HISTORICAL REVI EW

CONTENTS

When Cleveland Came to St. Louis Walter B. Stevens Pioneer Life in Callaway Ovid Bell A Study in Missouri Politics, 1840-1870 Raymond D. Thomas David Nelson and Marion College George A. Mahari Campaigning With Mark Twain Absalom Grimes Cape Girardeau Historical Society R. B. Oliver Daniel Boone Floyd C. Shoemaker The Missouri River and Its Victims W. J. McDonald * Personal Recollections of Distinguished Missourians— John B. Clark, Sr. Daniel M. Grissom Historical Notes and Comments Missouri History Not Found in Textbooks k Historical Articles in Missouri Newspapersr^MI 1 , I • • •

» * • . • STATE HISTORICAL SOCIETY of M IS S OU RI

VOL. XXI JANUARY, 1927

THE MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW

VOL. XXI JANUARY, 1927 NO. 2

CONTENTS When Cleveland Came to St. Louis 145 WALTER B. STEVENS Pioneer Life in Callaway County 156 OVID BELL A Study in Missouri Politics, 1840-1870 166 RAYMOND D. THOMAS David Nelson and Marion College 185 GEORGE A. MAHAN Campaigning With Mark Twain 188 ABSALOM GRIMES Cape Girardeau Historical Society 202 R. B. OLIVER Daniel Boone 208 FLOYD C. SHOEMAKER The Missouri River and Its Victims 215 W. J. MCDONALD Personal Recollections of Distinguished Missourians—John B. Clark, Sr 243 DANIEL M. GRISSOM Historical Notes and Comments 251 Missouri History Not Found in Textbooks 271 Historical Articles in Missouri Newspapers 296

FLOYD C. SHOEMAKER, Editor The Missouri Historical Review is published quarterly. The sub­ scription price is $1.00 a year. A complete set of the REVIEW is still obtainable—Vols. 1-20, bound $60.00; unbound $28.00. Prices of separate volumes given on request. All communications should be ad­ dressed to Floyd C. Shoemaker, The State Historical Society of Missouri. "Entered as second-class matter at the postoffice at Columbia, Mis­ souri, under act of Congress, October S, 1917, Sec. hh2." CONTRIBUTORS WALTER B. STEVENS, author and journalist, has over a score of books to his credit and in 1921 published a "Centennial ." He has held a number of important public positions, including the secretaryship of the Purchase Exposition at St. Louis. He is a former president of the State Historical Society. His home is in St. Louis. OVID BELL, journalist and historian, is editor of the Fulton Gazette. He has written a number of valuable articles relating to the history of Callaway county. RAYMOND D. THOMAS, native Missourian, is professor of economics in the Southwest Missouri State Teachers College at Springfield. He received his master's degree from the University of , specializing in Missouri history and politics. His doctoral thesis was written for the department of economics. GEORGE A. MAHAN, lawyer, is president of the State Historical Society. He is widely known for his work in preserving the boyhood home of Mark Twain and for his more recent donation to the of Hannibal of the statue of Tom Sawyer and Huckleberry Finn. His home is in Hannibal. ABSALOM GRIMES was one of the most noted Confederate mail carriers during the Civil War. His home was in St. Louis. R. B. OLIVER, lawyer and legislator, is president of the Cape Girardeau Historical Society. His home is in Cape Girardeau. FLOYD C. SHOEMAKER is secretary of the State Historical Society. W. J. MCDONALD, marine engineer, is supervising inspector in the U. S. steamboat inspection service with headquarters at St. Louis. He was a major in the World War. He resides in Maplewood. DANIEL M. GRISSOM, a native of , came to Missouri in 1853. From that year to 1888 he engaged in journalistic work on the St. Louis city newspapers. His historical articles on Missouri have received wide circulation. His home is in Kirkwood. WHEN CLEVELAND CAME TO ST. LOUIS* BY WALTER B. STEVENS To bring about President Cleveland's first visit to the West, Mayor David R. Francis, of St. Louis, journeyed five times to Washington in 1887. It was after one of these visits that the President remarked to Senator Vest: 'That mayor of St. Louis is a bright young man." These successive trips were not made necessary by any indisposition on the part of President Cleveland to see what the , west of Buffalo, looked like. But it was to untangle an amazing snarl in municipal hospitality that Mayor Francis found his natural gift of diplomacy put to the test. As early as February, St. Louis began preparations to entertain the Grand Army of the Republic—the national encampment to be held the last part of September. An ex­ ecutive committee composed of local Grand Army officials and citizens was formed. This committee delegated to Mayor Francis, President Gaiennie of the Merchants Exchange and General John W. Noble of Frank P. Blair Post, G. A. R., the authority to invite President Cleveland to visit St. Louis at the time of the national encampment. The proposition met with much local enthusiasm which swelled when this encouraging response was received.

Executive Mansion, Washington, D. C, March 29, 1887. Hon. David R. Francis, Mayor, St. Louis. My dear sir: The President is in receipt of the communication dated February 26 and signed by Frank Gaiennie, President of the Merchants Exchange, John W. Noble of the G. A. R. and your­ self, inviting him to visit St. Louis and accept its hospitalities

•From the MSS. of David R. Francis, His Recollections and Letters, by Walter B. Stevens. (145) 146 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW during the national encampment of the Grand Army of the Republic in September next. At this time, so far in advance of the event, the President feels that he cannot do more than express his appreciation of the invitation, and to say that he will be glad if he finds his way clear to its acceptance. After he has given further consideration to the question of the disposition of his time during the summer and fall, and is able to determine what his official duties will permit him to do, he will advise you, as early as possible, of his de­ cision in the matter. Very respectfully, D. S. Lamont, Private Secretary. Under the supervision of Festus J. Wade, then connected with the publishing house of August Gast & Co., the creation of an elaborate, formal invitation was undertaken. This in­ vitation took the form of a massive book in costly binding. The covers were of red oak with a picture of the famous Eads bridge, the skyline of the city in the distance. Above the picture was the inscription "To President Cleveland and Wife." Within the covers the lining was of white moire antique. The invitation was set forth: To the President: The citizens of St. Louis with great unanimity hereby supplement the invitation already extended to you and your estimable wife by the Grand Army of the Republic to attend its national encampment to be held the 26th to the 30th of September. Merchants Exchange Clubs and Societies, Real Estate Exchange Corporations, Mechanics Exchange The Press, Cotton Exchange Citizens. More than twenty thousand signatures followed. While this elaborate invitation was in course of prepara­ tion, further indication of the President's inclination came from Washington in the following message: 'The President has definitely concluded to accept the invitation to visit St. Louis in September. In reply to a WHEN CLEVELAND CAME TO ST. LOUIS 147 question he said: 'Yes, I think I shall go/ The President spoke of the fact that some suggestion had come to him that he might dislike to meet members of the G. A. R. in view of the course he had found it wise to pursue in respect to pension legislation. He said he had thought of that, but it did not seem to him there was any reason why he should not attend the encampment. He appeared to believe that his presence would be gratifying to the old veterans and prove a pleasant incident to himself." The President had vetoed a dependent parents' pension bill a few months previously. He had also expressed his disapproval on a number of individual pension cases. Mayor Francis now appointed a committee of twenty- five St. Louisans to go to Washington to present the formal invitation and headed the party. It was deemed important at the same time to have an understanding as to details of the entertainment which would be acceptable to the President. In reply to this committee the President reiterated his ac­ ceptance and said to Mayor Francis: "It is hard for me to make a promise, but when I do, I try to keep it." Secretary Lamont told Mayor Francis that the President would like a public reception at which every one could have a chance to see him and shake hands with him. In Boston, Mr. Lamont said, they had given what they called a card reception, and the President did not like that. The President understood that this invitation was from the people, and he wanted the people to see him, and, as many as could, to shake hands with him. As far as the rest of the entertainment was concerned, he did not care of what character it was. There had been scattered protests from Grand Army posts but the storm did not burst in fury until June. Then General James M. Tuttle, commander of the department of , came down to tell in profane words what a mistake St. Louis had made. General Noble tried to pacify him, saying: "This is not an attempt to boom Cleveland. We thought it would be a good thing for the city and for the Grand Army to get him here." 148 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW

"I know the feeling of the men," said Tuttle, "and if Cleve­ land comes here they will insult him." "I am a Grand Army man," retorted Noble, "But if the Grand Army came here and insulted the President and through him the people of St. Louis, I would never put my foot in a Grand Army post again." "How many rebels have you got on these committees?" demanded Tuttle. Among the citizens appointed by Mayor Francis to take care of the national encampment were Sanuel M. Kennard, Jerome Hill, Seth W. Cobb, and C. C. Rainwater, all of whom had been in the Confederate army. H. C. Russell, department commander for , sent in his protest: "So far as the Grand Army in Nebraska is concerned, Mr. Cleveland has scarcely a friend in the state. Democrats and Republicans are united in the strongest con­ demnation of his course in regard to the pension bill." The violence of the brain storm increased with warm weather. The fact that the Hendricks Association began to plan some attention to the President was resented. It was declared that "for the Hendricks Association or any other political organization as such to receive the President would be infamous." General D. P. Grier, chairman of the executive committee, attempted to still the storm with a statement absolving the St. Louis Grand Army men from any responsibility. He said the President had accepted the invitation of a citizens committee and would be entertained by that committee, viewing the parade as a guest of the committee. "I would consider it decidedly bad taste for the soldiers to appoint a committee to receive him or in any way to attempt to arrange his program while in the city." This brought out a statement from Mayor Francis: "When I told the President that our invitation was only supplementary to the one extended by the Grand Army, I did it in good faith, believing it would be pleasing both to him and to the executive committee. It appears now as if the latter wasn't so well pleased after all. We don't want the Grand Army to do anything displeasing to its members, or that will WHEN CLEVELAND CAME TO ST. LOUIS 149 keep any one from coming to St. Louis: and hence I am anxious for a conference." Some of the local Grand Army men took exception to the course of General Grier and the executive committee. They told the newspapers that G. A. R. men "all over the country" were writing that "they will not come to St. Louis if Cleveland does." Colonel Samuel H. Holmes, "late colonel of the 10th and 40th Missouri Infantry Volunteers," wrote to General Tuttle: "What extraordinary performance have we here! How is this most egregious blunder, to call it by no other name, to be set to rights? I answer, at least for one, and recommend that every Grand Army post in the country stay away alto­ gether from the city, and utterly refuse to be led into the condign forks thus prepared for them. "I hope, General you will without delay, urge upon General Fairchild to intervene at once in his capacity of grand commander, and revoke the meeting of the Grand Army at this place, under these circumstances. I see no reason why he may not declare that since the appointed en­ campment of the G. A. R. at St. Louis, circumstances and events have occurred which render it inexpedient that this encampment should be held as appointed; leaving everybody at liberty to attend this Democratic gathering divested of all official character as representing the Grand Army." General William Tecumseh Sherman, who had been until recently a resident of St. Louis, scouted the reports that President Cleveland's presence at the Grand Army review would prompt unpleasantness. He wrote plain words to General Noble and Colonel D. P. Dyer: "The idea of his being insulted, much less endangered should he be on the stand alongside our commander-in-chief, General Fairchild, when the Grand Army is passing in review, seems to me monstrous. "I think I know the Iowa boys too well to believe such a thing possible. Brave men are never ungenerous, and the Iowa soldiers were brave men. I know it of knowledge ac­ quired in battle; and I will pledge my life that no Iowa soldier will do an unmanly act; and should Mr. Cleveland 150 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW

accept the invitation, which I hope he will, to attend the parade of the G. A. R. in St. Louis on the 28th of September, I will stand by his side, or March past in the ranks of Ransom post, as may be ordered by General Fairchild. "Honest men differ widely on this question of pensions to our old and feeble comrades. We all want to do what is right, but differ as to the means. All we know is that twenty- odd years after the Civil war, the Government of the United States, under Republican and Democratic rule, pays out to our old soldiers of the about $80,000,000 annually, and a few thousands to the Mexican war veterans regardless of locality, and not one cent to the Rebels of the South, whom we fought in the Civil war. We old soldiers of the Civil war have not yet just cause to make an issue on the question of pensions to our infirm and wounded comrades. "I advise you to go right along, prepare the way for the Grand Army of the Republic at its sessions of Wednesday, September 28, 1887, at St. Louis, and receive them as they deserve as honored guests; also the President of the United States and such other honored guests as may grace the oc­ casion. If any of our comrades feel hurt at the association, they can remain at home; but the sun will rise each morning; the seasons will follow each other in quick succession; and the world, with its myriads of people will go right along all the same." His pension vetoes were not all that entered into the con­ troversy over the visit of the President to St. Louis. A Presidential campaign was only twelve months in the future. The nomination of Mr. Cleveland for a second term was fore­ shadowed. Thus, there was a political phase in the planned visit to the West. Furthermore, while he was considering the St. Louis visit, President Cleveland had issued his order returning to the states the battle flags captured in the Civil war. The order related to the flags boxed and stored in the cellar of the War department. The President believed that in the interest of good feeling between the sections the time was opportune for a general return of captured flags. It was discovered, however, that the order could not be carried out. Explaining that the order was not authorized by existing WHEN CLEVELAND CAME TO ST. LOUIS 151 law, the President, in June, rescinded it. But two months elapsed between the issue of the order and the countermand­ ing. The flag incident had been attended by a good deal of newspaper discussion which had a bearing on the difficult St. Louis situation. The President quieted the tempest. He withdrew his acceptance of the invitation, sending letters of the same import to the Grand Army executive committee and to the citizens committee. To Mayor Francis Mr. Cleveland wrote per­ sonally : "I cannot rid myself of the belief that the least discord on this propitious occasion might retard the progress of the sentiment of common brotherhood, which the Grand Army has so good an opportunity to increase and foster. I certainly ought not to be the cause of such discord in any event, or upon any pretext. It seems to me that you and the citizens of St. Louis are entitled to this unreserved statement of the conditions which have constrained me to forego my contem­ plated visit and to withdraw my acceptance of your invitation. My presence in your city at the time you have indicated can be of little moment compared with the importance of a cordial and harmonious entertainment of your other guests." President Cleveland's withdrawal bore date of July 4th. Promptly Mayor Francis called together his citizens com­ mittee. He read between the lines that the declination applied specifically to the date of the Grand Army national encampment. He suggested that a new invitation be ex­ tended : that the President be asked to come during St. Louis Fair Week, the first week in October, the week immediately following the national encampment. The next step was a mass meeting on 'change, which the mayor addressed: "This is a meeting of the citizens of St. Louis irrespective of race, creed, nationality or party affiliation. It is called for the purpose of extending to Grover Cleveland, President of the United States, a cordial and spontaneous invitation to visit our city during the festivities of the coming fall." 152 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW

The motion to invite was carried with a mighty shout. On a hot 31st of July Mayor Francis led another and larger delegation into the White House and told the President: "This invitation emanates from the people, your sov­ ereigns and ours and not from any organization, civil or mili­ tary, political or religious." In his reply, President Cleveland said: "It was not necessary to convince me of your good faith and sincerity that so many of your good people should come here at this inopportune season to bring this invitation; and yet you do not know how much it has pleased me to see you all. The desire to come to see you has increased each day. I don't feel now that I can do otherwise than accept your invitation." This triumphant outcome, after weeks of tribulation, prompted the delegation to a material expression. A watch was presented to Mayor Francis in token of the appreciation of his fellow citizens. This drew from the mayor's father a comment: "It is time somebody gave Dave a watch for he has been wearing his wife's for two years." When the news of the success of Mayor Francis and the St. Louisans at Washington went out, other sent invita­ tions. To St. Paul, one of the first to follow St. Louis, Presi­ dent Cleveland replied that he would try to accept, "but may I suggest that no delegation be sent here during this trying weather." The last week in September brought to St. Louis the Grand Army, 50,000 strong. At the reception in the Armory, Mayor Francis, addressing Grand Commander Fairchild, whose empty sleeve was a memento of a Gettysburg cannon ball, said: "The grand organization which you represent and which numbers, I am told, 350,000 veterans, has claims, not only upon this city, but upon the entire country, which are second to those of no other order in existence. A new generation has arisen since the termination of the mighty conflict in which you and your comrades were the principal actors. WHEN CLEVELAND CAME TO ST. LOUIS 153

To them the stories of your heroic suffering and deeds of valor can never cease to be of deepest interest. We believe that the sectional lines, then so closely drawn, and which resulted in the spilling of so much fraternal blood, should now be ob­ literated, and that the common love of a reunited country should bind together inseparably all her people. We cannot forget, however, nor will history fail to record, that to you and to those who fought with you are we indebted for the pre­ servation of a united country. Not only is the result of your memorable struggle accepted by the vanquished, and your glorious work appreciated by the generation today, but coming generations will remember with deep gratitude the invaluable service which you have performed." The Grand Army paraded under dripping skies and the veterans went away with recollections of a "demnition moist" time. The next week brought St. Louis' glorious October weather for the three days of a prolonged ovation for the Clevelands. The President and Mrs. Cleveland were enter­ tained by Mayor and Mrs. Francis at their home in Vande- venter Place. Intense was the interest of St. Louisians in the presence of the city's guests. It was told by way of illus­ tration of this interest that the cook in the Francis household would not be satisfied to go on with breakfast preparations the morning after the arrival until she had one surreptitious look, from below stairs, at the first lady of the land. In the rotunda of the courthouse, profusely decorated with flags and flowers and plants, President Cleveland re­ ceived all comers. One day was set apart for the visit to the then famed St. Louis Fair. Another day was given to a ride on the river. Veiled Prophet night, the President and Mrs. Cleveland sat on a dais in the Merchants' Exchange and saw Mayor Francis and E. C. Simmons escort the Grand Oracle and his masked retinue on a circuit of the hall, pre­ liminary to the ball. On another night the President stood on a balcony at the Lindell hotel and reviewed a long pro­ cession of civic organizations. As each division head reached the hotel there was a halt and the band played. The night was chilly and the President grew weary. He asked David W. Caruth, if he might not with propriety withdraw. 154 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW

"You'd better stay here," said Chairman Caruth. "These fellows are all good Democrats and they'll take it hard if you don't stay through and let them see you." But with Kentucky instinct Colonel Caruth stepped back into the deserted parlor, secured four glasses of. stimulant and asked Mayor Francis to bring in the President. "What!" said the mayor, "I ask Mr. Cleveland to take a drink? No sir! I'll not do anything of the kind." "You don't mean to tell me," said Caruth, "that you've kept the President two days at your house and have not given him any whiskey,—not even a cocktail or a toddy in the morn- ing?" Then stepping out to the balcony, Colonel Caruth said to the President: "Mr. Cleveland, there's a little good whiskey inside, if you would like to have a drop to keep out the cold." The President followed Colonel Caruth into the parlor and to the table. "There are four glasses here," he said. "Whom are they for?' " "One for you," said Colonel Caruth, "one for Lamont, one for the mayor and one for me." The President took up one glass and poured the contents into another. As he set down the latter emptied he said: "Dan doesn't drink." A single incident marred these three ideal days of St. Louis hospitality. That occurrence would have been comedy but for the bad spot made on Mrs. Cleveland's dress. As the Presidential party was riding through the Fair, near the ampitheater, a pancake was hurled over the heads of the cheering crowd. It struck Mrs. Cleveland, and as it had not been well baked, it left its mark. A week later Anna Sachs was arraigned in the police court. She had been a cook in a refreshment booth. In a tremulous tone she told her story. She wanted to see the Presidential party. She had a pancake in her hand and she had eaten part of it. When the crowd began to cheer, she wanted to get rid of the pancake and threw it away,— "Just like this, Judge." WHEN CLEVELAND CAME TO ST. LOUIS 155

"Why did you run away?" "Because I saw it hit Mrs. Cleveland and I felt so sorry I wanted to go away and hide myself. I got excited and threw it away, just like this, Judge." "Did you have a G. A. R. badge on?" "Oh! yes. I had the Grand Army badge. I had that." City Attorney Adams:—"Mrs. Sachs, did you not say after you were arrested that that was the last pancake of the lot and that you had thrown it at Mr. Cleveland to show him what a St. Louis pancake was?" "I never said that." "Was it not your last?" "It was the last one." "And you didn't say what I have asked you?" "No sir. I did not." Phil. Lanham Jr., and Officer Quidbin testified that Anna said it. Judge White summed up the case at some length. The issue was whether the pancake had been aimed deliberately or had taken its flight by accident. Anna Sachs was fined fifty dollars. 156 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW

PIONEER LIFE IN CALLAWAY COUNTY*

BY OVID BELL Conquest of the wilderness of Central Missouri by the pioneers is a picturesque incident in the history of the United States. The first white settlers were French voyageurs from Canada, who established trading posts at points along the Missouri river. One of their settlements was at Cote Sans Dessein, in Callaway county, where they built a blockhouse, a Catholic chapel and a few cabins, and engaged in agricultural pursuits on a limited scale. After them came the Americans, the people who opened the highways, laid out the farms and built the towns and villages. The latter came principally from Virginia and Kentucky, and many of them were of the finest Cavalier stock, descendants of the band who,

Rarely hating ease, Yet rode with Spotswood 'round the land, And Raleigh 'round the seas. The French came to hunt and fish and traffic with the Indians; the Americans to clear the forests and build homes. Both were animated by the spirit of adventure, but the French had no other thought than to enjoy themselves for a season and then move on, while the Americans planned to establish themselves and found a commonwealth. All of us who live in Missouri and enjoy the largess of its soil and the privileges of its civilization are indebted to these pioneers, who, despite privation, hardship and arduous toil, vanquished a savage race and opened the state to settle­ ment. It is no more than meet, therefore, that we of this practical, intensely material twentieth century should for a little while pay homage to the memory of men like the Boones and Callaways, Ramseys and Hockadays, Grants and Hender­ sons, Moores and Smiths, who founded our own county.

