w C-itiiititi CORNELL UNIVERSITY LIBRARY GIFT OF Natalie Bienstock Cornell University Library DS 81.R26S8 Story of Phoenicia, 3 1924 028 507 485 oHn The original of this book is in the Cornell University Library. There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924028507485 ^he Mtoig of tilt ||alionB THE STORY OF PHOENICIA BV GEORGE RAWLINSON, M.A. CAMDEN PROFESSOR OF ANCIENT HISTORY IN THE UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD, AND CORKESPONDING MEMBER OF THE ROYAL ACADEMY OF TURIN ; AUTHOR OF '* THE FIVE GREAT MONARCHIES OF THE ANCIENT EASTERN WORLD," ETC., ETC. NEW YORK G. R PUTNAM'S SONS LONDON: T. FISHER UNWIN 1896 Copyright By G. p. Putnam's Sons 1889 Entered at Stationers' Hall^ London By T. Fisher Unwin Press of G. P. Putnam's Sorfs New York —• CONTENTS, PAGE PhcENICIA—THE COUNTRY—ITS POSITION AND Products 1-19 Phoenicia the " Palm Land," I —Length and breadth, 2 Frequent importance of small countries, 3—four regions in Phoenicia—description of them, 3, 4—Character of the coast- line, 4, 5—Productivity of the Mediterranean, 5, 6—Advan- tages of the geographical position, 6-9—Southern Phoenicia Carmel, 10—The Litany—the plain of Tyre, 11 —The plains of Sarepta and Sidon, 11, 12—The plain of Berytus, 12—The Nahr-el-Kelb, 14—Rugged tract between the Nahr-el-Kelb and Tripolis—plain of Tripolis, 14, 15—Northern Phoenicia chief towns, Orthosia, Marathus, Aradus, Antaradus, and Laodicea, 15—Boundaries of Phoenicia, Casius, 15-16—Bargy- lus, 16—Lebanon, 16-ig, IL The People — their Origin and Ethnic Character , 20-39 Flow of Semitism westward, 20, 21 —Movement of the Phoeni- cians from the Persian Gulf to the Mediterranean, 21, 22— Occupation of the coast tract, about B.C. 1400- 1300, 22, 23 Nations of the Semitic group, 23—Phoenician language closely — —— Vlll CONTENTS. PAGE allied to the Hebrew, 24—Physical characteristics of the Semites, 24, 25—Moral characteristics—Pliability, 25-27 Love Depth and force, 27—Yearning after dreamy ease, 27— of abstract thought, 28— Religiousness, 28, 29—General cha- racter of the religion, 29-32— Baal and Ashtoreth, 32—Mel- Introduction of karth, 33, 34—Adonis, 35—Eshmun, 35, 36— Scepti- foreign gods, 36, 37—Degradation of the religion, 37— cism as to a future life, 38—Practical ability of the Phoenicians, 38, 39. HI. The Cities— their Position, Principal Fea- tures, AND Mutual Relations . 4^-55 General pre-eminence of Tyre, 40 ^Tyre a double city, 41— The continental Tyre, 41 —The Island Tyre, 41-45—Magnifi- cence of the architecture, 45, 46—Position and plan of Sidon, 46-48—Berytus and Byblus, 48-50—Tripolis, Marathus, and Simyra, 50, 51 —Aradus, 51, 52—Ramantha or Laodicea, 52, 53—Akko, now Acre, 53, 54—Relations of the cities one to another, 54, 55. IV. The Colonies .... 56-71 Settlement at Memphis, 56—Colonies in Cilicia, 57, 58— In Cyprus, 58, 59—In Rhodes, 59—In the ^gean Sea, 59, 60 Navigation of the Black Sea, 60, 61 — Islands off the coast of Greece, Cythera, Salamis, Eubcea, 61, 62—African colonies, Utica, Carthage, Leptis Magna, 63, 64—Colonies in Sicily, Eryx, Egesta, Palermo, 65—Gaulos, Malta, 66 — Colonies in Spain, Tartessus, Gades, Malaca, Carteia, 66-69—Colonies in Sardinia, Tharros, and others, 69—Settlement in the Scilly Islands, 70—Possible settlements 00 the Red Sea, 70, 71 Summary, 71. V. Early Phoenician Enterprise — Sidonian Rovers in Pre-Homeric Times . 