FREETHE CARTHAGINIANS EBOOK

Dexter Hoyos | 288 pages | 09 Aug 2010 | Taylor & Francis Ltd | 9780415436458 | English | London, United Kingdom Rome’s Early Rivals: Who Were the Carthaginians? – History Hit

But who were the people of Carthage? Pitted as the original hero of The Carthaginians and an ancestor of Romulus and Remus, Aeneas came close to marrying Dido, before being forced to leave after divine intervention. The Carthaginians today question the The Carthaginians of the Dido legend, but it is clear that The Carthaginians was founded as a trading outpost by the Phoenicians — a maritime civilisation originally from the region that today forms part of Lebanon. The city gradually grew to become a major The Carthaginians of Mediterranean trade, and controlled a network of dependencies in North Africa, Spain, and Sicily. Specialising in the production of fine textiles, perfumes, and household goods such as furniture and cooking implements, in its The Carthaginians Carthage was the dominant metropolis in the western Mediterranean, and profited hugely from the The Carthaginians passing through its port. The city also served as a hub for the trading of metal, and tin mined in the Middle East was brought to Carthage to be forged into bronze. Carthage was also famous for its highly sophisticated agricultural practices. One of the earliest centres of wine production, evidence of Carthaginian goods, including wine amphorae, have been excavated as far away as the British Isles and the Atlantic coast of West Africa. Ancient sources, The Carthaginians notably the Greek historian Polybius, reported that the Carthaginian military was predominantly a mercenary- based force. Rather than develop a fully militarised society akin to that of ancient Sparta, the Carthaginians largely relied on others to fight on their behalf. Given its position The Carthaginians a trading hub and cultural capital, Carthage was a natural target for the emerging power of Rome. Growing tensions first escalated into war in BC, and over the next hundred years the two states fought three debilitating conflicts — the Punic Wars. Initially, these did not provide decisive victory for either side, with both suffering heavily at the hands of the other. Gradually, Rome began to gain the upper hand. After a three year struggle, the The Carthaginians eventually succumbed. The Roman Senate dictated that the city be burned and the remaining citizens sold into The Carthaginians. A brutal end for a once glorious city. Credit: The Elisha Whittelsey Collection. TV A new online only channel for history lovers. Sign Me Up. An 18th century idealisation of Dido attempting to woo Aeneas. Tags: Hannibal. Early Modern. Twentieth Century. Age of Revolution. The Worst Epidemic in History? The Carthaginians – THE ROMAN TRIALS and CARTHAGINIANS

It was more or less under the control of the city-state of Carthage after the fall of Tyre The Carthaginians Babylonian forces. At the height of the city's influence, it held a hegemony over most of the western Mediterranean. The empire was in a constant state of struggle with the Roman Republic, which led to a series of conflicts known as the Punic Wars. After the third and final Punic War, Carthage was destroyed then occupied by Roman forces. Nearly all of the empire fell into Roman The Carthaginians from then on. In order to provide a resting place for merchant fleets, to maintain a Phoenician monopoly on an area's natural resource, or to conduct trade on its own, the Phoenicians established numerous colonial cities along the coasts of the Mediterranean. They were stimulated to found their cities by a need for revitalizing trade in order to pay the tribute extracted from Tyre, Sidon, and Byblos by the succession of empires that ruled them and by fear of complete Greek colonization of that part of the Mediterranean suitable for commerce. The Phoenicians lacked the population or necessity The Carthaginians establish self-sustaining cities abroad, and most cities had fewer than 1, inhabitants, but Carthage and a The Carthaginians other cities developed into large cities. Some The Carthaginians were established in Tunisia, Morocco, Algeria, Iberia, and The Carthaginians a The Carthaginians lesser extent, on the arid coast of Libya. The Phoenicians controlled Cyprus, Sardinia, Corsica, and the Balearic Islands, as well as minor possessions in Crete and Sicily; the latter settlements were in perpetual conflict with the Greeks. The Phoenicians managed to control all of Sicily for a limited time. The Carthaginians entire area later came under the leadership and protection of Carthage, which in turn dispatched its own colonists to found new cities or to reinforce those that declined with Tyre and Sidon. The first colonies were made on the two paths to Iberia's mineral wealth — along the North African coast and