recommended Citation Chowdhury, P., Ghosh, U., Samanta, K., Jaggi, M., Chauhan, S. C., & Yallapu, M. M. (2021). Bioactive nanotherapeutic trends to combat triple negative breast cancer. Bioactive materials, 6(10), 3269–3287. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bioactmat.2021.02.037 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the School of Medicine at ScholarWorks @ UTRGV. It has been accepted for inclusion in School of Medicine Publications and Presentations by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks @ UTRGV. For more information, please contact [email protected], [email protected]. Authors Pallabita Chowdhury, Upasana Ghosh, Kamalika Samanta, Meena Jaggi, Subhash C. Chauhan, and Murali M. Yallapu This article is available at ScholarWorks @ UTRGV: https://scholarworks.utrgv.edu/som_pub/324 Bioactive Materials 6 (2021) 3269–3287 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Bioactive Materials journal homepage: www.sciencedirect.com/journal/bioactive-materials Bioactive nanotherapeutic trends to combat triple negative breast cancer Pallabita Chowdhury a, Upasana Ghosh b, Kamalika Samanta a, Meena Jaggi a,c,d, Subhash C.
  • Duverger's Law, Penrose's Power Index and the Unity of the United

    Duverger's Law, Penrose's Power Index and the Unity of the United

    LSE Research Online Article (refereed) Duverger’s Law, Penrose’s Power Index and the unity of the United Kingdom Iain McLean, Alistair McMillan and Dennis Leech LSE has developed LSE Research Online so that users may access research output of the School. Copyright © and Moral Rights for the papers on this site are retained by the individual authors and/or other copyright owners. Users may download and/or print one copy of any article(s) in LSE Research Online to facilitate their private study or for non-commercial research. You may not engage in further distribution of the material or use it for any profit-making activities or any commercial gain. You may freely distribute the URL (http://eprints.lse.ac.uk) of the LSE Research Online website. You may cite this version as: McLean, I.; McMillan, A. & Leech, D. (2004). Duverger’s Law, Penrose’s Power Index and the unity of the United Kingdom [online]. London: LSE Research Online. Available at: http://eprints.lse.ac.uk/archive/00000563 This is an electronic version of an Article published in Political studies 53 (3) pp. 457-476 © 2005 Blackwell Publishing. http://www.blackwellpublishing.com/journals/PS The authors gratefully acknowledge that work on this paper was partly supported by the Leverhulme Trust (Grant F/07-004m). http://eprints.lse.ac.uk Contact LSE Research Online at: [email protected] Duverger’s Law, Penrose’s Power Index and the Unity of the United Kingdom Iain McLean, Alistair McMillan and Dennis Leech* * McLean (corresponding author) and McMillan: Nuffield College, Oxford OX1 1NF, UK; Leech: Department of Economics, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK 1 Duverger’s Law, Penrose’s Power Index and the Unity of the United Kingdom ABSTRACT As predicted by Duverger’s Law, the UK has two-party competition in each electoral district.
  • Chapter 10 Ghana at 60.Fm

    Chapter 10 Ghana at 60.Fm

    A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF MULTI-PARTY POLITICS IN GHANA AND MAURITIUS HAPTER C 10 Darsheenee Singh Ramnauth & Roopanand Mahadew Abstract Ghana and Mauritius have been examples of democracies in Sub-Saharan Africa. From a historical perspective, even though Mauritius achieved independence 10 years after Ghana achieved its independence, both countries share a lot of similarities on the political front. This chapter focuses on the evolution of multi-party politics from the advent of independence in these two countries and highlights how it has contributed in shaping and strengthening the concept of democracy. It demonstrates how multi- party politics has influenced civil and political rights from an international, regional and national perspective in terms of their implementation and enjoyment by their citizens. Furthermore it also analyses the power structure in the two countries, in terms of the executive, legislature and the judiciary and establishes how the evolution of multi-party politics has changed the democratisation of the power structure as well. It argues that interdependence of the state institutions has contributed to multi party politics in both countries. It further observes that respect for human rights and rule of law has also consolidated the democratic fabric in both countries. Furthermore, delving in the depth of the political and legal system, the chapter questions the holding of elections as an instrument of strengthening democracy and highlights the first post the post and the best loser system in Ghana and Mauritius respectively as a means of handling the cultural diversity in the two nations. Best practices from both countries are also highlighted to serve as examples that can be followed by other Sub-Saharan Africa countries.
  • Party Competition in the UK Has Been Influenced by the Historical Impact

    Party Competition in the UK Has Been Influenced by the Historical Impact

    Edinburgh Research Explorer Small Worlds in Canada and Europe Citation for published version: Hepburn, E 2010, 'Small Worlds in Canada and Europe: A Comparison of Regional Party Systems in Québec, Bavaria and Scotland', Regional & Federal Studies, vol. 20, no. 4-5, pp. 527-544. https://doi.org/10.1080/13597566.2010.523637 Digital Object Identifier (DOI): 10.1080/13597566.2010.523637 Link: Link to publication record in Edinburgh Research Explorer Document Version: Peer reviewed version Published In: Regional & Federal Studies Publisher Rights Statement: © Hepburn, E. (2010). Small Worlds in Canada and Europe: A Comparison of Regional Party Systems in Québec, Bavaria and Scotland. Regional & Federal Studies, 20(4-5), 527-544doi: 10.1080/13597566.2010.523637 General rights Copyright for the publications made accessible via the Edinburgh Research Explorer is retained by the author(s) and / or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing these publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. Take down policy The University of Edinburgh has made every reasonable effort to ensure that Edinburgh Research Explorer content complies with UK legislation. If you believe that the public display of this file breaches copyright please contact [email protected] providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. Download date: 02. Oct. 2021 © Hepburn, E. (2010). Small Worlds in Canada and Europe: A Comparison of Regional Party Systems in Québec, Bavaria and Scotland. Regional & Federal Studies, 20(4-5), 527-544doi: 10.1080/13597566.2010.523637 Small Worlds in Canada and Europe: i A Comparison of Regional Party Systems in Québec, Bavaria and Scotland Eve Hepburn Introduction This contribution explores the dynamics of regional party systems in a comparative analysis of three ‘small worlds’ in Canada and Europe.
  • Comparing the 16Th and 17Th Korean Presidential Elections － Candidate Strengths, Campaign Issues, and Region-Centered Voting －