*A Missouri Day address before the Woman's Club of Fulton, Mo. PIONEER LIFE IN CALLAWAY COUNTY 157

Yesterday, as it were, white men had never beheld this great, rich Central Missouri. The land belonged first to . France, then to Spain, and then again to France. Finally, Napoleon Bonaparte, engaged in a titanic struggle to conquer all Europe, found it expedient in 1803 to part with , and the far-seeing Thomas Jefferson, acting against the counsel of many who were eminent in the affairs of the Government, did that which he spoke of afterward "as a great achievement to the mass of happiness which is to ensue," and bought Louisiana for fifteen million dollars—about three cents an acre—acquiring, according to the late Senator George Frisbie Hoar, of Massachusetts, "the largest area of land ever secured by any nation, either in war or peace.'' Thus the territory embraced in Missouri and fourteen other states was added to the domain of the Union. "Today I have given England a maritime rival that will sooner or later humble her pride," said Napoleon, speaking with the tongue of prophecy, after he had signed the contract for the sale of Louisiana. In reality he gave to about the weakest of the nations then in existence the territory which has enabled it to become the great creditor nation of the uni­ verse. Though some of the best blood of the round earth flowed in the veins of many of Callaway county's first settlers, yet even a majority of these men were plain backwoodsmen. They were of the stock that came from England when Virginia was a colony, that emigrated from tidewater Virginia to the mountains of the Old Dominion, that moved with the next tide of emigration to Kentucky and thence came to Missouri. Their sons crossed the plains in 1849 and the early '50s to search for gold in California, and their grandsons and great grandsons have helped to settle and populate Texas and Oklahoma and the other states of the West and Southwest. Something is in their blood that urges them on from frontier to frontier. Where they shall go, however, when next the call comes to migrate none of us know, for the locomotive, airship, electric telegraph, wireless and radio have annihilated space and wiped out the far reaches of civilization. 158 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW

The pioneers in Missouri lived in a primitive time. Standards were primitive. Education was primitive. Ideals were primitive. But honor abounded, courage was unques­ tioned, and instincts were true. There was comparatively little crime. Doors were seldom locked after danger from Indians had passed. Debts, if the court records afford us a guide by which to judge, were never repudiated. Life was earnest and sincere and only earnest and sincere men and women were suited for pioneering. A picture of the people as they were on an average about the time the Rev. John Ham and Jonathan Crow built their bark cabin on Auxvasse creek in the fall of 1815 is given by Timothy Flint, a Presbyterian minister who came from New England and lived at St. Charles from 1816 to 1819. Writing in his "Recollections," the Rev. Mr. Flint said: "It is true there are worthless people here, and the most so, it must be confessed, are from New England. It is true that there are gamblers and gougers and outlaws, but there are fewer of them than from the nature of things, and the character of the age and world, we ought expect. The back­ woodsman of the West, as I have seen him, is generally an amiable and virtuous man. His general motive for coming here is to be a freeholder, to have plenty of rich land and to be able to settle his children about him. I fully believe that nine in ten of the emigrants have come here with no other motives. You find in truth that he has vices and barbarisms peculiar to his situation. His manners are rough. He wears, it may be, a long beard. He has a great quantity of bear or deer skins wrought into his household establishment, his furniture and dress. He carries a knife or dirk in his bosom, and when in the woods he has a rifle on his back and a pack of dogs at his heels. An Atlantic stranger, transferred directly from one of our cities to his door, would recoil from an en­ counter with him. But remember that his rifle and dog are his chief means of support and profit. Remember all his first days here were passed in dread of the savages. Remember that he still encounters them; still meets bears and panthers. Enter his door and tell him you are benighted and wish the shelter of his cabin for the night. The welcome is indeed PIONEER LIFE IN CALLAWAY COUNTY 159 seemingly ungracious: 'I reckon you can stay,' or 'I suppose we must let you stay.' But this apparent ungraciousness is the harbinger of every kindness that he can bestow and every comfort that his cabin can afford. Good coffee, corn bread and butter, venison, pork, wild and tame fowls, are set before you. His wife, timid, silent, reserved, but constantly at­ tentive to your comfort, does not sit at the table with you, but like the wives of the patriarchs, stands and attends on you. You are shown the best bed which the house can offer. When this kind of hospitality has been afforded you as long as you choose to stay, and when you depart and speak about your bill, you are most commonly told with some slight mark of resentment that they do not keep tavern. Even the flaxen-headed urchins will turn away from your money." Undoubtedly the Rev. Mr. Flint has described the av­ erage pioneer with accuracy, and it is but just for up to say that it is to him, more than all others, we owe the Conquest of both the savages and the wilderness. But he was not the only pioneer. There were many of a higher type, judged by the standards of culture and refinement. They came while the trails of the first settlers were still fresh, £^nd their grandsons and granddaughters, I am glad to say, gaVe char­ acter and worth to our county today. A few years after the time of which the Rev. ]\|r. Flint wrote the land supplied the grain, fruit and vegetables which were required for food, besides producing the cotton and flax needed for light clothing, while the farmers raised t(ie sheep from which was got the wool for heavy clothing. The forests and hills supplied the timber, coal, stone and iron needed by the pioneers. Little was imperatively needed that dould not be obtained at home. Every farm in pioneer times was a unit to itself. Each was capable of sustaining every person on it, though the com­ fort-loving people early began to enjoy such luxuries as could be brought to them by boats and wagons. Wheat for bread, and corn, oats, hay and bluegrass for livestock, with apples, peaches, pears, plums and smaller fruit, as well as nearly all garden vegetables, were suited to the climate and soil and were grown easily. Those of you whose memory reaches 160 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW back forty or fifty years will agree with me, I am sure, when I say that modern science has done very little toward improv­ ing the produce of the old seedling orchards. We get no such apples, for instance, in these days, it seems to me, as were grown in the orchards that were set out 75 to 90 years ago and continued to produce good fruit until they died out from neglect. Cotton and flax were not suitable crops for this climate, but until the time came when it was cheaper to buy factory- made calicoes, domestics and linens than to make them at home, both cotton and flax were raised in Callaway county. Apropos, I quote from a letter published in The Fulton Gazette in 1913 about Mrs. Sally Rickman, who, at the age of 89 years, had just died near Williamsburg. The letter said in part: "The death of 'Aunt Sally' means almost extinction of a type of which the world will never know again. Her life began in 1824, when, from our modern viewpoint, life was primitive indeed. Early in life she became proficient in all the arts of housewifery as practiced in pioneer times. As a girl she was taught by her mother to card wool, and from the time her hands could separate the threads she helped to adjust the warp in the loom. "She grew the flax which she converted into sheets, towels and other articles, and made all the cloth from which her clothing and that of her family was made until compar­ atively recent years. She even raised silk worms when she was a young woman and wove the only silk dress she ever possessed. "Among her many activities was the making of beautiful counterpanes, marvelous coverlids of intricate designs, and soft, warm blankets. In making blankets she went through all the processes herself from the time the wool was taken from the sheep's back until the blanket was finished." Here in Callaway the pioneers made their own powder at the saltpeter cave neart Portland. Their guns were made by local craftsmen who were able to fashion the stock, bore the barrel and make the lock themselves. The wagons, plows, augers and other implements and tools were made by smiths PIONEER LIFE IN CALLAWAY COUNTY 161 who had their shops in the little villages of the county. Even hemp was grown and made into rope at home. In many families negro slaves were trained to make the wearing ap­ parel used through the week by both men and women, while the women themselves made their "go-to-meeting" dresses and the tailors in Fulton and the smaller villages made the Sunday garments of the men. When a man needed a hat he gave an order to the hatter in Fulton, or the one at Millers- burg, or the other at Williamsburg, and it was filled quickly, native skins being used in its making. Itinerant shoemakers went from house to house making shoes and boots for the use of both bond and free. They used leather that had been tanned here in Fulton or at Jones' Tanyard, east of the present village of Calwood. Naturally, there were no such things as paper shoe soles at that time. Cabinet makers in Fulton and elsewhere in the county manufactured such furniture as could not be made on the farms. Everything, as I have said, that was imperatively needed could be supplied at home. Schools and churches were introduced within a year or two after the arrival of the first settlers. The late T. J. Ferguson, whose father settled in the south part of the county in 1817, is authority for the statement that a school was taught in the neighborhood four miles north of Cote Sans Dessein in the winter of 1818-19 by a pedagog named Joseph James. Others were established in quick succession. One that was famous was taught by "Pegleg Davy" Dunlap in Market street, Fulton, near the site of the present Palace Hotel, about the year 1840. Another that was even more famous was taught in Fulton from 1842 to 1849 by the late Prof. James Love, who died at Liberty, Mo., in 1914. Primitive Baptists organized the first Protestant church in the county at Old Salem, in Auxvasse township, in June, 1818. The Rev. "Billy" Coats, whose grandchildren and great grandchildren now live in the county, was the first pastor of the church and served for many years without pay. In the fall of 1818 a Methodist "class" was organized in the Ferguson neighborhood. One of its members was a negro. Incidentally, seats for the negro slaves were provided in all the early church buildings. In the structures that were pre- 162 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW tentious in size these seats were placed in a gallery. The first Methodist church, however—that at Miller's creek, which is alive and active today—was not organized until 1820. Instruction in both the schools and churches was ele­ mentary, but that the settlers were interested in education and religion is to their everlasting credit. How well they builded along these lines is shown, I think, in the public schools and colleges and fine church organizations which we have in this day. Undoubtedly they laid the foundation on which our present culture and piety are builded. Mills and distilleries were other developments of the early time. The first horse mill in the county was erected by John S. Ferguson, father of T. J. Ferguson, near Cote Sans Dessein in the spring of 1818. Previous to that time meal and flour were obtained in St. Charles county, or ground by the settlers by hand. Henry May, who located on May's Prairie, south­ west of Fulton, in the fall of 1818, soon afterward built another mill and established a race track. George W. Burt, father of the late Huron Burt, to whom all lovers of Callaway history will be forever indebted because of his wonderful letters on pioneer life which were published in The Fulton Gazette in 1912 and 1913, came to the county with his brother, John A. Burt, in 1821. Being millwrights by trade, they built several water mills in the state before erecting the famous old Burt & Braham horse mill, which was located four miles north of Williamsburg. John Phillips, who settled on Crow's Fork creek, east and south of Fulton, in 1817, built a stillhouse and made whiskey a short time after coming to the county. Benjamin and James Goodrich, who settled on Auxvasse creek, near the present Berry ford bridge, in 1817, also built a horse mill and distillery. Caleb Berry had a horse mill and distillery three miles southwest of Shamrock at a very early date. Asa Lommacks had a distillery three miles east of Calwood about the same time. Pure apple brandy and pure peach brandy were made on many of the farms of the county prior to 1830 and up until after the Civil War. The making of whiskey was considered an honorable occupation in pioneer times. No discredit attached to the man who operated a distillery, though every man who drank PIONEER LIFE IN CALLAWAY COUNTY 163 often and overmuch was held in low esteem. "The high mark of hospitality," Mr. Burt wrote, "was to set out a de­ canter of whiskey, bowl of sugar, glasses and spoons for visitors. This custom was practiced by all and all present were expected to join in the libations." Merchants kept barrels of whiskey in their stores and their customers were privileged to help themselves. A bar was a necessary feature of even the remote crossroads tavern. No social occasion or community event, such as a house-raising or shucking bee, was complete without all the liquor the men wished to drink. The whiskey brought many fistic encounters. It caused neighborhood feuds. It brought an occasional killing. It blighted the lives of innocent women and children, wrecked many homes and filled many drunkards' graves. If there was or is aught to its credit, the fact remains yet to be brought out. Slavery was an accepted and approved institution. Those who were able to own negroes owned them, and those too poor to own them looked forward to the time when they should be slaveholders. The slaves were well fed, well clothed and well treated. Their health was protected, they were taught to work and they were given religious instruction. Their owners had a real affection for them. Whites and blacks played together as children. The boys fished and chased rabbits and hunted 'possums and 'coons. The older men of both races hunted buffalo, deer, bear, panther and the small game that was abundant in the country. It was seldom that a slave was sold. The man who broke up a negro family by selling some of its members out of the neighborhood was as cordially detested by the whites of the better class as he could possibly have been hated by the negroes themselves. When estates were wound up the slaves usually passed to the heirs and often did not leave the farm on which they had been reared. A common gift from parents to a young couple at the time of their marriage was a young negro woman and a young negro man. The girl generally had been the special playmate and handmaid of the bride; the man the special companion of the bridegroom. 164 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW

All in all, I think, there is nothing in the history of our state that possesses so much heart interest as the stories of the pioneers, who, leaving their homes in the older states, rode through unexplored forests and across unmapped prairies, encountering perils of every imaginable kind while blazing the pathway of civilization into the heart of a vast continent, finally to establish a home in a land, where, besides danger from disease and hardship, there were ever present cunning, treacherous red foes waiting and watching for a chance to murder them. In the history of the ages finer courage—finer bravery—is not recorded, unless it be in the stories of the women and children who followed the pioneers into the new country after the cabins had been built and made homes that will be a blessing to mankind as long as the world shall stand. Can you not see these bold spirits leaving the old towns in the older states—places like Lexington, Staunton and Charlottesville, in Virginia, and Paris, Lexington, Richmond and Mount Sterling, in Kentucky—and riding out into the West? In my mind I can see them crossing the Mississippi from Kaskaskia to St. Louis, thence riding up to the Missouri and crossing it at St. Charles, and then striking out across the hills and prairies for Callaway and the adjoining counties. I can see them selecting tracts of land bordering the streams, clearing little places in the forests, building cabins, raising one crop, and then going back as they came, on horseback, to the old homes to get the women and children. I can see the families starting the next spring for their new homes in Missouri, traveling in a caravan, like the brethren of Joseph going down into Egypt, and taking with them, also like the brethren of Joseph, "all that they had." And I can see the men riding at the head of the caravan, their flintlock guns over their shoulders or across their saddles, and the women and children riding in wagons, drawn possibly by oxen, and the negro slaves walking behind and looking after the house­ hold goods and livestock. Such spectacles are not possible in the world now. We speak of that time as the good old time; but would it not be better to call it the brave old time? It was a brave old time. To the brave men and women of that time we owe a great PIONEER LIFE IN CALLAWAY COUNTY 165 debt. They gave the Nation and us this state and this county. They braved perils and endured hardships few of us would care to undertake, whatever might be the reward. This debt we owe them we can pay only by honoring their memory and perpetuating their virtues and ideals, the while doing our part toward making ours a land of national, civic and personal righteousness. 166 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW

A STUDY IN MISSOURI POLITICS, 1840-1870 BY RAYMOND D. THOMAS FIRST ARTICLE This study in Missouri politics is essentially an exposition of a point of view. The object of the study is to give unity, in a measure at least, to the subject of Missouri politics during the period of the Civil War. An attempt has been made to sketch the connecting facts of party disruption and reorganization during the period from 1840 to 1870. This is a period in the political history of Missouri that calls for unified consideration. To understand party reorganization in Mis­ souri after the Civil War, one necessarily must be familiar with the political struggles in the state during the period of the war. Certainly one is in the dark in a study of politics during the war without a quite detailed knowledge of party disruption which had been in progress in Missouri during the two decades just preceding 1860.

CHAPTER I PARTY DISRUPTION The election of 1860 in Missouri was a victory for the Union. The verdict of the people was against secession and for slavery. Missouri in this election counseled moderation. The Republican party, with its non-extension of slavery policy, had elicited little praise in the state. Even in the St. Louis district it was a minority party. The Breckenridge ticket drew a vote nearly double that of the Republican ticket, but it was rather evenly distributed throughout the state. In the main, however, except in a group of counties in the , this ticket was also far in the minority. The signifi­ cant vote was that of the Douglas and Bell-Everett tickets. These two tickets can be considered as representing a united voice in Missouri, a conservative voice, seeking an amicable settlement of all sectional difficulties without resort to direct A STUDY IN MISSOURI POLITICS, 1840-1870 167 action. Indeed, it is not difficult to see in this combination of conservative votes the fundamental elements of Missouri's Civil War policy. Missouri voted for her own interests as well as for the interests of the Union. Secession would mean war, and war would mean paralyzed industry and a disturbance of social institutions. Missouri was prospering with slavery in 1860; opinion in the state accordingly was equally adverse to both secession and abolition of slavery. The election of 1860 in Missouri deserves a more detailed analysis. The canvass was a spirited three-cornered fight, the Lincoln ticket being a negligible consideration except in the St. Louis district. The total vote was 165,618, which was over fifteen per cent of the white population of the state.1 Of this vote Lincoln received 10%, Breckenridge 18.8%, Bell 35.4%, and Douglas 35.5%. Combining the Douglas and Bell vote, conservative Union vote, we find that approx­ imately three out of every four voters registered a decision against both the Northern and Southern extremes.2 The Republican vote invites special attention. Lincoln carried St. Louis with a minority of the total vote. Of the 24,761 votes in St. Louis city and county,^ Lincoln received 9,946 or about 40%. On the other hand, the combined vote of Douglas and Bell was 14,206, whilejBreckenridgeltrailed with only 609.3 Lincoln carried Gasconade county, a German center, with a majority of the total vote. In each of eight counties he received one vote, while from fifteen^counties not one Republican vote was returned.4 The Republican vote was polled principally in districts of a comparatively heavy foreign population—mainly Germans and Irish. It was wise political strategy for the Republican management, acting upon the advice of emancipationists, to send to St. Louis on August 1, 1860, where he condemned slavery to final destruction and voiced an appeal for support of the Republican ticket. This "Doom of Slavery" address was planned to "help the emancipationists elect their congres-

*Eighth Federal Census, 1860. (Pop. Vol. p. 277). 2John McElroy, Struggle for Missouri (Washington, 1909), p. 21. Lincoln's vote was 17,028; Breckenridge, 31,317; Bell, 58,372; Douglas, 58,801. 8J. Thomas Scharf, History of St. Louis (2 Vols., St. Louis, 1883), I, p. 597. ^Tribune Almanac, 1861 (New York), p. 55. 168 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW sional candidates; (and) he also availed himself of the oppor­ tunity to make a direct appeal to slaveholders." Schurz concluded with these words: "Struggle on, brave men! The anxious wishes of millions are hovering around you. Struggle on, until the banner of emancipation is planted upon the capitol of your state, and one of the proudest chapters of our history will read: 'Missouri led the van and the nation followed!' "5 Missouri Republicans did "struggle on," but they emerged swamped by a ten to one decision. Yet there are in politics considerations other than mere majorities. Particularly is this demonstrated in the Republican vote in the 1860 election in Missouri. From more than one point of view, Missouri appeared to be a key state in a threatening national crisis. Perhaps of all the slave-holding states, a moderate, gradual emancipation policy would seem to fit best in Missouri. She was seventh among all of the states in population, first among the slave states in white population, and eleventh among the slave states in slave population.6 Missouri was surrounded on three sides by free soil. She was outside of the profitable cotton plantation area. Commercially, her interests were much in common with Illinois and the states of the northern Mississippi valley.7 Frank Blair went to Springfield for a conference with Lincoln in April 1857. In a conversation in Lincoln's law office it was decided between these two Republican leaders

eCarl Schurz, Address at St. Louis, August 1, 1860. In Speeches and Correspondence of Carl Schurz, edited by Frederic Bancroft (6 vols., New York 1913), I, pp. 122-160. The Federal census of 1860 gave St. Louis a population of 160,733. St. Louis in 1860, eighth city in size in the United States, had the largest percentage of foreign born of any city in the country—59.76 %. The total foreign born population was 96,086, including 50,510 from the German states, 29,926 from Ireland, and the rest from other countries. The foreign population in the entire state numbered 160,541, of whom 88,487 were born in German states and 43,464 in Ireland. Missouri counties having the heaviest foreign born population in 1860 were: St. Louis, St. Charles, Gasconade—50 to 60%; Franklin, Warren, Osage—40 to 50 %; Jefferson, Cole—30 to 40 %; Cape Girar­ deau, Marion, Cooper, Lafayette, Buchanan—20 to 30%; Jackson, Benton, Morgan, Moniteau, Ste. Genevieve, Perry—less than 20 %. See Federal Census, 1860 (Pop. Vol.,) pp. 29, 32, 299-300. ^Census 1860 (Pop. Vol.) pp. 13, 171, 277, 278, 505. 'John W. Million, State Aid to Railways in Missouri (Chicago, 1896), p. 59. A STUDY IN MISSOURI POLITICS, 1840-1870 169 that the Missouri Democrat should "bloom for Republicanism in 1860." In the plan for spreading Republican gospel were included also the Louisville Journal and papers in Virginia.8 The whole program, it seems, was to ''bloom" in the office of the Democrat in St. Louis, under the sponsorship of Frank Blair, Jr. and B. Gratz Brown. St. Louis in 1857 had elected a gradual emancipationist for mayor; also in 1858. But it must be remembered that St. Louis had comparatively few slaves to emancipate. Gratz Brown was sent from St. Louis in 1857 to the General Assembly, where he delivered a vigorous speech on emancipa­ tion, declaring that, "Missouri has nothing in common with the South, either in national or home concerns. Nor does she owe any debt of gratitude" to that section.9 In that same year the St. Louis district sent Blair to Congress. Other gradual emancipationists in St. Louis city politics between 1855 and 1860 were Edward Bates, John M. Wimer, O. D. Filley, John D. Stevenson, and John How. Thus everything was in readiness for the blossoming of Republicanism in 1860. The 17,000 minority vote given the Republican national ticket represented a potential victory. A strong Union leadership had been trained for the trying days ahead. The Breckenridge vote was significant. In the light of subsequent events in Missouri politics, it perhaps would not be a mistake to think of this vote as representing the secession forces. Only in twelve counties—Miller, Maries, Ozark, Oregon, Shannon, Taney, Texas, Ripley, Vernon, Pulaski, Carter, Wright—did Breckenridge poll a majority over the combined vote of his three opponents.1" All of these counties, excepting Vernon, are in the Ozarks, a region in 1860 of few slaves and of comparatively light population. Combined, these counties had a white population of 46,231 and only 844 slaves. Of the 5,599 votes cast in these twelve counties,

sWilliam H. Herndon to Theodore Parker, Boston, Abolitionist—Letter, dated April 1857. Quoted by Walter B. Stevens, Lincoln and Missouri, in Missouri Historical Review, X, p. 65. •B. Gratz Brown, Address before the Missouri General Assembly in 1857. Quoted in Samuel B. Harding, Life of George R. Smith (Sedalia, Mo., 1904), p. 308. ^Tribune Almanac, 1861, pp. 54-55. 170 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW

Breckenridge received 3,475. These figures are striking in contrast with results from the older settled, slave-holding district in the central part of the state. For a contrast we consider three contiguous counties, Boone, Howard, and Calla­ way. These counties had in 1680 a white population of 41,280 and 15,443 slaves. Breckenridge received only 1,371 of of the total vote of 7,652 in these three slave-holding counties— the slave-holding counties voted overwhelmingly for Douglas and Bell. Bell drew the old line Whig vote in the older settled sec­ tions of the state. The Douglas ticket, backed by the Missouri Republican, polled only a few hundred more than half of the conservative vote, capturing the state electoral vote by a margin of only 429 votes over Bell. Largely through the efforts of the former Whig organ, the Missouri Republican, the Douglas ticket was made the official state Democratic ticket. The Republican, by threatening to announce a straight Douglas state ticket, "smoked out" Claiborne F. Jackson, the Democratic candidate for governor, for the "Little Giant." The Breckenridge wing, accordingly, brought out its own candidate for Governor, Hancock Jackson, who received but 11,416 votes in the state election in August.11 All of this seems but a monotony of cold election statistics. They bear fruitful evidence, however, of the state of feeling in a most critical moment in the political history of the state. This election savored of the party disruption which had been growing during the two decades immediately before, and it augured the future party reorganization in the state, which was essentially completed in 1874. This election guaranteed Missouri's stand for the Union in event of rebellion. The writer cannot agree with the position of some authors who infer that the quick, decisive action of a few regiments of Union recruits really prevented the state from slipping quietly into the Southern Confederacy. What were the negative elements in the election results? It did not mean that Mis-

nTribune Almanac, 1861, p. 55. The Missouri state election, August 1860, gave for Governor C. F. Jackson (Douglas Dem.), 74,446; Sample Orr (Bell-Everett), 66,584; Hancock Jackson (Breckenridge Dem.), 11,416; James B. Gardenhire (Republican), 6,135. A STUDY IN MISSOURI POLITICS, 1840-1870 171 souri was tired of slavery as an institution, nor that the state was ready to cooperate with the North in emancipation movements or in the program of non-extension of slavery in the territories. It did not mean that, in the event of rebellion in the cotton states, Missouri would stand three to one in favor of vigorous prosecution of a war against seceded states. It did not mean that Missouri had severed ties of friendship with the other slaveholding states, and was accordingly seeking new friends in the North and West. But these propo­ sitions call for more light. We may consider first the attitude of Missouri toward slavery during the decade 1850-1860. Missouri was not a typical plantation state. J Slavery, therefore, took the nature of a domestic rather than a commercial institution. Missouri was like Kentucky in this respect.12 Commercially and agri­ culturally, Missouri was better suited to free labor than to slave labor, but in pre-war days this was by no means recog­ nized. A glance at a map giving the distribution of slaves in the state shows the slave counties lined along both banks of the Missouri River, and along the Mississippi. The Missouri river counties of Boone, Howard, Chariton, Cooper, Saline, Lafayette, Ray, Clay, Jackson, Moniteau, and Callaway contained in 1860 about 58,000 of the 114,951 slaves in the state—a little over fifty per cent.13 The increase in slave population since 1820 had practically paralleled the increase in whites, except during the decade 1850-1860, a period of heavy immigration of Germans and Irish. Was slavery profitable in Missouri? Senator Green de­ clared in the in 1858 that the "slave population of the State of Missouri has grown rapidly in the last ten years, and it is retained because it is profitable."14 Frank Blair speaking before a joint session of the Missouri General Assembly in 1855, stated that the staples of the state,