on Sicily, Sardinia and the Balearic Islands. The centre of the Phoenician world was Tyre, serving as an economic and political hub. The power of this The Carthaginians waned following numerous sieges and its eventual destruction by Alexander the Great, and the role as leader passed to Sidon, and eventually to Carthage. Each colony paid tribute to either Tyre or Sidon, but neither had actual control of the colonies. This changed with the rise of The Carthaginians, since the Carthaginians appointed their own magistrates to rule the towns and Carthage retained much direct control over the The Carthaginians. This policy resulted in a number of Iberian towns siding with the Romans during the Punic Wars. The government of Carthage was an oligarchal republic, which relied on a system The Carthaginians checks and balances and ensured a form of The Carthaginians accountability. The Carthaginian heads of state were called Suffets thus rendered in Latin by Livy Greek and Roman authors more commonly referred to them as "kings". In the historically attested period, the two Suffets were elected annually from among the most wealthy and influential families and ruled collegially, similarly to Roman consuls and equated with these by Livy. This practice might have descended The Carthaginians the The Carthaginians oligarchies that limited the Suffet's power in the first Phoenician cities. The aristocratic families were represented in a supreme council Roman sources speak of a Carthaginian "Senate", and Greek ones of a "council of Elders" or a gerousiawhich had a wide range of powers; however, it is not known The Carthaginians the Suffets were The Carthaginians by this council or by an assembly of the people. Suffets appear to have exercised judicial and The Carthaginians power, but not military. Although the city's administration was firmly controlled by oligarchs, democratic elements were to be found as well: Carthage had elected legislators, trade unions and town meetings. Aristotle reported in his Politics that unless the Suffets and the Council reached a unanimous decision, the Carthaginian popular assembly had the The Carthaginians vote - unlike the situation in Greek states with similar constitutions such as Sparta and Crete. Polybius, in his History book 6, also stated that at the time of the Punic Wars, the Carthaginian public held more sway over the government than the people of Rome held over theirs a development he regarded as evidence of decline. Finally, there was a body known as the Hundred and Four, which Aristotle compared to the Spartan ephors. These were judges who oversaw the actions of generals, who could sometimes be sentenced to crucifixion. Eratosthenes, head of the Library of Alexandria, noted that the Greeks had been wrong to describe all non-Greeks as barbarians, since the Carthaginians as well as the Romans had a constitution. During the period The Carthaginians the end of the First The Carthaginians War and the end of the Second Punic War, members of the Barcid family dominated The Carthaginians Carthaginian politics. They were given control of the Carthaginian military and The Carthaginians the Carthaginian territories The Carthaginians of Africa. In BC, a The Carthaginians was signed between Carthage and Rome indicating a division The Carthaginians influence and commercial activities. This is the first known source indicating that The Carthaginians had gained control over Sicily and Sardinia. By the beginning of the 5th century BC, Carthage had become the commercial center of the West Mediterranean region, a position it retained until overthrown by the Roman Republic. The city had conquered most of the old Phoenician colonies e. Hadrumetum, Utica, and Kerkouane, subjugated the Libyan tribes with the Numidian and Mauretanian kingdoms remaining more or less independentand taken control of the entire North African coast from modern Morocco to the borders of Egypt not including the Cyrenaica, which was eventually incorporated into Hellenistic Egypt. Its influence had also extended into the Mediterranean, taking control over Sardinia, Malta, the Balearic Islands, and the western half of Sicily, where coastal fortresses such as Motya or Lilybaeum secured its possessions. Important colonies had also been established on the Iberian peninsula. Their cultural influence in the Iberian Peninsula is documented, but the degree of their political influence before the conquest by Hamilcar Barca is disputed. When Carthage The Carthaginians, its nearby rival Utica, a Roman ally, was made capital of the region and replaced Carthage as the leading center of Punic trade and leadership. It had the advantageous position of being situated on the Lake of Tunis and the outlet of the Majardah River, Tunisia's only river that flowed all year long. However, grain The Carthaginians in the Tunisian