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Home , Cassia grandis, Cucurbitales, Darmera, Exochorda, Exochorda racemosa, Mitella

Lecture Exam 1 Statistics

Average 76.6

Range 54 (42-96)

SD: 15.5

Median: 81.5

Skewness: -0.76

Sample size: 28 Field Trip: August 2nd

Day-long trip over Grand Park, Mt. Rainier; UW vans for transportation; Sign-up sheets in lab

Photos: Yaowu Yuan Previous lecture

Rosids

I II

Eurosids Eurosids

Eurosids I: Eurosids II: Cucurbitales After Jansen et al., 2007, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 104: 19369-19374 Wind pollination syndrome

Textbook DVD WSJ

Textbook DVD DLN

Photo: Yaowu Yuan

What do they share in common in terms of floral presentation? Wind pollination syndrome

Flowers appear before are out; tend to early in the year.

Often unisexual ;

Flowers often aggregated in catkins;

Individual flowers small and inconspicuous;

Big (large anthers) produce lots of pollen;

Stigmas large and plumose or roughened (papillate) to catch pollen;

Ratio of pollen to VERY HIGH (up to 6,000 to 1); Phylogeny of

Rosids

I II

Eurosids Eurosids Vitaceae Saxifragales

Saxifragales Eurosids II: Eurosids I: Brassicales Zygophyllales Malvales Celastrales Sapindales Malpighiales Myrtales Oxalidales Geraniales Fabales Rosales Cucurbitales Fagales After Jansen et al., 2007, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 104: 19369-19374 (Saxifrage family)

Photo: Yaowu Yuan

Herbs;

Leaves often palmate and serrate; in a basal rosette sp.;

Photo: Yaowu Yuan

Textbook DVD DLN sanguinea; .; Saxifragaceae (Saxifrage family)

Textbook DVD WSJ

Photo: Yaowu Yuan Lithophragma sp.; ; Flowers actinomorphic (rarely zygomorphic, e.g., Tolmeia); and 5, often attached to a variously developed hypanthium; Petals often clawed, and sometimes variously dissected; Saxifragaceae (Saxifrage family)

Textbook DVD BSC Textbook DVD KRR & DLN peltata; ;

Note the two partially fused carpels; Most diagnostic characteristic of this family Saxifragaceae (Saxifrage family)

Textbook DVD KRR & DLN Heuchera sanguinea; Note the two partially fused carpels and the hypanthium Saxifragaceae (Saxifrage family)

Saxifragaceae - 30 genera/550 . An important component of the of PNW.

Herbs; Leaves often palmate and serrate; in a basal rossete. Flowers actinomorphic, rarely zygomorphic; Sepals and Petals 5, often attached to a variously developed hypanthium; Petals often clawed, and sometimes variously dissected; Stamens 5 or 10; Carpels 2, more or less connate; superior to inferior. a capsule or follicle. (Violet family)

Common name: Pansy x wittrockiana

Photo: Yaowu Yuan Viola sp.

Textbook DVD KRR & DLN Violaceae (Violet family)

Photo: Yaowu Yuan

Photo: Yaowu Yuan Viola sp. Viola sp.

Note the flowers are zygomorphic; The lowers has a spur

Textbook DVD WSJ Viola sororia Violaceae (Violet family)

Textbook DVD KRR & DLN Textbook DVD KRR & DLN Viola sororia Viola x wittrockiana

Note superior ovary; connivent anthers; the petal spur; and two of the five stamens with glandlike or spurlike nectaries.

Connivent anthers: held together but not actually fused; edges touching to form a ring around the Violaceae (Violet family)

Hybanthus calceolaria

Again, note the connivent anthers and two of the five stamens with spurlike nectaries.

Textbook DVD JRA Violaceae (Violet family)

Textbook DVD KRR & DLN Examples of Cleistogamy and Mixed mating systems; Fruit a capsule. Violaceae (Violet family)

Violaceae - 22 genera/950 species. We have only one (Viola) in the flora of PNW.

