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Nurdaği (Gaziantep) Yöresinde Yetişen Makromantarlarin Belirlenmesi

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Nurdaği (Gaziantep) Yöresinde Yetişen Makromantarlarin Belirlenmesi NURDAĞI (GAZİANTEP) YÖRESİNDE YETİŞEN MAKROMANTARLARIN BELİRLENMESİ Semiha YAKAR Yüksek Lisans Tezi Biyoloji Anabilim Dalı Yüksek Lisans Programı Doç. Dr. Abdullah KAYA Şubat-2016 T.C. KARAMANOĞLU MEHMETBEY ÜNİVERSİTESİ FEN BİLİMLERİ ENSTİTÜSÜ NURDAĞI (GAZİANTEP) YÖRESİNDE YETİŞEN MAKROMANTARLARIN BELİRLENMESİ YÜKSEK LİSANS TEZİ Semiha YAKAR Anabilim Dalı: Biyoloji Programı: Yüksek Lisans Tez Danışmanı: Doç. Dr. Abdullah KAYA KARAMAN-2016 TEZ BİLDİRİMİ Yazım kurallarına uygun olarak hazırlanan bu tezin yazılmasında bilimsel ahlak kurallarına uyulduğunu, başkalarının eserlerinden yararlanılması durumunda bilimsel normlara uygun olarak atıfta bulunulduğunu, tezin içerdiği yenilik ve sonuçların başka bir yerden alınmadığını, kullanılan verilerde herhangi bir tahrifat yapılmadığını, tezin herhangi bir kısmının bu üniversite veya başka bir üniversitedeki başka bir tez çalışması olarak sunulmadığını beyan ederim. Semiha YAKAR ÖZET Yüksek Lisans Tezi NURDAĞI (GAZİANTEP) YÖRESİNDE YETİŞEN MAKROMANTARLARIN BELİRLENMESİ Semiha YAKAR Karamanoğlu Mehmetbey Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Biyoloji Anabilim Dalı Danışman: Doç. Dr. Abdullah KAYA Şubat, 2016, 116 sayfa Bu çalışma Nurdağı (Gaziantep) yöresinde yetişen makromantarlar üzerinde gerçekleştirilmiştir. 2013-2015 yılları arasında periyodik olarak bölgede gerçekleştirilen arazi çalışmaları sonucunda 640 makromantar örneği toplanmıştır. Laboratuvar ortamına getirilen örnekler kurutularak fungaryum materyali haline getirilmiş, gerekli teşhis işlemleri sonucunda 7 sınıf, 13 takım, 43 familya ve 91 cinse ait 133 tür tanımlanmıştır. Belirlenen türlerden 52 tanesi Ascomycota, 81 tanesi ise Basidiomycota bölümüne aittir. Tespit edilen taksonlardan 23 tanesi, Ascobolus crenulatus P. Karst., Ascobolus immersus Pers., Saccobolus glaber (Pers.) Lambotte, Thecotheus holmskioldii (E.C. Hansen) Eckblad (Ascobolaceae), Cellypha goldbachii (Weinm.) Donk, Resupinatus taxi (Lév.) Thorn, Moncalvo & Redhead (Tricholomataceae), Coccomyces delta (Kunze ex Fr.) Sacc. (Rhytismataceae), Crepidotus pallidus (Berk. & Broome) Knudsen (Inocybaceae), Lachnum fuscescens (Pers.) P. Karst., Rodwayella citrinula (P. Karst.) Spooner (Hyaloscyphaceae), Lamprospora carbonicola Boud., Octospora areolata (Seaver) Caillet & Moyne, Octospora coccinea (P. Crouan & H. Crouan) Brumm., Octospora excipulata (Clem.) Benkert, Octospora itzerottii Benkert, Octospora orthotrichi (Cooke & Ellis) K.B. Khare & V.P. Tewari, Octospora polytrichi (Schumach.) Caillet & Moyne, Octospora rustica (Velen.) J. Moravec (Pyronemataceae), Lepiota atrodisca Zeller (Agaricaceae), Naemacyclus fimbriatus (Schwein.) DiCosmo, Peredo & Minter (Marthamycetaceae), Orbilia aristata (Velen.) Velen. (Orbiliaceae), Rutstroemia coracina (Durieu & Lév.) Dennis (Rutstroemiaceae), Sclerotinia trifoliorum Erikss. (Sclerotiniaceae) Türkiye için yeni kayıttır. Anahtar Kelimeler: Makromantar, Taksonomi, Nurdağı, Gaziantep i ABSTRACT Ms Thesis DETERMINATION OF MACROFUNGI GROWING IN NURDAĞI (GAZİANTEP) REGION Semiha YAKAR Karamanoğlu Mehmetbey University Graduate School of Natural and Applied Sciences Department of Biology Supervisor: Assoc. Prof. Dr. Abdullah KAYA February, 2016, 116 pages This study was carried out on the macrofungi growing in Nurdağı (Gaziantep) district. 640 macrofungi samples were collected during field trips between 2013-2015. Ecological properties were noted and they were photographed at their natural habitats. The samples are transferred to the lab and they were dried and prepared as fungarium materials. As a result of necessary identification processes, 133 taxa belonging to 7 classsis, 13 orders, 43 families, 91 genera were determined. Fifty two of them belong to Ascomycota and 81 belong to Basidiomycota. Twenty three, Ascobolus crenulatus P. Karst., Ascobolus immersus Pers., Saccobolus glaber (Pers.) Lambotte, Thecotheus holmskioldii (E.C. Hansen) Eckblad (Ascobolaceae), Cellypha goldbachii (Weinm.) Donk, Resupinatus taxi (Lév.) Thorn, Moncalvo & Redhead (Tricholomataceae), Coccomyces delta (Kunze ex Fr.) Sacc. (Rhytismataceae), Crepidotus pallidus (Berk. & Broome) Knudsen (Inocybaceae), Lachnum fuscescens (Pers.) P. Karst., Rodwayella citrinula (P. Karst.) Spooner (Hyaloscyphaceae), Lamprospora carbonicola Boud., Octospora areolata (Seaver) Caillet & Moyne, Octospora coccinea (P. Crouan & H. Crouan) Brumm., Octospora excipulata (Clem.) Benkert, Octospora itzerottii Benkert, Octospora orthotrichi (Cooke & Ellis) K.B. Khare & V.P. Tewari, Octospora polytrichi (Schumach.) Caillet & Moyne, Octospora rustica (Velen.) J. Moravec (Pyronemataceae), Lepiota atrodisca Zeller (Agaricaceae), Naemacyclus fimbriatus (Schwein.) DiCosmo, Peredo & Minter (Marthamycetaceae), Orbilia aristata (Velen.) Velen. (Orbiliaceae), Rutstroemia coracina (Durieu & Lév.) Dennis (Rutstroemiaceae) and Sclerotinia trifoliorum Erikss. (Sclerotiniaceae), of the determined taxa are records for Turkey. Keywords: Macrofungus, Taxonomy, Nurdağı, Gaziantep ii ÖN SÖZ Biyoçeşitliliğin en önemli bileşenlerinden birini oluşturan mantarlar geleneksel olarak uzun bir süre bitkiler alemi içinde yer almış ve 1969’dan sonra bitki ve hayvanlardan farklı olduğu anlaşılmıştır. Günümüzde ayrı bir alem olarak ele alınan bu canlı grubunun insanlarla olan etkileşimi insanoğlunun doğuşu ile başlamıştır. Makromantarların insanların dikkatini çekmesi, yemeklik olarak kullanılmalarından dolayı ve zehirli mantarların sebep olduğu ölümler sonucunda olmuştur. Mantarlar gıda olarak kullanılmalarının yanısıra tıbbi amaçlıda kullanılmaktadır. Yine çok eski yıllarda insanlar halüsinojenik etki gösteren mantarları dini törenlerinde ve eğlence dünyalarında kullanmışlardır. Bütün dünyada olduğu gibi ülkemizde de makromantar biyoçeşitliliğinin belirlenmesi amacıyla birçok çalışma yürütülmüş, bazıları da halen yürütülmektedir. Henüz makromantar çeşitliliği bakımından çalışılmamış birçok bölge vardır ve Türkiye mikotası henüz tamamlanamamıştır. Bu kapsamda, Nurdağı yöresinin makromantarlarının belirlenmesine yönelik gerçekleştirilen bu çalışma, bölge insanının bilgilendirilmesi, makromantar çeşitliliğinin belirlenmesi ve ülkemiz makromikotasına katkı sağlamak amacıyla gerçekleştirilmiştir. Yüksek Lisans eğitimim ve tez aşamasında çalışmalarımı yönlendiren, öneri ve yardımlarını esirgemeyen, görüş ve düşüncelerime destek veren hocam Doç. Dr. Abdullah KAYA’ya, arazi ve laboratuvar çalışmalarım esnasında herzaman desteğini gördüğüm Yasin UZUN’a ayrıca arazi çalışmalarındaki katkısından dolayı İbrahim Halil KARACAN’a ve tüm eğitim hayatım boyunca maddi manevi desteğini hiçbir zaman esirgemeyen kıymetli aileme, içtenlikle teşekkür ederim. Bu araştırma 212T112 nolu proje ile TÜBİTAK tarafından desteklenmiştir. Bu desteğinden dolayı TÜBİTAK’a teşekkür ederim. SemihaYAKAR Şubat, 2016 iii İÇİNDEKİLER Sayfa ÖZET ................................................................................................................................ i ABSTRACT ..................................................................................................................... ii ÖN SÖZ .......................................................................................................................... iii İÇİNDEKİLER .............................................................................................................. iv ÇİZELGELER DİZİNİ ................................................................................................. ix ŞEKİLLER DİZİNİ ........................................................................................................ x SİMGELER VE KISALTMALAR DİZİNİ .............................................................. xiii 1. GİRİŞ ........................................................................................................................... 1 2. LİTERATÜR ÖZETİ ................................................................................................ 3 3. MATERYAL METOT ............................................................................................ 20 3.1. Araştırma Alanının Durumu .................................................................................... 20 3.1.1. Coğrafi Özellikleri ................................................................................................ 20 3.1.2. İklim ve Bitki Örtüsü ............................................................................................ 21 3.1.3. Toprak Özellikleri ................................................................................................. 24 3.2. Materyal ................................................................................................................... 24 3.3. Metot ........................................................................................................................ 24 3.3.1. Arazi Çalışması ..................................................................................................... 24 3.3.2. Laboratuvar Çalışması .......................................................................................... 25 4. BULGULAR .............................................................................................................. 27 4.1. Teşhisi Yapılan Mantarların Sistematiği. ................................................................ 27 4.2. Teşhisi Yapılan Mantarların Bölgedeki Yayılışı ..................................................... 37 4.2.1. Patellaria atrata (Hedw.) Fr.. ............................................................................... 37 4.2.2. Mollisia ligni (Desm.) P. Karst.
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