DOCSLIB.ORG

Estimation of Aloe-Emodin Content in Cassia Grandis and Cassia Garrettiana Leaves Using TLC Densitometric Method and TLC Image Analysis

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Estimation of Aloe-Emodin Content in Cassia Grandis and Cassia Garrettiana Leaves Using TLC Densitometric Method and TLC Image Analysis Research Paper Estimation of Aloe-emodin Content in Cassia grandis and Cassia garrettiana Leaves Using TLC Densitometric Method and TLC Image Analysis A. SIHANAT, C. PALANUVEJ, N. RUANGRUNGSI AND K. RUNGSIHIRUNRAT* College of Public Health Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, 1Faculty of Pharmacy, Rangsit University, Pathumthani 12000, Thailand Sihanat, et al.: Aloe-emodin Content in Cassia grandis and Cassia garrettiana Leaves Plants in genus Cassia contain anthraquinones that possess stimulant laxative property. Cassia grandis L.f. and Cassia garrettiana Craib have been widely distributed throughout Thailand as Thai herbal medicine and ornamental plant. The objective of this study was to develop and validate TLC densitometry and TLC image analysis for quantitative analysis of aloe-emodin content in Cassia grandis and Cassia garrettiana leaves. The fresh mature leaves of Cassia grandis and Cassia garrettiana, collected from 15 locations throughout Thailand were successively extracted with dichloromethane. Silica gel 60 GF254 was used as a stationary phase and hexane-ethyl acetate (1:1, v/v) was used as the mobile phase. Aloe-emodin contents estimated using TLC densitometry and TLC image analysis in Cassia grandis dried crude drug were 0.4122±0.0668 and 0.4130±0.0751 g % and Cassia garrettiana dried crude drug were 0.0346±0.0067 and 0.0351±0.0056 g %, respectively. The method was validated in terms of calibration range, accuracy, repeatability and intermediate precision, limit of detection, limit of quantitation, specificity and robustness. A statistical comparison of the quantitative analysis using TLC densitometry and TLC image analysis of aloe-emodin in Cassia grandis and Cassia garrettiana leaves were not statistically significant (p>0.05). Both validated methods can be used for evaluation of aloe-emodin contents in Cassia grandis and Cassia garrettiana leaves. Key words: Cassia grandis, Cassia garrettiana, TLC densitometry, TLC image analysis, aloe-emodin contents Cassia is a genus of tropical flowering plant belonging as the main anthraquinone isolated from C. grandis and to the family Caesalpiniaceae. There are many C. garrettiana leaves[9-10]. Cassia species worldwide used in herbal medicine. Thin-layer chromatography (TLC) is a fast screening Plants in genus Cassia contain mainly anthraquinone method for compound separation and identification compounds, which are the largest group of natural of herbal extracts. This method is frequently used as quinones used as laxatives and antifungal drug for skin diseases[1]. Several anthraquinones and their derivatives OH O OH from Cassia species have been documented such as rhein, emodin, sennosides and aloe-emodin. Aloe- emodin (fig. 1) is an anthraquinone found in plants (Aloe sp., Rhamnus sp. and Cassia sp.), fungi, lichens and insects[2] has interesting biological activities C such as antiviral, antimicrobial, anticancer and 2 [3-6] hepatoprotective activities . In Thailand, C. grandis O is known as “Kanlaphruek” or “Kalapaphruek” in Thai Fig. 1: Structure of aloe-emodin language. This plant is wildly distributed as ornamental This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative plant throughout the country. C. garrettiana is also a Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 License, which traditional Thai medicine called “Sa mae san” which allows others to remix, tweak, and build upon the work non-commercially, as long as the author is credited and the new creations are licensed under has been used as emmenagogue, blood tonic for the identical terms women and used to treat herpes zoster, leukaemia, and constipation[7,8]. Previous study identified aloe-emodin Accepted 25 February 2018 Revised 28 July 2017 Received 15 November 2016 *Address for