"Harrison A. Trexler, Slavery in Missouri, in Johns Hopkins University Studies, XXXII, (1914), No. 2, pp. 18-19. ^Census, 1860 (Pop. Vol.) "Congressional Globe, 35th Congress, 1st session, Part III, p. 2207. Trexler, Slavery in Mo., p. 55. Senator Green, it should be noted, represented the most radical of the pro-slavery elements in Missouri. 172 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW hemp and tobacco, could " 'only be cultivated by slave labor.' "15 A prime male slave sold for $1,000 to $1,200 in the late fifties, says Trexler—a conclusion based upon records of sales, appraisements and inventories of slave property, taken from manuscripts in Probate Court records of various Missouri river counties.16 At Lexington, Lafayette county, a pro-slavery convention gathered in 1855. Resolutions were adopted which aimed especially at the idea that slavery was not considered profitable in Missouri, declaring that "no respectable party can be found in this State, outside of St. Louis, prepared to embark in any such schemes [of emanci­ pation]."17 Other circumstances throwing light on the political situation developing in Missouri from 1855 to 1860 relative to slavery are those connected with attempts to organize an effective opposition to the regular Democratic party. This takes us into the period of the fight made by Thomas Hart Benton and his followers to regain control of the Democratic party after Benton's defeat in 1851; also into the period of the breakup of the old Whig party. The Democrats were divided. The Whigs after 1852 weie seeking a new party name. The circumstances seemed to call for a united opposition against the regular Democrats with emancipation as an issue. But the more populous slave- holding counties had been rather consistently Whig since 1844. On January 30, 1856, James S. Rollins, an old line Whig leader, wrote to George R. Smith, Whig, of Sedalia thus: "Ours is a routed army; the soldiers scattered like the stars in the firmament; everything lost. . . . Without a leader, all is dismay and confusion. . . . Can we regain any part of what is lost? If not, we may at least preserve a nucleus around which to rally once more in 1860. ... If the opposition could only be united, we have won the State! But can this be done? For one, I greatly doubt it. Frank [Blair] is for starting a Benton man for Governor; but I have learned enough to know that we cannot unite the Americans

"Trexler, Slavery in Mo., p. 55. "Ibid., pp. 30-54. "Ibid., p. 169. A STUDY IN MISSOURI POLITICS, 1840-1870 173 on such an one. That arrangement would be acceptable to me, but I do not believe it would win. On the other hand, it may be quite hard to get the Irish and German vote for a Know-Nothing. My impression is that if an American is started, he ought to withdraw from the order . . ,"18 This rather lengthy quotation well sums up the complexity of Missouri politics in 1856. Candidates opposing the regular Democrats in 1856 were put to a strict test on the question of emancipation. The canvass resolved itself into a struggle between the Democrats and a coalition made up of Whigs, Americans, Free-Soilers, and Anti-Benton Democrats. George R. Smith was a candi­ date on the coalition ticket for a vacant seat in Congress from the fifth district. On May 27, 1856 he received word from a friend, saying: "... Many are trying to slay you on the negro question, which is unjust and wrong; and I have and do thus express myself at all times and under any circumstances. And you shall not be slain on that question if I can avoid it; believing as I do that you are a sound con­ servative pro-slavery man."19 S. H. Woodson, one of the coalition leaders, wrote in February 1856, that, "If the Amer­ ican party succeeds, the Union is safe, and our domestic in­ stitutions will remain untouched; but if it fails, the horrors of intestine war, and all the appalling consequences of dis­ union, must ensue."20 Regarding slavery and Smith's candidacy for nomination for Congress another correspondent wrote: "Your reported opinion in relation to is doing you a deal of damage in Saline, Lafayette, and Jackson. Those who control matters here say they are afraid of the effect of compromising anything on the slavery question

"James S. Rollins to George R. Smith—Letter dated January 30, 1856. Quoted in Harding, Smith, p. 244. On March 5, 1856, Rollins wrote to Smith as follows; *'I am glad that Frank and Gratz [Benton Democrats—Frank Blair and Gratz Brown] will be satisfied with Americans, if thereby they can accomplish the overthrow of the nullifiers [Anti-Benton Democrats.] This again proves that we ought to have a true man for Governor. I repeat, therefore, attend to your side of the river." Harding, Smith, pp. 247-249. "William S. Field to George R. Smith—Letter, dated May 27, 1856. Harding, Smith, p. 253. *»S. H. Woodson to George R. Smith—Letter, dated Feb. 23, 1856. Harding, Smith, pp. 254-255. 174 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW

. . ."21 In the special election of August, 1857, Rollins was the coalition candidate for governor against R. M. Stewart, Democrat. Relative to Rollins' candidacy Woodson wrote in July: "His [Rollins'] position and past personal history upon the slavery issue, though highly conservative, are altogether acceptable to the most ultra pro-slavery men of our party; and I believe he will not lose the old-line Whigs in our county, even among the many who voted for Bu­ chanan."22 Efforts of a coalition to defeat the regular Democrats in 1856 and 1858 failed. Benton lost his final fight to regain his seat in the Senate. A Democratic elected two pro-slavery United States Senators— for a long term and James S. Green for a short term. On February 16, 1857 the Missouri General Assembly by a joint resolution in the House 107 to 12—13 not voting, and in the Senate 25 to 4—4 not voting—declared, "that the emancipation of slaves held as property in this State would be impracticable, inexpedient, impolitic, unwise, and unjust, and should be discountenanced by the people of the State."23 The Blair- Brown following in St. Louis, with the Missouri Democrat, was ready in 1857 to launch the new Republican movement in the state, looking toward the approaching contest in 1860. Only a few were ready to follow. Benton denounced the movement; in the final test he was apparently not prepared to declare himself for the emancipation program.24 The old line WThigs and a large number of Benton Democrats were left without a party. This was party disruption indeed—a disruption whose origins lay in varied and complex circum­ stances, to which we must now give brief attention. "Benton is beaten!" These three words made the lead­ ing news in the Missouri Republican, issue of January 24, 1851. It was news full of import. The bitter political fight

21R. C. Ewing to George R. Smith—Letter, dated June 18, 1856. Harding, Smith, pp. 254-255. 22S. H. Woodson to George R. Smith—Letter, dated July 26,1857. Harding, Smith, p. 263. 23John L. Thomas, Some Historic Lines in Missouri, in Mo. Hist. Rev., Ill, p. 22. 2«Thomas Hart Benton, Letter of. Quoted in C. H. McClure, A Century of Missouri Politics, in Mo. Hist. Rev., XV, p. 320. A STUDY IN MISSOURI POLITICS, 1840-1870 175 which had been in progress in the state since May 26, 1849, was to have at least a lull. Benton, Missouri's thirty year Senator, was to be succeeded by a Whig, Henry S. Geyer of St. Louis. The issues that had operated to split the Missouri Democracy were now clearly set forth. The principles an­ nounced in the so-called Jackson resolutions, relative to slavery in the territories and the right of the state legislature to in­ struct a senator in Congress, had not been repudiated. Benton's "Appeal" to the people of Missouri had been lost. The story of the fight against Benton is a long one, in­ volving almost endless details. Particular phases of the Benton-Anti-Benton struggle have received extended treat­ ment by historians.25 The present study need only sketch the outlines of the story. Opposition to Benton was forming as early as 1840. By 1844 events had taken such a turn as to threaten his election to the Senate. Benton's stand for hard money, and his influence in connection with writing the rather rigid charter of the Bank of Missouri, established in 1837, had not comforted the commercial interests in St. Louis. As a consequence the so-called "Softs" bolted the regular Democratic policy for hard money in Missouri; hence the factional fight between the "Softs" (Anti-Benton) and the "Hards" (Benton) in the Democratic ranks.26 Other conditions complicated the division. The frontier counties were consistently Democratic before 1860. The state constitution of 1820 provided that each county should have at least one representative in the lower house of the legis­ lature, with not more than one hundred from the entire state. New counties were rapidly reducing the relative re­ presentation from the older counties. About 1844, for ex­ ample, Caldwell county with a population of 1,583 had one representative in the legislature, Boone county with 14,290 people had one, ftiid St. Louis county with 47,668 people had only four representatives. The Democrats of the frontier communities, therefore, were naturally favorable to the cre-

«See C. H. McClure, Early Opposition to Thomas Hart Benton, in Mo. Hist. Rev., X (1916;, pp. 151-196; P. O-. Ray, The Retirement of Benton From the Senate and Its Significance, in Mo. Hist. Rev., II (1907), pp. 1-14; 96-111. *«McClure, Opposition to Benton, pp. 162-172. 176 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW

ation of new counties, while the older counties of the Missouri and Mississippi valleys were opposed to the admission of new counties. The frontier counties favored the district system of electing congressmen. Prior to this time Missouri had been electing members of Congress on a general ticket. But most of the Democratic leaders were residents of the central part of the state, and they had come to be known by the sobriquet, "Central Clique." These leaders, of course, were not favorable to the district system; hence another source of friction among the Democrats. The main thrust at Benton in this complexity of party division arose over his stand against the Texas annexation treaty. Missourians, generally, favored the annexation of Texas. Benton, seemingly inconsistent with his former position on the Texas question, had contributed to the defeat of the annexation treaty, negotiated by his political arch­ enemy, John C. Calhoun. David R. Atchison joined with C. F. Jackson and the "Central Clique" in taking a firm stand for Texas; a tour of the state by Benton was necessary in order to clarify his position. The fact that Benton's hold on the Missouri Democracy was weakening is clearly seen in the vote for United States Senator in the legislature, November and December 1844. Atchison was elected by 101 votes—34 more than necessary. Benton received 74 votes—a majority of only eight.27 Out of the tangle of Missouri politics in the canvass of 1844 emerged an energized and hopeful Whig party and a divided Democracy. The bickering between the Democratic factions had redounded to the profit of the Whigs, who had gained several seats in the state legislature. The schism among the Democrats, although submerged and dormant for the period of the Mexican War, went deep into the founda­ tions of the party. One group was led by Senator Benton, the other by Senator Atchison, James S. Green, C. F. Jackson, and others. Out of the settlement of the Mexican War arose the issues that hastened the decisive struggle between the Demo-

"McClure, Opposition to Benton, pp. 192-196. Atchison was elected to fill the vacancy caused by the death of Senator Lewis P. Linn. A STUDY IN MISSOURI POLITICS, 1840-1870 177

cratic factions. Missouri was vitally concerned with the prosecution of the Mexican War and with the whole expansion policy of the Polk administration. In the settlement after the war the state was especially interested. On February 15, 1847, the legislature "instructed" the Missouri Senators and "requested" their representatives in Congress "to vote in accordance with the provisions and the spirit of the (Mis­ souri Compromise Act) . . . in all questions which may come before them in relation to the organization of new Terri­ tories or States, out of the Territory now belonging to the United States, or which may be acquired either by purchase, by treaty, or by conquest."28 C. F. Jackson introduced counter resolutions in the state senate, but was not able to carry them through. These instructions, issued to Benton and Atchison just four days before Calhoun's "fire brand re­ solutions" in the United States Senate, were "obeyed (by Benton) not only in the letter, but in the spirit."29 Two years brought a change of feeling throughout the state. The legislature in 1849 understood opinion in the state to be "against the 'Wilmot Proviso' and the doctrine of the Tree Soil' party."30 Accordingly, early in 1849 C. F. Jackson introduced in the legislature a series of six resolutions relative to the question of slavery in the newly acquired territory in the Southwest. These resolutions may be briefly stated: first, that Congress has no general power to legislate on slavery in the territories; secondly, that the exercise of power by Congress in "excluding citizens from any part of the Union from removing to such territories with their property" would operate "to alienate one portion of the Union from another, . . . tending ultimately to disunion;" thirdly, that "the conduct of the Northern States on the subject of Slavery" released slave-holding states from adherence to the , but that "for the sake of harmony and the pres-

"See Thomas H. Benton, Address oj—Jefferson City, Missouri, May 26, 1849. This is Benton's famous "Appeal" address; given in full in the Missouri Courier (Hannibal)—issues of June 7 and June 14, 1849. "Benton's Appeal address. Mo. Courier, June 14, 1849. The Calhoun resolutions, relative to slavery in the territory acquired in the Mexican War, were introduced in the Senate in February, 1847. «°C. F. Jackson—Letter, May 24, 1849, entitled "To the People of Howard and Chariton Counties." Mo. Courier, May 31, 1849. 178 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW ervation of the Federal Union" the slave states would still sanction the application of the provisions of the compromise of 1820 to the newly acquired territories, provided the "spirit of anti-slavery fanaticism be extinguished"; fourthly, that the "right to prohibit slavery in any territory, belongs ex­ clusively to the people thereof . . ."; fifthly, that in case of action by Congress adverse to the foregoing principles, "Missouri will be found in hearty co-operation with the slave- holding states" for "mutual protection against the encroach­ ments of Northern fanaticism"; sixthly, that "our Senators be instructed and our Representatives be requested to act in conformity to the foregoing resolutions."31 The resolutions were passed in the Senate by a vote of about 24 to 6, the Dem­ ocrats quite consistently voting for and the Whigs against. In the House an attempt to substitute resolutions of milder tone was defeated by a vote of 62 to 20. The original resolu­ tions were then passed, one by one, by a vote of about 56 to 25.32 These instructions reached Benton and Atchison in due time. Would they obey? Senator Atchison made formal answer on July 12: "7 will obey them: 1st., Because they express the will of my constituents—To the General Assembly of the State of Missouri am I indebted for my seat in the Senate of the United States, and I acknowledge their right to instruct, and my duty to obey or resign . . . ." Senator Atchison went on to say that he concurred with the principles avowed in the resolutions.33 Benton, on May 26, 1849, in a great speech at Jefferson City appealed "from the instructions, . . . because they are in conflict with the instructions already receiued and obeyed—because they did not emanate siCol. W. F. Switzler, History of Missouri (St. Louis, 1868), pp. 265-266. Switzler gives the resolutions in full. It is doubtful if the resolutions were the work of O. F. Jackson alone. It appears that they came from a group of pro-slavery leaders, some of whom, without doubt, were in close touch with John C. Calhoun. Benton charged that the resolutions were inspired by the Calhoun resolutions, introduced in the U. S. Senate in February, 1847. Some writers refer to the resolutions as the Napton resolutions on the ground that Judge Nap ton was their real author. Judge Napton denied that he wrote them; also that he was in touch with Calhoun. It may be nearer the truth to call them the Napton-Jackson resolu­ tions. 32Switzler, Missouri, pp. 266-268. 8»D. R. Atchison's reply to a request of a non-political meeting held in Platte City, Missouri, June 14, 1849. Mo. Courier, July 12, 1849. A STUDY IN MISSOURI POLITICS, 1840-1870 179

from any known desire, or understood will of the people— because they contain unconstitutional expositions of the con­ stitution, . . . (and) promote disunion—because they pledge the State to co-operate with other states in the event of Civil war— . . ,"34 (Italics Mine.) The fight was on. It was more than a contest between great personalities; it was a fight for principles. Would Missouri Democrats repudiate the principles of the Napton- Jackson resolutions, or would they refuse to send Benton back to the Senate for his sixth term? Would the doctrine of legislative instruction be sustained? Benton's "Appeal" speech opened the contest. Jackson, already informed con­ cerning Benton's views, hurried to defend the resolutions as advocating "the doctrine of non-interference" and professing an adherence to the Missouri Compromise.35 Benton toured the state. He was trailed by opponents of true mettle: Judge James H. Birch, James S. Green, Senator Atchison, Louis V. Bogy, and Claiborne F. Jackson. The opponents of Benton stressed the right of the legislature to issue binding instructions to senators. Slavery came in for a full share of discussions. Benton was careful to explain that he was not an abolitionist; yet he defended the Wilmot Proviso. He was, of course, only following his old policy of moderation in deal­ ing with the slavery question. Meanwhile, radical pro- slavery speakers were defending slavery, arguing that the negroes were better off in slavery, that the South was not responsible for the introduction of slavery, that the "Con- titution or bond of Union, between the States . . . clearly and unequivocally recognizes and sustains the in­ stitution of slavery."36

»*Benton's Jefferson City Speech, May 26, 1849. Mo. Courier, June 7 and 14, 1849. 36Jackson's letter to his constituents. Mo. Courier, May 31, 1849. 86James S. Green, Address at Palmyra, Missouri, June 9, 1849. Mo. Courier, June 28, 1849. In response to notification in the Western Eagle (Cape Girardeau), "Citi­ zens of both political parties," Whig and Democratic, met at Jackson, Cape Girardeau County, May 26, 1849. Two prominent Whig leaders, Nathaniel W. Watkins and T. B. English, addressed the meeting, after which resolutions were adopted approving the Nap ton-Jackson resolutions "without distinction of party," opposing Congressional interference with slavery in the territories, pledging devotion to the Union with a firm belief in state sovereignty—the right of the Legislature to instruct Senators. Western Eagle, June 1, 1849. 180 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW

Most of the counties in the state held meetings in which were adopted resolutions relating to Benton's "Appeal." The right of the legislature to instruct senators seemed to be a generally accepted doctrine among the Whigs and Anti- Benton Democrats. In announcing the election of Henry S. Geyer to the Senate in January, 1851, a Whig paper pointed out that Geyer denied that Congress had the power to inter­ fere with slavery in the territories; that he was a "thorough Whig"; that he believed in the right of instruction; that he would "obey or resign when instructed by the legislature"; and that, "should a petition be presented to repeal the Fugitive Slave Bill, he will not be found voting against laying it on the table."37 Judge Geyer's belief in the right of the legislature to instruct senators was a big factor in winning the Anti-Benton votes necessary to guarantee his election to the Senate over Benton. The Benton-Anti-Benton breach widened throughout 1849 and 1850. The Compromise of 1850 was quite generally popular among Missouri Democrats. Benton opposed most of its provisions 38 The veteran Senator was up for re-election in the General Assembly, January, 1851. Efforts to bring the Anti-Benton and the Benton factions together on a "dark horse" failed.39. Accordingly, the Anti-Benton mem-

87 Western Eagle, January 24, 1851. During the deadlock in the Missouri legislature in January, 1851, an in­ quiry was sent to Judge Geyer, asking for his opinion on legislative instruction. He made prompt answer by telegraph: "St. Louis, January 13. Hon. J. B. Crockett, Jefferson City. The right of the Legislature to instruct a Senator, is well established, and, in my opinion, their instructions ought to be respected by the Senator, as the expression of the will of the people of the State, to which it is his duty to con­ form. H. S. Geyer." The next day he sent a telegram less vague in meaning. "St. Louis, Jan. 14. Hon. J. B. Crockett, Jefferson City. I desire to add, that a Senator is not bound to conform to instructions inconsistent with his convictions or constitutional obligations; but, in case of conflict, it becomes him to surrender his place rather than thwart the will of his constituents. H. S. Geyer." Western Eagle, Jan., 1851. "Trexler, Slavery in Mo., p. 146. »»Western Eagle (Telegraphic Reports of Proceedings of the General As­ sembly), Jan. 3, 1851. A STUDY IN MISSOURI POLITICS, 1840-1870 181 bers co-operated with the Whigs in the organization of both houses of the legislature. Resolutions favorable to slavery and declaring it to be the duty of senators to obey instructions were tabled; also resolutions pledging unfaltering devotion to the Union and indorsing the Compromises of 1850 met the same fate. Balloting for Senator began on January 10. The first seven ballots only revealed the determination of all factions to stay with their respective candidates. On the seventh ballot H. S. Geyer (Whig) had 64 votes; Thomas H. Benton, 56; James S. Green (Anti-Benton,) 36. It will be observed that the Benton wing had emerged from the two years' struggle with a decided lead on the Antis. The Anti- Ben tonites held the balance of power. Days wore on; ballot­ ing continued, with little change in the relative strength of either faction. The fortieth ballot broke the deadlock. Geyer won on this ballot with 80 votes; Benton finished with about his original strength, 55; Stringfellow, 18; Green, 2; scattering, 3.40 It was a Whig-Anti-Benton victory. As has already been pointed out, the election of Geyer and the defeat of Benton sustained the doctrine of legislative instruction. The Napton- Jackson resolutions remained on the statute books; however, the legislature took a decided stand against any movement having the flavor of disunion.41 Each faction of the Demo­ cratic party had defeated the other, but the advantages were decidedly with the Anti-Benton wing. But Benton was not dead, politically. Yield to the Antis he would not; rather would he "sit in council with the six thousand dead, who have died of cholera in St. Louis, than to

*° Western Eagle, Jan. 24, 1851. 41On February 21, 1851, the following resolution was offered in the Mis­ souri House of Representatives, and, after an unsuccessful attempt to get a hearing for a substitute of milder tone, it was adopted by a vote of 81 to 34: "Resolved, that in the opinion of the House the practice of convening such bodies as the late Nashville Convention is dangerous in its tendencies, calcu­ lated to foster sectional jealousies, and to weaken the bond of Union. The people of Missouri will co-operate with no organized body, be it North or South the apparent object of which may be to foment national discord " "Resolved, That the House emphatically denies the doctrine of secession as maintained by Southern statesmen, and dissents from the Nashville Con­ vention. . . ." Western Eagle, Feb. 21, 1851. 182 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW go into the convention with such a gang of scamps . . . [Anti-Benton Democrats.]''42 The Antis in convention in 1852 were willing to forget the past—even Benton's diso­ bedience to the legislature in 1849—on condition that he "acquiesce" in the adjustments of the compromise measures of 1850. Benton refused to acquiesce; he stumped the state in condemnation of his opponents.43 The first congressional district sent him to Congress in 1852. He was perennially a candidate for the Senate. The Missouri legislature con­ vened in special session in August 1852 to consider internal improvements. The session had a stormy beginning; the old battle was resumed, with the Napton-Jackson resolutions as the issue. The Benton Democrats insisted on expunging them from the journals. In December, 1852, the regular session of the legislature met only for another struggle be­ tween the factions—the Benton wing led by Frank Blair, Gratz Brown, John D. Stevenson, and Walter B. Morris; the Antis by C. F. Jackson, R. M. Stewart, Benjamin L. Kennet; the Whigs by James O. Broadhead, C. Hardin, and S. H. Woodson.44 During 1853 and 1854 Benton was campaigning for Atchi­ son's seat in the Senate, calling into action every force that might operate to discredit Atchison's record relative to the Pacific railroad and the Kansas-Nebraska territory agitation. In January, 1855, the eighteenth General Assembly met in joint session to elect a United States Senator. A deadlock developed with Atchison holding about 56 votes, Benton 40, and Doniphan, Whig, 59. After forty-one ballots the joint session by a vote of 88 to 63 adjourned until convened by concurrent resolutions of both houses.45 As a consequence Missouri had but one Senator between March 4, 1855 and March 4, 1857—striking testimony of the bitterness which attended the continuous political bickering in the state from

«Benton—Letter of— dated Washington, March 8, 1850. Quoted in Ray, Retirement of Benton, p. 104. «Benton—Letter of—dated Washington, March 8, 1850. Quoted in Ray, Retirement of Benton, p. 107. "Switzler, Missouri, pp. 276-277. "Ibid., pp. 277-278. A STUDY IN MISSOURI POLITICS, 1840-1870 183

1844 to 1860, only to be continued through nearly two de­ cades after 1860. Party disruption was complete; The old, triumphant Bentonian Democracy in Missouri politics was dead. The Whigs, as Benton said, had died an honorable death with the passing of Henry Clay. But through all those twenty years of political strife can be seen silent forces which were directing the people of Missouri toward two distinct standards. It is this new alignment, definitely though secretly forming during the two decades before the crisis of 1860-61, that is of signifi­ cance in Missouri politics. Though voting tickets of varied names during the decade 1850-60—Benton Democrat, Anti- Benton Democrat, Whig, Free-Soil, American, Republican— the people of Missouri were drifting into two groups—one conservative, the other radical. The radicals were far in the minority; they were the adherents to the extreme doctrines of the free-soilers, on the one hand—on the other, to the doc­ trines of state rights and secession. The vast majority of Missourians condemned both of these extreme groups. They were neither disunionists nor abolitionists. Slavery as an institution, this conservative element looked upon as a fact. While they sought to avoid a conflict of arms', at the same time, they expected slavery to be retained.46 Each of the foregoing groups had the support of its par­ ticular share of press opinion. By far the most influential papers in the state were the Missouri Democrat and the Mis­ souri Republican, both published in St. Louis. The Democrat, as suggested before, was the chief radical-Union organ. This paper had its origin in circumstances growing out of the dis­ integration of the Democratic party between 1844 and 1860.