Mostly tropical trees or ; herbs in temperate zone; Leaves simple, alternate; often cordate at base in Viola. Flowers zygomorphic; Sepals and Petals 5, polypetalous, the lower petal forms a spur. Stamens 5, the lower two with a glandlike or spurlike nectary (held within the petal spur); anthers are connivent, forming a ring around the gynoecium; filaments very short. Carpels 3; Ovary superior. Fruit a capsule. ( family)

Textbook DVD WSJ ;

Fragaria x ananassa; Textbook DVD KRR between F. virginiana and F. chiloensis; Fruit type: achenes, accessory fruit A fleshy fruit developing from succulent receptacles ranther than the pistil. The ripened ovaries are small achenes on the surface of the receptacle Rosaceae (Rose family)

Photo: Yaowu Yuan Photo: Yaowu Yuan Raspberry; Rubus idaeus Blackberry; Rubus sp.;

Fruit type: drupelets, aggregated ptacle Usually applied to a cluster or group of small fleshy orginating from a number of separate pistils in a single flower. Rosaceae (Rose family)

Textbook DVD KRR & DLN

Image source: http://i82.photobucket.com/albums/j280/ gardenplansireland/roseRosa_canina_hips.png\

Rose; Rosa sp. Fruit type: Hip A berry-like structure composed of an enlarged hypanthium surrounding numerous achenes Rosaceae (Rose family)

Fruit type: A fleshy, indehiscent fruit derived from an inferior, compound ovary, consisting of a modified floral tube surrounding a core.

Apple; domestica; Pear; Pyrus sp.;

Fruit type: Drupe A fleshy, indehiscent fruit with a stony endocarp surrounding a usually single

Cherry; ; Plum; Prunus avium Prunus persica Prunus domestica

The above images are from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_fruits Rosaceae (Rose family)

Textbook DVD KRR racemosa; Fruit type: Follicle A dry, dehiscent fruit composed of a single carpel and opening along Textbook DVD KRR a single side alba; Fruit type: Capsule A dry, dehiscent fruit composed of more than one carpel Traditional classification within Rosaceae

Subfamilies Carpels Fruit type Spiraeoideae 2-5 [free or connate] follicle or capsule

Rosoideae numerous [free] achene or drupelet

Prunoideae (Amygaloideae) 1 drupe

Pomoideae (Maloideae) 2-5, inferior, connate pome Rosaceae (Rose family)

Textbook DVD KRR & DLN Textbook DVD KRR & DLN

Fragaria virginiana;

Note flowers are actinomorphic, numerous stamens, numerous pistils, and the hypanthium. Subfamily: Rosoideae Rosaceae (Rose family)

Textbook DVD KRR & DLN Textbook DVD KRR & DLN

Exochorda racemosa;

Note flowers are actinomorphic, numerous stamens, 2-5 carpels, and the hypanthium. Subfamily: Spiraeoideae Rosaceae (Rose family)

Textbook DVD KRR & DLN

Textbook DVD KRR & DLN

Prunus padus;

Note flowers are actinomorphic, numerous stamens, 1 carpel, and the hypanthium. Subfamily: Prunoideae Rosaceae (Rose family)

Textbook DVD KRR & DLN Textbook DVD KRR & DLN Note flowers are actinomorphic, numerous stamens, 2-5 carpels, inferior ovary fused with the hypanthium. Subfamily: Pomoideae

Malus hupehensis; Pyrus serrulata; Rosaceae (Rose family)

Image source: http://www.hiltonpond.org/images/RoseMultifloraLeaf01.jpg Rosa sp.; Textbook DVD WSJ americana;

Note the pinnately compound and the conspicuous . Rosaceae (Rose family)

Rosaceae - 85 genera/3000 species, including apples, pears, raspberries, blackberries, , plums, cherries, , etc..