correspondence E-mail: [email protected] Indian J Pharm Sci 2018;80(2):359-365 March-April 2018 Indian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 359 www.ijpsonline.com a qualitative and quantitative analysis as low cost of diluted to obtain a series dilution of 0.04, 0.08, 0.12, instrumentation, short time for analysis and easy to 0.16, and 0.20 mg/ml of standard solutions and then use[11,12]. Quantitative analysis can be performed using stored in refrigerator at 4°. TLC densitometry and TLC image analysis. TLC Preparation of dichloromethane extracts of densitometry is one of the suitable methods wildly C. grandis and C. garrettiana: used for quantitative analysis due to its accurate, precise and reliable procedure[13]. TLC image analysis Six grams of the leaf powder of C. grandis and using computer software technology has been in C. garrettiana was extracted with dichloromethane using consideration as a simple, inexpensive and convenient a Soxhlet apparatus. The extract was filtered and the quantitation method with good accuracy and precision solvent was evaporated by rotary evaporator. The yield for chemical compounds analysis in crude drug of each plant sample was calculated and recorded. The and medicinal plants[14]. Both methods successfully extract was dissolved in dichloromethane containing applied for quantification of chemical compounds in 10 % methanol to make the final concentration various herbal plants such as Artocarpus lakoocha, 5 mg/ml of C. grandis and 20 mg/ml of C. garrettiana. C. fistula, Senna siamia and Chromolaena odorata[15-18]. TLC densitometry method: The quantification of aloe-emodin in C. grandis and Three microliters of 15 dichloromethane extracted C. garrettiana leaf extracts using TLC densitometry samples of C. grandis and C. garrettiana and aloe- and TLC image analysis has not been reported. Thus, emodin standard solutions were applied on the TLC- the objective of this study was to develop and validate silica gel 60 GF 20×10 cm plate (E. Merck, Germany) TLC densitometry with winCATS software and TLC 254 using a Camag Linomat 5 automatic sample spotter image analysis with ImageJ software for quantification (Camag, Switzerland) under a flow of nitrogen gas. Each of aloe-emodin contents in C. grandis and C. garrettiana sample band was set at 10 mm and distance between leaves collected from different locations in Thailand. bands was 8.9 mm. The TLC plates were developed MATERIALS AND METHODS in a Camag glass twin-through chamber (20×10 cm), which was pre-saturated in mobile phase of hexane- The fresh mature leaves of C. grandis and C. garrettiana ethyl acetate (1:1 v/v) for 1 h at room temperature. The were collected from 15 locations in Thailand. Plant plate was scanned under wavelength at 434 nm using specimens were authenticated at the College of Public TLC scanner 3 (Camag, Switzerland) with winCATS Health Sciences, Chulalongkorn University and Faculty software. Aloe-emodin contents in C. grandis and of Pharmacy, Rangsit University, Thailand. Plant C. garrettiana leaves extract were quantitated by peak specimens were compared to the herbarium specimens area. The test was done in triplicate. at the Botanical Garden Organization, Ministry of TLC image analysis using ImageJ software: Natural Resource. Voucher specimens were deposited at College of Public Health Sciences, Chulalongkorn TLC plate was photographed under ultraviolet light University. Each authentic sample was dried in hot air at 254 nm by a digital camera. Quantitative analysis oven at 45° and ground to a powder for phytochemical of the aloe-emodin contents in C. grandis and screening of anthraquinones. C. garrettiana leaves extract and the colour intensity of spot on TLC plates were observed using ImageJ Phytochemical screening of anthraquinones: software (Department of Health and Human Services, Dilute hydrochloric acid (2 M) was added to the sample National Institutes of Health, United State). The test and the mixture was heated on a hot water bath for 15 min, was done in triplicate. then cooled and filtered. The filtrate was then extracted Method validation: with