^It is worth while to designate the leaders of these two political groups— conservative and radical. Among the outstanding conservatives were: R. M. Stewart, Democrat; A. W. Doniphan, Whig; James O. Broadhead, Whig; Hamilton R. Gamble, Democrat; , Democrat; Thomas L. Price, Democrat;; Henry S. Geyer, Whig; John S. Phelps, Democrat; James H. Birch, Democrat; W. F. Switzler, Whig; , Whig; Nathaniel Watkins, Whig; James S. Rollins, Whig; Nathaniel Paschall, Whig-Democrat; Leaders of the extreme pro-slavery wing of the radicals were: C F. Jackson, Democrat; Trusten Polk, Democrat; James S. Green, Democrat; David R. Atchison, Democrat; T. B. Reynolds, Democrat; William Price, Democrat; The anti-slavery-Union leaders were: B. Gratz Brown, Democrat-Free-Soiler; Frank Blair, Democrat-Free-Soiler; Edward Bates, Whig-Republican. 184 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW

The Democrat was established in 1853 "in the interest of Thomas H. Benton and the Free-Soil wing of the Democratic party."47 It has already been observed how ardently the Democrat supported the Republican ticket in the election of 1860. At the head of the conservative press stood the Mis­ souri Republican. This paper, organized in 1808 by Joseph Charles, Irish patriot of '98, had an interesting career. During the half-century since its establishment the Republican had advocated the Republicanism of Thomas Jefferson, supported the Whig doctrines of Henry Clay, and now in 1860 it had come to the support of the conservative wing of the Demo­ cratic party.48

«*Scharf, St. Louis, I., p. 925. •sScharf, St. Louis, I., p. 915. DAVID NELSON AND MARION COLLEGE 185

DAVID NELSON AND MARION COLLEGE

BY GEORGE A. MAHAN David Nelson was born in 1793 in Tennessee, attended local schools and graduated at Washington College, Lexington, Virginia, now Washington and Lee University. He studied medicine and graduated at the University of Kentucky, practiced his profession for a short time, was in the United States Army in that capacity, and became an infidel. He was very intelligent and believed in impressing his ideas on the public, making a very careful study of the Bible for that purpovse. He became convinced that he was wrong, studied for the ministry and became a Presbyterian clergyman. He preached in Tennessee and in Kentucky, during which time he wrote a noted book on "The Cause and Cure of Infidelity/' now known as "Nelson on Infidelity." It passed through many editions. He always took a great interest in young people and concluded that he could be of more service by teaching. In 1829 he came to Missouri, located and established a college twelve miles west of Palmyra, and twenty-four miles northwest of Hannibal at what is now the village of Phila­ delphia. He named it Marion College. He evidently wanted to give those who had but little opportunity for a college education the chance to obtain one, because he located his school on the very border of the frontier settlement. Few, if any, white men lived west of it and the land was nearly all unentered, even around and about the school. He acquired a large body of land adjacent, the idea being to let the students work their way through the college. Dr. Nelson was deeply imbued with his undertaking, was a man of fine talent and a really and truly excellent teacher. He secured the assistance of thoroughly educated teachers and the college succeeded splendidly in that remote country. These teachers were graduates of eastern colleges, all of them, and the reputation of Marion College spread rapidly. The students came from Missouri along and near 186 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW by the Mississippi river, from Illinois and from Iowa. The Legislature of Missouri granted a charter to the college on January 15, 1831. It of course had no endowment, but living was cheap and everything in the way of food very abundant. It at once took on the airs of a college, Greek letter societies were formed and flourished, and many eminent men were induced to come and lecture. This would doubtless have continued for an indefinite time, because the beginning was fine, and from the start the college flourished. But David Nelson was an advance thinker and even in that early day he hated slavery, as did Wendell Phillips. He believed that the slaves should be freed and he proclaimed his belief from the housetops. On all occasions and under all circumstances he combatted slavery with great ability. This was very unpopular in Missouri and excited great hostility against him and the col­ lege. Finally a party of pro-slavery men demanded that Dr. Nelson leave the state immediately. He resigned the piesi- dency of the college and left at once, riding through the deep forest of Quincy, Illinois. Arriving at the west bank of the Mississippi river after night-fall, it became necessary for him to get a small boat in which to be rowed across the river. While waiting, being greatly dejected, he wrote a hymn entitled, "My Days Are Swiftly Gliding By." This was in the fall of 1835. The first lines of the hymn indicate his mental condition:

"My days are swiftly gliding by, And I, a pilgrim stranger, Would not detain them, as they fly, Those hours of toil and danger."

It is found in nearly all hymnals and is still frequently sung. The hymn is about all that remains to remind us of Dr. Nelson. The college rapidly failed and is now but a memory. It was one of the first colleges west of the Missis­ sippi river and the first chartered college in Missouri. On October 17, 1844, Dr. Nelson died at Oakland a few miles south of Quincy, where he had established a boys' DAVID NELSON AND MARION COLLEGE 187 school. He was a brave and brainy man of affairs, well known throughout the country. The grounds, buildings and other property of Marion College were bought by the Masonic Fraternity of Missouri to be operated as a college, and especially to educate orphan children of deceased members. Among other things this property consisted of eight hundred acres of very fine land near Philadelphia and four hundred and seventy acres of equally good land ten miles west of Hannibal, adjoining the village of West Ely. The name of the college was changed to Masonic College, and the school was operated under the general control of Mr. Priestly McBride, then Grand Master of the Grand Lodge of the State of Missouri. In 1844 an attempt was made to establish a female department in connection with the college, but it was soon found that the location and general surround­ ings were not such as to attract a sufficient number of students to keep it going. The Mississippi river was the only line of travel except overland and all the roads were in very bad condition. The college was about twenty miles from the river and the site of the college was again sold and the in­ stitution taken to Lexington, Missouri, where it was main­ tained until the breaking out of the Civil War. It was located in the exceedingly good building of the Masonic College at Lexington, and it will be remembered that the federal soldiers under command of Colonel Mulligan were quartered in that building at the time they were taken prisoners by General Sterling Price in September, 1861. The federal soldiers had con­ structed elaborate entrenchments around the building. It was surrounded by the soldiers of General Price, who kept up an incessant fire, and Price's batteries were also trained on the building. It now bears many scars resulting from that bombardment. The college buildings were afterwards ac­ quired by the Methodist Church South, which operated a female seminary. 188 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW

CAMPAIGNING WITH MARK TWAIN*

BY ABSALOM GRIMES

EDITED BY M. M. QUAIFE I was born near Anchorage, Jefferson county, Kentucky, fourteen miles from Louisville, on August 22, 1834. Soon after this event my parents moved to St. Louis. My father, William Leander Grimes, was pilot on the upper Mississippi River from St. Louis to Dubuque. He was employed on the William Wallace, one of the first steamboats that navigated the upper Mississippi. This vessel belonged to Captain Absalom Carlisle, my mother's uncle, for whom I was named. In the year 1850 I was employed as a messenger boy for the Morse Telegraph Company, whose only competitor in the St. Louis field was the O'Reilly Telegraph Company. Esrom Pickering, a grandson of St. Louis' first coroner, was messenger for the O'Reilly Company, and he and I were the first telegraph messenger boys of St. Louis. During my employment by the Morse Company I had occasion to deliver a telegram to Jenny Lind, the famous "Swedish Nightingale," who gave a concert under the direction of P. T. Barnum at the old Wyman Hall. When I handed the message to her in her room at the Planter's House she asked me if the people at the telegraph office had received passes to her concert. I told her I had not and she took a visiting card from her case and wrote on the reverse side: "Pass bearer to my concert and charge same to my account." That pass made me the proudest boy in St. Louis. I attended the concert and sat on the steps leading to the platform on which Miss Lind stood while she sang. The seats had been sold at auction to the highest bidder and brought fabulous prices. John McNeil, who subsequently became notorious for his part in the butchery of Confederate prisoners at Palmyra, Missouri,

•Reprinted from Absalom Grimes, Confederate Mail Runner, edited from Captain Grimes' own story by Dr. M. M. Quaife of the Burton Historical Collection (Yale University Press, New Haven, 1926). Reproduced by cour­ tesy of the publishers. CAMPAIGNING WITH MARK TWAIN - 189

bought the first seat, paying the sum of twelve hundred dollars for it. In the fall of 1850 I went on the steamer Uncle Toby with my father to learn the river as a pilot, and in the spring of 1852 obtained my first license. This was the first year govern­ ment licenses were required of pilots and captains. I served as pilot between St. Louis and St. Paul from 1852 to 1861. At the latter date I was serving on the steamer Sunshine, of which Captain Willard was owner and master. A pilot's license was issued for the term of one year and on applying for a renewal pilots were required to take an oath to abide by the regulations governing pilots, engineers, mates, and cap­ tains, but such a thing as compelling a man who had been born and reared in the United States to take the oath of al­ legiance to the government was unknown. In May, 1861, my license expired and I went to the office of the United States inspector for the purpose of having it renewed. A diminutive, beer-soaked German, who had gained his place through the exercise of political pull, was occupying the responsible posi­ tion of inspector. To him I stated the purpose of my call. He drew from the drawer of his desk a document headed, "Oath of Allegiance," and, handing it to me, told me to fill out the blanks. When I had filled out the blanks on the license side he directed me to hold up my hand and take the oath. I inquired the reason for this new departure and he replied in broken English that the "Secesh" were trying to disrupt the Union and everyone who wanted a license must take the oath. I indignantly told him that I had been born in this country, as were my father and grandfather before me. I had no objection to taking the oath but when I did it would not be from an alien. I then walked out, followed by Sam Bowen and Samuel L. Clemens, who had entered the office just after I had and had thus overheard my conversation with the inspector. Clemens, Bowen, and I lived in and near Hannibal, Missouri. We decided to go home and visit our families a few weeks (none of us were married) and by that time the secession disturbance would be settled and we could obtain licenses without taking the oath. We went to Hannibal and 190 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW while there we three pilots visited the levee every morning when the regular Keokuk packets came up from St. Louis and landed there. On the fourth morning we were sitting on a pile of skids about two hundred yards below the landing. The steamer Hannibal City came up the river and landed about nine o'clock. To our surprise a Federal lieutenant and four privates came off the boat. After a few words with Jerry Yancey (the boat agent) they turned and walked down the levee to where we were sitting. The lieutenant bade us good morning and pulling a document out of his pocket, asked if our names were Grimes, Bowen, and Clemens? We assented. He said, "I have an order from General John B. Grey, commander of the District of St. Louis, to escort you three gentlemen to his headquarters." We demurred, but upon his statement that he had been ordered to take us to St. Louis and if we went peacefully would treat us like gentlemen, while if we resisted he would be obliged to put us in irons and take us by force, we decided to cause him (and ourselves) no trouble. He and the privates accompanied us to our homes in Hannibal to get our clothing and bid our families farewell. We took the next boat for St Louis, the steamer Harry Johnson. We were permitted to sleep in the staterooms with guards at our doors. The boat left Hannibal at six in the afternoon and arrived at St. Louis at seven o'clock the next morning. We remained aboard until ten o'clock, when we were escorted to General Grey's headquarters in the Oak Hall Building on the northeast corner of Fourth Street and Washington Avenue, where the Norvell-Shapleigh Hardware Company's building now stands. The lieutenant introduced us by name, in turn, to General Grey and handed him the commission which he had read to us in Hannibal. The general dismissed him and his men. When they had gone he turned to us and said: "Gentlemen, I understand you three men are pilots and were in Hannibal on a vacation. It seems that the pilots are nearly all Secesh, as they are hard to get hold of. I want to send a lot of boats (carrying soldiers) up to Boonville, on the Missouri River, the latter part of this week." We told him we were not Mis­ souri River pilots and knew only the Mississippi River. He CAMPAIGNING WITH MARK TWAIN 191 said: "You could follow another boat up the Missouri River if she had a Missouri pilot on her, could you not?" We had to admit that we could accomplish that. "That is all that is necessary," he rejoined. Just then two stylishly dressed ladies appeared at the office door and greeted General Grey, remarking that they would like to consult him upon some special business as soon as he was at leisure. He requested them to go into a room across the hall and he would join them in a moment. He then asked us to excuse him until he found out what the ladies wanted. We were pleased to do so! He left the room and we immediately picked up our baggage and went out the side door and downstairs to the street, leaving General Grey to enjoy his tete-a-tete with the ladies. After a short consulta­ tion we decided to go back to Hannibal, where we thought the authorities would not bother us any more. I went to my mother's home in Ralls county, twelve miles west of Hannibal. A short time afterwards the war excitement reached old Ralls and one fine morning I learned that a whole brigade of recruits had formed a camp at Nuck Matson's home, two miles west of New London. I had become quite enthusiastic in the Southern cause so I went over to review the troops assembled at Matson's in behalf of the South. I found that the "brigade" consisted of ten young men, most of whom were my friends. Among them were Charley Mills, Jack Coulter, Tom Lyon, Ed Stephens, Sam Bowen, Sam Clemens (Mark Twain), Asa Fuqua, and a few others. The recruits were undetermined what destructive move they would make first. On the suggestion of someone nearly all of them had their hair cut off as short as possible so as to allow the enemy no advantage in close quarters. Tom Lyon acted as barber, using a pair of sheep-shears. Any hair that escaped cutting was pulled out by the shears. I joined the brigade, and, mounting an empty vinegar keg, which was placed under a shade tree, had my hair sheared. Neighboring farmers who were in sympathy with the South provided horses for those who had none. After much deliberation and discussion of plans we decided to move our camp westward, as we heard that some of the Union army 192 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW would be in Hannibal shortly and we were liable to be captured at any moment by them. We wanted time to organize and drill before their arrival No two soldiers wore the same equipment. It would be useless for me to try to describe the appearance of that brigade when mounted. Nothing was uniform except that we all rode astride. I will mention especially but one "war horse," the one that had been pre­ sented to Mark Twain. He was a little yellow mule, as frisky as a jack-rabbit. He had long, erect ears, was about four feet high, and carried his tail sticking straight out on a dead level with his back. He looked as if he had been mounted on the vinegar keg, and Lyon, the company barber, had used the sheep-shears on the wrong end, for his tail was shaved as with a razor to within six inches of the end—which re­ sembled a painter's only tool. He was promptly christened "Paint Brush" by his master. On this little mule were lo­ cated Mark Twain, one valise, one carpetsack, one pair of grey blankets, one home-made quilt, one frying pan, one old- fashioned Kentucky squirrel rifle, twenty yards of seagrass rope, and one umbrella. The donor of the mule was Harvey Glascock. We proceeded west until we reached the home of Colonel Bill Splawn, where we had supper and remained over night. Next day the brigade went over to Colonel John Ralls' home. He gave us a lecture on the importance of our mission, etc., and after his statement that he was duly authorized by Governor Jackson to enroll recruits for the Southern army, we were all sworn in. Then for the first time we real­ ized that someone was going to get into trouble. That after­ noon we rode northwest about five miles to Goodwin's mill, which was, I think, located on a branch of Salt River. There we found another squad of men who had organized a company and called themselves the Salt River Tigers. Their ap­ pearance would have filled the enemy with terror and caused a stampede equal to that of Bull Run. A blacksmith had completed their equipment by providing each man with a huge saber, or knife, made from scythes, sickle bars, long files, and goodness knows what else. Among the Tigers were some musicians, the Martin brothers and two others, CAMPAIGNING WITH MARK TWAIN 193 and they were the orchestra. When we visited their camp and watched the Tigers drawn up in line, answer roll call, etc., it occurred to us that we should have someone to take command, give orders, plan a campaign, and instruct us in militaiy drills, so we decided to elect officers. The nomi­ nations for captain were William Ely and Asa Glascock the former being elected. Then Glascock was unanimously elected first lieutenant. Sam Bowen nominated Mark Twain for second lieutenant and he was promptly elected. Sam Bowen was made sergeant and Tom Lyon orderly ser­ geant. After all the officers had been elected we had three or four men to serve as privates. We called upon Mark Twain for a speech. After some hesitation because of such a large audience (the Tigers were present) he mounted a log, blushing and said: "You would scarce expect one of my age to speak in public on the—this log. Well, boys, I thank you for electing me your lieutenant. I will try to do my duty and the square thing by you, but I can not make a speech." Captain Ely then commanded us to meet next morning in a certain prairie for drill, as there were no fields in the neighborhood large enough—although some contained sixty or more acres. We dispersed, going in different direc­ tions to farmhouses for supper and lodging. I went with some others to Mr. Washington Clayton's home. Next morning before going to the prairie for drill we assembled at the home of Colonel John Ralls. When I left New London, Colonel Henceford Brown gave me an old sword and belt that he had worn in the Mexican War and his father had used in the War of 1812. While at Colonel Ralls' I concluded our second lieutenant should have a sword. He was a pilot on the lower Mississippi River and I was an upper Mississippi pilot. We had been friends long before we went into the Southern army. I requested Colonel Ralls to make the presentation speech, which he did, and Mark Twain responded. We then rode to the prairie, drew up in line and waited for Captain Ely to report—which he never did from that day to this. Lieutenant Glascock finally assumed command of the Ralls County Rangers, as we had named our company. We made camp in a secluded spot on 194 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW

Salt River, somewhere in the edge of Monroe county, close to an old farmhouse. After we had camped there about two days we were joined by Burr McPherson of Hannibal, who acted as commander and drill master. We had no tents, so we cut sticks and stuck them into the ground and spread some of our blankets and quilts over them. As for food, the most important part of the expedi­ tion, we had very little of any kind. The boys went foraging and brought in corn meal, fat side-meat and some sorghum. This constituted our bill of fare during the entire two weeks we remained there. It rained all the time we were there. Salt River was bankfull ready to overflow. Near our camp was located a long barn belonging to the farmhouse. We used the barn as headquarters. There was a room across each end and a gangway between the rooms which was about fifteen feet wide and covered with a clapboard roof. In this gangway we did our cooking, as it was too wet outside to have a fire. Along each side of the gangway was a large trough in which we fed our horses and at night Clemens and I slept in it. Someone brought us the news that the Yankee army was coming out of Hannibal in full force—that it would leave the railroad at Monroe City and march straight to our camp. This report created much excitement and we decided to put out a picket guard. Sam Bowen, Ed Stephens, and myself were selected as the most reliable men for pickets, as we had been pilots and could keep awake better than the others. Mark Twain was placed in charge of the picket guards and we started after dark for our post two miles north of camp, at the mouth of a lane leading to Monroe City. Opposite the mouth of the lane were some trees and bushes, to which we tied our horses. We shook some dimes in a hat to see who would stand first, second, and third watch, as we deemed it unnecessary for all of us to remain awake all night. Bowen stood at the mouth of the lane from eight to eleven o'clock, when I took his place to remain until three o'clock. At one o'clock I heard the enemy coming and I roused the other two soldiers. Lieutenant Clemens mounted "Paint Brush" and held our horses' bridles, while we went CAMPAIGNING WITH MARK TWAIN 195

to the mouth of the lane to observe the movements of the enemy. I stood in front and thus commanded the best view. Presently I saw them rise over the top of the hill and swerve from left to right. I raised my double-barrled shotgun and fired both barrels into their ranks. Without remaining to see how many were killed we turned and ran for our horses. To our horror we saw our lieutenant more than a hundred yards off and still going. We called to him to halt, and finally Bowen leveled his shotgun and yelled, "Damn you, Sam, if you don't stop I'll let her go!" Clemens halted, and when we caught up with him (Bowen still swearing) he said, "Paint Brush" got so excited I could not hold him." We mounted and rode away at full speed for our camp leaving one lieutenant and "Paint Brush" far in the rear. The last we heard of him he was saying, "Damn you, you want the Yanks to capture me!" When we reached the camp the boys were all up in line in all sorts of rigs—coat and a pair of shoes, hat and a pair of pants, shirt and one boot, shirt and coat, shirt and a pair of socks, etc. We told them the cause of the firing and we all waited breathlessly for the enemy to approach. Pre­ sently a clatter of hoofs was heard coming down the ravine and the order was given to "make ready!" when we recollected that our lieutenant and "Paint Brush" were still out. We called to Commander McPherson to hold fire, as it must be Clemens. And so it was! We drew a sigh of relief as he came into the gangway full tilt. He made no effort to stop "Paint Brush" until he had reached the rear end of the line and then you may bet his picket guards heard from him. Among other abuse he gave us was a special clause for the loss of his hat. We stood in line, momentarily expecting the enemy, until daylight, when we retired in good order. After a meager breakfast I requested Sergeant Bowen . to go with me to the mouth of the lane to see if the enemy had removed their dead. Upon arrival there I cautiously approached the fence corner and viewed the field of battle. I said, "Sam, I want to tell you something, but you must swear that you will never reveal a word of it to any living soul as long as you and I both live." He said he would swear 196 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW

and crossed his heart. "Do you see those tall mullein stalks on the side of that hill? Well, last night the wind probably caused them to wave and I would have sworn they were Federals on horseback." "Well, you damned fool, you played hell, didn't you?" was his only remark, but en route to camp we were jovial and joked about the lieutenant and "Paint Brush." The very first thing Bowen did when we reached camp was to tell the whole story and I was frequently re­ minded of those mullein stalks for many days. One dark rainy night (I think it was the next one after I fired on the mullein stalks) a good-natured fellow by the name of Dave Young, who was usually about two-thirds full of whiskey, was placed as camp guard. During the night we were awakened by heavy tramping and we heard the guard cry out: "Halt you! Are you going to halt and give the pass word?" The tramping continued and that, with the guard's order to halt, roused many of the boys. The guard cried out, "Halt, or I will fire!" and bang! bang! went both barrels of his gun. A heavy fall and a groan were heard, and out of the darkness the men rushed to the place whence proceeded the groan. There in the agony of death lay an old gray horse, the steed of the guard, Dave Young. He was standing over the animal looking quite sad. Mark Twain had become afflicted with a boil and it was a source of much comfort to him that there were no stools or chairs in camp. Mark had a lot of straw put into the feed trough on the side of the gangway of the barn and spent all of his time lying on the straw and wondering at the great amount of patience possessed by Job in olden times. For a few days nothing occurred to enthuse the troops to any extent. The fare grew thinner every day and we were discouraged and began to "thirst for blood." Talk of moving camp, advancing on the enemy, tearing up railroad tracks, and firing into cars carrying Yankees became general, but these topics and plans were not approved by our com­ mander, Burr McPherson. He told us that General Tom Harris had been appointed to this division and district and that he would soon come to lead us on to victory or to death. About that time we learned that General Harris had been CAMPAIGNING WITH MARK TWAIN 197 staying up at Clay Price's, two miles away, for a week, living on the fat of the land while we were in the swamp and rain, eating sidemeat and corn bread. That settled matters and we began packing our belongings, intending to advance upon Monroe City at all hazards. Mark Twain was lying in the trough, wracked by his boil, remonstrating with us for thus breaking camp and showing no military discipline after all of our training. We told him that we were after blood and railroad iron and were going on the warpath. As we were about to depart he raised up on one elbow and said, "If you are determined to go, it is no use for me to try to hold this position by myself. Ab, if you will saddle and pack up Taint Brush' I will join the army and go with you." I saddled the mule and placed all Mark's baggage on him, piling it in front and behind the saddle. Our lieutenant rolled out of the trough and mounted him. It was but a few steps to Salt River, which we had to cross, and the lieutenant could not persuade the mule to take water. After a great effort to make the mule go into the river Mark said, "Ab, I guess you will have to lead him in, he will not go for me." I tied one end of an inch rope around the pommel of my saddle. After some maneuver­ ing we got the mule close to the river bank and while he smelled of the water as if to drink I gave my horse a dig with my spurs and he made a jump far out into the stream, dragging the mule with him. The top of the bank where we started was only a foot above water and the water was eight or ten feet deep the first jump. On the opposite side of the river the road went out of the water gradually between two small hills. My horse swam vigorously for the other bank. I looked back over my shoulder to see how Mark and "Paint Brush" were faring. To my horror neither was in sight and I thought both had drowned. I hurried across, knowing the rope would bring the mule. I soon landed safely and after a few steps in the edge of the water the top of Mark's old slouch hat, then Mark and the mule, in turn, showed up. As he slowly waded out of the water the mule was very weak and weaving from side to side. When he was entirely out of the water Mark rolled off and fell upon the bank, removed his hat, took his handkerchief from his pocket, wrung the 198 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW water out of it, and slowly wiped his face. Looking up at me he said in his slow drawling tones, "Ab, that infernal mule waded every step of the way across that river!" The boys had all waited to see Mark and the mule cross. We mounted and headed east. No one seemed to know or care where we were going. We had not proceeded a great way when our general, Tom Harris, met us. Few of us had met him, but Sam was well acquainted with him. He ordered us to return to camp, but we laughed at a stranger's assuming authority over us. He then requested us to go, but we did not respond. He begged us to go, but the recollection of that wet camp, the scant fare, and other discomforts caused us to refuse to return and we rode on to Colonel Clay Price's and had a good breakfast ere we proceeded on our journey eastward. The day grew quite warm as we proceeded on our way. About three o'clock in the afternoon, tired and hungry, we stopped at a nice brick house by the side of the road. We tied our horses and went in. No one was in sight. Some of the boys seated themselves in the room, while the others stood about. Presently in came a thin, tall woman with cold gray eyes and light hair that was combed back tight. In a sharp tone she said, "What do you men want?" Mark Twain acted as spokesman and said, "Madam, we are tired and hungry and would like to have something to eat." "Get something to eat, would you? Well, you will not get it here!" "We are willing to pay for it." "Pay nothing! Get yourselves out of here and that pretty quick or I will make you!" Reaching behind her to the head of the bed she seized a large hickory stick (used to beat up the featherbed) and started for Clemens. "Hold on, Madam! Don't be so fast. Let us reason the case. We are gentlemen and intend to pay for food." "Do you think I am going to feed any Rebels and my husband a colonel in the Union army? Get out!" By this time all the boys were out and mounting their horses, while I remained just in the rear of Mark as he slowly CAMPAIGNING WITH MARK TWAIN 199 backed toward the door, fearing to turn around and expose his boil to the attack of the woman with the club. She was striking at his shins, keeping him bent nearly double. All the while he remonstrated with her about being so hasty, she was abusing the rebels and Secesh. After backing him out of the door she quit striking with the club, but kept her tongue on the warpath. After we had left her I asked Sam why he did not take his sword to her. "Do you think I would disgrace it by spilling the blood of a woman?" he ans­ wered. "But I believe she would just as soon hit me as not, if I had not kept out of her way." We mounted and caught up with the other boys, who were roaring with laughter about our lieutenant's battle with the Yankee woman. We met a man on the road who informed us that the house was owned by Colonel Tinker, who had been in the Yankee army about three months. "Well, who is that woman?" "That is Mrs. Tinker. She is the general at home!" "I should remark she is!" commented Sam, as we rode on. It was about one o'clock at night when we arrived at Colonel Bill Splawn's again and we were tired, hungry, and muddy. Owing to the lateness of the hour we did not dis­ turb the family. We put our horses in the large barn and fed them, and then climbed into the loft to sleep on the hay. Mark selected a spot near the door in the gable end of the barn. Soon after we went to sleep someone yelled "Fire!" Every fellow was up in an instant and, sure enough, a nice little fire had started in the hay. Mark made two or three rolls over and accidentally went out of the door, falling on the rocks below, a drop of ten or twelve feet. The fall sprained his ankle, and he sat there groaning and rubbing the ankle with one hand while he felt for his boil with the other. Mean­ while, the boys in the loft were busily rolling up the burning hay. They rolled it out of the same door Mark had fallen out of, and down on top of him. I shall never forget the ludicrous sight Mark and the burning hay presented. Away he went down the slope on all fours with the hay on his back, reminding me of a time when I saw some boys put a live coal on a turtle's back in order to see him run. Several of us stood in the door and screamed with laughter. In a few minutes 200 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW the hay fell off Mark's back and nothing was left but smoking fragments. He turned to us with language unfit for publica­ tion. We went to him and tried to console him. We helped him to the barn almost choked by our efforts to restrain our laughter. One of our boys had gone to sleep with a lighted pipe in his mouth and set the hay afire. Early in the morning we advanced in full force upon the house. Colonel Bill Splawn's home was always open to the Rebels. His wife and family took great pleasure in supplying our many wants, and no doubt all of those men who are still living remember the kind treatment they always re­ ceived there. After breakfast we related our exploits to Colonel Splawn and then started toward New London, ten miles away. In the afternoon we reached Nuck Matson's with our hair an inch longer than it was when we left there. Nuck had his own good time making fun of our campaign and safe return without the loss of a man, although our lieutenant had suffered several casualties. He was put to bed and ten­ derly cared for by Nuck and his kind wife. We disbanded and went in different directions. The last I saw of Clemens he lay groaning, his foot propped up, and the proportions of his wrappings made him look like a baby elephant. Mrs. Matson told me years afterwards that he was laid up there for a long time. They gave him a crutch and kept a little negro boy on picket all the time at the end of the lane, where it connected with the main road a quarter of a mile from the house. Frequently the little negro would be seen running for dear life toward the house—a signal for Sam to grab his crutch and hasten to the bushes in the woods pasture adjoin­ ing the house. By the time the negro would yell "Miss Mary! the Yanks is comin!" Sam would be in his hiding place, there to remain until notified, "Marse Sam, de Yanks is gone!" I never learned what became of "Paint Brush." When Sam left Mrs. Matson's home he went to^Keokuk, and then to Nevada with his brother. As a result of that trip he wrote his first book, Roughing It. After I left Matson's I went to see my sweetheart, Lucy Glascock. Later I went to Paris, Missouri, where I CAMPAIGNING WITH MARK TWAIN 201 joined the Paris men under Captain Theodore Brace and we went west. After our demobilization at Matson's, Sam Bowen, our sergeant, was arrested by Federals and confined in the stockade at Hannibal, where he learned the trade of wood-sawing. His two bosses stood one on each side of him and every time he looked up to see if they were on hand he looked into the barrel of a musket with a soldier at the far end. He said that was the only thing that induced him to learn the trade. After he graduated as a wood-sawyer he went back to St. Louis, took the oath of allegiance to the United States, and went back to piloting again. After I became the Confederate mail-carrier, Sam Bowen and his sister, Miss Amanda Bowen, were untiring in their efforts to aid the Southern cause. He was pilot on the steamer G. W. Graham, a regular packet in the St. Louis and Memphis trade. His brother, Bart Bowen, was captain of the Graham. He was of untold assistance to the South in carrying the mail for the Rebel army between St. Louis and Memphis. After the war he was pilot on the Von Phul and invited me and my bride to take a trip to New Orleans on her, which we did. We returned to St. Louis the day President Lincoln died. Sam Bowen died years afterward of yellow fever, while he was pilot on the Molly Moore, and was buried on the river bank. The bank gradually washed and caved in until his coffin was exposed to the view of passing steamers. I later heard that when this fact was stated to Mark Twain, during one of his trips from New Orleans to St. Louis, he requested the Pilots' Association to have the remains removed to a place of safety and decently interred. The expense was de­ frayed by Mark Twain. 202 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW

CAPE GIRARDEAU COUNTY HISTORICAL SOCIETY

BY ROBERT BURETT OLIVER Realizing that all of the early pioneers of Cape Girardeau had long since been called to their reward, and that there re­ mained but few descendants of those pioneers, once removed, I issued a call and invited all persons interested in the organ­ ization of a historical society of the county to meet me in the circuit court room of the court house, in Jackson, on the 9th day of August, 1926. This invitation and call was made in an open letter published in all of the newspapers of Cape Girardeau county, Missouri. On the day named eighteen persons appeared in person and fourteen others wrote me, cordially approving the undertaking, and asked the privilege of having their names enrolled as charter members of the Society. Having extended the invitation for the meeting I called it to order, and by a unanimous vote was elected its chairman. The purpose and object of the meeting was stated. Emphasis was given to the fact that every day we delayed the organization of a county historical society important and valuable historical data and traditions were slipping from us. Stress was laid upon the need of awakening and arousing public sentiment to a realization of the important part taken by our ancestors in the early organization of American civi­ lization when our district was a part of the territory and after­ wards in the organization of the county and State. An earnest plea was made to assist in rescuing from ob­ livion and loss, and to preserve for posterity, an authentic history of the heroic deeds and accomplishments of our fore­ bears. Attention was called to the fact that Cape Girardeau had always been a stragetic and important point—a sort of gateway—in the opening and developing of the great South­ west, whether under the dominion of Spain or of France or CAPE GIRARDEAU COUNTY HISTORICAL SOCIETY 203 of the United States. Attention was called to the fact that a "Post" was first established under Spanish authority, and a commander placed in charge of the "Post" that exercised civil, as well as military, jurisdiction; that it continued to,be a "Post" after Spain had ceded the territory to France, and that still later it became one of the five original districts embracing all the lands in the Missouri Territory; and of our duty to preserve for future generations something of the social, educational, financial, moral and religious influences wrought by the men and women who first settled in and gave caste to this county. Motion was then made that the persons present organize themselves into the Cape Girardeau County Historical Society. The motion prevailed and the Society was formed. The writer had prepared in advance of the meeting a tentative constitution for the Society which is as follows:

CONSTITUTION OF THE CAPE GIRARDEAU COUNTY HISTORICAL SOCIETY ARTICLE I Name This Society shall be called the Cape Girardeau County Historical Society. ARTICLE II Purpose The Society is organized for the purpose of securing, rescuing and pre­ serving the recollections of elderly and well informed persons concerning the history of Cape Girardeau County, and of preserving from oblivion and loss, letters, diaries, papers, periodicals and all other data affecting or concerning the early settlements and people of Cape Girardeau County and procuring a place of safety or deposit where all historical articles may be preserved and kept intact for future generations.

ARTICLE III Membership Membership in this Society is open to all citizens of Cape Girardeau County, and to all former citizens who have migrated from it to other counties or states, and all who attach their names to this instrument at this time as charter members. Hereafter members may be elected by a majority vote at any regular meeting. 204 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW

ARTICLE IV

Officers

The officers of the Society shall consist of a President, First Vice President, Second Vice President, Secretary and Treasurer. The officers of the Society shall be residents of the County of Cape Girardeau. The officers shall be elected by the Society at its annual meetings in August of each year and serve for one year and until their successors are chosen. The officers shall perform the duties usually attached to their respective offices.

ARTICLE V

Unless otherwise directed the Society shall hold its annual meetings in the City of Jackson, in the afternoon of the first Monday after the first Tuesday in August of each year. Regular monthly meetings shall be held either in the City of Jackson or the City of Cape Girardeau or else­ where, as the Society by vote shall determine, on the last Monday in each month. Special meetings may be held on the call of the President.

ARTICLE VI

Amendments This Constitution may be amended by a majority vote of the members attending any regular meeting of the Society provided a notice of the intended amendment is given at the previous regular monthly meeting.

ARTICLE VII Admission No fee for admission to membership shall be charged for the first year but the Secretary and Treasurer is authorized to receive any donation or sum of money that may be voluntarily given to the Society for the purpose of securing a well-bound Record Book in which the proceedings of the Society shall be recorded and to meet any expenses that the President or Secretary and Treasurer may incur in the indexing, cataloging and pre­ serving all articles of historic value that may be given to the Society, or for the care and keeping of such as may be entrusted to the Society; and in procuring the necessary shelves, cases and containers of all things of a historical character that is placed in the custody of the Society. All records, whether printed or in writing, shall be filed and at all times kept in some fireproof building. CAPE GIRARDEAU COUNTY HISTORICAL SOCIETY 205

ARTIVLE VIII Duration This Society shall continue forever and upon a majority vote of its members at any regular meeting after notice is given, may be incorporated as a corporation under the laws of this State. IN WITNESS of our approval of the foregoing, we, the undersigned charter members, have hereunto set our names, this the 9th day of August 1926.

This was adopted as the Constitution of the Society, and was signed by the following eighteen named persons who were present, to-wit: Robert Burett Oliver, Marie E. Watkins Oliver, R. W. Harris, John A. Hope, Allan H. Hinchey, R. K. Wilson, Mrs. C. L. Grant, Julia S. Vandivort, Adelaide LaPierre, Martine B. LaPierre, Mary C. LaPierre, Amy Husbands Kimmel, John G. Putz, Willis Knox, Clara Rider Hayden, Jennie A. Wilson, Lillie K. Hope, Maude Medley Hope. And the following seventeen named persons, who were not able to be present at the first meeting, but who desired to be enrolled, were added and were, on motion, also declared to be charter members, to-wit: Mary M. Hunter, Stephen B. Hunter, Mary Kochtitzky, R. S. Douglas, Bernard W. Hays, J. E. Howard, R. B. Oliver, Jr., John B. Oliver, Allen L. Oliver, W. P. Oliver, Arthur L. Oliver, C. C. Oliver, Sloan A. Oliver, John W. Oliver, Chas. H. Daues, Sam Green, Sadie D. Kent, Louise Yancey Hinchey. The writer was elected president, Allan H. Hinchey, vice president, Mrs. D. C. Hope, second vice president, and Mr. John Putz was elected secretary and treasurer. Since the organization of the Society we have held meet­ ings each month. These meetings are growing in interest. The last is always the best. Its officers and members are earnest and enthusiastic. Historical papers are prepared and read at each meeting and then filed in the Archives of the Society. At the October meeting we made a pilgrimage to the tomb of Lieutenant Governor Wilson Brown, who died in office, at Jefferson City, in 1855. His remains are buried just south of the Cape Girardeau county line on a high hill 206 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW overlooking the vast extent of valley lands running from there to the Gulf of Mexico. Later visits will be made to the graves of United States Senator , who came to this county in 1818, afterwards elected to the constitutional convention of 1820, and still later to the United States Senate, died in 1833, and whose remains were removed from his country home in this county to the cemetery in Cape Girardeau by authority of the Grand Lodge of Masons in the State of Indiana. Still later we expect to visit the tomb of Lieutenant Governor Franklin Cannon, son-in-law of Governor Dunklin, who sleeps in the cemetery at Jackson, the county seat of Cape Girardeau county, and still later the tomb of United States Senator Linn, who sleeps at Ste. Genevieve. The graves of Major George Frederick Bollinger, Don Louis Lorimier and others, will also be visited. We are rescuing, assembling and preserving many precious fragments of history. Among the collections is a private diary dating back to 1789 made on the fly-leaves of books and on the margins and vacant spaces, in serial almanacs, upon which daily notations were made, of public events, births, marriages, deaths and other important transactions of the day. Old and important personal letters written by kinspeople and friends, telling of the condition of the country and the difficulties encountered in migrating from the old states to the new, are true reflectors of then current history. We have also located and are hereinbelow attaching a photostatic copy of what is believed to be the first judicial decree, or judgment, promulgated in the English language west of the Mississippi River in the Louisiana territory. Don Louis Lorimier, the judge and commander, was an uneducated man; could not write, except sign his name. The order and decree hereinbelow set out was written by Lorimier's secretary, Louis Francos Largeau, an educated Canadian, familiar with the Spanish, French and English languages and many Indian dialects. But Lorimier was a man of great information, common sense, and exerted a powerful influence upon the men of his time. He was the friend and advisor of the Shawnee and Delaware Indians who resided in the north part of Cape Girardeau, and were vigilant and assisted Lorimier in the ¥' ^ix^fe" .^^J&y 4£~*£-&z^r*^^1

Judgment of Don Louis Lorimier, Commander of "Post Cape Girardeau," July 24, 1799. Probably the first judicial decree promulgated in the English language in Missouri and west of the Mississippi.

CAPE GIRARDEAU COUNTY HISTORICAL SOCIETY 207 maintenance of order and protection of life and property in the settlement. The old Commander's aversion of crime, especially the crime of theft, is well illustrated in the punish­ ment imposed upon Richard Pullam, the prisoner. The original of this judgment is in the possession of F. A. Kage, of Cape Girardeau, and is reasonably well preserved. He was kind enough to loan it to the writer for the purpose of having a photostatic copy of it made for our Hisotrical Society and I am sending a copy of it with this sketch of our work for the State Historical Society of Missouri. As stated, Lorimier exercised both civil and military jurisdiction of this Post, until Governor Harrison in the year 1806 established by proclamation "a seat of justice'' in the District of Cape Girardeau on lands owned by Don Louis Lorimier. This was the beginning of the administration of justice under the authority of the laws of the United States. In the same year, 1806, Lorimier laid out the town of Cape Girardeau. He died in 1811, but before his death he announced his desire to make provision for "the establish­ ment of a public school" out of the ample grant of land that was given to him by the Spanish Government. So after his death his heirs and legal representatives, in 1820, made a deed conveying forever to public uses certain lots of land, including the lot on which the Cape Girardeau High School now stands. This fine site was donated to the cause of educa­ tion by an unlettered warrior, statesman, jurist and phil­ anthropist, whose visions of the future needs of the town were undimmed by the war whoop of Indians or greed of traders. 208 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW

DANIEL BOONE*

BY FLOYD C SHOEMAKER The most interesting life in western annals, perhaps not surpassed in American history, is that of Daniel Boone. Wherein lies the charm of this simple, unschooled Pennsyl- vanian of Quaker parentage? He was not an orator or writer. He was not a success in business or farming. He was not the first scout or settler in Kentucky or Missouri. He wan­ dered and roved, he missed opportunity a dozen times. He was twice or thrice a captive. In his old age he was without means. Still Daniel Boone was known even in Europe a quarter of a century before he died. Without a single great discovery or historic act to his credit, living a simple life open as a book, he outranks in popular appeal, in printed bio­ graphies, every other American pioneer. The name Daniel Boone has been a household word honored and respected and well known in America for a hundred and fifty years. Whoever solves this problem will himself make a contribution. The salient facts of Daniel Boone's career, covering a span of nearly 87 years and extending into six states, are fairly definitely established. He was born of Quaker stock in Berks county, Pennsylvania, November 2, 1734. The same commonwealth later furnished Missouri with her first State governor, Alexander McNair. The same month one hundred and one years later (November 30, 1835) was to bear Missouri her most famous son, Mark Twain. And among other significant facts in Missouri history which this same month may claim, aside from the election of our officials since 1864 and the adoption of many constitutional amend­ ments, are the departure from Missouri of the Spanish lieu­ tenant governor and his soldiers in 1804 (November 16),

*An address delivered on October 9, 1926, on the occasion of the visit of the members of the Boone County Historical Society, as guests of Colonel F. M. Curlee, of St. Louis, to the home of Major Nathan Boone in the Femme Osage district of St. Charles county, where Daniel Boone died on Sept. 26, 1820. (IB wWM w'tfmS1" .^'- *^R^^&fej , I -ik^t^Sfe^'-* ' ' MHHI Jm . J IW ^^^^^^^^^B;^, HP** F^^SSS pi ' :lt ^ •ft P'j- ±i^5^M •1* :/

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DANIEL BOONE From the portrait by Chester Harding, made in 1819. (Reproduced from Thwaite's Daniel Boone.)