    Comparing the 16Th and 17Th Korean Presidential Elections － Candidate Strengths, Campaign Issues, and Region-Centered Voting －

    33 〈特集１ ２００７年韓国大統領選挙〉 Comparing the 16th and 17th Korean Presidential Elections － Candidate Strengths, Campaign Issues, and Region-Centered Voting － Byoung Kwon Sohn th th Abstract: This article aims at comparing the 16 and 17 presidential elections in terms of the number of major competitive candidates, candidates’ strengths, major campaign issues and the effect of region-centered voting. Among other things, both elections are commonly characterized by the major party’s presidential candidates being selected via U.S. style primary, which had been first adopted in the 2002 presidential election. Rampantly strong region- centered voting pattern counts among continuities as well, while in 2002 the effect of region- centered voting appeared in a somewhat mitigated form. Contrasts, however, loom rather large between the two elections. First, while the 2002 election was a two-way election between NMDP and GNP, the 2007 election was a three-way election among DNP, GNP, and one competitive independent candidate. Second, strong anti-Americanism, relocation of Korean capital, and younger generation’s activism counted among major issues and features in 2002, while in 2007 voters’ anger at the incumbent president and their ardent hope for economic recovery were atop campaign issues. Third, strong as region-centered voting may be across the two elections, its effect was somewhat mitigated in the 2002 presidential election, because NMDP candidate Roh’s hometown was in Pusan, where GNP had traditionally ruled as a regional hegemonic party. Lastly, in 2002 Roh was able to get elected partly due to his image as a reform-oriented, non-mainstream, anti-American stance politician.
  • Experimentally Demonstrated the Intrinsic Instability of the Fluorite-Type Zr Cation Network

    Experimentally Demonstrated the Intrinsic Instability of the Fluorite-Type Zr Cation Network

    0246110 Rta(i) 1 1,2 l,4 1,6 1,l 2 22 Rta(i) Figure 2. Temperature dependence of Zr-FTfor pure orthorhombic zirconia Figure 3 Temperature dependence of Zr-0 shell in tetragonal zirconia solid solution Our study has experimentally demonstrated the intrinsic instability of the fluorite-type Zr cation network. Coherent scattering beween Conclusions central Zr ion and distant cations is weaker and vibration modes of the Zr-cation network are It is found that, for all of zirconia solid softer in tetragonal zirconia than in monoclmic, solutions studied, the dopant-oxygen distances are orthorhombic, or stabilized cubic zirconia. In si@icantly ddferent from the Zr-0 distances. addition, the outer foux oxygens in the 8-fold The dopant-cation distances, on the other hand, coordinated Zr-0 polyhedron are only loosely are usually very close to the Zr-Zr distance, solutions. A bonded and are subject to very large static and confirming the formation of solid dynamic distortions. This effect is illustrated by general structural picture for zirconia solid the expanded portion of the Fourier transform solutions is one that places the dopant cations shown in Figure 3. randomly on tbe Zr sites in the cation network, but with distorted and sometimes very different Dopant Structure dopant-oxygen polyhedra surrounding these dopants. In the case of Ge4+ doping and Y-Nb We have also successfully performed co-doping, short-rangecation ordering has been EXAFS experiments at the dopant absorption suggested from our EXAFS results. edges for doped zirconia solid solutions. Dopants Based on the above structural information studied include the Ce-,Nb-, and Y-K edges as and other EXAFS results obtained from NSLS, well as Ce-LIn edge.
  • Download It From

    Download It From

    IMD Partner in Democracy A NNUAL R EPORT 2005 The IMD – an institute of political parties for political parties The Institute for Multiparty Democracy (IMD) is an institute of political parties for political parties. Its mandate is to encourage the process of democratisation in young democracies by providing support to political parties as the core pillars of multi- party democracy. IMD works in a strictly non-partisan and inclusive manner. Through this approach, the Institute endeavours to contribute to properly functioning, sustainable pluralistic political party systems. It also supports the activities of civil society groups which play a healthy role in multi-party democracies, even though they are not part of any formal party structure. IMD was set up by seven Dutch political parties in 2000 in response to requests for support from around the world. The IMD’s founding members are the Dutch Labour Party (PvdA), Liberal Party (VVD), Christian Democratic Party (CDA), Democratic Party (D66), Green Party (GroenLinks), Christian Union (ChristenUnie) and Reformed Party (SGP). Netherlands Institute for Multiparty Democracy Korte Vijverberg 2 2513 AB The Hague The Netherlands Address per September 1, 2006: Passage 31 2511 AB The Hague The Netherlands T: +31 (0)70 311 5464 F: +31 (0)70 311 5465 E: [email protected] www.nimd.org IMD Partner in Democracy A NNUAL R EPORT 2005 Partners in Democracy Preface Without properly functioning political parties, resulted in a study for the European Parliament entitled democracies do not work well – a fact that is not yet No lasting Peace and Prosperity without Democracy & fully recognised within the international development Human Rights.