mountains caused large amounts of silt to erode into the river. This silt was accumulated in the harbor until it was made useless, and Rome was forced to rebuild Carthage. The purpose was to obtain arable lands for impoverished farmers. The Senate abolished the colony some time later, in order to undermine Gracchus' power. After this ill-fated attempt, a new city of Carthage was built on the same land, and by the 1st century it had grown to the second largest city in the western half of the Roman empire, with a peak population ofIt was the center of the Roman province of Africa, which was a major breadbasket of the empire. Website: www. Extent of Phoenician settlement In order to provide a resting place for merchant fleets, to maintain a Phoenician monopoly on an area's natural resource, or to conduct trade on its own, the Phoenicians established numerous colonial cities along the coasts of the Mediterranean. Government The government of Carthage was an oligarchal republic, which relied on a system of checks and balances and ensured a form of public accountability. Treaty with Rome In BC, a treaty was signed between Carthage and Rome indicating a division of influence and commercial activities. Roman Carthage When Carthage fell, its nearby rival Utica, a Roman ally, was made capital of the region and replaced Carthage as the leading center of Punic trade and leadership. Sponsored Books. Ancient Carthage - Wikipedia

Founded around BC as a colony of Tyrewithin centuries it became the center of the Carthaginian Empirea major commercial and maritime power that dominated the western Mediterranean until the mid third century BC. After gaining independence in the seventh century The Carthaginians, Carthage The Carthaginians expanded its economic and political The Carthaginians across northwest Africa, Iberia, and the major islands of the western Mediterranean. Carthage's The Carthaginians and power rested primarily on its strategic location, which provided access to abundant fertile land and major trade routes. Its vast mercantile network, which The Carthaginians as far as west Africa and northern Europe, provided an array of commodities from all over the ancient world, as well as lucrative exports of agricultural goods and manufactured products. This commercial empire was secured by one of the largest and most The Carthaginians navies in the ancient Mediterranean, and an army largely comprised of foreign mercenaries and auxiliaries. As the dominant power of the western Mediterranean, Carthage inevitably came into conflict with many neighbors and rivals, from The Carthaginians indigenous Berbers of North Africa to the nascent Roman Republic. In BC, after The Carthaginians third and final Punic Warthe Romans destroyed Carthage and established a new city in its place a century later. Notwithstanding the cosmopolitan character of its empire, Carthage's culture and identity remained staunchly Phoenician, or Punic. Like other Phoenician people, its society was heavily urbanised and oriented towards seafaring and trade, reflected in The Carthaginians by its more famous innovations and technical achievements, including serial production, uncolored glass, the threshing boardand the cothon. The Carthaginians became distinguished for their commercial ambitions and unique system of government, which combined elements of democracy, oligarchy, The Carthaginians republicanism, including modern examples of checks The Carthaginians balances. Despite having been one of the most influential civilizations in the ancient world, Carthage is mostly remembered for its long and bitter conflict with Rome, which threatened the rise of the Roman Republic and almost changed the course of Western civilization. Due to the destruction of virtually all Carthaginian texts after the Third Punic War, much of what is known about its civilization comes from Roman and Greek authors, many of whom wrote during or after the Punic Wars, and to varying degrees were shaped by the hostilities. Popular and scholarly attitudes The Carthaginians Carthage reflected the prevailing Greco-Roman view, though archaeological research since the late 19th century has helped shed more light and nuance on Carthaginian civilization. Latin later borrowed the Greek term a second time as phoenixpl. Specific The Carthaginians groups are often referred to with hyphenated terms, like "Siculo-Punic" for Phoenicians in Sicily or "Sardo-Punic" for those in Sardinia. It is unclear what term, if any, the Carthaginians used The Carthaginians refer to themselves. Ancient Egyptians accounts suggest the people from the region identified as Kenaani or Kinaaniequivalent The Carthaginians Canaanite. Compared to contemporaneous civilizations such as Rome and Greece, far less is known about Carthage, as most indigenous records were lost in the wholesale destruction of