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Digital Collections MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW SKSsHfS '?S=fcv -Jiillflp « W'ils •tfWfcMSfc^i-ir; THE STATE HISTORICAL SOCIETY OF MISSOURI, COLUMBIA THE STATE HISTORICAL SOCIETY OF MISSOURI The State Historical Society of Missouri, heretofore organized under the laws of the State, shall be the trustee of this State-Laws of Missouri, 1899, R.S. of Mo., 1969, chapter 183, as revised 1978. OFFICERS, 1998-2001 LAWRENCE O. CHRISTENSEN, Rolla, President JAMES C. OLSON, Kansas City, First Vice President SHERIDAN A. LOGAN, St. Joseph, Second Vice President VIRGINIA G. YOUNG, Columbia, Third Vice President NOBLE E. CUNNINGHAM, JR., Columbia, Fourth Vice President R. KENNETH ELLIOTT, Liberty, Fifth Vice President ROBERT G. J. HOESTER, Kirkwood, Sixth Vice President ALBERT M. PRICE, Columbia, Treasurer JAMES W. GOODRICH, Columbia, Executive Director, Secretary, and Librarian PERMANENT TRUSTEES FORMER PRESIDENTS OF THE SOCIETY H. RILEY BOCK, New Madrid ROBERT C. SMITH, Columbia LEO J. ROZIER, Perryville Avis G. TUCKER, Warrensburg TRUSTEES, 1998-2001 WALTER ALLEN, Brookfield VIRGINIA LAAS, Joplin CHARLES R. BROWN, St. Louis EMORY MELTON, Cassville VERA F. BURK, Kirksville DOYLE PATTERSON, Kansas City DICK FRANKLIN, Independence JAMES R. REINHARD, Hannibal TRUSTEES, 1999-2002 BRUCE H. BECKETT, Columbia W. GRANT MCMURRAY, Independence CHARLES B. BROWN, Kennett THOMAS L. MILLER, SR., Washington DONNA J. HUSTON, Marshall PHEBE ANN WILLIAMS, Kirkwood JAMES R. MAYO, Bloomfield TRUSTEES, 2000-2003 JOHN K. HULSTON, Springfield ARVARH E. STRICKLAND, Columbia JAMES B. NUTTER, Kansas City BLANCHE M. TOUHILL, St. Louis BOB PRIDDY, Jefferson City HENRY J. WATERS III, Columbia DALE REESMAN, Boonville EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE Eight trustees elected by the board of trustees, together with the president of the Society, consti­ tute the executive committee. The executive director of the Society serves as an ex officio member. LAWRENCE O. CHRISTENSEN, Rolla, Chairman JAMES C. OLSON, Kansas City WALTER ALLEN, Brookfield ROBERT C. SMITH, Columbia BRUCE H. BECKETT, Columbia Avis G. TUCKER, Warrensburg H. RILEY BOCK, New Madrid VIRGINIA G. YOUNG, Columbia DICK FRANKLIN, Independence MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW VOLUME XCV, NUMBER 3 APRIL 2001 JAMES W. GOODRICH LYNN WOLF GENTZLER Editor Associate Editor J. SCOTT PARKER SHANNA WALLACE Information Specialist Information Specialist The MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW (ISSN 0026-6582) is published quarterly by the State Historical Society of Missouri, 1020 Lowry Street, Columbia, MO 65201-7298. Receipt of the MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW is a benefit of membership in the State Historical Society of Missouri. Phone (573) 882-7083; fax (573) 884-4950; e-mail <[email protected]>; web site <www.system.missouri.edu/shs>. Periodicals postage is paid at Columbia, Missouri. POSTMASTERS: Send address changes to MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW, 1020 Lowry Street, Columbia, MO 65201-7298. Copyright © 2001 by The State Historical Society of Missouri COVER DESCRIPTION: In August 1825, representatives from many tribes, including the Sioux, the Chippewa, the Sac, the Fox, and the Ioway, met with U.S. commissioners William Clark and Lewis Cass at Prairie du Chien, in present-day Wisconsin, to establish boundaries and promote peace among the tribes. Artist J. O. Lewis, who accompanied Cass, had been commissioned by the government to paint portraits of Native Americans. The cover illustration is a detail from Lewis's depiction of the meeting, which resulted in the Treaty of Prairie du Chien. The engraving later appeared in his Aboriginal Port-folio, published in Philadelphia in 1835. Fur trader Denis Julien had traded with Native Americans along the Mississippi River and in Iowa from the late 1790s to circa 1823 and prob­ ably lived in Prairie du Chien for at least two years in the early 1820s. James H. Knipmeyer traces Julien's Midwestern trading career in an article beginning on page 245. [Cover illustration from the State Historical Society of Missouri's art collection] EDITORIAL POLICY The editors of the Missouri Historical Review welcome submission of articles and documents relating to the history of Missouri. Any aspect of Missouri history will be con­ sidered for publication in the Review. Genealogical studies, however, are not accepted because of limited appeal to general readers. Manuscripts pertaining to all fields of American history will be considered if the subject matter has significant relevance to the history of Missouri or the West. Authors should submit two double-spaced copies of their manuscripts. The footnotes, prepared according to The Chicago Manual of Style, 14th ed., also should be double-spaced and placed at the end of the text. Authors are encouraged to submit manuscripts on disk, preferably in Microsoft Word. Two hard copies still are required. Originality of subject, general interest of the article, sources used, interpretation, and style are criteria for accep­ tance and publication. Manuscripts, exclusive of footnotes, should not exceed 7,500 words. Articles that are