DANIEL BOONE 200 the greatest Indian land cession in Missouri by the Osages in 1808 (November 10), the adoption of the Missouri terri­ torial legislature's first and only memorial for statehood in 1818 (November 13), the selection of St. Charles (November 25, 1820) as the temporary capital of Missouri until 1826, the appointment of commissioners (November 16, 1820) to locate the permanent seat of , and the organization of the eleven Missouri counties of Boone, Chariton, Cole, Lillard (Lafayette), Perry, Ralls and Ray (all on November 16, 1820); Callaway, Gasconade and Saline (November 25, 1820); and Phelps (November 13, 1857). To members of the Boone County Historical Society it may be of interest to note that this month which furnished the natal day of Missouri's and the West's classic pioneer after whom their county was named, and the birthday of the organ­ ization of their county itself, also included the day when their city of Columbia became the county seat of Boone county (November 15, 1821). From Pennsylvania the Boone family emigrated to North Carolina in May, 1750, and settled along the Yadkin river. Daniel, who was the fourth son and sixth child of Squire and Sarah Morgan Boone, was a valuable member of the party. His skill as a hunter had already been developed. He was to render increasing service to all. From this date the events in the life of Daniel Boone multiply rapidly. In 1755 he was with Braddock's ill-fated army as a wagoner and blacksmith. Here he met John Finley, who told Boone of his expeditions into Kentucky and who first interested him in that western wilderness. The next year he married that remarkable woman, Rebecca Bryan, who almost rivalled her illustrious mate in endurance of hardship besides giving to the world a progeny of sons and daughters distinguished for their honorable lives of service and in several instances of pronounced eminence. In 1759 Boone bought a tract of land along the Yadkin but the same year he removed with his family to Culpeper county in eastern Virginia on account of an uprising of the Cherokees. To make a living he hauled tobacco. In 1760 he returned to the Yadkin and for the next nine years en- 210 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW gaged in farming in a desultory way and in hunting, trapping and exploring in a whole-hearted and skillful manner. He moved two or three times, practically abandoning his first farm on account of the cloudy title given him on purchasing it. In 1769 he made his first trip to Kentucky. After stay­ ing two years in Kentucky he returned to the Yadkin. In 1773 (September 25) he sold his farm for a song and moved to Kentucky, taking his family and five other families with him. They were intercepted by the Indians and forced to retreat near the Virginia border. From here Boone con­ ducted a party of surveyors into Kentucky for Patrick Henry, then governor of Virginia, and afterward was com­ missioned captain to command three garrisons on the Ohio. In 1775 he was appointed to lay out lands in Kentucky for the Pennsylvania Land Company. He erected the famous fort at Boonesborough in Madison county, Kentucky, and did more than any other in aiding in its maintenance against the Indians during the Revolutionary War. He had many encounters with the Indians, was captured several times, and his escapes from them became classic tales around the pioneers' firesides. Boone lived in Boonesborough until 1788. He held the rank of major in the local militia. He was a member of the "Transylvania House of Delegates" in 1775, a repre­ sentative assembly of the Kentucky settlers at the four settle­ ments of Harrodstown, Boonesborough, Boiling Spring and Floyd's settlement. This "Transylvania House of Dele­ gates" is reported to have been "the first fully organized legislature west of the Alleghenies" out of which grew Ken­ tucky's first constitution. In 1788 Boone went to live in western Virginia (now West Virginia) at Point Pleasant at the juncture of the Ohio and Kanawha rivers. Here he kept tavern and store. In 1791 he was elected to the Virginia Assembly and was a member of the Committee on Religion. That year Kentucky became a state and much litigation over land titles ensued. Boone was unfortunate in not having properly protected his holdings through recorded surveys from the rapacity of many of the newcomers. DANIEL BOONE 211

The final result was that he lost all of his Kentucky holdings, which had been carefully selected by him from the choicest tracts in Kentucky. This loss, together with debts, new settlers pushing back the Kentucky hunter's province, the glowing accounts from his sons in Spanish-governed Missouri, and a letter of invitation and promise of landed concessions from Lieutenant Governor Zenon Trudeau in 1798, induced him to leave the Kentucky-West Virginia country for Mis­ souri in 1799. The records show that a certificate of survey of 1,000 arpents of land in the Femme Osage district of St. Charles, was made him on January 9, 1800. This claim was dis­ allowed by the U. S. land board in 1809, but Congress by special act of February 10, 1814, confirmed the grant. The land was sold and the proceeds together with the returns from furs were used by Boone to cancel the old Kentucky debts. One of the interesting phases of Boone's life in Missouri is his appointment as syndic of the Femme Osage section of the St. Charles district by Lieutenant Governor Charles Dehault Delassus, of Upper Louisiana, on July 11, 1800. As syndic from 1800 to 1804 Boone was sheriff and comman­ dant, jury and judge. In his district he was the only govern­ ment servant. His official acts and decisions were final, since all honored his honesty and respected his ability. He could write legibly, though he was a poor speller. He could read, and he could survey and take notes. These were markings of an educated man to the pioneers. But his honesty, courage and keen sense of justice made well-wishers even of those whom he penalized. To be defeated in a suit at law or to be whipped on the back in punishment of crime, seldom causes the loser or culprit to feel friendly toward his judgment maker. But all litigants, winners and losers, praised Daniel Boone, the syndic. His court followed no rules of evidence, no case precedents, but went as best it could to the heart of right and wrong. There is no record of an appeal from the decisions of Daniel Boone. Much of Boone's life in Missouri was spent in hunting. On his many expeditions he penetrated into the interior, 212 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW

and stories are told of his having gone beyond even the present site of Kansas City. The artist Chester Harding visited him in 1819 and fortunately for posterity he persuaded Boone to sit for his portrait, the only one, it is said, painted from life. Audubon painted one from memory. On one occasion Harding asked Boone if in his wanderings he had ever been lost. Boone replied, "No, I can't say as ever I was lost, but I was bewildered once for three days." On September 26, 1820, while at the home of his youngest son, Nathan Boone, who had helped frame Missouri's first constitution and who was later to attain high rank in the United States army, Daniel Boone died. The first state legislature of Missouri was in session in St. Louis, where it had convened on September 18 and where on the day follow­ ing Alexander McNair had been inaugurated as governor. Word of the death of the famous pioneer reached the city on September 28, and on that day Senator Benjamin Emmons of St. Charles introduced in the Senate this resolution: "That the Senate and House of Representatives of the State of Missouri, do as evidence of their distinguished respect for the memory of Col. Daniel Boon deceased, agree to wear crape on the left arm for the space of twenty days from this date." The resolution was unanimously adopted by both House and Senate. A son of Daniel Boone was at that time repre­ senting Montgomery county in the Legislature. This was Jesse B. Boone, who died shortly after that session on De­ cember 22, 1820. The bodies of Daniel and Rebecca Boone were buried in Missouri. On September 18, 1845, at the request of the Kentucky legislature, these bodies were disinterred and buried in the cemetery at Frankfort, Kentucky, where that State erected a monument. Ten days after the death of Daniel Boone, on October 6, 1820, Representative Daniel Monroe of Howard county pre­ sented a petition in the House from "sundry inhabitants re­ siding in the east part of Howard county" praying that a new county might be formed. This petition was probably from those living on Thralls Prairie and other parts of what is DANIEL BOONE 213 today Boone county. Five days later a county bill was re­ ported by Representative Andrew S. McGirk of Howard county from his committee, "on the subject of new counties in Howard." On October 28, a bill dividing Howard county into several new counties passed the House. This bill in­ cluded Boone county. On November 4 the bill passed the Senate, and on November 16, 1820, it was signed by Governor Alexander McNair. The name of Daniel Boone had been lastingly perpetuated in one of Missouri's great county divi­ sions. The life of Daniel Boone is a Greek tragedy. Man and beast, civilization and nature, battled for and against him. Fate or destiny made him the guide of the wealthy as well as the poor in selecting the best land in Kentucky. Fate smiled on him as he surveyed a thousand acres of the most select land here and ten thousand acres there for "Da'l Boone." She then turned him out of Kentucky at the age of over three score without title to a foot of soil and only debts to recall nearly a quarter of a century of service and sacrifice. It was the same fate that had caressed him on the Yadkin in North Carolina, brought him his wife and children, peace, prosperity and happiness, and then dispossessed him of his property, placed him in a cabin, and made him haul tobacco for a living. This fate brought his success as a hunter and then led the Indians to rob him of his caches of rich furs. She made him at Boonsborough the chief defender of and hunter for the pioneer, gave him commanding military rank, elevated him to the legislative halls of Virginia, and then let unfounded charges of disloyalty and cowardice be preferred against him. She gave him fame as the classic American pioneer, and placed him in the hills of West Virginia along the Kanawha as a tavern keeper and small river merchant. She beckoned him onward across the Mississippi and endowed him with a landed estate. Then she took away in law what she had bestowed in love. But the law, rather the esteem and grati­ tude of Congress, gave back to him his own in Missouri be­ cause he was "the man who has opened the way to millions of his fellowmen." Then fate made him sell all, land and furs, 214 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW to pay his old debts so that he could say at the age of 75 years that he was "square with the world." Such was this serious, pleasant man who loved to sing and whistle and sometimes relate real Indian and bear stories. He kept sweet. Although there was some simple truth and perhaps much tragic camouflage in his reason for leaving Kentucky,—"Too crowded. I want elbow room,"—he still kept faith in man. There is something elemental, funda­ mental in this man. Tragedy stalks him in his restless wander­ ings, fate plays with him, fortune smiles and frowns, and the years pass but the silent hero remains unconquered. His life is best pictured in these words of a private letter written by him in 1816. "And what Chance we shall have in the next we know Not for my part I am as ignorant as a Child all the Relegan I have to Love and fear god beleve in Jeses Christ Don all the good to my Nighbour and my self that I can Do as Little harm as I Can help and trust on gods marcy for the Rest and I Beleve god neve made a man of my presipel to be Lost and I flater my self Deer sister that you are well on your way in Christeanaty gave my Love to all your Childran and all my frends farwell my Deer sister DANIEL BOONE" THE MISSOURI RIVER AND ITS VICTIMS 215

THE MISSOURI RIVER AND ITS VICTIMS Vessels Wrecked from the Beginning of . Navigation to 1925

BY W. J. MCDONALD

FIRST ARTICLE The Missouri river was discovered by the explorers, Marquette and Joliet, in 1673, when on a voygae down the Mississippi river, they arrived at the mouth of the Missouri and found a torrent of yellow muddy water flowing in from the west and discoloring the clear blue water of the Missis­ sippi. Other early French explorers made frequent trips to the mouth of the Missouri between 1673 and 1700, and while it is not definitely known just when white men first ascended the river, it was probably between 1700 and 1705, the first authentic record being of a voyage by French explorers to the mouth of the Kansas river in 1705. The historical Lewis and Clark expedition entered the river on May 14, 1804. Early navigation on the river was by the use of canoe, pirogue, batteau, mackinaw boat, keel-boat and bull-boat, all of which were propelled by hand. They were rowed, poled, towed with a line from the shore, and some had sails for use in favorable winds. These boats were used in the fur and trading business up as far as the Yellowstone river, and it took a full season to make a trip. As can be imagined, voyages up this turbulent stream, infested with hostile Indians, were filled with hardship and danger. The boatmen were mostly French-Canadians, who were hard-working, obedient and cheerful people. Many of the descendants of these hardy pioneers became skillful pilots in the later steamboat days. Historians divide the honor of being the father of navi­ gation on the Missouri between Manuel Lisa, a Spaniard of St. Louis, and Gregorie Sarpy, both of whom were engaged 216 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW

in trading up the river, Lisa being associated with Auguste Choteau, an early merchant of St. Louis. From the head of navigation of the Missouri to its mouth is a distance of 2,546 miles, and its muddy water gives color to the Mississippi to the Gulf of Mexico. In a recent report of the Omaha Metropolitan Utilities District, it is stated that there is in suspension 120 tons of mud to every million gallons of water. The early explorers have stated that the water of the Mississippi above the mouth of the Missouri, is but mod­ erately good, while the water of the Missouri is the best in the world. This statement is undoubtedly true, as the presence of the sand serves to purify it and make it whole­ some, and when settled there is no better water in the world. The river is a turbulent, muddy, crooked and treacherous stream, and, as stated by a Sioux City paper some years ago, "of all the variable things in creation, the most un­ certain are the action of a jury, the state of a woman's mind, and the condition of the Missouri river." It is probably the most difficult river in the world to navigate. Piloting on the Missouri river is a science, and the skillful pilot is a man of wonderful memories and endowed with a peculiar sense which enables him to read the water and pick out the channel by the appearance of the surface of the water, different conditions of which indicate the presence of submerged bars, snags or other hidden obstructions. He must have good judgment, a quick keen eye, and iron nerve. He must know where the water is and where the bars and snags "is'nt." In the hey-day of steamboating his salary was from $1,000 to $1,500 per month. The greatest difficulty encountered in navigating this river is caused by the constant changing of the channel. From the mouth of the Platte river to the Mississippi on each side of the river are bluffs, which nearly paralell each other at a distance of from two to five miles or more. The river, except during a flood, is from a quarter to a half-mile in width, and runs anywhere between these bluffs, the re­ mainder of the space being bottom lands. These bottom lands which are of alluvial soil, are frequently cut into by the river as it changes its course. When the channel changes THE MISSOURI RIVER AND ITS VICTIMS 217 it leaves a sand bar, which soon becomes overgrown with willows and cottonwoods, these catching and retaining the silt of subsequent overflows, which constantly raises the sur­ face of the accretion, until, with decaying vegetation, it be­ comes as high as the adjacent land, and makes the best kind of land for the growing of corn. The changing of the channel has left some former important steamboat landings far from the river, as in the case of Brunswick, Mo., which is now about five miles from the river, and Vermillion, S. D., which was located on the bank of the river, when the cutting river took part of the town away, the rest of which was moved up on the bluff, where a new town was built. The river then again changed its course, and Vermillion is now several miles from the river. The most dangerous localities on the river are the bends, and it was in them that most of the accidents to steamboats occurred. The channel of the river is often deflected by minor objects, as a rack heap or fallen tree, and the sinking of a steamboat will frequently deflect the current obliquely to the opposite shore, and the land where it strikes melts before the strong current, and thousands of acres of land are swept away, and the channel of the river is a mile or more from its former location. Some of these bends are very long and have been years in forming. From the velocity of the current, and the presence of innumerable snags, the bends are a con­ tinued menace to the pilots. Among the most dangerous of these bends, and where the greatest number of wrecks occurred, were Augusta Bend, Osage Chute, Brickhouse Bend, Malta Bend and Bonhomme Bend, in which many a magnificent steamer was wrecked. At a crossing in the river, where the current changed from one side of the river to the other, the greatest difficulty is encountered by the pilots. The water spreads over a large area at these crossings, and instead of one channel, there are many chutes. The steamers grounded in these crossings in low water, and frequently had to spar over. This was done by the use of two long spars, one at each side of the bow, with lines attached to the capstan. It was push and pull, spar and warp, back and go-ahead, day and night, until the steamer was safely over the bar. 218 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW

The first steamboat to navigate the Missouri river was the INDEPENDENCE, Captain John Nelson, master, which left St. Louis on May 15, 1819, and arrived at Old Franklin, Mo., on May 26th. It continued its voyage to Chariton, Mo., then located near Glasgow, Mo., and returned to St. Louis on June 5, 1819. During June, 1819, a fleet of U. S. Government steamers under the command of Major Stephen H. Long, made a voyage up the river to determine if it was navigable for steamboats. This was known as Long's Expedi­ tion, and consisted of four steamboats, the THOMAS JEFFER­ SON, R. M. JOHNSON, EXPEDITION, and WESTERN ENGINEER. The three former named steamers left St. Louis on June 5, 1819, and the WESTERN ENGINEER on June 7, 1819. The THOMAS JEFFERSON struck a snag in Osage Chute and sunk, this being the first steamboat wreck recorded in the Missouri river. The R. M, JOHNSON and the EXPEDI­ TION arrived at a point just below Atchison, Kan., on September 18, 1819, and went into winter quarters, re­ turning to St. Louis the following spring. The WESTERN ENGINEER arrived at Franklin, Mo., on June 24, 1819^ and after laying up for several days for repairs, proceeded on its voyage, passed the other steamers and arrived at Atchison on August 28, 1819. It being of lighter draft and better suited for this river, it proceeded up the river and went into winter quarters about five miles below Council Bluffs, Iowa. This was the first steamer to ascend the river that distance. It was 75 feet long and 13 feet beam, drawing about 20 inches of water. It was probably the first stern- wheel steamer ever built. The steamer YELLOWSTONE, built in 1831 by Pierre Chouteau for the American Fur Com­ pany, was the first steamer to navigate the river above Council Bluffs it having left St. Louis on its maiden voyage on April 16, 1831, and arrived at Ft. Tecumseh, opposite Pierre, S. D., on June 19, 1831. In the following year the YELLOWSTONE left St. Louis on March 26 for the Yellow­ stone river, and after a delay at Kansas City due to an epi­ demic of cholera, arrived at the mouth of the Yellowstone on June 17, 1832. This was the first steamboat to ascend the river to the Yellowstone. On June 16, 1866, the steamer THE MISSOURI RIVER AND ITS VICTIMS 219

PETER BALEN ascended the river to the mouth of Belt Creek, six miles below Great Falls, Mont. This is probably the farthest point reached by a steamboat on the river. The record of this steamboat is unique, in that it had reached a point by a continuous water course farther from the sea than any steamboat in the world had ever reached. The point reached is 3,815 miles from the sea, and more than 3,300 feet above it. After the successful trip of the YELLOWSTONE in 1832, numerous steamboats entered the Missouri river trade. In its issue of April 3, 1856, the Missouri Republican, a news­ paper published at St. Louis, Mo., carried advertisements of the following sailings to Missouri river points:— Steamer THOS. E. TUTT, P. M. Dozier, master. Weekly trips from St. Louis to Brunswick and way points. Steamer OMAHA, J. E. Barrow, master. Weekly trips from St. Joseph to Council Bluffs and way points. Steamer STAR OF THE WEST, Dix, master. Every other Monday from St. Louis to St. Joseph and way points. Steamer POLAR STAR, Dix, master. Every other Tuesday from St. Louis to St. Joseph and way points. Steamer WILLIAM CAMPBELL, Wm. Edds, master. Every other Monday from St. Louis to Weston and way points. Steamer MORNING STAR, T. H. Brierly, master. Every other Monday from St. Louis to St. Joseph and way points. Steamer EDINBURG, Dan Able, master. Every other Thursday from St. Louis to St. Joseph and way points. Steamer J. N. CONVERSE, Geo. W. Bowman, master. Every other Saturday from St. Louis to St. Joseph and way points. Steamer A. C GODDIN, J. Ives, master. 'Steamer ADMIRAL. St. Louis to Council Bluffs. Steamer CARRIER, C. Postal, master. Every Saturday from St. Louis to Glasgow and way points. Steamer N. J. EATON, JOS. S. Nanson, master. Every Tuesday from St. Louis to Brunswick and way points. Steamer SULTAN, John McCloy, master. Every two weeks from St. Louis to Omaha and way points. 220 MISSOURI HISTORICAL KEVIEW

Steamer JAMES H. LUCAS, Andrew Wineland, master. Every other Tuesday from St. Louis to St. Joseph and way points. Steamer MARTHA JEWETT, D. H. Silver, master. Every other Saturday from St. Louis to St. Joseph and way points. Steamer EMIGRANT, St. Louis to St. Joseph and way points. Steamer F. X. AUBRY, Ambrose Reeder, master. Every other Thursday from St. Louis to St. Joseph and way points. Steamer NEW LUCY, Conley, master. Every other Saturday from St. Louis to St. Joseph and way points. Steamer CLARA, Isaac H. McKee, master. Every Saturday from St. Louis to Cambridge and way points. Other steamboats entered in the trade, and in 1858, the banner year, there were almost 100 steamboats plying up and down the stream. In 1859, the Hannibal & St. Joseph railroad completed its line to St. Joseph, Mo., and business for steamboats on the lower river waned. The gold fields of and other points in the west attracted the steamboats to the upper river, and the Missouri Republican, in its issue of March 25, 1864, carried advertisements of the following steamboats leaving St. Louis for the gold fields of Idaho by the way of Fort Benton and Great Falls, Mont.: EFFIE DEAN, La Barge, master; BENTON, T. W. Rea, master; WELCOME, Thomas Townsend, master; MARCELLA, Fitz­ gerald, master; FANNIE OGDEN, John P. Keiser, master, and the FLORENCE, only one steamer being advertised for the lower river, it being the WEST WIND, Ray, master, from St. Louis to St. Joseph and way points. When the Northern Pacific railroad built into Bismarck, N. D. in 1872, it sounded the death knell for steam packets on the Missouri river, and the business gradually declined, until today there is not a single steam packet operating on the river. There are several motor propelled motor freight boats, a few steam towboats engaged in river bank and bridge protection, ferryboats plying at a number of points on the river, but the packet steamer on the Missouri river has passed into history. THE MISSOURI RIVER AND ITS VICTIMS 221

THE WRECKS

A. B. CHAMBERS. Side-wheel, 417 tons, 22'5x33', built at Cincinatti, Ohio, in 1856. Had two engines, 22"x6', five boilers, 24'x38", allowed a working pressure of 151 lbs. Built by Captain Jim Gormley and named after the editor of the Missouri Republican. It was a very fine steamer. Sunk by snag 1 mile above Atchison, Kan., on its first trip in March, 1856. Captain G. W. Bowman, master. Was raised and repaired and sold to Alexander Gillam, Thompson McDavid, John Lee and Benjamin Courier. Sunk by snag just above the mouth of the Missouri river on Sept. 24, 1860, and become a total loss. Captain Alexander Gillam, master. Samuel Clemens (Mark Twain) was pilot of this steamer during the winter of 1858-59 in the Mississippi river trade. A. C. BIRD. Stern wheel, 132 tons, 144.4'x26.6'x4.1', built at Grafton, 111., in 1875. Had two engines, 16"x5', three boilers 22'x38", allowed a working pressure of 164 lbs. Owned by John and George Burruss, Captain George Burress, master. Sunk by snag in Wayne City Bend, about 12 miles below Kansas City, Mo., on Oct. 15, 1880, and be­ came a total loss. Loss reported as $11,000. Charles Sausmann, chief engineer, had a narrow escape, as a hatch, through which he went to find out how badly the hull was hurt, was closed on him, and he had some difficulty in getting out. A. C. GODDIN. Side-wheel. Captain John LaBarge, master. Sunk by snag at Lower Bonhomme Island, Mo. on April 20, 1857, and with its cargo became a total loss. Steamer valued at $20,000. A. MAJORS. Side-wheel, 371 tons, built at St. Louis, Mo., in 1857. Had two engines, 20"x6', two boilers, 26'x46", allowed a working pressure of 100 lbs. Owned by John L. Lathrop, Captain Samuel Bently, master. Steamer took a sheer on the pilot and ran into the bank near Brunswick, Mo., on April 7, 1866, stove in its head and sunk. Was raised and repaired, and was finally burned while lying at the wharf at St. Louis, Mo. This steamer was run in the Hannibal & St. Joseph Railroad Line between St. Joseph and Omaha, Neb. Was formerly U. S. Government steamer MINK. 222 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW

ABNER O'NEAL. Stern wheel, 197 tons, 150'x28'x3.8', built at Freedom, Pa. in 1884. Had two engines, 14"x5', two boilers, 20'x44", allowed a working pressure of 170 lbs. Owned by the Missouri River Transportation Co., Captain R. A. Talbott, master. Sunk by snag at Painted Woods, N. D. on July 17, 1892, and became a total loss. Steamer valued at $12,000. ADA BELL. Stern wheel motor vessel, 100.2'x24'x3.1', 50 gross tons, built at Mule's Head Landing, S. D. in 1906. Purchased by the Department of the Interior, Crow Creek Agency, Ft. Thompson, S. D., in 1917. Sunk in the fall of 1923, and wreck was sold to Walter B. Waite, Chamberlain, S. D., who dismantled it and installed the engine in the motor vessel B. A. DOUGLAS. LOSS reported as $2,000. 4LDA, QUEEN OF THE WEST. Stern wheel motor ferry, 25 tons, 60'x20', 40 H. P. Owned by A. Z. Martin. While crossing the river at Brownsville in 1900, load of bronchos ran to one side, causing vessel to turn over and sink. Total loss. ADMIRAL. Side-wheel, 269 tons, 169'x26', built at Mc- Keesport, Pa., in 1853. Had two engines 20//x5J^/, three boilers, 24'x38", allowed a working pressure of 130 lbs. Sunk in shallow water at the head of Western Island, Mo., in October, 1858. Was raised and run for many years. ALBERT S. WILLIS. Stern-wheel, 132 tons, 153'x26.5'x 3.6', built at Port Hamar, Ohio, in 1881, formerly steamer BELMONT. Had two engines, 163/2"x4', three boilers, 22'x47", allowed a working pressure of 155 lbs. Sunk by snag Y2 mile below Portland, Mo. on Sept. 28, 1886. Was raised and re­ paired. Damage reported as $5,000. Sold to Cape Girar­ deau Transportation Company, and was finally sunk by snag at Cape Girardeau, Mo. on Oct. 13, 1894, and became a total loss. ALERT. Side-wheel. Sunk by snag in Alert Bend, op­ posite Fisher's Landing, Mo. in 1840 and became a total loss. ALICE. Side-wheel, 610 tons. Sunk by snag near Frankfort, Mo. on Sept. 12, 1874. Was raised and repaired. Loss reported as $6,000. THE MISSOURI RIVER AND ITS VICTIMS 223

ALICE BLAIR. Stern-wheel, 119 tons, 130'x25'x4', built at Osceola, Mo. in 1890. Had two engines, 10"x4', one boiler, 20'x56", allowed a working pressure of 129 lbs. Owned by R. D. Blair, Captain Henry M. Dodds, master. Sunk by snag at Earl Point, Mo. about 100 miles above St. Louis on Oct. 13, 1890. Was raised and repaired. Damage reported as $900. ALGOMA. Side-wheel. Sunk by rocks 1 mile below Lexington, Mo. in 1849, and became a total loss. Cargo mostly saved. ALLIS GREY. Stern-wheel freight steamer, 96 tons, built at Tuscumbia, Mo. in 1871. Had two engines, 10"x3', one boiler, 18'x42", allowed a working pressure of 137 lbs. Owned by A. A. Hibbard and others. Destroyed by ex­ plosion of boiler at the head of Payne's Island, five miles below Rocheport, Mo. on Dec. 16, 1875. One negro fireman killed. Loss reported as $3,000. AMANDA. Side-wheel, 140 tons, built at St. Louis, Mo. in 1865. Had two engines, 16"x5', three boilers, 22/x38,/, allowed a working pressure of 132 lbs. Captain James Lock- hart, master. While bound from Omaha, Neb. to Sioux City, la. without cargo, was destroyed by fire at Peters Landing, la. on Nov. 16, 1867. Loss reported as $15,000. AMARANTH. Stern-wheel, 160 tons, built at Warsaw, 111. in 1864. Owned by Captain R. E. Hill, Spencer Grinell, G. W. Hill, Albert Wagner, Henry Leyhe and William Leyhe, Captain R. E. Hill, master. Had two engines, 12"x33^', two boilers, 14'x40", allowed a working pressure of 144 lbs. Sunk by snag at Smith's Bar, above Doniphan, Mo. on Nov. 17, 1867, and became a total loss. Captain William Bell, pilot on watch. Cargo mostly saved. Loss reported as $12,000. AMAZON. Side-wheel, 257 tons, 250'x32', built at Pitts­ burgh, Pa. in 1849. Had two engines, 20"x6', three boilers, 28'x40", allowed a working pressure of 115 lbs. Owned by P. Devinney, B. F. Watkins, J. Johnson and J. W. Carroll, Captain J. Johnson, master. Sunk by snag at Rattlesnake Springs, three miles above the mouth of the Missouri river, on Feb. 15, 1856, and became a total loss. The steamer had been sold to Menard Chouteau shortly before it was lost. 224 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW

AMELIE POE. Stern-wheel, 327 tons, 175'x30', owned by Captain Thomas Poe, and named for his wife. Captain Thomas Townsend, master, Joe Feeto and George Hughes, pilots. Sunk by snag near Little Porcupine Creek, about 33 miles above Wolf Point, Mont., on May 28, 1868, and became a total loss. Most of the cargo was saved and taken to Helena, Mont., where it was claimed by the insur­ ance companies. Some machinery, intended for a quartz mill, was taken out and put on the bank, where remnants of it remain today. Loss reported as $72,000.