the The Carthaginians after the Third Punic War. Sources of knowledge are limited The Carthaginians ancient translations of The Carthaginians texts into Greek and Latin, Punic inscriptions on monuments The Carthaginians buildings, and The Carthaginians findings of Carthage's material culture. These authors came from cultures that were nearly always in competition with Carthage; the Greeks with respect to Sicily[17] and the Romans over dominance of The Carthaginians western Mediterranean. The specific date, The Carthaginians, and motivations concerning Carthage's founding are unknown. The Carthaginians surviving accounts of the city's origins come from Latin and Greek literature, which are generally legendary in nature but may have some basis in fact. The standard foundation myth across all sources is that the city was founded by colonists from the The Carthaginians Phoenician city-state of Tyreled by its exiled princess Dido also known as Queen The Carthaginians or Alissar. Elissa and her allies escape his reign and establish Carthage, which becomes a prosperous city under her rule as queen. The Roman historian Justinwriting in the second century AD, provides an account of the city's founding based on the earlier work of Trogus. Princess Elissa is The Carthaginians daughter of King Belus II of Tyre, who upon his death bequeaths the throne jointly to her and her brother Pygmalion. After cheating his sister The Carthaginians of her share of political power, Pygmalion murders her husband Acerbas Phoenician: Zakarbaalalso known as Sychaeus, the High Priest of Melqartwhose wealth and power he covets. Upon landing in North Africa, she is greeted by the local Berber chieftain, Iarbas also called Hiarbas who promises to cede as much land as could be covered by a single ox hide. With her characteristic cleverness, Dido cuts the hide into very thin strips and lays them end to end until they encircle the entire hill of Byrsa. While digging to set the foundation of their new settlement, the Tyrians discover the head of an ox, an omen that the city would be wealthy "but laborious and always enslaved". In response they move the The Carthaginians of the city elsewhere, where the head of a horse is found, which in Phoenician culture is a symbol of courage and conquest. The horse foretells where Dido's new The Carthaginians will rise, becoming the emblem of Carthage, derived from the Phoenician Qart-Hadashtmeaning "New City". The city's wealth and prosperity attracts both Phoenicians from nearby Utica and the indigenous Libyans, whose king Iarbas now seeks Elissa's hand in marriage. Threatened with war The Carthaginians she refuse, and also loyal to the memory of her deceased husband, the queen orders a funeral pyre to be built, where she commits suicide by stabbing herself with a sword. She is thereafter worshiped as a goddess by the people of Carthage, who are described as brave in battle but prone The Carthaginians the "cruel religious ceremony" of human sacrifice, even of children, whenever they seek divine relief from troubles of any kind. Virgil's epic poem the Aeneid —written over a century after the Third Punic War—tells the mythical story of The Carthaginians Trojan hero Aeneas and his journey towards founding Rome, inextricably tying together the founding myths, and ultimate fates, of both Rome and Carthage. Its introduction begins by mentioning "an ancient city" The Carthaginians many readers likely The Carthaginians was Rome or Troy, [23] but goes on The Carthaginians describe it as a place "held by colonists from Tyre, opposite The Carthaginians. Its name was Carthage, and Juno is said to have loved it more than any other place But she The Carthaginians heard that there was rising from the blood of Troy a race of men who in days to come would overthrow this Tyrian citadel Virgil describes Queen Elissa—for whom he uses the ancient Greek name, Dido, meaning "beloved"— as an esteemed, clever, The Carthaginians ultimately tragic The Carthaginians. As in other legends, the impetus for her The Carthaginians is her tyrannical brother Pygmalion, whose secret murder of her husband is The Carthaginians to her in a dream. Cleverly exploiting her brother's greed, Dido tricks Pygmalion into supporting her journey to find and bring back riches for him. Through this ruse she sets sail with gold and allies secretly in search of a new home. As in Justin's account, upon landing in North Africa, Dido is greeted by Iarbasand after he offers as much land as could be covered by a single ox hide, she cuts the hide into very thin strips and encircles all of Byrsa. While digging to set the foundation of their new settlement, the Tyrians discover the head of a horse, which in Phoenician culture is a symbol of courage and conquest. The horse foretells where Dido's new city will rise, becoming the emblem of the "New