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The Scuttling of the French Fleet at Toulon by Dr Emanuele Sica

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The Scuttling of the French Fleet at Toulon by Dr Emanuele Sica May–June 2014 Volume 74, Number 3 RCMI THE JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL CANADIAN MILITARY INSTITUTE FOUNDED 1890 SITREP —Wikimedia Reaper MQ-9 Drone taxiing: Inside this Issue reconciling remote warfare with social conscience. The Scuttling of the French Fleet at Toulon by Dr Emanuele Sica .........................................3 Rise of the Machines: The Role of Drones in Modern Warfare by Jordan Fraser ..................6 North Korean Pop Culture: Diplomacy on YouTube by Derwin Mak .....................................9 Preparing for the Future without MINUSAH by Margarita Yakovenko ................................13 www.rcmi.org From the Editor’s Desk r. Emanuele Sica, in a fascinating contribution, writes of the scuttling of the French fleet at Toulon in November 1942, a watershed for the history of France in the Second DWorld War when more than eighty vessels, including fifteen de- Royal Canadian Military Institute stroyers, three battleships and twelve submarines were purposely Founded 1890 sunk by French Navy personnel. In so doing their actions gained the respect of Patron the Allies for the French armed forces and especially its Navy. Major international His Excellency the Right Honourable David Johnston, C.C., C.M.M., C.O.M., C.D. pro-Allied newspapers hailed the baroud d’honneur of the Marine française, which The Governor General of Canada had stayed true to its words that its ships will never fight for the Axis side. Vice Patrons Jordan Fraser examines the evolution of the UAV from a platform to conduct The Honourable David C. Onley, O.Ont surveillance and gather intelligence to a precision killing machine. For the opera- Lieutenant Governor of Ontario General Thomas J. Lawson, CMM, CD tor pilot situated as far as 8,000 miles away the raw intimacy of war is removed. Chief of the Defence Staff He asks the following questions concerning the rise of these killing machines: is His Worship Rob Ford the use of drones for the purposes of combat ethical and moral? How are we as a Mayor of Toronto society to reconcile the increased use of drones in combat? Who should decide Officers & Directors HCol Gilbert W. Taylor—President the targets for future drone strikes? Since drones are now here to stay, how can we LCdr/Dr. Michael J. Hoare, CD—Vice President ensure their principled use going forward? Col W. Allan Methven, CD–—Vice President Mr. Gilbert S. Lamothe—Secretary/Treasurer In our interconnected world, our increasing dependency on the internet in LCol Donald R. Fisher, CD—Director our business and private lives has made society susceptible to the application of BGen Paul A. Hayes, OMM, CD—Director Capt Stewart C. Kellock, MOM, OStJ, CD—Director information operations. Derwin Mak writes of North Korean information opera- LCol C. Edward Rayment, CD—Director tions focused externally to improve the views of the international community of LCol Reginald C. Scotland, CD—Director Capt John E. Thompson, CD—Director North Korea. The irony is that this YouTube external propaganda campaign is not Executive Director and Editor accessible to most North Koreans. Col (ret’d) Chris Corrigan, CD, MA Margarita Yakovenko reawakens us to the challenge of Haiti and the future Past President after the withdrawal of the United Nations Stabilization Mission in Haiti (MI- Col James R. Breithaupt, KStJ, CD, QC NUSTAH). She highlights that Haiti needs to further develop its security sector SPECIAL CONSULTANT TO THE BOARD in order to gain complete control over domestic security matters. Addressing the LCol Jeffery J. Dorfman, OMM, CD chronic understaffing, underfunding, under-resourcing, political challenges, and Honoraries internal structural issues in the Haitian National Police is a good place to start. Col (ret’d) John Clarry, MBE, ED, CD, QC Every year at the RCMI Annual General Meeting, the Wing Commander Honorary President Hamilton E. Boulter Award is announced. The award which consists of having one’s MGen Richard Rohmer, OC, CMM, DFC, O.Ont, KStJ, OL, Legion d’Honneur, QC name engraved on a plaque prominently displayed in the Institute’s Library goes Honorary Vice President to the author who has written the article deemed to be the finest in the preceding O.Ont, KStJ, CD, QC LCol (ret’d) Bruce W. Savage, CD year. Your Editor is pleased to advise that this year’s winner is John Thompson for Honorary Curator Mr. J. L. Granatstein, OC, FRSC “Gaza in the Rockets Red Glare” from Volume 73, Issue #3, May – June 2013. On Dr. Desmond Morton, OC behalf of all of us in the Institute, well done John! Honorary Historian Mr. Arthur Manvell By the time you read this, we will be in our new Institute. There we will ‘pick Honorary Librarian up the pace’ with respect to our Roundtables, Speaker’s Lunches and Dinners, LCol J. Roy Weir , CD, AdeC, QC as the ‘Venue of choice’ for meetings, book launches by academics, government Honorary Solicitor Chaplains officials, business leaders, media, and security and defence analysts. Maj The Rev Gillian Federico, CD I look forward to seeing you at 426 University Avenue! The Rev Martin Keatings LCdr The Rev J. David Mulholland Capt The Rev Mark L. Sargent, CD Sincerely, General Manager Mr. Michael T. Jones Director of Communications/Assistant Editor Mr. Eric S. Morse Official Publication of the Chris Royal Canadian Military Institute Colonel Chris Corrigan (retired) CD, MA 426 University Avenue, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 1S9 Executive Director, 416-597-0286/1-800-585-1072 Fax: 416-597-6919 Editor of Sitrep and Chair of the Security Studies Committee Editorial E-Mail: [email protected] Copyright © 2014 RCMI ISSN 0316-5620 SITREP may be fully reproduced in whole or in part for academic research or institutional Website: www.rcmi.org purposes, provided that the author’s and the institute’s copyright is acknowledged. The views expressed are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily represent the views of the Institute or its members. 2 SITREP The Scuttling of the French Fleet at Toulon by Dr Emanuele Sica n 10 May 1940, the German army launched a massive French Navy to desert and join forces with the Royal Navy. attack on France. A week later, German Panzerdivi- Conversely, the British too were worried that, notwithstand- sions were already advancing through France, cutting ing the formal assurance included in the Armistice and the Oin half the French army. With their morale rock-bottom, express word given by French Navy commanders to their poorly-led French units massively surrendered or were routed, British counterpart, the Kriegsmarine would sooner or later joining the millions of French civilians fleeing the German acquire control of the French fleet. Thus, the British Prime push. Confronted by one of the biggest military debacles in Minister Winston Churchill gave order to neutralize French the history of modern France, the French government had ships within British reach. On 3 July 1940, French ships no choice but to sign an Ar- docked at the British ports of mistice with the Nazi state Plymouth and Portsmouth on 22 June. Armistice terms were boarded by British were harsh: France would be armed soldiers, not without divided in two, the northern some minor resistance from half under German control, their sailors. The real drama the southern half nominally however unfolded in the independent headed from warm waters of the North the thermal city of Vichy by African coastline. French the First World War national Navy ships, including four legend Marshall Philippe battleships, were moored at Pétain, but quickly morph- the port of Mers-el-Kébir in ing into a collaborationist French Algeria. The French state whose bargaining room —BuNDESARCHIV were handed an ultimatum would inexorably shrink as which urged them either to the war progressed; its own army, the Armée d’Armistice, would join forces with the British or have their ships disarmed and be capped at 100,000 men, the other soldiers being quickly herded into British ports. Following French commanders’ firm demobilized; the French state would foot the bill for the oc- refusal, British ships opened fire, damaging or sinking almost cupying German army and finally the 1 million and a half the entire squadron, leaving 1,297 French sailors dead and prisoners of war would be shipped to German POW camps. 350 wounded. The confrontation in Mers-El-Kebir refueled Compared to the other services, the French Navy suffered a the Anglophobia in French Navy ranks, an atavistic feeling far lighter fate. To be sure, the ships would be docked in their dating from early modern times. The head of the French home ports or in overseas ports across the French empire, but Navy himself, Admiral François Darlan, did nothing to hide the Germans promised they would not touch them. (Article his staunch repugnance for Britain. However, until 1943, the 8 of the Franco-German Armistice). majority of French warships kept being docked at the Mediter- The motivating reason behind this moderate choice ranean port of Toulon in southeastern France and played no rested on Hitler’s fear that a harder stance would force the relevant part in the naval conflict in the Mediterranean Sea. Western Allied powers were confronted with a dilemma Dr. Emanuele Sica, a native of Italy, earned his Laurea Quadriennale (MA Equivalent) in Modern History at the Università la Sapienzain Rome, Italy, in late 1942. Following a pressing Russian request for the with a thesis on French armed volunteers fighting for the Germans in the opening of a second front in Europe, the US Joint Chiefs of Second World War. He completed his PhD at the University of Waterloo with Staff pushed for a cross-channel invasion of France via Great a doctoral thesis on the Italian military occupation of southeastern France Britain, a strategy the British considered premature.
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