dichloromethane. The dichloromethane layer was separated and shaken with ammonium hydroxide. Pink TLC densitometry and TLC image analysis of aloe- to red colour was developed in alkali layer[19]. emodin contents in C. grandis and C. garrettiana leaves extracts were validated in terms of calibration Preparation of standard solutions: range, accuracy, repeatability, intermediate precision, A stock solution containing 0.5 mg/ml of standard limit of detection (LOD), limit of quantitation (LOQ), aloe-emodin (Sigma-Aldrich, USA) was prepared specificity and robustness according to the International in dichloromethane containing 10 % methanol and Council for Harmonisation guidelines (ICH Q2R1)[20]. 360 Indian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences March-April 2018 www.ijpsonline.com The calibration range was constructed by analysis of densitometry and TLC image analysis were compared five concentrations of standard aloe-emodin in the by paired t-test statistical analysis. range 0.12, 0.24, 0.36, 0.48 and 0.60 µg/spot. A plot of average area under curve versus concentration RESULTS AND DISCUSSION was obtained. The calibration range was expressed The chromatographic condition for quantitating aloe- as the correlation coefficient (r2). The accuracy of the emodin contents was examined using silica gel 60 analytical procedure was performed by recovery of GF254. The selected mobile phase, hexane-ethyl acetate spiking known three concentrations of standard aloe- (1:1 v/v) demonstrated the best separation of aloe- emodin in the sample. The accuracy was determined as emodin in C. grandis and C. garrettiana leaves with recovery of aloe-emodin in percent. The repeatability Rf value 0.50±0.007 and 0.50±0.009, respectively. The and intermediate precision were determined in the aloe-emodin band of the plant samples was confirmed same day and in the three different days and expressed by comparing an Rf value with standard aloe-emodin. as percent relative standard deviation (% RSD). LOD The yield of dichloromethane extract by Soxhlet and LOQ were calculated from the calibration curve as extraction and aloe-emodin contents determination 3.3 (SD/S) and 10 (SD/S), respectively where, SD was using TLC densitometry and TLC image analysis of the standard deviation of regression line and S was the C.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Light Intensity and Type of Container on Producing Cassia Grandis L. F
    ISSN 1807-1929 Revista Brasileira de Engenharia Agrícola e Ambiental v.19, n.10, p.939–945, 2015 Campina Grande, PB, UAEA/UFCG – http://www.agriambi.com.br DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1807-1929/agriambi.v19n10p939-945 Light intensity and type of container on producing Cassia grandis L. f. seedlings Caio C. P. Leal1, Salvador B. Torres2, Rômulo M. O. de Freitas3, Narjara W. Nogueira1 & Raul M. de Farias4 1 Programa de Pós-Graduação em Fitotecnia/Universidade Federal Rural do Semi-Árido. Mossoró, RN. E-mail: [email protected]; [email protected] 2 Departamento de Ciências Vegetais/Universidade Federal Rural do Semi-Árido. Mossoró, RN. E-mail: [email protected] (Autor correspondente) 3 Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia Baiano. Valencia, BA. E-mail: [email protected] 4 RM Agrícola/Biolchim do Brasil Imp. e Com. Ltda. São Paulo, SP. E-mail: [email protected] Key words: A B S T R A C T pink shower cassia This study aimed to determine the effects of the luminosity and type of container on producing forest species Cassia grandis seedlings. Thus, in a substrate composed by topsoil + wood powder (1:1) the 3 forest species seeds seedlings were grown into plastic tubets containing 0.3 dm of such substrate, or into plastic pots containing 1.0 dm3 of the same substrate, and subjected to 50 and 25% shading or full seedling growth sunlight. The assessments were performed every two weeks by measuring plant height and shading stem diameter, during eight weeks period. At the end of this period, the leaf area, dry mass of shoots and roots, the ratio between height of plant/diameter of stem, and the Dickson quality index were also assessed.