Woody or herbaceous; Leaves usually compound, but sometimes simple; usually with stipules (important to distinguish from sometimes). Flowers actinomorphic; Sepals and Petals 5, polypetalous; Stamens many; Hypanthium usually present; Carpels 1 to many; ovary superior, inferior, or half inferior. Fruit a drupelet, achene, pome, drupe, capsule, or follicle. = Leguminosae (Legume or Bean family)

Textbook DVD CSC

Garden pea; Pisum sativum Fabaceae = Leguminosae (Legume or Bean family)

Textbook DVD DLN Textbook DVD JRA Textbook DVD CSA

Arachis spp.;

Lathyrus latifolia;

Textbook DVD WSJ Photo: Yaowu Yuan Trifolium spp.; Fabaceae = Leguminosae (Legume or Bean family)

Image source: http://academic.kellogg.cc.mi.us/ Image source: http://waynesword.palomar.edu/images/erythr8.jpg herbrandsonc/bio111/images/flowers/flower11.jpg

Note flowers are zygomorphic and showy, composed of a banner, two wings, and a keel (two fused petals); The 10 stamens are diadelphous (1+9). Diadelphous: stamens united into two, often unequal, sets by their filaments. Fabaceae = Leguminosae (Legume or Bean family)

Photo: Yaowu Yuan Textbook DVD KRR & DLN

Lathyrus latifolia;

Note the structure of the flower (a banner, two wings, and a keel) and 9 filaments united into a tube. Fabaceae = Leguminosae (Legume or Bean family)

Textbook DVD DLN

Textbook DVD JRA

Mimosa pudica Fabaceae = Leguminosae (Legume or Bean family)

Photo: Yaowu Yuan

Textbook DVD WSJ Acacia nilotica; Prosopis juliflora;

Note that each has very dense flowers opening more or less simultaneously. Each individual flower is actinomorphic and not showy. Stamens many, with long exerted filaments, form a brush that covers visiting insects or birds with Textbook DVD KRR pollen. Fabaceae = Leguminosae (Legume or Bean family)

Textbook DVD WSJ Textbook DVD WSJ grandis; Chamaecrista fasciculata;

Note flowers are showy and more or less zygomorphic; the lower two petals are not fused; the 10 stamens are all free Fabaceae = Leguminosae (Legume or Bean family)

3 Subfamilies based on floral type:

Banner Papilionoideae (Faboideae) flowers are typical pea/ “Flag” flowers: 1 free bilaterally symmetric Flag Flower conspicuous petal = banner for attraction wing wing 2 wings (that form a landing platform) 9 fused stamens 2 lower petals fused to form a “keel” (which encloses stamens & carpel) keel diadelphous stamens (9 fused + 1 free) [di = two]

• Mimosoideae flowers are called “brush” flowers radially symmetric many stamens that are exerted on long filaments and stamens form a brush that covers visiting insects or birds with pollen.

Caesalpinoideae flowers bilaterally symmetric like flag flower but the lower petals are NOT fused into a keel (5 free) and the 10 stamens are all free Fabaceae = Leguminosae (Legume or Bean family)

Textbook DVD CSC Pisum sativum; Papilionoideae (Fabaoideae)

Textbook DVD WSJ Textbook DVD WSJ Albizia julibrissin; Cercis canadensis; Mimosoideae Caesalpinoideae Note that although the flowers of these three traditionally recognized subfamilies are very different, the the fruits are essentially the same.

Legume: A dry, dehiscent fruit derived from a single carpel and usually opening along two lines of dehiscence. Fabaceae = Leguminosae (Legume or Bean family)

Fabaceae - 630 genera/18,000 species, 3rd largest family of angiosperm, including peas, beans, peanuts, soybeans, alfalfa, lupine, clover, etc..

Mostly woody tropical trees, but in temperate zone mostly herbs; Leaves usually compound (pinnate, palmate, ternate), stipules present. Flowers zygomorphic (Papilionoideae, Caesalpinoideae) or actinomorphic (Mimosoideae, common in tropics and not in temperate zones); Sepals and Petals 5, polypetalous; Stamens 10 (in Papilionoideae, diadiphalous) or many; Ovary superior (carpel 1); Fruit a legume.