OCR GCSE (9-1) Latin Set Text Guide Virgil

Qualification Accredited Oxford Cambridge and RSA

GCSE (9–1) Set Text Guide LATIN J282 For first teaching in 2016

Set Text Guide Virgil

www.ocr.org.uk/gcselatin Introduction CONTENTS Talking points andCarthage Rome Antony andCleopatra The Age ofAugustus Context 5 Talking Points Epic 3 The Virgil 3 General Introduction GCSE (9–1)Latin Student tasksheet andstudentActivities tasks Talking points ofKey TermsGlossary FeaturesStylistic FeaturesLiterary Themes andMotifs and 6.450-476. Prescribed - sections -Aeneas ofprescribedContext andDido sections The Text Aeneid 3 Aeneid 4.279-319,331-361,381-396 12 13 10 3 7 6 5 5 5 4 9 8 8 7 7 7 2 For teachers Further reading andresources Bloomsbury Academic Bloomsbury For students 18 18 19 18 ©OCR 2016 Set TextSet Guide Introduction GENERAL INTRODUCTION The schoolchildren,Roman andithasremained sountilthepresent day. hisdeaththe timeafter Onlyashort intervened. he ordered ofthe thathisdraft whocomposedjustthree linesaday.was aperfectionist Onhisdeathbedin19BCE enthusiastic favour emperor, ofthefirstRoman Augustus. Tradition hasitthathe believed to bemagical. ofhisfellow Hewasafriend poetHorace, andenjoyed the hisreputation period themedieval wassogreat In thathisverses wereplays and art. a profound influenceon Western butoperas, novels, culture, notjustpoetry inspiring He istraditionallyconsidered to beancientRome’s greatest have works had poet.His the poems aboutthecountryside, for three Heisknown Mantua. ofLatinliterature, majorworks ofshorter cycles two Publius Vergilius Maro, to usas known Virgil, wasprobably around born 70BCEin Virgil GCSE (9–1)Latin the price of duty,the price thepitifulnature ofwar, andthenature ofheroism. doubt, throughout thepoem Virgil raises great (and unanswerable) questions about The be Romulus, the founder ofRome. Lavinia, andfoundingprincess AlbaLonga, Rome’s mothercity. descendantwill His After thecloseof this was Virgil’s decision,orwhetherhediedbefore hecould finishthelastbook.) with Aeneas killing Turnus, prince, insinglecombat(it’s anItalian unclearwhether tribes, andtheepicendsonanunsettlingnote,into awarwiththenative Italian Trojans Didocommitssuicide. leave Carthage reachWhen they Italy, are they drawn fall passionately inlove. ButAeneas iscompelledto follow the hismission,andafter astheguestsofQueenDido, andDidoAeneas settleinCarthage while they of thegodsandleadsremaining Trojan populationwest towards Italy. For a Aeneas. After Troy hasbeendestroyed by theGreeks, Aeneas follows theinstructions leading upto thefoundation ofRome. Virgil ofthe tells thestory Trojan prince The Aeneid Aeneid Aeneid is not a simplistic or triumphalist work. AlthoughRome’s work. isnotasimplisticortriumphalist destiny is notin astheRoman hasbeendescribed ‘national epic’, events anditdescribes Aeneid , the story will continue with Aeneas marrying the Italian theItalian willcontinuewithAeneas marrying , thestory Aeneid Eclogues shouldbedestroyed. Thankfully Augustus andthe Aeneid Georgics becameastandard for work , andtheepic Aeneid 3 . others, Anepicisalengthy mostlylesswell-known. narrativepoemwithaserious The Epic Aeneas and Dido witness the building of Carthage (Anonymous). Aeneas witnessthebuildingofCarthage andDido specificeffects ofsoundandrhythm. soastoframework make hexameter, calleddactylic framework) ofepic. typical Hecancarefully manipulate this attentions to thesoundsofhisLatin.Heusesametre (asetpoeticrhythmic Ancient epicwasintended to beread aloudandrecited, andso Virgil pays close as the Trojans tribes. againsttheItalian fightanepicwarinItaly butgoingto home. anew back, The secondhalfismore closelyinspired by the the Trojan thedifferenceWar onIthaca: isthatAeneas isnotgoing to hiskingdom Troy inthefirsthalfof to Greekswell throughout known andRomans theClassicalage. Aeneas’ voyage from Virgil wasinspired by theGreek epicsofHomer, the apparent blendofthetwo. usuallymythologicalsubject: orinsomesensehistorical, or (as withthe Aeneid is the major Latin work surviving inthegenre ofEpic, althoughthere surviving isthemajorLatinwork are Aeneid parallels that of Odysseus, who journeys homefrom parallelsthatofOdysseus, whojourneys Iliad and the Odyssey Aeneid ; bothwere ©OCR 2016 Set TextSet Guide ) an Iliad , Introduction Talking Points GCSE (9–1)Latin might be theequivalentmight be ofepicwritingtoday? are known to epics What usfrom othercultures? What Talking Point work? Does thismakework? Does thelater work unoriginal? to ‘inspired itmean author’s be another does by’ What wars in serious metrewars inserious (butCupid hadotherplansfor me)...’ thelater any authorunoriginal? Does ofthismake course Virgil himselfwasimitated aswell: Ovid’s firstwords: very Virgil’s andtheman’‘weapons withHomer’s connects clearly ‘rage’ ( More recently, Milton’s the Ramayana Students may have (Anglo-Saxon) arangeofideas:somemay know Explanation and Teacher Notes opening ofthe the timepermits, allow studentstoIf read andcompare episodesfrom Virgil e.g. of Patroclus andHomer; thekilling in implies adebtofgratitude, andsoon. isavailable.A rangeofnuancedterminology by’‘Inspired differs from ‘copies’ or ‘references’; ‘pays homageto’ than theirparents? isto bepraised, originality how doweIf accountfor are thatderivativeworks sometimesmore thefact popular debate. song;from new timeto timehigh-profile legal battlesover andstirupvigorousin anotherwise arise copyright as studentswillbefamiliarwiththeideaofoneartist ‘covering’ another’s songor ‘sampling’ to musicalmaterial use Students may pointfor have arangeofideasandsomestrongly-held discussionismusic opinions!Onestarting verse are works inprose. that have becomepopular-studentsmay have opinionswhy. Note thatthemostpopulartranslationsofancient timesitistheproseExtensive listsofepictitlesare isnotablethatinmodern works, available online. notverse, It and andhisverse epic ofcourseincludesmanyare songsinhiswork, inverse notwritten (Tolkien couldfitthedefinitionabove, andcountlessfantasyworks (muchexpandedinto series) the cycle althoughthey TV