    [Show full text]
  • Contributions to the Solution of Phylogenetic Problem in Fabales
    Research Article Bartın University International Journal of Natural and Applied Sciences Araştırma Makalesi JONAS, 2(2): 195-206 e-ISSN: 2667-5048 31 Aralık/December, 2019 CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE SOLUTION OF PHYLOGENETIC PROBLEM IN FABALES Deniz Aygören Uluer1*, Rahma Alshamrani 2 1 Ahi Evran University, Cicekdagi Vocational College, Department of Plant and Animal Production, 40700 Cicekdagi, KIRŞEHIR 2 King Abdulaziz University, Department of Biological Sciences, 21589, JEDDAH Abstract Fabales is a cosmopolitan angiosperm order which consists of four families, Leguminosae (Fabaceae), Polygalaceae, Surianaceae and Quillajaceae. The monophyly of the order is supported strongly by several studies, although interfamilial relationships are still poorly resolved and vary between studies; a situation common in higher level phylogenetic studies of ancient, rapid radiations. In this study, we carried out simulation analyses with previously published matK and rbcL regions. The results of our simulation analyses have shown that Fabales phylogeny can be solved and the 5,000 bp fast-evolving data type may be sufficient to resolve the Fabales phylogeny question. In our simulation analyses, while support increased as the sequence length did (up until a certain point), resolution showed mixed results. Interestingly, the accuracy of the phylogenetic trees did not improve with the increase in sequence length. Therefore, this study sounds a note of caution, with respect to interpreting the results of the “more data” approach, because the results have shown that large datasets can easily support an arbitrary root of Fabales. Keywords: Data type, Fabales, phylogeny, sequence length, simulation. 1. Introduction Fabales Bromhead is a cosmopolitan angiosperm order which consists of four families, Leguminosae (Fabaceae) Juss., Polygalaceae Hoffmanns.
    [Show full text]
  • MG Study Travel Program, Costa Rica 2016 Feb 22 – Floating To
    MG Study Travel Program, Costa Rica 2016 Feb 22 – Floating to Tortuguero On our first day of the 2016 MG tour of Costa Rica, we left the big city of San Jose up in the mountains of the central valley, drove across the Continental Divide, and down the Atlantic slope to the Caribbean lowlands. We went from the lush rainforest of Braulio Carrillo National Park at the top of the Central Volcanic Mountain Range down to open pasture, banana plantations – stopping briefly at the edge of one field to look at the plants and bagged fruits – Driving through Braulio Carrillo National Park. Banana plantation (L), inflorescence (LC), flowers (RC), and bagged fruit (R). and other agriculture on the flat lands, to eventually arrive at the landing spot for boat transportation to our lodge in Tortuguero. This small town on the edge of one of the most remote and pristine parks in Costa Rica, Tortuguero National Park, is accessible only by boat or air. This coastal area of northern Costa Rica and adjacent Nicaragua is a low alluvial floodplain with permanent or seasonal swamp forests in the lowest and flattest areas. This was once an archipelago of volcanic islands until alluvial sediments from the interior mountains filled in the spaces and formed an extensive network of marshy islands interspersed by natural freshwater creeks, canals and lagoons, forming the flooded forest. After we were settled in the long, flat boat our captain navigated the shallow water of the tidal canal, slowing to maneuver around submerged obstacles, and speeding up in straight spots.
    [Show full text]
  • UNIVERSIDADE ESTADUAL DE CAMPINAS Instituto De Biologia
    UNIVERSIDADE ESTADUAL DE CAMPINAS Instituto de Biologia TIAGO PEREIRA RIBEIRO DA GLORIA COMO A VARIAÇÃO NO NÚMERO CROMOSSÔMICO PODE INDICAR RELAÇÕES EVOLUTIVAS ENTRE A CAATINGA, O CERRADO E A MATA ATLÂNTICA? CAMPINAS 2020 TIAGO PEREIRA RIBEIRO DA GLORIA COMO A VARIAÇÃO NO NÚMERO CROMOSSÔMICO PODE INDICAR RELAÇÕES EVOLUTIVAS ENTRE A CAATINGA, O CERRADO E A MATA ATLÂNTICA? Dissertação apresentada ao Instituto de Biologia da Universidade Estadual de Campinas como parte dos requisitos exigidos para a obtenção do título de Mestre em Biologia Vegetal. Orientador: Prof. Dr. Fernando Roberto Martins ESTE ARQUIVO DIGITAL CORRESPONDE À VERSÃO FINAL DA DISSERTAÇÃO/TESE DEFENDIDA PELO ALUNO TIAGO PEREIRA RIBEIRO DA GLORIA E ORIENTADA PELO PROF. DR. FERNANDO ROBERTO MARTINS. CAMPINAS 2020 Ficha catalográfica Universidade Estadual de Campinas Biblioteca do Instituto de Biologia Mara Janaina de Oliveira - CRB 8/6972 Gloria, Tiago Pereira Ribeiro da, 1988- G514c GloComo a variação no número cromossômico pode indicar relações evolutivas entre a Caatinga, o Cerrado e a Mata Atlântica? / Tiago Pereira Ribeiro da Gloria. – Campinas, SP : [s.n.], 2020. GloOrientador: Fernando Roberto Martins. GloDissertação (mestrado) – Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia. Glo1. Evolução. 