accepted for publication become the property of the State Historical Society of Missouri and may not be published elsewhere without permission. The Society does not accept responsibility for statements of fact or opinion made by the authors. Articles published in the Missouri Historical Review are abstracted and indexed in Historical Abstracts, America: History and Life, Recently Published Articles, Writings on American History, The Western Historical Quarterly, and The Journal of American History. Manuscript submissions should be addressed to Dr. James W. Goodrich, Editor, Missouri Historical Review, State Historical Society of Missouri, 1020 Lowry Street, Columbia, MO 65201-7298. BOARD OF EDITORS LAWRENCE O. CHRISTENSEN ALAN R. HAVIG University of Missouri-Rolla Stephens College Columbia WILLIAM E. FOLEY VIRGINIA J. LAAS Central Missouri State University Missouri Southern State College Warrensburg Joplin SUSAN M. HARTMANN DAVID D. MARCH Ohio State University Kirksville Columbus ARVARH E. STRICKLAND University of Missouri-Columbia CONTENTS DENIS JULIEN: MIDWESTERN FUR TRADER. By James H. Knipmeyer. 245 CIVIL WARFARE IN NORTH MISSOURI: THE LETTERS OF ALEXANDER C. WALKER. Edited by Leslie Anders. 264 THE UNION, THE WAR, AND ELVIRA SCOTT. By Erin Kempker. 287 BLACK EDUCATION IN CIVIL WAR ST. LOUIS. By Lawrence O. Christensen. 302 HISTORICAL NOTES AND COMMENTS News in Brief 317 Local Historical Societies 319 Gifts Relating to Missouri 328 Missouri History in Newspapers 331 Missouri History in Magazines 333 In Memoriam 338 BOOK REVIEWS 340 Nester, William R. From Mountain Man to Millionaire: The uBold and Dashing Life" of Robert Campbell. Reviewed by James W. Goodrich. Clamorgan, Cyprian. The Colored Aristocracy of St. Louis. Edited with an introduction by Julie Winch. Reviewed by Gary R. Kremer. Andrews, Gregg. Insane Sisters or, the Price Paid for Challenging a Company Town. Reviewed by Thomas M. Spencer. Overby, Osmund. William Adair Bernoudy, Architect: Bringing the Legacy of Frank Lloyd Wright to St. Louis. Reviewed by George Ehrlich. BOOK NOTES 345 Sappington-Concord: A History. Banasik, Michael E., ed. Reluctant Cannoneer: The Diary of Robert T. McMahan of the Twenty-fifth Independent Ohio Light Artillery. Wood, Larry E. The Civil War on the Lower Kansas- Missouri Border. Luebbering, Ken, and Robyn Burnett. Gospels in Glass: Stained Glass Windows in Missouri Churches. Montesi, Albert, and Richard Deposki. Soulard, St. Louis. Cuoco, Lorin, and William H. Gass, eds. Literary St. Louis: A Guide. Hansford, Michele Newton. Carthage, Missouri. Pryor, Jerry. Southwest Missouri Mining. WITH PEN OR CRAYON . Inside back cover State Historical Society of Missouri Denis Julien: Midwestern Fur Trader BY JAMES H. KNIPMEYER* "The Mysterious 'D. Julien'" was how biographer Charles Kelly described Denis Julien in 1933.l He was mysterious because it was not known when and where he was born, when and where he died, or very much about his life. In 1931 historian and writer Kelly had been shown a name and a date, "Denis Julien 1831," carved into a rock outcropping in northeastern Utah's Uinta Basin. He later contacted the Missouri Historical Society in St. Louis and found eight references to Julien. Taking this paucity of informa­ tion, Kelly concluded that it was "quite likely that Julien made no written record, kept much to himself, and therefore does not appear in any of the journals of those times."2 *James H. Knipmeyer is a retired teacher from Lee's Summit High School. He received a B.A. degree from the University of Missouri-Columbia and an M.A. degree from the University of Missouri-Kansas City. Charles Kelly, "The Mysterious 'D. Julien,'" Utah Historical Quarterly 6 (July 1933): 83-88. Ibid., 85. 245 246 Missouri Historical Review Julien's other biographer, Colorado River historian Otis R. Marston, delved deeper than Kelly and found more facts and bits of information, both in Utah and in the Midwest. He stated that Julien "was a minor figure among the hundreds of mountain men working the jumble of canyons in the Colorado River system" and concluded, "Obscurely he lived and obscurely died."3 Julien's origin and demise remain unknown, and his years in the inter- montane region of Utah are known because of his penchant for carving his name and the date in boulders and on canyon walls.4 Both of his biographers mainly focus on that portion of his life. Recently, much has been learned about Julien's thirty-three years in what are now the states of Missouri, Iowa, Illinois, Wisconsin, and Nebraska. A clearer picture can now be painted of the fur-trading career of Denis Julien in the Midwest. When Robert Cavelier de La Salle reached the mouth of the Mississippi River in 1682, he claimed the entire drainage valley for France, calling it Louisiana. Following the French and Indian War, the Treaty of Paris, signed in 1763, awarded all French territory east of the Mississippi to the British, and the area west of the river was given to Spain. After the American Revolutionary War, the 1783 Treaty of Paris recognized the former British colonies as the United States of America and acknowledged the new nation's boundaries as extending west to the Mississippi River and north to Canada.
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