Iliad Lusiads Gudrún with the killing ofPallas withthekilling inthe , (Mesopotamian) the , (Mesopotamian) , and (Germanic) the , and(Germanic) hasrecently beenpublished.) Aeneid can usefullybecompared withtheopeningsof Paradise Lost 4 Edda Epic ofGilgamesh , Wagner’s . Aeneid ; or the visits of Odysseus and Aeneas to the Underworld. andAeneas; orthevisitsofOdysseus to theUnderworld. The very Ring Amores , (Italian) the , (Italian) , Tolkien’s 1.1 begins, ‘I waspreparing to singofweapons and violent Lord oftheRings Divine ComedyDivine Beowulf, Odyssey , George RMartin’s (Sanskrit) the (Sanskrit) and Orlando FuriosoOrlando and Iliad ) and man’‘the ( Iliad Mahabharata , notingespeciallythe The Game ofThronesGame

, (Portuguese) Legend ofSigurd Odyssey ©OCR 2016 Set TextSet Guide andthe ). Of ). Of

Context CONTEXT the culturalprogramme promoted by Augustus, been ithassometimesunfairly his great-uncle JuliusCaesar. the Because to beamember oftheJulianfamilyandtherefore anancestor ofAugustus and people. The Trojan hero Aeneas before waswell known Virgil’s epic;hewasbelieved peace, Augustus usedtraditional myths andlegendsasaway ofunitingtheRoman from thedamageofcivilwar. order to In reinforce hisown positionand theeraof Augustus years, reigned wasrebuilt whichtimeRome andrecovered during for thirty took nameAugustus, thenew emperor. andbecamethefirstRoman defeatedOctavian) Antony, hisenemy Mark andsowasthelastgeneralstanding. He 40 –JuliusCaesar’s great to nephew, usas (known JuliusCaesar Octavianus Gaius young by menwere theirfellow-citizens. 31BCE–as killed In Virgil wasaboutto turn wasdrawn insomeway, into theconflict familyinItaly andcountless every Nearly system theRepublican ofgovernment intheirpursuitofpower.generals tore apart Virgil lived through oneoftheworst ofCivil periods War inRome’s history, whenrival The Age ofAugustus GCSE (9–1)Latin not forget to Rome. his duty another ‘barbarian’ Antony, Unlike Africa. queenfrom North however, Aeneas does Many scholarshave seenin Virgil’s ofDidoareference characterisation to Cleopatra, and Egypt, andmore Rome between broadly West and East. instead asawar -acivilwarcouldbeportrayed Romans between bloody conflict feared:Romans enemy, abarbarian awoman whodidn’t herplace. know Thus a witch whohadensnared Antony. the into asymbolofeverything Shewasturned committed suicide. Augustus’ Cleopatraasanout-of-control propaganda portrayed three children. After theirdefeat bothAntony attheBattleofActium andCleopatra QueenofEgypt, Cleopatra alliance withthepowerful VII andwithherhad Augustus’ intheCivil rival Wars, Marcus Antonius, Antony, orMark hadformed an Antony andCleopatra asAugustandescribed propaganda. Aeneid ’s content chimessocloselywith 5 Virgil ofthestory, madeupmany hewasbuildingonthetraditional aspects new Dido’s city, would have to Carthage, beenwell known Virgil’s audience. Although Rome andCarthage Cleopatra (L.Gauffier). &Octavian never beasimpleone! in the Western empire. Roman would The relationship andCarthage Rome between used to be.theFirst AD, By wasthesecond-largest city Century Carthage thenew And yet, by Virgil’s time, colony Roman abrandnew hadgrown upwhere Carthage in146BCE. defeat ofCarthage Punic spannedoverWars acentury, endinginthefinal andCarthage Rome between statusofthiscity, sotroublesomethe legendary to theRomans. The three rounds of famous utterance, delendaest’,‘Carthago mustbedestroyed’,‘Carthage illustrates control ofthewhole Western Mediterranean. ofCato theElder’sThe popularity forThere hadlater andCarthage beenalongandbitter Rome strugglebetween asAcerbas), atthehandsofherownSychaeus brother. (alsoknown According to legend, herhomelandfollowing shehadleft thedeathofherhusband, Lebanonas Elissa orAlissar)withherpeoplefrom around modern-day 814BCE. account ofCarthage’s ofQueenDido(alsoknown thatbeganwiththearrival history ©OCR 