2. Florestas secas. 3. Florestas tropicais. 4. Poliploide. 5. Ploidia. I. Martins, Fernando Roberto, 1949-. II. Universidade Estadual de Campinas. Instituto de Biologia. III. Título. Informações para Biblioteca Digital Título em outro idioma: How can chromosome number
    [Show full text]
  • Cássia-Rósea
    ISSN 1517-5278 Cássia-Rósea Taxonomia e Nomenclatura 117 De acordo com o Sistema de Classificação de Cronquist, a posição taxonômica de Cassia grandis obedece à seguinte hierarquia: Divisão: Magnoliophyta (Angiospermae) Classe: Magnoliopsida (Dicotyledonae) Foto 1 (1) Ordem: Fabales Família: Fabaceae (Leguminosae) Foto2 Subfamília: Caesalpinioideae Foto 3 Gênero: Cassia (5) Carlos Eduardo F. Barbeiro. Foto: (1) Eduardo B. Fernandes, (2, 3, 4) Paulo Ernani R. Carvalho), Foto 5 Espécie: Cassia grandis Linnaeus f. Foto 4 Colombo, PR Dezembro, 2006 Publicação: Kungl. Sv. Vet. Akad. Handl.,Ser. III. 12 (2): 27, 1933 Autor Sinonímia botânica: Cassia brasiliana Lam Paulo Ernani Ramalho Nomes vulgares por Unidades da Federação: no Amazonas, acácia e marimari; na Bahia, Carvalho Engenheiro Florestal, canafístula e cássia-grande; no Ceará, canafístula; em Mato Grosso, cana-fístula, Doutor, Pesquisador canafístula, fedegoso, marizeiro e mata-pasto; em Mato Grosso do Sul, canafístula, da Embrapa Florestas. fedegoso, marizeiro e mata-pasto; em Minas Gerais, marimari; no Paraná, cássia-rosa; no [email protected] Estado do Rio de Janeiro, canafístula, cássia, cássia-grande e cássia-rosa; no Estado de São Paulo, cássia-grande e cássia-rosa, e em Sergipe, canafístula. Nos seguintes nomes vulgares, não foi encontrada a devida correspondência com as Unidades da Federação: canafístula-grande; jeneúna; marimari-grande; marimari-preto; marimari-sarro; marimarirana. Nomes vulgares no exterior: cañafistulo, na Colômbia; carao, em Costa Rica e em Honduras. É, também, conhecida por pink shower ou horse cassia (TROPICAL LEGUMES, 1979). Etimologia: o nome genérico Cassia é nome hebraico ou grego; o epíteto específico grandis significa grande (vagem com até 60 cm de comprimento).
    [Show full text]
  • Soil and Stem Water Storage Determine Phenology and Distribution of Tropical Dry Forest Trees Rolf Borchert Ecology, Vol. 75, No
    Soil and Stem Water Storage Determine Phenology and Distribution of Tropical Dry Forest Trees Rolf Borchert Ecology, Vol. 75, No. 5. (Jul., 1994), pp. 1437-1449. Stable URL: http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0012-9658%28199407%2975%3A5%3C1437%3ASASWSD%3E2.0.CO%3B2-E Ecology is currently published by Ecological Society of America. Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of JSTOR's Terms and Conditions of Use, available at http://www.jstor.org/about/terms.html. JSTOR's Terms and Conditions of Use provides, in part, that unless you have obtained prior permission, you may not download an entire issue of a journal or multiple copies of articles, and you may use content in the JSTOR archive only for your personal, non-commercial use. Please contact the publisher regarding any further use of this work. Publisher contact information may be obtained at http://www.jstor.org/journals/esa.html. Each copy of any part of a JSTOR transmission must contain the same copyright notice that appears on the screen or printed page of such transmission. The JSTOR Archive is a trusted digital repository providing for long-term preservation and access to leading academic journals and scholarly literature from around the world. The Archive is supported by libraries, scholarly societies, publishers, and foundations. It is an initiative of JSTOR, a not-for-profit organization with a mission to help the scholarly community take advantage of advances in technology. For more information regarding JSTOR, please contact [email protected]. http://www.jstor.org Wed Jul 25 14:19:07 2007 Ecology, 75(5), 1994, pp.
