WATER R ESEARCH S ERIES WATER R ESEARCH S ERIES C OASTAL OASTAL C OASTAL L AGOONS IN E UROPE C OASTAL Integrated Water Resource Strategies L L AGOONS Lagoons represent nearly 13% of the shoreline globally and around 5% in Europe. Coastal lagoons are shallow water bodies separated from the AGOONS IN ocean by a barrier (e.g., narrow spit), connected at least intermittently to the ocean by one or more restricted inlets, and usually geographically IN E UROPE oriented parallel to the shore-line. Coastal lagoons are flexible and usually able to cope with environmental change, yet nowadays they are under threat. This is partly due to climate change impacts (for example, sea- Integrated Water Resource Strategies level rise and hydro-meteorological extreme events) but also due to more direct human activities and pressures. The book focuses on addressing these challenges through integrated management strategies seen in a land-sea and science-stakeholder- policy perspective. Pan-European management challenges are seen from the context of the perspectives of Policy, Environment and Modelling. E Four case study lagoons in different geographical locations in Europe provide examples of some of the practical experiences and results around UROPE these challenges. Possible impacts on drainage basins and lagoons are introduced through integrated scenarios which were developed through a multi-science and land-lagoon science perspective combined with interactions and contributions from stakeholders and citizens. Issues around climate change impacts on environmental conditions in both drainage basins and lagoons are also included. E The book derives from a collaborative EC-funded project entitled Integrated dited by Water Resources and Coastal Zone Management in European Lagoons in and the Context of Climate Change comprising nine partner institutes with a A na wide diversity in the scientific disciplines covered. G eoffrey D. eoffrey I . L illebø, G P er ooch S tålnacke tålnacke iwapublishing.com @IWAPublishing ISBN: 9781780406282 (Paperback) ISBN: 9781780406299 (eBook) Edited by Ana I. Lillebø, Per Stålnacke and Geoffrey D. Gooch Coastal Lagoons in Europe Water Research Series Coastal Lagoons in Europe Integrated Water Resource Strategies Edited by Ana I. Lillebø, Per Stålnacke and Geoffrey D. Gooch Published by IWA Publishing Alliance House 12 Caxton Street London SW1H 0QS, UK Telephone: +44 (0)20 7654 5500 Fax: +44 (0)20 7654 5555 Email: [email protected] Web: www.iwapublishing.com First published 2015 Apart from any fair dealing for the purposes of research or private study, or criticism or review, as permitted under the UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act (1998), no part of this publication may be reproduced, stored or transmitted in any form or by any means, without the prior permission in writing of the publisher, or, in the case of photographic reproduction, in accordance with the terms of licenses issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency in the UK, or in accordance with the terms of licenses issued by the appropriate reproduction rights organization outside the UK. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside the terms stated here should be sent to IWA Publishing at the address printed above. 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British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A CIP catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library ISBN: 9781780406282 (Hardback) ISBN: 9781780406299 (eBook) DOI: 10.2166/9781780406299 This eBook was made Open Access in May 2016 © 2016 The Editors and Authors This is an Open Access Book distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Licence (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0), which permits copying and redistribution for non-commercial purposes with no derivatives, provided the original work is properly cited (http://creativecommons.org/ licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). This does not affect the rights licensed or assigned from any third party in this book. Contents List of contributors . xv Foreword and book outline . .xix Chapter 1 Challenges in the policy – environment – modelling management context ............... 1 G. D. Gooch, A. I. Lillebø, P. Stålnacke, F. L. Alves, M. Bielecka and V. Krysanova 1.1 The Challenges Facing the Governance of Coastal Lagoons .................................. 1 1.1.1 Governance systems ........................................................... 1 1.1.2 Interplay – laws, policies, institutions and actors . 2 1.1.3 The existing governance system .................................................. 2 1.1.4 Administrative capacity and political will ............................................ 3 1.2 The Challenges Facing Environmental Management of Coastal Lagoons . 3 1.2.1 Coastal lagoon ecosystems . 3 1.2.2 Ecological status, ecosystem services and human well-being ........................... 3 1.2.3 Ecosystem-based management approach . 4 1.2.4 Vulnerability to climate change and to emergent environmental stressors .................. 4 1.3 Challenges of Using Numerical Models in a Science-Management Context ...................... 5 1.3.1 Why modelling? ............................................................... 5 1.3.2 Challenges in modelling . 5 1.3.3 Success stories of model usage in management ..................................... 6 1.4 Final Remarks ...................................................................... 7 1.5 Acknowledgements .................................................................. 7 1.6 ​References ........................................................................ 7 Chapter 2 The LAGOONS project in a management challenge context ........................... 11 A. I. Lillebø and P. Stålnacke 2.1 ​Introduction . 11 2.2 ​Objective, Concept and Methodology ................................................... 12 2.2.1 ​Objective ................................................................... 12 2.2.2 ​Concepts and methodology . 12 vi Coastal Lagoons in Europe: Integrated Water Resource Strategies 2.3 ​The Case Study Lagoons ............................................................ 14 2.4 ​The European Policy Context ......................................................... 16 2.5 ​The Bottom-Up Approach for a Pan-European View ....................................... 16 2.6 ​Final Remarks ..................................................................... 17 2.7 ​Acknowledgements ................................................................. 18 2.8 ​References ....................................................................... 18 Chapter 3 The physio-geographical background and ecology of Ria de Aveiro .................... 21 A. I. Lillebø, O. M. C. C. Ameixa, L. P. Sousa, A. I. Sousa, J. A. Soares, M. Dolbeth and F. L. Alves 3.1 Introduction . 21 3.2 Study Site Description ............................................................... 22 3.2.1 Characterization of the Vouga river drainage basin .................................. 22 3.2.2 Characterization of the Ria de Aveiro lagoon . 22 3.2.3 Hydrological regime .......................................................... 22 3.2.4 Meteorological characterization . 22 3.2.5 Geological and physiographic characterization . 22 3.3 Water Resources and Quality Status ................................................... 23 3.3.1 Water resources and demands .................................................. 23 3.3.2 Water quality status ........................................................... 24 3.4 Natural Resources .................................................................. 24 3.4.1 Land use ................................................................... 25 3.4.2 Environmental conditions and issues . 25 3.5 Marine Ecosystem Services (CICES Classification) ........................................ 25 3.6 Final Remarks ..................................................................... 28 3.7 Acknowledgements ................................................................. 28 3.8 ​References ....................................................................... 28 Chapter 4 The management story of Ria de Aveiro . 31 L. P. Sousa, A. I. Lillebø, J. A. Soares and F. L. Alves 4.1 ​Introduction . 31 4.2 ​Water Management ................................................................. 31 4.2.1 ​Water management, institutions and stakeholders ................................... 31 4.2.2 ​Water use rights and laws ...................................................... 32 4.3 ​Socio-Economic and Livelihood ....................................................... 33 4.3.1 ​Agriculture and livestock ....................................................... 33 4.3.2 ​Port facilities and fishing ....................................................... 33 4.3.3 ​Aquaculture ................................................................. 34 4.3.4 ​Salt production .............................................................. 34 4.3.5 ​Industry ...................................................................