2016 Set TextSet Guide Context Talking Points GCSE (9–1)Latin Can inusearound ustoday? propaganda seen be examplesWhat ofpropaganda can we findinhistory? ideaorviewpoint. spread to promote aparticular regarded to false be oratleastmisleading, that is “Propaganda” isaterm forinformation,generally the publicbelieve thatCleopatra was thevillain. public perception ofevents characters and to make Antony Cleopatra: and Augustus the manipulated Talking Point Dido’s. upto thisstand scrutiny? Butdoes different fromfundamentally Eastern cultures suchas Western, Greek cultureand asfundamentally East West: meets itistempting to think ofRoman today? oftheworld, thehistory have historically shaped and power struggles cultures civilisations and between rivalries similar What and Rome Carthage: and “Western”? sharedsuggests thatthey a reasonable culturalunderstanding. Can we stillsay thatDidois “Eastern” and Aeneas But ontheotherhand, thelove Aeneas between andDido, bothdisplacedand searching for home, anew civilisationfounded andanew territory,On theonehand, somay city innew wasanew becalled Rome “Western”. isalongway course Carthage West ofRome! ofcoursethe least historically; Trojans hadfought amajorwaragainstthe (more obviously Western) Greeks. Andof A quickglanceatamapwillshow thatthe Trojan inthe firmly origin putsRome myth infact “Eastern” camp-at aspossible. aswide-ranging Discussion willbemostfruitfulifkept theparallelsmaylies inthediscussionratherthanhow be! exact idea ofa “clash ofcivilisations” and Eastern between Western culture. As always, theinterest inthesecomparisons day, andthemodern recent Eastthathave history includingtheongoingtensions given inthe Middle to the rise againstPersia;city-states againstthe Rome “barbarian” nationsofGermany, andmany Gaul, Britain others) to more Students may have many ideasonthistopic, ranging from (Greek theancientworld against city-states Troy; Greek ifastrong isinvolved. publiccharacter single event -particularly However,support. more subtly, to itcanbeinstructive compare thediffering accountsindifferent ofa newspapers Propaganda has hadto adaptto the “information age” whendemonstrablyfalsepublicstatements are harder to growing vegetables athomewould directly improve thechancesofwinningwar. Nazi Germany. theBritish Propaganda commoninwartime: hasbeenvery “Dig for Victory” campaign impliedthat Students willbeableto thinkofmany examplesofpropaganda inuse, mostfamouslyinSovietRussiaand Explanation and Teacher Notes 6 ©OCR 2016 Set TextSet Guide The text but shediscovers thetruthandconfronts him.As the Trojan shipssailaway, Dido Rome. Aeneas can’t himselfto tell bring Didothatthe Trojans are preparing to leave, of thegods, visitsAeneas to remind himofhismissionto andfound travel to Italy city.in buildingthenew However, atJupiter’s command, Mercury, themessenger own by have mindthatthey thegodsthemselves. beenmarried Aeneas helpsDido Aeneas returns herlove andDidorenounces hervow, becomingconvinced in her Sychaeus’ anotherhusband. death,notto take heranguishatrenouncing thevow portrays shehadmade, after 4powerfully Book Aeneas. Virgil heras describes ‘suffering from love’s deadlywound.’ of part The early Dido (undertheinfluenceofgoddess Venus) hasfallendesperately in love with to city. Africa buildanew has comewithherpeopleto Sincethe North Trojans’ arrival, from Asia, herhusbandSychaeus butafter wasmurdered by herown brother, she Aeneas,Dido, Like Didoisanexile:herpeopleare theQueenofCarthage. originally ofthe The section Context –Aeneas ofprescribed andDido sections GCSE (9–1)Latin accuses himof deception;shebegshim to changehismind. having outwhat heisgoingto already say, worked emotionaland becomesvery he mustleave. Heorders hismento prepare thefleetandgoesto seeDido. She, hassaidto him,pondershowAeneas, to tell by Didothat whatMercury concerned 4.279-319 sail