ANDREW S. BENNETT. Stern-wheel ferryboat, 78 tons, 115'x30'x3.5', built at Sioux City, la. in 1880, by Captain Grant Marsh, and named after Captain Andrew S. Ben­ nett of the 5th U. S. Infantry, who was killed in a battle with the Bannock Indians at Clark's Ford, Mont, on Sep. 4, 1878. Had two engines, llj/£"x43^', two boilers, 22/x38,/, allowed a working pressure of 140 lbs. When the steamer was built it was equipped with the cog-wheel machinery from the wrecked steamer HIRAM WOOD NO. 2, which was later re­ placed with the machinery from the steamer M. LIVINGSTON. Sunk by ice while lying in winter quarters at Sioux City, la. during the winter of 1888-89. Was raised and repaired and sold to D. Ayers, and later dismantled. ANNIE CADE. Center-wheel ferry, 178 tons, 127.5'x32'x 4.5', built at Leavenworth, Kan. in 1879. Had one engine, // / 203^ x5j^ J two boilers, 16'x42", allowed a working pressure of 119 lbs. Owned by William A. Cade, Captain Thomas Cade, master. Sunk by ice while lying in winter quarters at Harlem, Mo. on Jan. 28, 1887. Was raised and taken to Kansas City, and was sunk by ice the second time on Feb. 8, 1887. Was raised and repaired. Damage reported as $5,000. Was dismantled in 1907. ANNIE LEE. Stern-wheel, 42 tons, built at Boonville, Mo. in 1876. Had two engines, 8"x2', one boiler, 15'x42", allowed a working pressure of 110 lbs. Owned by Horace Kingsley, Captain John L. Farris, pilot. Sunk by snag in Euphrasie Bend at Griffiths Landing, Mo. on Nov. 11, 1881. Loss reported as $3,000. THE MISSOURI RIVER AND ITS VICTIMS 225

ANNIE LEWIS. Center-wheel ferry, 81 tons, 93.4'x27'x 4.2', built at Glasgow, Mo. in 1879. Had one engine, 153^" x5', one boiler 18'x46", allowed a working pressure of 113 lbs. Destroyed by fire at Kansas City, Mo. on Sep. 4, 1891. Loss reported as $9,000. ANTELOPE. Side-wheel, 400 tons, 180'x32', built at St. Louis Mo. in 1866. Had two engines, 18"x6', two boilers, 24/x46//, allowed a working pressure of 125 lbs. Owned by Carter & Conn and others, Captain William R. Massie, master and pilot. Destroyed by fire five miles below Upper Bonhomme Island, above Yankton, S. D. on April 12, 1869. Two passengers were lost, and Dr. Page of Boston, Mass. was badly burned. Steamer and cargo a total loss. Steamer valued at $20,000 and cargo at $38,000. ANTHONY WAYNE. Side-wheel. Sunk by snag three miles above Liberty Landing, Mo. on Mar. 25, 1851 and be­ came a total loss. ARABIA. Side-wheel, owned by Captain Bill Terrill, who bought the steamer from Captain John Shaw. Sunk by snag 1J^ miles below Parkville, Mo, and with its cargo became a total loss. Cargo valued at $16,000. There was a large shipment of whiskey on board, and numerous efforts have been made to salvage it without success. ARABIAN. Stern-wheel, 305 tons, built at Pittsburgh, Pa. in 1866. Had two engines, 13"x4', two boilers, 22,x38//, allowed a working pressure of 142 lbs. Owned by Captain Ben Johnson and J. H. Bishop, Captain S. Packard, master. Sunk by snag at Atchison, Kan. on May 4, 1868, and became a total loss. ARETHUSA. Stern-wheel U. S. Towboat, 45 tons, 91'x 18.4'x4.8', built at Gasconade, Mo. in 1894. Captain Jesse B. Neff, pilot. With a barge in tow, steamer struck bridge at St. Joseph, Mo., broadside and sunk on Sep. 14, 1914. Paddle wheel and some machinery salvaged. Steamer valued at $4,000. , / ARIEL. Stern-wheel, 53 tons, 84.6'x21 x3.8 , built at Lexington, Mo. in 1897. Had two engines, 9"x3', one boiler, 18'x42", allowed a working pressure of 134 lbs. Owned by the Lexington Coal and Transportation Company. Caught 226 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW on bank by rapidly rising river at Lexington, Mo. during the winter of 1897-98, and became a total loss. Loss reported as $2,500. B. A. DOUGLASS. Stern wheel motor vessel, 56 tons, 102.9'x24'x4', built at Williston, N. D. in 1914. Owned by the Yankton Bridge and Ferry Company, Captain Jos. Geisler, pilot. Damaged by fire to the extent of $300, caused by back-fire from the engine, at Yankton, S. D. on Nov. 1, 1923. BALLOON. Side-wheel, Captain John McCloy, master, and owner. Sunk by snag below Augusta, Mo. in 1848 and became a total loss. BANNER STATE. Side-wheel, 254 tons, built at Browns­ ville, Pa. in 1851. Had two engines, 20'/x6', three boilers, 24/x38,/, allowed a working pressure of 165 lbs. Owned by Josh B. Holland and others, Captain Josh B. Holland, master, Captain Joseph S. Nanson, pilot. Sunk by snag in Brick- house Bend on April 11, 1855. This was a very popular steamer in its time. BEDFORD. Side-wheel, single engine. Sunk by snag at the mouth of the Missouri river on April 25, 1840, and with its cargo became a total loss. After striking the snag it sank in about one minute to its hurricane deck. It was a dark and very stormy night, and about 14 persons were lost. One of the passengers lost his trunk in which $6,000 in specie had been placed. BELLE OF GLASGOW. Stern wheel motor vessel, 15 tons, 54/xl5'x2.7/, built at Glasgow, Mo. in 1906. Owned by Charles Fariss, Kansas City, Mo. Sunk while layed up for the night at De Witt, Mo. ferry landing on June 15, 1907, from some unknown cause. A bar completely covered the vessel up to the pilot house. Vessel a total loss. BELLE OF JEFFERSON. Stern wheel. Damaged by the explosion of steam dome on boiler near Jefferson City, Mo. on July 3, 1874. A negro fireman was lost by jumping over­ board. Was raised and repaired and equipped with a new boiler, and was sunk by snag at the head of Osage chute on July 13, 1875, becoming a total loss. THE MISSOURI RIVER AND ITS VICTIMS 227

BELLE OF LEXINGTON. Centerwheel ferryboat, 124 tons, 120'x30', built at New Albany, Ind. in 1866. Had two engines, 103^"x4', two boilers, 14'x36", allowed a working pressure of 90 lbs. Owned by Captain Grant Marsh. Sunk by ice at Yankton, S. D. during the winter of 1875-76, and became a total loss. , / BELLE OF PEORIA. Side-wheel, 238 tons, 180 x32 , built at Monongahela, Pa. in 1859. Had two engines, 15"x6', two boilers, 28'x44", allowed a working pressure of 131 lbs. Captain Jim Clarke, master. Grounded on a bar near Acrow's trading post, five miles above the Cheyenne river in Oct. 1864. Laid on bar until the following spring, when the ice cut her down, making her a total loss.

BEN JOHNSON. Side-wheel, 525 tons, built at St. Louis, Mo. in 1866. Had two engines, 22"x6', three boilers, 26'x39", allowed a working pressure of 142 lbs. Owned by Captain Ben Johnson, Captain T. K. Voorheis, master. Sunk by snag four or five miles below Brownsville, Neb. in 1868. Was raised and repaired and again put into service. Was de­ stroyed by fire at St. Louis, Mo. on Mar. 29, 1869. This steamer took the U. S. Commission to Fort Sully in 1866 to treat with the Sioux Indians, being chartered by Captain Joseph LaBarge to the Government for the trip at $300 per day.

BENNETT. Side-wheel wrecking steamer. Sunk by snag in the bend above the mouth of the Kaw river in 1852, when on its way up the river to raise the sunken steamer DAKOTAH, which was sunk in Peru Cut-off.

BENTON. Stern wheel, 246 tons, built at Pittsburgh, Pa. in 1863. Had two engines, 15"x5', three boilers, 24'x36", allowed a working pressure of 139 lbs. Owned by Durfee & Peek, fur traders, Captain Frank Dozier, master, Captains W. G. Lingo and T. Lemon, pilots. Sunk by snag in Benton Bend, eight miles above De Soto, Neb. on May 19, 1869, and became a total loss. The steamer had previously been injured|by striking the St. Charles bridge. Loss reported as $10,000. 228 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW

; BENTON. Stern wheel, 394 tons, 197 x33', built at Pitts­ burgh, Pa. in 1875. Had two engines, 153^>"x5', three boilers, 24'x38", allowed a working pressure of 115 lbs. Owned by T. C. Power & Co. and Isaac G. Baker of Ft. Benton, Mont. This steamer made a very fast trip from Bismarck, N. D. to Ft. Benton, Mont, in 1879 when it carried Col. McLeod and the Canadian Mounted Police for the British Northwest Territory. It was sold in 1889 to James P. Boland and T. B. Sims. Sunk by snag five miles above Washington, Mo. on Sept. 15, 1889, Captain Asa P. Boland, master, Captain George Keith, pilot. Was raised and repaired. While bound down the river opposite Arrow Rock, Mo. on July 31, 1895, the tiller rope parted and the steamer became unman­ ageable and struck a snag and sunk. 600 sacks of wheat were lost. The steamer was raised and repaired, and in the spring of 1897 entered the upper river trade. On July 18, 1897, when on down trip, it commenced signalling when four miles up the river for the Sioux City combination draw bridge to open. The bridge attendants, however, failed to open the bridge. The steamer backed and swung around and struck some submerged piling, breaking a hole in its bottom. It filled rapidly with water and became unmanageable, and was carried by the swift current against the bridge, carrying away all its upperworks, and it became a total loss. Loss reported as $10,000. BEN WEST. Side-wheel, 241 tons, built at Brownsville, Pa. in 1849. Had two engines, 173^"x6', three boilers, 24'x 38", allowed a working pressure of 160 lbs. Captain Louis A. Wettin, master. Sunk by snag near Washington, Mo. on Aug. 10, 1855, and became a total loss. Steamer was loaded with lumber for Lexington, Mo. Loss reported as $5,000. BERTHA. Side-wheel freight steamer, 383 tons, 180'x28', built at Belle Vernon, Pa., in 1863. Had two engines, 15"x5', three boilers, 22'x38", allowed a working pressure of 134 lbs. Owned by C. S. Ebaugh. Sunk by collision with bridge at St. Joseph, Mo., on June 24, 1873, and became a total loss. Loss reported as $10,500. THE MISSOURI RIVER AND ITS VICTIMS 229

BERTRAND. Stern-wheel, 160'x30'. Owned by Captain James Yores. Sunk by snag in Bertram Bend, at Portage La Force, Neb. in 1865, and with its cargo became a total loss. The cargo consisted in part of a large amount of quick­ silver. BIG HATCHIE. Stern-wheel. Wrecked by boiler ex­ plosion near Hermann, Mo. on July 25,1845, killing and wound­ ing many persons. Captain John and Bill Massie, who were boys and lived about two miles below Hermann, were coming up the river in a skiff and were the first to board the wreck, which drifted down and beached near the head of Bates, now Rush Island. 35 of the dead were buried in the cemetery at Hermann, but not one of the graves can be found today. BIG HORN. Stern-wheel, 293 tons, 178'x31', built at Pittsburg, Pa. in 1879. Had two engines, 13"x5', three boilers, 24'x45", allowed a working pressure of 156 lbs. Owned by S. B. Coulson and others. Sunk by snag ten miles below Poplar River, Mont, on May 8, 1883, and became a total loss. Loss reported as $20,000. BISHOP. Small stern-wheel steamer. In coming out of Old river, loaded with corn, it was struck by the strong current in the new cut-off just formed at the head of Peru cut-off, and was capsized and became a total loss on July 15, 1867. Andy Goff, mate, was lost. BISMARK. Stern-wheel motor vessel, 93 tons, 120'x21'x4' built at Bismark, N. D. in 1896. Owned by the Benton Packet Company. Formerly motor vessel JOHN BLOODGOOD. Destroyed by fire opposite Ree, N. D. on June 30, 1913. Loss reported as $4,500. BLACK HAWK. Side-wheel, 252 tons, built at New Al­ bany, Ind. in 1859. Had two engines, 21//x6/, three boilers, 26'x44", allowed a working pressure of 144 lbs. Owned by Silas Haite, John Vanordrick, Amos T. Hall and Charles G. Hammond, Captain Silas G. Haite, master. Sunk by snag at the mouth of Bee Creek, two miles below Weston, Mo. in 1862, and with its cargo became a total loss. BLACK HILLS. Stern-wheel, 369 tons, 190'x32'x4', built at Pittsburg, Pa. in 1877. Had two engines, 13"x5', two boilers, 24'x42", allowed a working pressure of 150 lbs. 230 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW

Owned by the Benton Transportation Company. Sunk by ice while lying at the bank at Bismark, N. D. on Mar. 28, 1884. Loss reported as $8,000. BOONEVILLE. Side-wheel, single engine. Sunk by snag in bend above mouth of Kaw river in Nov. 1837, and with its cargo became a total loss. The steamer was loaded with corn for the Government and was bound for Fort Leavenworth. BOREAS (NO. 2). Side-wheel, two engines, built by Fithian and Barnard in 1845. Destroyed by fire at Gonsoles Land­ ing, about 3^2 niile below Hermann, Mo. in 1846. There was a large amount of silver bullion and Mexican money on board, and the steamer was supposed to have been set on fire and the money stolen. One man on board had a large amount of gold dust. He was on board when the steamer tied up for the night, but was never seen afterwards. The engine-room backing bell of this steamer, still fastened to a piece of carling, is owned by the Loenig family, who now live in the old Massie home, near where the steamer was burned. The steamer and its cargo were a total loss. BOWLING GREEN. Side-wheel, single engine, 250 tons, 225'x33', built and owned by John J. Roe. Struck rocks at the head of Osage chute, Mo., on Dec. 12, 1842, sunk, and became a total loss, except the engines, which were salvaged. The break, where the wreck lies, still shows plainly just below the upper end of Osage chute. BRIDGEPORT. Stern-wheel, 250 tons, built at Bridgeport, Tenn. in 1865. Had two engines, 16"x43^', three boilers, 24'x38", allowed a working pressure of 137 lbs. Captain T. L. Chappelle, master. Sunk by snag 13^ miles below Decatur City, Neb. on June 1, 1868, and became a total loss. It was loaded with Government supplies. Loss reported as $11,000 on steamer. BRIGHTLIGHT. Stern-wheel, 733 tons, built at Pittsburg, Pa. in 1878. Had two engines, 17"x5^', four boilers, 26/x38,/. Owned by Captain David H. Silver, Captain William Thomp­ son, master, Captain Starr, pilot on watch. Struck Boon- ville, Mo. bridge on June 30, 1883, and became disabled and drifted down to the head of Boone Island, and during the fol­ lowing fall and winter the water left it high and dry. Later THE MISSOURI RIVER AND ITS VICTIMS 231 the machinery was taken off, and the hull repaired and taken to St. Louis, where it was used as a barge by Captain Henry Leyhe. The steamer was valued at $25,000, and was con­ sidered a total loss. The wreck led to a long lawsuit with the railroad company. BRIGHT STAR. Center-wheel ferry, 85 tons, 130'x20.9'x 4.3', built at New Albany, Ind. in 1864. Had one engine, 16"x5', three boilers, 16'x36", allowed a working pressure of 125 lbs. Owned by Frederick Blackman and others, Captain Harry Kettel, master. Cut down by running ice at Washington, Mo. on Feb. 6, 1873. Was raised and re­ paired. Loss reported as $2,000. BUTTE. Stern-wheel, 405 tons, built at Pittsburg, Pa. in 1879. Had two engines, 13}^"x5', two boilers, 26'x42", allowed a working pressure of 165 lbs. Owned by the Benton Transportation Company, Captain Johnson, master. De­ stroyed by fire 12 miles above Old Fort Peek, Mont, on Au­ gust 1, 1883. Loss reported as $123,000. C. W. SOMBART. Side-wheel, 411 tons, built at Jefferson- ville, Ind. in 1858. Had two engines, 22"x7', three boilers, 24'x42", allowed a working pressure of 135 lbs. Owned by A. L. Shortridge & Co. and Henry McPherson, Captain Henry McPherson, master. Destroyed by fire a short dis­ tance above St. Louis, Mo. on June 27, 1859. Supposed to have taken fire from a candle in the hold. Steamer and cargo a total loss. CAMDEN. Side-wheel. Sunk by snag at Patton's Point, eight miles above Washington, Mo. in 1839. / / CAPITOLA BUTT. Stern-wheel, 57 tons, 83.7 x23.3 x3.3'. built at Montrose, la. in 1885. Had two engines, ll//x2J^/, one boiler, 20'x48", allowed a working pressure of 145 lbs. Damaged to the extent of $2,000 by fire opposite Sioux City, la. on May 11, 1895. CAR OF COMMERCE. Side-wheel, single engine, 250 tons, Captain Reed, master. On trip from Chariton to St. Louis, steamer was snagged and sunk at Musick Ferry, Mo. on May 8, 1832. Steamer a total loss. Part of the cargo and all of its furniture were saved. 232 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW

CARRIE. Stern-wheel, 191 tons, built at Pittsburg, Pa, in 1863. Had two engines, 14"x4', two boilers, 19'x40", allowed a working pressure of 125 lbs. Owned by H. K. Hazlett and others, Captain D. M. Brady, master. While bound from St. Louis to Fort Benton, Mont, with Government supplies, was sunk by snag two miles above Indian Mission, Neb. on April 14, 1868, and became a total loss. Part of the cargo was saved in a damaged condition. Steamer was val­ ued at $20,000. CARRIE. Stern-wheel ferry, 30 tons, built at Rulo, Neb. in 1869. Had two engines, 8"x2', one boiler, 14'x40", allowed a working pressure of 90 lbs. Owned by Frank Lajoys and L. Wiscamp. Steamer had been inspected and a certificate was refused owing to the bad condition of the hull. Was laid up and caught on the bank by falling river, and be­ came a total loss. Loss estimated at $400. CARRIER. Side-wheel, 250 tons, 215'x33', owned and commanded by Captain Ed. McPherson. Sunk by snag in five feet of water at the head of Penn's Bend on Oct. 15,1858, and became a total loss. The steamer was loaded with gen­ eral merchandise, having on board 250 tons. Steamer valued at $30,000. CARROLL (NO. 1). Side-wheel. Sunk by snag at Bruns­ wick, Mo. in 1840. CARROLL (NO. 2). Stern-wheel, 316 tons, 185.7'x31'x5', built at Pittsburg, Pa. in 1875. Had two engines, 13"x4', two boilers, 28'x38//, allowed a working pressure of 150 lbs. Owned by T. B. and W. A. Burleigh, Captain T. B. Burleigh, master. Destroyed by fire at Aubuchon's wood yard, about 50 miles above Fort Randall, S. D. on April 16, 1877. Loss reported as $30,000. No insurance. CASTALIA. Stern-wheel, 90 tons, 110'x26.2'x3.7', built at Sioux City, la. in 1892. Had two engines, 10"x4', one boiler, 20'x42", allowed a working pressure of 160 lbs. Owned by B. S. Holmes and others. Struck hidden piling below bridge at Sioux City, la. on Nov. 7, 1897, and sank. Was raised and repaired and is still in service, being owned by the Woods Bros. Construction Company. THE MISSOURI RIVER AND ITS VICTIMS 233