    [Show full text]
  • Plantations of 64 Tree Species Native to Panama and the Neotropics
    GUIDE TO EARLY GROWTH AND SURVIVAL IN PLANTATIONS OF 64 TREE SPECIES NATIVE TO PANAMA AND THE NEOTROPICS JEFFERSON S. HALL MARK S. ASHTON GUIDE TO EARLY GROWTH AND SURVIVAL IN PLANTATIONS OF 64 TREE SPECIES NATIVE TO PANAMA AND THE NEOTROPICS Jefferson s. Hall Mark s. asHton 2016 COPYRIGHT AND CREDITS © 2016 Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute Published by Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute 401 Avenida Roosevelt Balboa, Panama, Republic of Panama PHOTOGRAPHS Andrés Hernández (Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute) Jacob Slusser (Environmental Leadership and Training Program) Dylan Craven (Yale School of Forestry and Environmental Studies and STRI) Florencia Montagnini (Yale University) Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute archives FOREST COVER MAP Milton Solano (GIS Analyst, Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute) ARTWORK ON COVER AND IN GUIDE Blanca Martínez GRAPHIC DESIGN Blanca Martínez EDITOR Geetha Iyer ISBN 978-9962-614-37-1 Table of Contents Acknowledgments 6 Preface 8 CHAPTER 1 Introduction Overview 12 Regional or Broad Biogeographic Patterns 13 Physical Conditions and Ecological Aspects of Site 16 The Importance of Mimicking Natural Processes 19 Design and Spacing Considerations 21 Species Data Presented in this Guide 26 How to Read the Graphs in this Guide 28 CHAPTER 2 Species Performance Across a Rainfall-Soil Fertility Matrix 33 SCIENTIFIC NAME COMMON NAME IN PANAMA 1 Albizia adinocephala Frijolillo, guábilo 34 2 Albizia guachapele Guayapalí, guábilo, frijolillo 36 3 Albizia saman Guachapalí, cenízaro 38 4 Anacardium
    [Show full text]
  • Antioxidant Properties of Leaves of Cassia Grandis Linn 1 *1 1 2 2 3 3 M
    Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research IN-VITRO ANTIOXIDANT PROPERTIES OF LEAVES OF CASSIA GRANDIS LINN 1 *1 1 2 2 3 3 M. K. MEENA , KALPESH GAUR , M. L. KORI , C. S. SHARMA , R. K. NEMA , A. K. JAIN , C. P. JAIN The in-vitro antioxidant activity of various extracts of Cassia grandis leaves was investigated. The extracts and the reference standard, butylated hydroxyl toluene (BHT) were evaluated for DPPH, nitric oxide, superoxide and hydroxyl radical scavenging activity. The methanolic extract exhibited significant antioxidant activity but petroleum ether and chloroform extracts of Cassia grandis did not show any significant antioxidant activity in comparison with standard (BHT). Keywords : DPPH, Nitric oxide, butylated hydroxyl toluene, superoxide and hydroxyl radical scavenging activity. INTRODUCTION strengthen the blood11-17. Oxygen is essential for survival however, its univalent MATERIAL AND METHODS reduction generates several harmful reactive oxygen species (ROS), inevitable to living cells and highly associated with The chemicals used DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-100 µg/ml) the wide range of pathogenesis such as diabetes, liver were dissolved in methanol and incubated at 25°C for 30 damage, inflammation, aging, neurological disorders and min. After 30 min, To 1.5 ml of the incubated solution cancer. In spite of comprehensive network of cellular was diluted with 1.5 ml of Griess reagent (1% defensive antioxidants, many ROS still escape this sulphanilamide, 2% phosphoric acid, and 0.1% naphthyl surveillance inflicting serious anomalies favouring such ethylenediamine dichloride). The absorbance of the diseases states1-3. Though synthetic antioxidants, BHT, chromophore formed during the diazotization of the nitrile BHA and radioprotector, Warfarin are being used widely, with sulphanilamide and the subsequent coupling with however, due to their potential health hazards, they are naphthyethylene diamine dihydrochloride was measured under strict regulation4-5.