ontowards Italy. missionistohis god-given found anew Troy. Hemust leave and DidoandCarthage, hasvisited AeneasPrior andreminded Mercury himthat to theprescribed section, and 6.450-476. - Prescribed sections ghost; sherefuses to speakto him,anddisappears. andseesDido’sthe prophetess astheSibyl. into theunderworld, Hejourneys known Two bookslater, the Trojans have andthetown reached ofCumae, Italy thehomeof commits suicide, climbingonto afuneralpyre andfallingonAeneas’ sword. THE TEXT Aeneid you willbereading dealswithAeneas’ relationship with Aeneid 4.279-319,331-361,381-396 7 themselves have specifically commandedhimto move on. Aeneas responds to Dido, thathefeels, explainingtheduty andthatthegods 331-361 least inpart. dating backto thesemythicalenmity times, andthatthegods were to blame-at audience.Roman Virgil seemsto implythat thePunic Wars were the climaxofan thestory, underpins andwould haveCarthage had great resonance with Virgil’s A clashofcivilisations equal to Dido’s? to “marry” Aeneas, in theirrelationship. whichraisesthestakes IsAeneas’s sacrifice overcome herresolve. usaware This sacrifice makes that Didohasmadeapermanent she hassworn avow never to remarry, butherfeelings for Aeneas have causedherto Sychaeus thatendedsobrutally. 1sheconfidesto inBook hersister Early Annathat Love andfidelity of Aeneas. some have suggested thatDido’s isto illustrate the role principal inthestory ‘pietas’ -forces -to hismissionandthewillof–gods duty himto abandonDido, and English, butmeanssomethingabitlike ‘dutiful to ahighercause’. 4,Aeneas’s Book In Pietas Themes andMotifs ofthedead,disappears amongstthespirits leaving Aeneas to weep for her. to ledhimaway explain how hisduty from her. She, however, noreply makes and the ghostofDido, andrealising thatshehasdied, headdresses herandagaintries oninhisvoyage, HereAeneas, hesees isvisitingtheunderworld. muchfurther 6.450-476 in herchamber. Aeneas, withhispeople. heavily from affected, Carthage departs punished, andthatshewillhaunthimeven herdeath.Sheleaves after andcollapses Dido responds, telling Aeneas to go;shepromises that hewillsuffer andbe 381-396 – Virgil gives Aeneas the epithet ‘pius’. This isadifficultword to translate into -Dido’s love for Aeneas isovershadowed to by her marriage - The meeting, and Rome between unionandlater hostility ©OCR 2016 Set TextSet Guide The text provoking story inwhichmany thingsare seem. notassimplethey provoking story emotional, plotbecomesapowerful, detailedandthought-straightforward Virgil’s avery whatisatheart indetail, isrich imagination writing andskill: FeaturesLiterary GCSE (9–1)Latin Aeneas preparing to leave Dido, BookIVoftheAeneid, Lithograph. by Virgil (70BC-19BC). Aeneas aspectuobmutuit. Here Virgil couldhave conveyed simply: the information very arrectaeque horrore comae etvox faucibus haesit. At vero Aeneas aspectuobmutuit amens, For example, inlines279-80: information, andhow hastheauthor chosento instead?’ write yourself. Ask: isthesimplestway thattheauthorcouldhave‘what conveyed this Here isasimpletechnique for findingoutwhatisspecialaboutapieceofwriting symptoms (vox faucibushaesit, voice clungto‘his hisjaws’). andhegives ametaphorto emphasisethese hairstood onendinhorror’); ‘his he focuses onthephysical symptoms ofAeneas’s horrore reaction(arrectae comae, But instead, hetells usaboutAeneas’s psychological state (amens, ‘out ofhismind’); (‘Aeneas fell silentatthesight.’) 8 Many ofthepointsto bemadewillinvolve oneofthethree main features given here. listintroducesThis brief you to justsomeoftheways that Virgil hispoetry. crafts Stylistic Features to portray Aeneas’sto portray anxiety. question-words (‘quid?... quo?...quae?’, withwhat?... which?’