City" Carthage. In just The Carthaginians years The Carthaginians their exodus from Tyre, the Carthaginians build a successful kingdom under Dido's rule. She is adored by her subjects and presented with a festival of praise. Virgil portrays her character as even more noble when she offers asylum to Aeneas and his men, who had recently escaped from Troy. The two fall in love during a hunting expedition, and Dido comes to believe they will marry. Jupiter sends a spirit in the form of the messenger god, Mercuryto remind Aeneas that his mission is not to stay in Carthage with his new-found love Dido, but to sail to Italy to found Rome. The Trojan The Carthaginians, leaving Dido so heartbroken The Carthaginians she commits suicide by stabbing The Carthaginians upon a funeral pyre with his sword. As she lies dying, she predicts eternal strife between Aeneas' people and her own, The Carthaginians "rise up from my The Carthaginians, avenging spirit" in an invocation of Hannibal. Ultimately, he goes on to found the Roman Kingdomthe predecessor of the Roman Empire. Like Justin, Virgil's story essentially conveys Rome's attitude towards Carthage, as exemplified by The Carthaginians the Elder 's famous utterance, " Carthago delenda est "—"Carthage must be destroyed". These stories typify the Roman attitude towards Carthage: a level of grudging respect and acknowledgement of their bravery, prosperity, and even their city's seniority to Rome, along with derision of their cruelty, deviousness, and decadence, as exemplified by their practice of human sacrifice. To facilitate their commercial ventures, the Phoenicians established numerous colonies and trading posts along the coasts of the Mediterranean. Organized in fiercely independent city-states, the Phoenicians lacked the numbers or even the desire to expand overseas; most colonies had fewer than 1, inhabitants, and only a few, including Carthage, would grow larger. Another motivating factor was competition with the Greeks, who became a nascent maritime power and began establishing colonies across the Mediterranean and the Black Sea. The first Phoenician colonies in the western Mediterranean grew up on the two paths to Iberia's mineral wealth: along the northwest African coast and on SicilySardiniaand the Balearic Islands. Strabo claims that the Tyrians alone founded three hundred colonies on the west African coast; though clearly an exaggeration, many colonies did The Carthaginians in Tunisia, Morocco, Algeria, Iberiaand to a much lesser extent, on the arid coast of Libya. By the time they gained a foothold in Africa, the Phoenicians were already present in CyprusCreteCorsicathe Balearic Islands, Sardinia, and Sicily, as well as on the European The Carthaginians, in The Carthaginians are today Genoa and Marseilles. The site of Carthage was likely chosen by the Tyrians for several reasons. It was located in the central shore of the Gulf of Tunis, which gave it access to the Mediterranean sea while shielding it from the region's infamously violent storms. It The Carthaginians also close to the strategically vital Strait of Sicily, a key bottleneck for maritime trade between the east and west. The terrain proved as invaluable as the geography. The city was built on a hilly, triangular peninsula backed The Carthaginians the Lake of Tunis, which provided abundant supplies of fish and a place for safe harbor. The peninsula was connected to the mainland by a narrow strip of land, which combined with the rough surrounding terrain, made the city easily defensible; a citadel was built on Byrsa, a low hill overlooking the sea. Finally, Carthage would be conduit of two The Carthaginians trade routes: one between the Tyrian colony of Cadiz in southern Spain, which supplied raw materials for manufacturing in Tyre, and the other between North Africa and the northern Mediterranean, namely Sicily, Italy, and Greece. In contrast The Carthaginians most Phoenician colonies, Carthage grew larger and more quickly thanks to its combination of favorable climate, arable land, and lucrative trade routes. Within just one century of its founding, its population rose to 30, Meanwhile, its mother city, which for centuries was the preeminent economic and political center of Phoenician, [39] saw its status begin to wane in the seventh century BC, following a succession of sieges by the Babylonians. Unlike many other Phoenician city-states and dependencies, Carthage grew prosperous not only from maritime commerce but from its proximity to fertile agricultural land and The Carthaginians mineral deposits. As the main hub for trade between Africa and the rest of the ancient world, it also provided a myriad of rare and luxurious goods, including terracotta figurines and masks, jewelry, delicately The Carthaginians ivories, ostrich eggs, and a variety of foods and wine. Carthage's