Lecture Exam 1 Statistics Average 76.6 Range 54 (42-96) SD: 15.5 Median: 81.5 Skewness: -0.76 Sample size: 28 Field Trip: August 2nd Day-long trip over Grand Park, Mt. Rainier; UW vans for transportation; Sign-up sheets in lab Photos: Yaowu Yuan Previous lecture Rosids I II Eurosids Vitaceae Eurosids Saxifragales Eurosids I: Eurosids II: Zygophyllales Brassicales Celastrales Malvales Malpighiales Sapindales Oxalidales Myrtales Fabales Geraniales Rosales Cucurbitales Fagales After Jansen et al., 2007, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 104: 19369-19374 Wind pollination syndrome Textbook DVD WSJ Textbook DVD DLN Photo: Yaowu Yuan What do they share in common in terms of floral presentation? Wind pollination syndrome Flowers appear before leaves are out; tend to flower early in the year. Often unisexual flowers; Flowers often aggregated in catkins; Individual flowers small and inconspicuous; Big stamens (large anthers) produce lots of pollen; Stigmas large and plumose or roughened (papillate) to catch pollen; Ratio of pollen to ovules VERY HIGH (up to 6,000 to 1); Phylogeny of Rosids Rosids I II Eurosids Eurosids Vitaceae Saxifragales Saxifragales Eurosids II: Eurosids I: Brassicales Zygophyllales Malvales Celastrales Sapindales Malpighiales Myrtales Oxalidales Geraniales Fabales Rosales Cucurbitales Fagales After Jansen et al., 2007, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 104: 19369-19374 Saxifragaceae (Saxifrage family) Photo: Yaowu Yuan Herbs; Leaves often palmate and serrate; in a basal rosette Saxifraga sp.; Photo: Yaowu Yuan Textbook DVD DLN Heuchera sanguinea; Mitella breweri.; Saxifragaceae (Saxifrage family) Textbook DVD WSJ Photo: Yaowu Yuan Lithophragma sp.; Mitella nuda; Flowers actinomorphic (rarely zygomorphic, e.g., Tolmeia); Sepals and Petals 5, often attached to a variously developed hypanthium; Petals often clawed, and sometimes variously dissected; Saxifragaceae (Saxifrage family) Textbook DVD BSC Textbook DVD KRR & DLN Darmera peltata; Saxifraga stolonifera; Note the two partially fused carpels; Most diagnostic characteristic of this family Saxifragaceae (Saxifrage family) Textbook DVD KRR & DLN Heuchera sanguinea; Note the two partially fused carpels and the hypanthium Saxifragaceae (Saxifrage family) Saxifragaceae - 30 genera/550 species. An important component of the flora of PNW. Herbs; Leaves often palmate and serrate; in a basal rossete. Flowers actinomorphic, rarely zygomorphic; Sepals and Petals 5, often attached to a variously developed hypanthium; Petals often clawed, and sometimes variously dissected; Stamens 5 or 10; Carpels 2, more or less connate; Ovary superior to inferior. Fruit a capsule or follicle. Violaceae (Violet family) Common name: Pansy Viola x wittrockiana Photo: Yaowu Yuan Viola sp. Textbook DVD KRR & DLN Violaceae (Violet family) Photo: Yaowu Yuan Photo: Yaowu Yuan Viola sp. Viola sp. Note the flowers are zygomorphic; The lowers petal has a spur Textbook DVD WSJ Viola sororia Violaceae (Violet family) Textbook DVD KRR & DLN Textbook DVD KRR & DLN Viola sororia Viola x wittrockiana Note superior ovary; connivent anthers; the petal spur; and two of the five stamens with glandlike or spurlike nectaries. Connivent anthers: held together but not actually fused; edges touching to form a ring around the gynoecium Violaceae (Violet family) Hybanthus calceolaria Again, note the connivent anthers and two of the five stamens with spurlike nectaries. Textbook DVD JRA Violaceae (Violet family) Textbook DVD KRR & DLN Examples of Cleistogamy and Mixed mating systems; Fruit a capsule. Violaceae (Violet family) Violaceae - 22 genera/950 species. We have only one genus (Viola) in the flora of PNW. Mostly tropical trees or shrubs; herbs in temperate zone; Leaves simple, alternate; often cordate at base in Viola. Flowers zygomorphic; Sepals and Petals 5, polypetalous, the lower petal forms a spur. Stamens 5, the lower two with a glandlike or spurlike nectary (held within the petal spur); anthers are connivent, forming a ring around the gynoecium; filaments very short. Carpels 3; Ovary superior. Fruit a capsule. Rosaceae (Rose family) Textbook DVD WSJ Strawberry; Fragaria x ananassa; Textbook DVD KRR Hybrid between F. virginiana and F. chiloensis; Fruit type: achenes, accessory fruit A fleshy fruit developing from succulent receptacles ranther than the pistil. The ripened ovaries are small achenes on the surface of the receptacle Rosaceae (Rose family) Photo: Yaowu Yuan Photo: Yaowu Yuan Raspberry; Rubus idaeus Blackberry; Rubus sp.; Fruit type: drupelets, aggregated ptacle Usually applied to a cluster or group of small fleshy fruits orginating from a number of separate pistils in a single flower. Rosaceae (Rose family) Textbook DVD KRR & DLN Image source: http://i82.photobucket.com/albums/j280/ gardenplansireland/roseRosa_canina_hips.png\ Rose; Rosa sp. Fruit type: Hip A berry-like structure composed of an enlarged hypanthium surrounding numerous achenes Rosaceae (Rose family) Fruit type: Pome A fleshy, indehiscent fruit derived from an inferior, compound ovary, consisting of a modified floral tube surrounding a core. Apple; Malus domestica; Pear; Pyrus sp.; Fruit type: Drupe A fleshy, indehiscent fruit with a stony endocarp surrounding a usually single seed Cherry; Peach; Plum; Prunus avium Prunus persica Prunus domestica The above images are from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_fruits Rosaceae (Rose family) Textbook DVD KRR Exochorda racemosa; Fruit type: Follicle A dry, dehiscent fruit composed of a single carpel and opening along Textbook DVD KRR a single side Spiraea alba; Fruit type: Capsule A dry, dehiscent fruit composed of more than one carpel Traditional classification within Rosaceae Subfamilies Carpels Fruit type Spiraeoideae 2-5 [free or connate] follicle or capsule Rosoideae numerous [free] achene or drupelet Prunoideae (Amygaloideae) 1 drupe Pomoideae (Maloideae) 2-5, inferior, connate pome Rosaceae (Rose family) Textbook DVD KRR & DLN Textbook DVD KRR & DLN Fragaria virginiana; Note flowers are actinomorphic, numerous stamens, numerous pistils, and the hypanthium. Subfamily: Rosoideae Rosaceae (Rose family) Textbook DVD KRR & DLN Textbook DVD KRR & DLN Exochorda racemosa; Note flowers are actinomorphic, numerous stamens, 2-5 carpels, and the hypanthium. Subfamily: Spiraeoideae Rosaceae (Rose family) Textbook DVD KRR & DLN Textbook DVD KRR & DLN Prunus padus; Note flowers are actinomorphic, numerous stamens, 1 carpel, and the hypanthium. Subfamily: Prunoideae Rosaceae (Rose family) Textbook DVD KRR & DLN Textbook DVD KRR & DLN Note flowers are actinomorphic, numerous stamens, 2-5 carpels, inferior ovary fused with the hypanthium. Subfamily: Pomoideae Malus hupehensis; Pyrus serrulata; Rosaceae (Rose family) Image source: http://www.hiltonpond.org/images/RoseMultifloraLeaf01.jpg Rosa sp.; Textbook DVD WSJ Sorbus americana; Note the pinnately compound leaf and the conspicuous stipules. Rosaceae (Rose family) Rosaceae - 85 genera/3000 species, including apples, pears, raspberries, blackberries, strawberries, plums, cherries, peaches, etc.. Woody or herbaceous; Leaves usually compound, but sometimes simple; usually with stipules (important to distinguish from Ranunculaceae sometimes). Flowers actinomorphic; Sepals and Petals 5, polypetalous; Stamens many; Hypanthium usually present; Carpels 1 to many; ovary superior, inferior, or half inferior. Fruit a drupelet, achene, pome, drupe, capsule, or follicle. Fabaceae = Leguminosae (Legume or Bean family) Textbook DVD CSC Garden pea; Pisum sativum Fabaceae = Leguminosae (Legume or Bean family) Textbook DVD DLN Textbook DVD JRA Textbook DVD CSA Arachis spp.; Lathyrus latifolia; Textbook DVD WSJ Photo: Yaowu Yuan Trifolium spp.; Fabaceae = Leguminosae (Legume or Bean family) Image source: http://academic.kellogg.cc.mi.us/ Image source: http://waynesword.palomar.edu/images/erythr8.jpg herbrandsonc/bio111/images/flowers/flower11.jpg Note flowers are zygomorphic and showy, composed of a banner, two wings, and a keel (two fused petals); The 10 stamens are diadelphous (1+9). Diadelphous: stamens united into two, often unequal, sets by their filaments. Fabaceae = Leguminosae (Legume or Bean family) Photo: Yaowu Yuan Textbook DVD KRR & DLN Lathyrus latifolia; Note the structure of the flower (a banner, two wings, and a keel) and 9 filaments united into a tube. Fabaceae = Leguminosae (Legume or Bean family) Textbook DVD DLN Textbook DVD JRA Mimosa pudica Fabaceae = Leguminosae (Legume or Bean family) Photo: Yaowu Yuan Textbook DVD WSJ Acacia nilotica; Prosopis juliflora; Note that each inflorescence has very dense flowers opening more or less simultaneously. Each individual flower is actinomorphic and not showy. Stamens many, with long exerted filaments, form a brush that covers visiting insects or birds with Textbook DVD KRR pollen. Fabaceae = Leguminosae (Legume or Bean family) Textbook DVD WSJ Textbook DVD WSJ Cassia grandis; Chamaecrista fasciculata; Note flowers are showy and more or less zygomorphic; the lower two petals are not fused; the 10 stamens are all free Fabaceae = Leguminosae (Legume or Bean family) 3 Subfamilies based on floral type: Banner Papilionoideae (Faboideae) flowers are typical pea/ “Flag” flowers: 1 free stamen bilaterally symmetric Flag Flower conspicuous petal = banner for attraction wing wing 2 wings (that form a landing platform) 9 fused stamens 2 lower petals fused to form a “keel” (which encloses stamens & carpel) keel diadelphous stamens (9 fused + 1 free) [di = two] • Mimosoideae flowers are called “brush” flowers radially symmetric