‘what?... and theeffect is lines 283-4, Virgil himselfaquestion;there repeats are theideaofAeneas asking three words, andsometimesliterally ‘acts out’ thethoughtsofacharacter. For example, in something: asound, aword, reinforces oranidea.Repetition theideabehind the Many poeticeffects (includingalliteration andassonance)rely onrepeating Repetition thecommandmustbeifitcomesfromfocus thegods. onhow important example, inline282, ‘deorum’ (‘of thegods’) lingersattheendofline, putting in theaudience’s mindfor amomentbefore lineorphrase begins. thenext For The lastword inaline, orthelastword inaphrase, isalsosignificant becauseitstays emphasis, coming firstwhere we to theverb would comelast. expect this isan ‘emphatic position’. So, inline281, ‘ardet’ withdesire’) burns (‘he isgiven example. The audiencewilllatch onto we thefirstword cansay that hear; thatthey is usuallyfree to choosewhichword comesfirstineachlineandphrase, for As you know, theorder ofwords inLatinismuchmore free thaninEnglish. Virgil Word order chosen. use almostany word wished;we they canaskourselves thatword why exactly was and ‘horror’ poetsuchas inthepassageabove? Askilled Virgil couldfindaway to between ‘surprise’, ‘fright’ and Why‘horror’? doyou think Virgil usedspecifically ‘amens’ What isthedifference between ‘upset’, ‘out ofhis/hermind’, and ‘raging’? And Choice ofvocabulary explain how itenhancesthemeaning. technique: thetechnique isonlyinterestingchoose to useaparticular ifyou can Whenever you thinkaboutapoet’s you shouldaskyourself style why thepoetmight ©OCR 2016 Set TextSet Guide The text Glossary ofKeyGlossary Terms GCSE (9–1)Latin it wasfor himto speak. jaws, buttheimagethatwords create gives astrong impression ofhow difficult E.g. 4.280: “vox faucibushaesit”, where Aeneas’s voice didnotliterally clingto his like” or “as if” asimile, except like there willbenoword very literally the sameas. for Often “just Metaphor to decide whatto do. how Aeneas’s thoughtsturn disturbed “now thisway, andnow thatway” ashetries E.g. 4.285: “nunc huc... nuncilluc”, where therepeated “nunc” emphasises (“now”) Anaphora to? What?”) shows Aeneas’s andindecision. turmoil E.g. 4.283-4: “quid...? quo...? quae...?”, where the setofthreeWhere questions(“What? tricolon”). Tricolon E.g. 4.301: “(bacchatur) qualis... Cithaeron”, where Didorages “just like” aBacchant. are similesthatcompare apersonunderhighemotionto ananimal (introduced by aword thatmeans “just like” or Especiallycommonin Virgil“as if”). Simile thalamo”), for make amomentofgreat sadness. bed, aloneon hermarble asymbolofherpowerher left andwealth (“marmoreo... E.g. 4.390,where Dido’s physical collapse(“conlapsaque membra”) andtheimageof Pathos – a description ofonethingthatcompares –adescription itdirectlyto anotherthing -theuseofstrong emotion(usuallysadness!) -asetofthree items (often withanaphora,forming an “anaphoric -arepeated structure - a description ofonethingasifitwere- adescription somethingelsethatitisnot 9 Now findyour own examples listthemintheboxes ofthesetechniques and below. Over to you ©OCR 2016 Set TextSet Guide The text Talking Points GCSE (9–1)Latin “right” option open to optionopen him? “right” Pietas: Aeneas does make choice? agood Isthere a Talking Point right to react toright to Aeneas react asshedoes? Dido’s can reaction: we Isshe sympathisewithDido? on their knowledge ofthematerial. on theirknowledge defence? There isno “right” answer to any ofthesequestions, butstudents willdraw theirown conclusions based Is herresponse sympatheticto Aeneas’s sheadequately position?Does answer in self- thepointsAeneas makes to Aeneas.considers herselfmarried to herformer husband;sostrong are herfeelings for Aeneas thatshebreaks herown vow and never to re-marry, Dido’s own emotional journey. Dido’s emotionsare complexandofcourseboundupinherfeelings of devotion 4insomedetail, ofBook inorder to reading helpstudentsthinkabout part (inEnglish) theearlier iswell worth It focuses largely onhim. from Aeneas’s isalltoo easyto seethestory It from -notleast becausethisselection thenarrative pointofview the episodeprovide any closure for him? dowe Does orhisconviction? thinkthatthischangeshisviewpoint When Aeneas seesDidointheunderworld, so,him to resume If why? hisduty? Aeneas couldpassonhisresponsibilities to hissonAscanius bearscareful thought:isthisthepointthatconvinces suggestion(immediatelyMercury’s before -maybe asarcastic thefirstprescribed Latinsection) suggestion?