    [Show full text]
  • United States Department of Agriculture
    SEP-5 UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE INVENTORY No. 112 Washington, D. C. • Issued September 1934 PLANT MATERIAL INTRODUCED BY THE DIVISION OF FOREIGN PLANT INTRODUCTION, BUREAU OF PLANT INDUSTRY, JULY 1 TO SEPTEMBER 30, 1932 (Nos. 100468-101157) CONTENTS Page Introductory statement „ 1 Inventory.., - - _ 3 Index of common and scientific names 27 INTRODUCTORY STATEMENT Inventory no. 112 lists the introductions (nos. 100468-101157) received by the Division of Foreign Plant Introduction during the period from July 1 to Septem- ber 30, 1932. It records the further kindness of Maj. Lionel de Rothschild and the Honorable Henry MacLaren in presenting additional seeds from the sixth Forrest expedition to southwestern China. Nos. 10072^-100798, Solatium tuberosum, collected by C. O. Erlanson and H. G. MacMillan, represent the last collection from that expedition to South America, together with various miscellaneous collections (100688-100709, 100713-100718, 100833-100837) gathered in the same territory. The principal collections represent very large special collections made for Department specialists, as, for example, two sugar collections, one from Charles H. Thrall, Habana, Cuba (101115-101130), and one from the experiment station of the Hawaiian Sugar Planters' Association, Hawaii (10102^-101057); forage plants, chiefly grasses, from New Zealand (100660-100676), and from Wales (100678- 100681); a collection of cinchona, Guatemalan cuttings, from Colonel Ruehl (100799-100832); and seeds purchased from the Hindustan Nursery Co., Calcutta, India (100986-100988), and the Chandra Nursery, Rhenock, Sikkim State, Bengal (101064). The botanical determinations of these introductions have been made and the nomenclature determined by the late H. C. Skeels,1 who had general supervision of this inventory.
    [Show full text]
  • Maui County Planting Plan Third Edition
    MAUI COUNTY PLANTING PLAN THIRD EDITION Maui County Arborist Committee MAUI COUNTY PLANTING PLAN—THIRD EDITION IT’S ALL ABOUT SHADE! UH Maui College Science Parking Lot, E. H. Rezents photograph, taken January 2011. This document has been researched, written and coordinated for the Maui County Arborist Committee By Ernest H. Rezents Professor Emeritus Agriculture, University of Hawaii Maui College Certified Arborist, International Society of Arboriculture Registered Consulting Arborist, American Society of Consulting Arborists September 1, 1991, First Edition July 20, 1994, Second Edition December 2000, Second Edition Reprinted March 9, 2016, Third Edition Maui County Planting Plan—Third Edition MAUI COUNTY ARBORIST COMMITTEE – 2016 Kimberly Thayer, Chair Heather A. K. Heath, Vice Chair Jackie Brainard Casey A. Foster, ISA* Certified Arborist Alex Haller William G. Jacintho, ISA* Certified Arborist William R. Myrter Jean A. Pezzoli, PhD Chris Reynolds Ex-Officio Members Maui County Corporation Council Maui County Parks and Recreation Department Maui County Planning Department Maui County Public Works Department Maui County Water Department Maui County Arborist *International Society of Arboriculture Maui County Planting Plan—Third Edition MAYOR'S MESSAGE Maui County Planting Plan—Third Edition ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The author wishes to thank the following individuals and organizations for their support and contributions that made possible the publication of the Maui County Planting Plan. Robert (Bob) Hobdy for his assistance with plant scientific names and characteristics, exceptional tree research, and the Maui County Island maps with planting zones. Philip Thomas, a former Database Administrator with the Hawaii Ecosystems at Risk project (HEAR), for assisting with plant database storage and formatting chapter tables.