72-88 Earliest Phoenician vessels, "long ships," or ships of war *' round ships," or merchantmen, 72-74—Phoenician biremes, —— CONTENTS. IX PAGE 74» 75—Perils of the Mediterranean storms, 75-77—Rock- bound coasts, 77, 78—Pirates, 78—Story of the rape of lo, 79-81 —Fact of Phoenician kidnapping, 81, 82—Story of Eu- maeus, 82-84—General commercial honesty of the Phoenicians, 84, 85—Excellency of their wares, 85-87—Limits of the early Phoenician enterprise, Sy^ 88. VI. Rise of Tyre to the First Rank among the Cities — Hiram's dealings with David AND Solomon 89-106 Transfer of Phoenician ascendency from Sidon to Tyre, and its causes, 89, 90—Tyrian colonization of Gades, 90, 91 Power and magnificence of Hiram about B.C. 1050, 91, 92 Relations established by Hiram with David, 92-94—Friendly intercourse between Hiram and Solomon, 94, 95—The timber trade, 96—The Tyrian metallurgy, 96-98—The Temple sub- structions probably Tyrian, 98, 99—The ornamental metal- castings certainly made by the Tyrians, 99, 100—Other works of about the same date, 100, loi —The Jews and Tyrians engage in joint commercial enterprise, 101-103—Cession of territory made by Solomon to Hiram, 103—Contest of wits between the two, 103, 104—Death of Hiram, 104—His sup- posed tomb, 104-106. VII. ItHOBAL AND AhAB—DARKER ASPECT OF THE Phoenician Religion 1 07-1 17 Obscure period of Phoenician history, 107, 108—Accession of Eth-baal or Ithobal, and marriage of his daughter, Jezebel, to Ahab, 108, 109—Phoenician worship introduced into Samaria, 109, no—Spread of the corrupt religion into Judsea, no Nature of the Phoenician Baal and Astarte worship, 110-112 Sacrifice of children, 113, 114—Horrors of the Astarte wor- ship, 115-I17. X CONTENTS. PAGE VIII. iio~i2S Story of the Founding of Carthage . • untrustworthy The story, as commonly told, 1 18-120—Its the false character, 120, 121 —Attempt of Movers to separate 122-125 from the true, 121 —Supposed historical features, Supposed mythical details, 125, 126—Supposed intermixture of history with the myths, 127, 128—Doubtful character of Movers' method and conclusions. IX. Phcenicia's Contest with Assyria, and her Position as Assyria's Tributary . 129-148 First contact between the Phoenicians and Assyrians, about B.C. 880, 129, 130— Relative power of the two nations, 131- 133—Submission of Phoenicia to Asshur-nazir-pal, 133, 134— Continuance of peaceful relations for a century and a half, and consequent prosperity, 134, 135—Assyrian encroachments lead to hostilities, 135, 136—War of Shalmaneser IV. with Elulseus, 136-138—War of Sargon with the same, 139, 140—War of Esarhaddon with Abdi-milkut, 140, 141 —Baal, made king by Esarh addon, revolts—War between Esarhaddon and Baal, 142—Baal conquered by Asshurbanipal, 143, 144—Revolt and reduction of Arvad or Aradus, 144, 145—Reasons fo* the general discontent—the tribute, 145, 146—The enforcement of homage, 146, 147—The passage of Assyrian armies, 147— The severe treatment of revolted towns, 148. X. Phcenicia's Recovery of Independence—Her at this . Commerce Period , 149-164 Decline of Assyria, 149—Phoenicia recovers her independence about B.C. Phoenician 630, 150— commerce at this time as de- scribed Ezekiel, by 1 51-153—Ascendency of Tyre, re-estab- lished, 153, 154—Extent of the commerce, 154, 155— Phoenician caravan traffic, Picture of 155-157— a Tyrian caravan at Baby- lon, 157-160—Picture of