-that histale;what arenarrate theimplicationsofthis? Aeneas. However, deliberate influenceofthegodsfrom themomentAeneas sheisunderthevery begins to Dido’s for emotionalbehaviour extremely may raisethequestionofwhethershecouldever beagoodpartner the lives ofgreat heroes (Achilles? Hercules?) Odysseus? appropriate inthefirstplacefor anepic ‘hero’ to by bedistracted alove affair?Ordoeslove feature infact heavily in Students willhave many different opinionshere, wasit andawiderpointaboutheroismto arise: islikely Explanation and Teacher Notes 10 ©OCR 2016 Set TextSet Guide The text GCSE (9–1)Latin audience when they hear this story unfold? audience thisstory whentheyhear culture and mightoccur to Virgil’shistory Roman their A clashofcivilisations:whatquestionsabout Talking Point in action? you thinkofany famous examples of thesetechniques techniques. oftheseare stillinusetoday? Can Which writing:considerStylistic thewiderange ofVirgil’s cal term withoutpropercal term analysis. rectly used, anditisfarmore convincing aneffect to withoutatechnical describe thanto term useabare techni to remind students that examinersdonotrewardThis technical discussion is agoodopportunity ifincor terms are speech. is anightowl”) commonplace even ineveryday consciousness; andmany similes (“dropping flies”, like asahorse”) andmetaphors(“a“hungry ofsnow”, blanket “she beaches...” thealliteration of employs anaphoraeffectively; “dodgy dossier” inthepublic lodgedthephrasefirmly Churchill’s butespeciallypoliticalspeech, isausefulstarting-point. ofallkinds, Rhetoric shallfightthemonthe “We lish andotherlanguages. befamiliarwithmany of Students willlikely Virgil’s studiesinEng andtechniques devices from theirwiderliterary • • • Questions mightinclude: As withthe often Explanation and Teacher Notes towards Italy? withthe together in Carthage, Trojans remaining there? OrifAscanius hadledtheremaining Trojans on What would have beenthe implicationsfor history, andfor thesecharacters, ifDidoandAeneas hadstayed our culturalancestor? about usthatheabandonedhislove Are onthefarsideofMediterranean? we thisis happy thatamanlike Aeneas isinsomesenseafounderIf ofRome, oratleastatrailblazer for civilisation,whatdoesitsay Roman Are there implicationsfor how we to home? findanew shouldtreat onourshores people whoarrive looking What doesitmeanto belongto aculture founded by agroup ofpeoplewho hadfledfrom theirhomeland? Aeneid , Virgil raisesmany questionsandoffers few answers. 11 ©OCR 2016 Set TextSet Guide - - - Activities and student tasks Activities GCSE (9–1)Latin ACTIVITIES AND STUDENT TASKS Explore thesoundandmetre poetry, to includingby ofRoman scan learning section=1#section1 http://www.cambridgescp.com/Upage.php?p=cla^verse1^v_stage59&view_ ClassicsProject Schools Cambridge Exploring themetre andtechniques of Virgil’s poetry (includingtheopeningof Listen to recordings poetry ofRoman http://www.princeton.edu/%7Eclip/ Project, PrincetonClassical LanguageInstruction University read aloud Roman poetry of the Roman world of theRoman aboutAugustus, andlearn toRead becomethehead hisfamilyandjourney http://www.the-romans.co.uk/augustus.htm Discovering Augustus poets used thatRoman anddevices terms explore alsothe literary hexameter; the dactylic Aeneid ) 12 Virgil mosaic). (Roman ©OCR 2016 Set TextSet Guide Activities and student tasks Student tasksheets GCSE (9–1)Latin Introduction to thetask Introduction Storyboarding Title