    [Show full text]
  • Ornamental Garden Plants of the Guianas, Part 4
    Bromeliaceae Epiphytic or terrestrial. Roots usually present as holdfasts. Leaves spirally arranged, often in a basal rosette or fasciculate, simple, sheathing at the base, entire or spinose- serrate, scaly-lepidote. Inflorescence terminal or lateral, simple or compound, a spike, raceme, panicle, capitulum, or a solitary flower; inflorescence-bracts and flower-bracts usually conspicuous, highly colored. Flowers regular (actinomorphic), mostly bisexual. Sepals 3, free or united. Petals 3, free or united; corolla with or without 2 scale-appendages inside at base. Stamens 6; filaments free, monadelphous, or adnate to corolla. Ovary superior to inferior. Fruit a dry capsule or fleshy berry; sometimes a syncarp (Ananas ). Seeds naked, winged, or comose. Literature: GENERAL: Duval, L. 1990. The Bromeliads. 154 pp. Pacifica, California: Big Bridge Press. Kramer, J. 1965. Bromeliads, The Colorful House Plants. 113 pp. Princeton, New Jersey: D. Van Nostrand Company. Kramer, J. 1981. Bromeliads.179pp. New York: Harper & Row. Padilla, V. 1971. Bromeliads. 134 pp. New York: Crown Publishers. Rauh, W. 1919.Bromeliads for Home, Garden and Greenhouse. 431pp. Poole, Dorset: Blandford Press. Singer, W. 1963. Bromeliads. Garden Journal 13(1): 8-12; 13(2): 57-62; 13(3): 104-108; 13(4): 146- 150. Smith, L.B. and R.J. Downs. 1974. Flora Neotropica, Monograph No.14 (Bromeliaceae): Part 1 (Pitcairnioideae), pp.1-658, New York: Hafner Press; Part 2 (Tillandsioideae), pp.663-1492, New York: Hafner Press; Part 3 (Bromelioideae), pp.1493-2142, Bronx, New York: New York Botanical Garden. Weber, W. 1981. Introduction to the taxonomy of the Bromeliaceae. Journal of the Bromeliad Society 31(1): 11-17; 31(2): 70-75.
    [Show full text]
  • Lecture Exam 1 Statistics
    Lecture Exam 1 Statistics Average 76.6 Range 54 (42-96) SD: 15.5 Median: 81.5 Skewness: -0.76 Sample size: 28 Field Trip: August 2nd Day-long trip over Grand Park, Mt. Rainier; UW vans for transportation; Sign-up sheets in lab Photos: Yaowu Yuan Previous lecture Rosids I II Eurosids Vitaceae Eurosids Saxifragales Eurosids I: Eurosids II: Zygophyllales Brassicales Celastrales Malvales Malpighiales Sapindales Oxalidales Myrtales Fabales Geraniales Rosales Cucurbitales Fagales After Jansen et al., 2007, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 104: 19369-19374 Wind pollination syndrome Textbook DVD WSJ Textbook DVD DLN Photo: Yaowu Yuan What do they share in common in terms of floral presentation? Wind pollination syndrome Flowers appear before leaves are out; tend to flower early in the year. Often unisexual flowers; Flowers often aggregated in catkins; Individual flowers small and inconspicuous; Big stamens (large anthers) produce lots of pollen; Stigmas large and plumose or roughened (papillate) to catch pollen; Ratio of pollen to ovules VERY HIGH (up to 6,000 to 1); Phylogeny of Rosids Rosids I II Eurosids Eurosids Vitaceae Saxifragales Saxifragales Eurosids II: Eurosids I: Brassicales Zygophyllales Malvales Celastrales Sapindales Malpighiales Myrtales Oxalidales Geraniales Fabales Rosales Cucurbitales Fagales After Jansen et al., 2007, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 104: 19369-19374 Saxifragaceae (Saxifrage family) Photo: Yaowu Yuan Herbs; Leaves often palmate and serrate; in a basal rosette Saxifraga sp.; Photo: Yaowu Yuan Textbook DVD DLN Heuchera sanguinea;
    [Show full text]