one at Van or Urumiyeh, 160-162 Commodities derived by Tyre from her sea commerce 162-164. —— 1 CONTENTS. XI PAGE XL Phoenicia's Contest with Babylon » • 165-174 Phoenician independence threatened by Egypt, 1 65—Battle of Carchemish—Phoenicia submits to Nebuchadnezzar, 166, 167 Revolt of Tyre and Sidon, i68—Reduction of Sidon, 169 Long siege of Tyre by Nebuchadnezzar, 169-172—Tyre forced to surrender, 173—Her resistance heroic, 174, XII. The Circumnavigation of Africa, an Episode IN Phoenician History .... 175-180 Phoenicians willing to befriend Pharaoh-Neco, 175 — Cir- cumnavigation of Africa undertaken by them at his instance, according to Herodotus, 176—Credibility of the narrative, 177, 178—Confirmation of the story from the report brought to Neco with respect to the position of the sun, 178, 179 Credit due to the Phoenicians for their success, 179, i8a XIII. Phcenicia under the Babylonians. • . 181-185 Change of government at Tyre—Kings superseded by judges, 181, 182—Tyre and Sidon attacked by Apries and conquered, 182, 183—War of Nebuchadnezzar against Apries, 183— He recovers Phoenicia, 184—Kingly government re-established at Tyre, 184, 185—Fidelity of Phoenicia to Babylon. XIV. Phoenicia under the Persians , =, . 186-21 Sovereignty over Phoenicia claimed by Cyrus, 1S6, 187—Dis- puted by Amasis, who annexes Cyprus, 187—War between Cambyses and Psamatik III., 188—Cambyses' need of a navy, — Xii CONTENTS. PAGB Cyprus follows and Phoenicia's submission to him, 188, 189— Phoenicians to Phcenicia's example, 189, 190—Refusal of the Darius favour- attack Carthage, 191, 192—Arrangements of contribu- able to Phoenician commerce, 193, 194—Phoenicia's Excellence ot tion to the Persian revenue and navy, 194, 195— sent with the Phoenician ships, 195-197—Sidonian vessels in the Democedes to survey Greece, 197— Phoenicia's part made Ionian revolt, 197-201— Phoenicia's part in the attack by Xerxes upon Greece, 201-203— Further aid given by Phoenicia to the Persians against the Greeks, 204, 205— Phoenicia turns against Persia in the war with Evagoras, 205, 206—Alliance of Sidon with Nectanebo II., King of Egypt, 207, 208—Sidon destroyed by Ochus, 209—Friendly relations with Persia re-established by Esmunazar, 209, 210 Period of tranquility, 210, 21 1. XV. Alexander and the Phcenicians—Siege and Destruction of Tyre .... 212-236 Mentor's advice to use the Phoenician fleet against Alexander, unheeded, 212, 213—Battle of Issus opens Phoenicia to him, 214—Alexander occupies Marathus and Byblus, 215—Aradus submits to him, 215—Sidon receives him within her walls, 215, 216—Tyre promises submission, but declines to receive him into the Island City, 216, 217—Alexander's rage at this, 217, 218—The determination of the Tyrians to resist Alex- ander, not blamable, 218-221 — Preparations of the Tyrians, 222—Alexander commences his mole, 222, 223—Difficulty of the work, 223, 224—The Tyrians succeed in destioying it, 224, 225—Alexander begins the work afresh, but makes little 226 succeeds in progress, 225, —He collecting a powerful fleet and establishes u blockade, 226-228—Alexander completes the mole, and begins the assault, 229, 230—Attempt of the Tyrians to raise the blockade fails, 230, 231 Desperate de- fence of the walls, 232—Last general 231, assault successful 232-234 Further resistance within the — walls, 234, 2'' 15—Cruel treatment of the Tyrians, 235, 236.