ofactivity: Extension activities/questions: Extension The activity Classical texts, allofthem-intheirown way -brilliant.) film(YouTube interest theirown short mighteven make students withaparticular isawash withstudent-made films of ontime,Depending and resources ofthetext, to othersections couldbeextended andstudent interest, thisactivity score,heart-rending somuchthebetter! withthematerial. The aimofthetaskisfamiliarity to metalandanother studentenvisages theaccompanimentofheavy panoramicshotsseenfrom Dido’s window to a sequenceofboatsbeingprepared action muchto afast-cutting beencouraged-ifone student wantsto make is very Students willhave arangeofapproaches (andgenres!) andmay andtechnique. have ideasoffilmstyle distinctive This andtheothers?How willyou introduceMnestheus Dido? an audiencewatching Aeneas’s your film- how willyou portray emotionalstate? Will you needto adddialoguewith sureofthe Create thatallaspects for (4.279-319).Make afilmstoryboard thefirstsection Virgil’s would beclearto story 13 ©OCR 2016 Set TextSet Guide Activities and student tasks your film. Create ofyour for afilmstoryboard settext (4.279-319),make thefirstsection ofthe sure that allaspects Virgil’s would beclearto story anaudience watching Task 1:Storyboarding GCSE (9–1)Latin 14 ©OCR 2016 Set TextSet Guide Activities and student tasks GCSE (9–1)Latin Extension activities/questions: Extension The activity to thetask Introduction Dido’sTitle ofactivity: case court such characters instudents’such characters memories. orAnna)may witnesses(especially for beagoodway to such asMnestheus helplodge minorcharacters Role-playing scaleofcompensationmay beusefulfor strengthening or mitigatingthejudgement.) strength ofthecasesmade. (The than heremotionaldistress? The teacher shouldplay therole ofjudge, hearthecasesandpassjudgement onthe Didohave Does arrived)? any sincethey (which, incidentally, complaintother upspaceintheport have beentaking senses have the Trojans abusedDido’s have -ifany? any theCarthaginians to Do hospitality seize right the Trojan ships Students shouldofcoursedraw can(for asthey asmuchmaterial what bothsidesoftheargument) from In thetext. have beenseized by Dido’s navy. Divideinto teams two (Dido’s lawyers andAeneas’s lawyers) andpresent your cases. compensation for abusingherhospitality. Aeneas, meanwhile, to regain legalcontrol hascometo court ofhisshipsthat thatDido, herself,Imagine instead ofkilling hasapproached Carthage’s to finestlaw sueAeneas firm andthe Trojans for 15 ©OCR 2016 Set TextSet Guide Activities and student tasks Lawyer Representing: Task 2:Dido’s Case Court GCSE (9–1)Latin Reasons: Class Verdict: Verdict:My Claim Evidence 16 Notes ©OCR 2016 Set TextSet Guide Activities and student tasks GCSE (9–1)Latin Introduction to thetask Introduction Exploring Title ofactivity: Virgil’s techniques Extension activities/questions: Extension The activity Very confident students might like to try in Latin (although writing inverse inLatin(although writing willbebeyond most!) to try confidentstudentsmightlike Very to themmore easily. metaphor, orintroduce dialogue where questions, themore techniques (rhetorical anaphora,etc) rhetorical may come -encouragethembegin isquite withasimileor taxingandsomestudents willfeel how to unableto start part know illuminating, andcan be repeated butvery This onmany isarelatively different activity brief passages. The second example, orarepeated structure.) (inEnglish)anotherfewby writing linesinthesamevein -andaddinginsomeelaborationsofyour own (asimile, for simplest languagepossible, sothatyou are simplyconveying thebasicinformation. to extend Then, try Virgil’s text Take thatyou ofthetext have asection analysedfor Virgil’s techniques. First literary ofall, rewrite it(inEnglish)inthe 17 ©OCR 2016 Set TextSet Guide GCSE (9–1) Latin Set Text Guide FURTHER READING AND RESOURCES