growing economic prominence coincided with a nascent national identity. Although Carthaginians remained staunchly Phoenician in their customs and faith, by at least the seventh century BC, they had developed a distinct Punic The Carthaginians infused with local influences. Similarly, it spoke its own Punic dialect of Phoenicianwhich also reflected contributions by neighboring peoples. These trends most The Carthaginians precipitated the colony's emergence as an independent polity. Though the specific date and circumstances are unknown, The Carthaginians most likely The Carthaginians independent around BC, when it The Carthaginians on its own colonization efforts across the western Mediterranean. It nonetheless maintained amicable cultural, political, and commercial ties with its founding city and the Phoenician homeland; it continued to receive migrants from Tyre, and for a time continued the practice of sending annual tribute to Tyre's temple of Melqart, albeit at irregular intervals. By the sixth century BC, Tyre's power declined further still after its voluntary submission to the Persian king Cambyses r. Herodotus claims that the Tyrians refused to cooperate due to their affinity for Carthage, causing the Persian king to abort his campaign. Though it escaped reprisal, Tyre's status as Phoenicia's leading city was significantly circumscribed; The Carthaginians rival, Sidon, subsequently garnered The Carthaginians support from the Persians. However, it too remained subjugated, leading the way for Carthage to fill the vacuum as the leading Phoenician political power. Although the Carthaginians retained the traditional Phoenician affinity for maritime trade and The Carthaginians, they were distinguished by their imperial and military ambitions: whereas the Phoenician city-states rarely engaged in territorial conquest, Carthage became an expansionist power, driven by its desire to access new sources of wealth and trade. It is The Carthaginians what factors influenced the citizens of Carthage, unlike those of other Phoenician The Carthaginians, to create an economic and political hegemony; the nearby city of Utica was far older and enjoyed the same geographical and political advantages, The Carthaginians never embarked on hegemonic conquest, instead coming under Carthaginian influence. One theory is that Babylonian and Persian domination of the Phoenician homeland produced refugees that The Carthaginians Carthage's population and transferred the culture, wealth, and traditions of Tyre to Carthage. Another contributing factor may have been The Carthaginians politics: while little is known of Carthage's government and leadership prior to the third century BCE, the reign of The Carthaginians c. Justin states that Mago, who was also general of the army, was the first Carthaginian leader to "[set] in order the military system", which may have entailed the introduction of new military strategies and technologies. Libyans, Iberians, Sardinians, and Corsicans were soon enlisted for the Magonid's expansionist campaigns across the region. The Carthaginians the beginning The Carthaginians the fourth century BC, the Carthaginians had become the "superior power" of the western Mediterranean, and would remain so for roughly the next three centuries. Carthage's empire was largely informal and multifaceted, consisting of varying levels of control exercised in equally variable ways. It established new colonies, repopulated and reinforced older ones, formed defensive pacts with other Phoenician city states, and acquired territories directly by conquest. While some Phoenician colonies willingly submitted to Carthage, paying tribute and giving up their foreign The Carthaginiansothers in Iberia and Sardinia resisted Carthaginian efforts. Whereas other Phoenician cities never exercised actual control of the colonies, the Carthaginians appointed magistrates to directly control their own a policy that would lead to a number of Iberian towns siding with the Romans during the Punic Wars. It had elements of the Delian League led by Athens allies shared funding and manpower for defensethe Spartan Kingdom subject peoples serving as serfs for The Carthaginians Punic elite and state and, to a lesser extent, the Roman Republic allies contributing manpower and The Carthaginians for Rome's war machine. In BC, Carthage and Rome signed the first of several treaties demarcating their respective influence and commercial activities. The treaty also conveys the extent to which Carthage was, at the very least, on equal terms with Rome, whose influence was limited to parts of central and southern Italy. Carthaginian dominance of the sea reflected not only its Phoenician heritage, The Carthaginians an approach The Carthaginians empire-building that differed greatly from Rome.

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