For teachers Gransden, K. W., and Harrison, S. J. Virgil, The Aeneid. Second Edition. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004. ISBN 0521539803 Gransden, K. W., Virgil’s Iliad: An Essay on Epic Narrative. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1984. ISBN 9780521287562 Hardie, P. R., Virgil’s Aeneid: Cosmos and Imperium. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1989. ISBN 9780198146919 Jenkyns, R. H. A., Virgil’s Experience: Nature and History; Times, Names and Places. Oxford, 1988. ISBN 0198140339 Wilhelm, R. M., and Jones, H. (eds.), The Two Worlds of the Poet: New perspectives on Vergil. Detroit, 1992. ISBN 978-0814324509. See especially Sullivan, J.P., “Dido and the representation of women in Vergil’s Aeneid” In addition, we are working with our publishing partner, Bloomsbury, to produce a range of resources to support the 2016 Classics specifications. These include;

For students Extensive further reading is available at http://www.cambridgescp.com/Upage.php?p=cla^verse1^v_stage59&view_sec- tion=1#section1 Further reading and resources reading Further

18 © OCR 2016 GCSE (9–1) Latin Set Text Guide

Bloomsbury Academic

Resources for OCR specifications for first teaching September 2016

Language support: Latin to GCSE: Part 1 Henry Cullen & John Taylor 9781780934402 April 2016 £14.99

Latin to GCSE: Part 2 Henry Cullen & John Taylor 9781780934419 April 2016 Publication of print titles is scheduled for April and May 2016 Further reading and resources reading Further £14.99 A website of supplementary online resources is planned All details may be revised at any time

19 © OCR 2016 The small print [email protected] resources ofourqualifications: we delivery offer to support Please getintouch ifyou of wantto discusstheaccessibility EDIT. Library/quest.eb.com/ Art mosaic/ Bridgeman Agostini quest.eb.com/EDIT; Picture Library/ Page 12: Virgil, Roman quest.eb.com/ EDIT; Page 8:Aeneas preparing to leave Dido, De quest.eb.com/EDIT; Page Images/ akg 5:CleopatraandOctavian, Electa/ Mondadori Aeneas andDidowitnessbuildingofCarthage, Square Page down &Square up:alexwhite/Shutterstock.com, 3: theuseoffollowingOCR acknowledges content: astheoriginator ofthiswork. acknowledged as longtheOCRlogoandthismessageremainis intact © OCR2015– This resource may befreely copiedanddistributed, website to ensure you have themostupto date version. update ourresources onaregular basis, sopleasechecktheOCR responsible for any errors oromissionswithintheseresources. We ofthecontent,to OCRcannotbeheld ensure theaccuracy them lieswiththeindividualteacher. ismade effort Whilst every method thatisrequired by theBoard andthedecisionto use specifications, butinnoway constitute anendorsedteaching OCR’s resources are theteaching provided ofOCR to support OCR Resources: found here: do so, pleasecomplete theExpression ofInterest Form whichcanbe you donotcurrently offerIf to thisOCRqualificationbutwould like ‘Send’.you. Thank up pleaseaddadditionalcommentsifyou wishandthenjustclick that ourresources for work you. When theemailtemplate pops onthe clicking ‘Like’ or ‘Dislike’ button you canhelpusto ensure We’d your ontheresources view to know like we produce. By www.ocr.org.uk/expression-of-interest the smallprint copy material from this specification booklet forcopy from material theirown use. internal thisspecificationbooklet specifications. However, registered centres for OCRare to permitted OCR retains onallitspublications, thecopyright includingthe Copyright reserved. Copyright ©OCR2015.Allrights ( specification willalways betheoneonourwebsite will alsopublishchangesonourwebsite. The latest version ofour We willinform centres aboutany changesto thespecification. We www.ocr.org.uk Email [email protected] Facsimile Telephone 01223553998 General qualifications centreOCR customer contact ocr.org.uk/gcsereform 3484466. OCRisanexempt charity. Registered Road, office Cambridge CB12EU. 1Hills Registered company number Company Limited by Guarantee. Registered inEngland. recordedbe ormonitored. For assurance ofourquality training staff programme andaspart purposes your call may oftheUniversity ofCambridge. ofCambridge Assessment, adepartment OCR ispart