CATARACT. Side-wheel, 283 tons, built at Brownsville, Pa. in 1851. Had two engines, 21"x7', three boilers, 30'x42", allowed a working pressure of 210 lbs. Owned by Emmerson W. Gould and others, Captain Emmerson W. Gould, master. The explosion of a mud drum on the boilers, on Nov. 18, 1857, on the Missouri river, killed five passengers and ten crew, and injured twenty-five others. Steamer was dismantled Aug. 12, 1859. CHAMBERLAIN. Stern-wheel motor ferry, 39 tons, owned by J. W. Sanford. Destroyed by fire two miles below Cham­ berlain, S. D. on April 27, 1899. Loss $3,000. CHAMPION. Side-wheel, 676 tons, built at Cincinnati, Ohio in 1858. Had two engines, 20"x6', three boilers, 26'x42", allowed a working pressure of 137 lbs. Owned by Amos and Vincent Shinkle, Captain Amos Shinkle, master. Sunk by snag opposite Portland Island, Mo. in 1863 or 1864. CHARITON. Side-wheel, 160'x25', single engine, Captain Matthew Ramsey, master. Sunk by striking rocks at the mouth of the Gasconade river. Raised and brought to St. Louis and repaired and again entered service. Sunk by snag in Euphrasie Bend, below Glasgow, Mo. in Oct. 1836, and became a total loss. Some of its cargo was saved, as well as a large sum of money belonging to the Government. CHAS. C. CARROLL. Stern-wheel, 571 tons, 222'x36'x5.5', built at Pittsburg, Pa. in 1875. Had two engines, 16"x5', three boilers, 26'x38". Owned by the Missouri River Trans­ portation Company, Captain Dave Silver, master. Sunk by snag at Chapmans Landing, Mo. on Sep. 15, 1886, and became a total loss. Loss reported as $600 on cargo and $15,000 on steamer. Was formerly the steamer JOHN L. RHODES. CHAS. H. DURFEE, Stern-wheel, 398 tons. Sunk in Missouri river on Dec. 18, 1878. CHASKA. Stern-wheel motor vessel. 0,wned by Parkins & Bellows. Sunk by snag near Painted Woods, N. D. in Sept. 1901. CHAIN. Side-wheel. Sunk by snag in Euphrasie Bend, about twenty miles below Chariton, Mo., on Mar. 20, 1836, and became a total loss, except the engines, which were sal­ vaged. Steamer valued at $7,500. 234 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW

CHIPPEWA. Stern-wheel, 175 tons, 160'x30', built at Belle Vernon, Pa. in 1857. Had two engines, 16}^"x4', three boilers, 22'x36", allowed a working pressure of 150 lbs. Owned by the American Fur Company, Captain W. H. Humphreys, master. Destroyed by fire fifteen miles below Poplar river, Mont, in May 1861. The fire was discovered at supper-time on a Sunday evening. The steamer was immediately run ashore and the passengers put off, and it was then turned adrift to avoid danger from explosion of powder on board. The steamer drifted across the river and nearly a mile down, and, just as the fire reached the water's edge, blew up. There were many passengers on board bound for the mountains, including some English people. No lives were lost. This fire was caused by some deckhands, who entered the hold with a candle to tap some whiskey barrels, and it is presumed that they became intoxicated, tipped over the candle, and thus started the fire. CITY OF FORT PIERRE. Stern-wheel motor vessel, 80 tons, 108.4'x24'x4', built at Fort Pierre, S. D. in 1904. Owned by the Missouri River Transportation Company. Vessel was forced out on the bank by an ice floe on April 12, 1912, while lying in winter quarters at Williston, N. D., and one side of the hull entirely torn away, making the vessel a total loss, except some machinery, which was salvaged. Loss $2,000. CITY OF MONDAK. Stern-wheel motor vessel, 64 tons, 93.3'x27.7'xl5/, built at Mondak, Mont, in 1909. Owned by the Senechal Packet Company. While lying in winter quarters at Sanish, N. D., was caught by an ice floe on April 5, 1917, carried down stream and became a total loss. Loss reported as $4,000. CITY OF PORTSMOUTH. Side-wheel, 100'x32'. Sunk by snag at the mouth of Bee Creek, three miles below Weston, Mo. in 1861. CLARA. Side-wheel, 567 tons, 225'x34', built at Cin­ cinnati, Ohio, in 1864. Had two engines, 20"x63^', three boilers, 20'x42", allowed a working pressure of 140 lbs. Owned by the Star Line Packet Company, Captain Ryder master. Sunk by snag y% mile above Ousley's Landing, Mo. on May 24, 1870, and became a total loss. This was a large, THE MISSOURI RIVER AND ITS VICTIMS 235

fine, fast steamer. It had on board a large cargo of hemp, tobacco, corn and wheat. Loss reported as $40,000 on the steamer and $10,000 on the cargo. Captain Wm. L. Heck- mann purchased the cabin off this wreck and built a two-story house out of it at Bluffton, Mo. A rebuilt house now owned by G. H. Miller still has part of the gingerbread work in some of the rooms. CLARKE H. GREEN. Center-wheel ferry. Sunk by snag six miles above Cambridge, Mo. on Jan. 28, 1858, while carry­ ing a cargo of flour for the Glasgow Milling Company from Glasgow to Leavenworth, Kan. CLAY DIXON. Stern-wheel ferry, 20 tons, built at De­ catur, Neb. in 1883. Had two engines, 6J4"xl0", one boiler, 10'x36", allowed a working pressure of 125 lbs. Owned by H. A. Allister. While lying at Vermillion, S. D., on Mar. 22, 1884, an ice gorge caused the parting of the mooring lines, and the steamer was carried 26 miles down the river and sunk, becoming a total loss. Loss reported as $2,800. COLUMBIAN. Side-wheel, 776 tons, 250'x38', built at St. Louis, Mo. in 1865. Had two engines, 22"x7', three boilers, 26'x44", allowed a working pressure of 131 lbs. Captain A. Barnes, master. Sunk by snag at the head of Brunswick Island on June 23, 1870, while en route from Omaha to St. Louis, and became a total loss. This vessel was built by Captain Wharton during the war, of Missouri burr oak, of good strong timber, but the lumber was not long enough and the steamer leaked a great deal. It was one of the steamers that made up the original St. Louis & Omaha Packet Company's line of steamers. Loss on vessel reported as $35,- 000. Loss on cargo not reported. COLUMBIANA. Side-wheel. Sunk on Lexington Bar on Sep. 25, 1845. Was insured for $2,100. COMMERCE. Side-wheel, small steamer. Sunk by snag on its first trip in Wolf's Bend in 1855. COMMODORE. Stern-wheel, 86 tons, 97'x23.2'x3.2', built at New Haven, Mo. in 1890. Had two engines, 10"x4i^', one boiler, 20'x44", allowed a working pressure of 153 lbs. Owned by D. N. Burruss. Sunk by ice while lying in winter X9937—10 236 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW quarters about one-half mile above Miami, Mo. on Feb. 24, 1903, and became a total loss. CORA. Side-wheel. Captain Frank Dozier, master. Sunk by snag in Howard's Bend on April 17, 1851. Steamer and cargo a total loss. CORA (NO. 2.) Stern-wheel. Had two engines, 15"x5', two boilers, 24'x40", allowed a working pressure of 144 lbs. Sunk by snag near Calhoun, Neb., about 30 miles above Omaha, in 1865, and became a total loss, except the boilers and machinery, which were salvaged. CORA (NO. 3.) Side-wheel, 395 tons, built at St. Louis, Mo. in 1865. Had the boilers and machinery taken from the former steamer of the same name. Owned by Captain Joe Kinney, Captain Ed. Baldwin, pilot. Sunk by snag at Bellefountaine Bluffs, Mo. on Aug. 13, 1869, and with its cargo became a total loss. This wreck caused Cora Island to form. Loss on steamer reported as $10,000. CORVETTE. Side-wheel, about 180' long. Struck snag about twelve miles below Eureka Island, Mo. in 1842, and sank to its skylights, and with its cargo became a total loss, excepting some cabin furniture, which was saved. CRESCENT. Stern-wheel motor ferry, 35 tons, 66.3'x 27.1'x3.1', built at Wolf Point, Mont, in 1914. Owned by Helderman & Carr. Sunk by ice floe at Macon Ferry landing on Dec. 11, 1918. Upperworks entirely destroyed. Damage estimated at $500. The vessel was never raised and proved a total loss. Loss reported as $3,000. CUB. Stern-wheel motor ferry, 40 tons, 63.4'x24.2'x3.8', built at Garrison, N. D. in 1911. Owned by Frank Schutt. While in winter quarters at Expansion, N. D. was sunk by ice break-up on April 26, 1912, and became a total loss. Loss $1,700. DAKOTA. 117 tons. Totally destroyed by fire about two miles below Fort Pembina on Aug. 9, 1879. Loss on steamer and cargo reported as $20,000. DAKOTAH. Side-wheel, about 300 tons. Sunk by snag 13 miles above Peru, Neb. in 1851. THE MISSOURI RIVER AND ITS VICTIMS 237

DAKOTAH (NO. 2.) Stern wheel, 956 tons, 252'x48', built at Pittsburgh, Pa. in 1879. Had two engines, 18"x7', four boilers, 26'x42", allowed a working pressure of 140 lbs. Owned by Josephus Todd and others. Collided with Kansas City bridge on Aug. 15, 1879. It was necessary to unload part of the cargo to prevent the vessel from sinking. It was brought to St. Louis and repaired and was sold to Hunter Ben Jenkins and others, George G. Keith, master. Damage reported as $3,500. Broke water-wheel shaft at Berlin, Mo. on June 22, 1887. Damage reported as $2,000. Sunk by snag near Providence, Mo. on Sept. 17, 1884. Damage re­ ported as $12,500. Was raised, towed to St. Louis and dis­ mantled. The machinery was afterwards placed in the steamer IMPERIAL, in the New Orleans-Red River trade. This steamer brought out the largest cargo that ever came out of the Missouri river. It had 16,000 sacks of wheat and over 500 packages of miscellaneous cargo, and came down from Kansas City on five feet of water on the crossings and never touched bottom.

DALLAS. Stern wheel, small steamer. Sunk by snag in the 70's at Morgan's Island, and become a total loss. DAMSEL. Stern wheel circus steamer, 210 tons, Captain CJharles Davis, pilot. Sunk by snag at the head of Onawa Bend in 1876, and became a total loss. Captain Joseph La Barge came along on the steamer JOHN M. CHAMBERS and took the passengers off. The steamer had on board a circus company. DAN B. HULBERT. Stern wheel, 12 tons, built at War­ saw, Mo. in 1881. Had two engines, 6"xl9", one boiler, ll^'x40", allowed a working pressure of 115 lbs. Owned by John Radmacher, Captain Jackson W. Hardin, pilot. Sunk by ice while lying in winter quarters at Osage City, Mo. on Feb. 13, 1886. Was raised and repaired. Damage reported as $150. DAN CONVERSE. Stern-wheel. Sunk by snag 10 miles above St. Joseph, Mo. on Nov. 15, 1858, and became a total loss. This was an old steamer and was valued at about $3,000. 238 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW

DANIEL G. TAYLOR. Side-wheel, 543 tons, 240'x38', built at Pittsburgh, Pa. in 1855, and named for a mayor of St. Louis. Had two engines, 24"x7', four boilers, 28'x40", allowed a working pressure of 134 lbs. Sunk by snag at the head of Paynes Island, about three miles below Rocheport, Mo., on July 5,1856. Was raised, and was worn out in the lower Mississippi river trade. It was a peculiar looking steamer, having the side wheels well towards the stern. DART. Side-wheel, single engine, Captain John Cleve­ land, master, who was also a part owner. Sunk by striking rocks one mile below Glasgow, Mo. in 1838. DEAPOLIS. Stern-wheel motor vessel, 41 tons, 64.7'x 25.9'x3.5', built at Bismark, N. D. in 1908, by the Benton Transportation Company, I. P. Baker, manager. It was christened with water by Mr. Chappin, prohibition candidate for President of the United States. In 1921 it was sold to the Red Trail Ferry Company, and was sunk by ice at Rock Haven, N. D. during the winter of 1922-23, and was dismantled and abandoned. DELLA. Stern wheel motor vessel, 11 tons, 50'xlO', owned by Geo. E. Irland. Engine stopped in mid-stream on June 17, 1917, and the vessel drifted against the Atchison, Kan. bridge pier and capsized. One of the crew was drowned. DELLS. Stern-wheel, 70 tons, 90'xl6.5'x5.5', built at Osceola, Wis. in 1866. Had two engines, 8"x2J/^', one boiler, 16'x40", allowed a working pressure of 110 lbs. Owned by John H. Lynds. Sunk by snag above Arago, Neb. on Oct. 26, 1878, and with its cargo became a total loss. Two men were lost by jumping overboard. DEW DROP. Stern wheel, 148 tons, built at Monon- gahela, Pa. in 1857. Had two engines, 13yfx4:', two boilers, 24'x33", allowed a working pressure of 132 lbs. Destroyed by fire at the mouth of the Osage river in June, 1860. DELAWARE. Side-wheel, 168 tons, built at Freedom, Pa. in 1862. Had two engines, 143^"x4^', two boilers, 22'x40", allowed a working pressure of 135 lbs. Sunk by snag at Smith's Bar in 1857. DENVER. Center-wheel ferry, 180 tons, built in 1869 at St. Joseph, Mo. from the wreck of the steamer DENVER THE MISSOURI RIVER AND ITS VICTIMS 239

CITY. Had two engines, 16"x5', two boilers, 20'x46", allowed a working pressure of 110 lbs. Owned by L. V. Fleming and others. Sunk by ice opposite Fort Lincoln, Neb. on Mar. 13, 1880, becoming a total loss. DENVER CITY. Side-wheel, 300 tons, 225'x33', built at Madison, Ind. in 1862. Had two engines, 24"x6}^', three boilers, 24'x42", allowed a working pressure of 137 lbs. Owned by the Hannibal & St. Joseph Railroad Company, Captain John Waddell, master. Destroyed by fire while lying at the wharf at St. Joseph, Mo. on May 16, 1867. Loss reported as $45,000. This steamer was named after the first governor of Colorado. DORA. Side-wheel, 81. tons, 90'x20', built in 1872 by J. D. Hibbler and August Wohlt. Had two engines, 7"x34", one boiler, 18'x42", allowed a working pressure of 120 lbs. Sunk by ice at the mouth of Charette Creek, Mo. on Jan. 22, 1877. Was raised and repaired at a cost of $1,500, and sold to the Washington Ferry Co. Was finally destroyed by fire caused by the explosion of a lamp at Madison Crossing, about 17 miles above St. Louis, Mo. DIANA. Side-wheel. Owned by the American Fur Com­ pany, Captain John Shallcross, master. Sunk by snag near Lexington, Mo. in March, 1836, while bound for Council Bluffs, la. The cargo was put on shore, but the rising river carried most of it away. The steamer was raised and brought to St. Louis, where it was repaired and again entered service. Sunk by snag in Diana Bend, about 2J^ miles above Rocheport, Mo. in Oct. 1836, and became a total loss. Part of the cargo was saved, and it was expected that the steamer would be raised, but it was finally abandoned. , DOROTHY. Side-wheel, 30 tons, 82.9'xl2.7 x3.6', built at Carondelet, Mo. in 1882. Had two compound oscillating engines, 10" and 14"x3', one boiler, 16'x42", allowed a working pressure of 180 lbs. Owned by the Pioneer Sand Company, St. Joseph, Mo. Steamer filled with water while lying up for the night at St. Joseph, Mo. on Mar. 20, 1920, while the watchman slept. He was drowned. Steamer was a total loss, except that the boiler and capstan were salvaged. Form­ erly the U. S. steamer MELUSINA. 240 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW

DUNCAN S. CARTER. Side-wheel, 426 tons, built at Mound City, 111. in 1858. Had two engines, 203^"x7', three boilers, 28'x40", allowed a working pressure of 134 lbs. Owned by William P. Edds, Jr. and Eardly O. Sayle, Captain William Edds, master. Sunk by snag in Augusta Bend on Aug. 28, 1859, while on a trip from Weston to St. Louis, and with its cargo became a total loss. Steamer was valued at $44,000. DUROCK. Side-wheel. Captain John McCloy, master. Sunk by snag in St. Charles Bend in 1852. E. A. OGDEN. Side-wheel. Owned by Captain Hamilton Lee. Sunk by snag in Claysville Bend in Sept. 1859. E. H. DURFEE. Stern-wheel, 497 tons, 175'x26', built at Pittsburg, Pa. in 1871. Had two engines, 16"x6', three boilers, 26'x38", allowed a working pressure of 132 lbs. Owned by George G. Keith and George W. Sedgwick, Captain George G. Keith, master. On May 31, 1881, the steamer was on a down trip fully loaded, but at Portland, Mo., a large amount of wheat was put on board, overloading the steamer, and it commenced sinking soon after leaving the landing, and went eight miles down the river to the mouth of the Gas­ conade river, where it sunk in deep water, and with its cargo, became a total loss. The steamer was valued at $18,000. This steamer was named after one of the members of the firm of Durfee & Peck, fur traders. In August 1876, it took General Miles and six companies of the 5th U. S. Infantry up the Missouri river. EAGLE. Stern-wheel, 53 tons, 85'x21'x3.3', built at Madison, Ind. in 1879. Had two engines, 8"x2', one boiler, 14'x44", allowed a working pressure of 100 lbs. Owned by Martha H. Moore, Meredith T. Moore, pilot. Destroyed by fire while lying at Lexington, Mo. on Feb. 26, 1897. The explosion of a gasoline stove set the steamer on fire. The wreck was removed by the U. S. Snagboat C. R. SUTER on June 16, 1897. Loss reported as $1,500. ECLIPSE. Stern-wheel, 295 tons, 180'x30'x4', built at Pittsburg, Pa. in 1878. Owned by Captain I. P. Baker. Sunk by snag 15 miles below Sioux City, la. on Sep. 3, 1887, and became a total loss. The cargo was saved. Loss $8,000. THE MISSOURI RIVER AND ITS VICTIMS 241

EDA. Stern-wheel motor vessel, 21 tons. Destroyed by fire at St. James, Neb. on Sep. 24, 1901. Loss reported as $1,000. EDGAR. Side-wheel ferryboat, 127 tons, 116.1'x28.9'x4.6', built at Leavenworth, Kan. in 1876. Had one engine, 20,/x4', two boilers, 18/x42//, allowed a working pressure of 120 lbs. Owned by W. T. B. Simpson and Mrs. J. R. Sousley, Captain N. R. Penny, pilot. Sunk by ice near Nebraska City, Neb. on Mar. 15, 1884, and became a total loss. Steamer valued at $3,500, and insured for $2,000. EDNA. Side-wheel. Named for one of Captain Mc- Cord's daughters. Wrecked by boiler explosion at Green Island, at the mouth of the Missouri river on July 3, 1842. The flues in both boilers collapsed, killing about 55 German emigrants. ELLA KIMBROUGH. Stern-wheel, 243 tons, 154'x28'x4'. Had two engines, 12^"x43^7, two boilers, 22'x38", allowed a working pressure of 145 lbs. Owned and commanded by Captain T. M. Kimbrough. Sunk by snag in St. Charles Chute on Sep. 20, 1884, and became a total loss. It had on board 3,000 sacks of wheat, part of which was saved by the ferry steamer JOHN L. FERGUSON. Cargo was insured for $8,000. This steamer was formerly the U. S. Steamer GENERAL SHERMAN, and was sold to P. M. Manion, and then to Captain Kimbrough, who named it for his wife. Loss on steamer reported as $12,000. ELK. Small side-wheel steamer, single engine. Sunk by snag at Massie's wood-yard, 5 miles below Hermann, Mo. in 1838, and became a total loss. The passengers were taken off by Captain John La Barge on the steamer KANSAS. EL PASO. Side-wheel, 267 tons, about 180'x28', built at St. Louis, Mo. in 1850. Had two engines, l^Y^y^A'^ three boilers, 22'x38", allowed a working pressure of 160 lbs. Owned by Bennett, Itzen and Wineland, Captain Andrew Wineland, master, Captain William R. Massie, pilot. Sunk by snag at the foot of Franklin Island, just below Boonville, Mo., at White's landing on April 10, 1855, and with its cargo became a total loss. 242 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW

EMIGRANT. Side-wheel, built in 1856. Owned by Cap­ tain Bill Terrill. Destroyed by fire opposite Doziers landing, above Port Royal, Mo. in 1859. This was a very light draft steamer. EMILIE. Side-wheel, two engines. Owned by Captain Kaiser, P. Choteau and others. Sunk by snag in Emilie Bend in 1842. EMILIE (NO. 2.) Side-wheel, 388 tons, built at St. Louis, Mo. in 1859. Had two engines, 22"x6', two boilers, 26'x44", allowed a working pressure of 110 lbs. Owned by Kaiser, Choteau and others. This was the first side-wheel steamer that landed at Fort Benton, Mont. It was sold to the Han­ nibal & St. Joseph Railroad Company, and was wrecked by a windstorm at St. Joseph, Mo. in 1865. The wreck floated down the river and sunk at Atchison, Kan. EMILIE LA BARGE. Side-wheel, 290 tons, 260'x40', built at Mound City, 111. in 1869. Had two engines, 22"x6', three boilers, 26'x42", allowed a working pressure of 129 lbs. Built by Pelaige La Barge and Joseph La Barge, who afterwards sold it to Captain Dave Silver and George G. Keith, Captain George G. Keith, master. Sunk by snag in Nashville Bend, about five miles below Providence, Mo. on June 6, 1874, and became a total loss. Loss on steamer and cargo reported as $39,000. EMILY. Stern-wheel, 152 tons, 137'x24.4'x4.2', built at Osceola, Wis. in 1879 by Captain William A. Kent. Had two engines, 103^"x3', one boiler, 20'x42", allowed a working pressure of 110 lbs. Sold to the U. S. Government in the fall of 1884. Sunk by ice in the break-up in the spring of 1885, about six miles above Bismarck, N. D., and became a total loss. (To be continued.) RECOLLECTIONS OF DISTINGUISHED MISSOURIANS 243

PERSONAL RECOLLECTIONS OF DIS­ TINGUISHED MISSOURIANS

BY DANIEL M. GRISSOM TWELFTH ARTICLE

GENERAL JOHN B. CLARK General John B. Clark was one of the famous men of Missouri in his day,—famous as a lawyer, famous as a poli­ tician, famous as a soldier, famous as an active, zealous, all-round citizen,—and it was accounted strange if any important business of a public character was going on and he not have a hand in it. Without possessing a military education he had a taste for martial things, and earned his title of General in the big muster days in which, mounted on a good horse with sword, sash and plume, he was a conspicuous and picturesque figure, the most conspicuous and picturesque, probably, in Central Missouri. He served in what, with a prodigous strain of nomenclature, is called the "Black Hawk War" of 1832; in the Mormon war, five years later; and in the Civil War, on the Confederate side in 1861. Although having an inclination for war, he found a still greater delight in politics, since that field afforded a freer course for the dis­ play of his versatile talents. He served two terms in the United States Congress from 1857 to 1861, and two in the Confederate States Congress from 1861 to 1865, and his adjustable nature made him equally at home in either. It was not his fault that after going from the Federal Congress to the Confederate he did not also go back from the Confed­ erate Congress to the Federal and close his national career where it began, after the example of Alex. Stephens of Georgia. He desired to do so, and made the effort but only to find that times and conditions had so changed in his twelve years absence from Washington as to make it impossible. One of the traits that distinguished him was a habit of weeping on occasions that stirred his feelings and excited his 244 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW

ambition. His tears lay shallow, and he could shed them so easily and did shed them so frequently in the course of trials in court that he was sometimes called the "crying lawyer." His practice was criminal, and there were few great criminal trials in his district in which he was not engaged. No lawyer ever espoused his client's cause with greater zeal and fervor, and all his resources of learning, skill, words and tears were tasked to get him free, whether he were innocent or guilty. One of the most interesting and important criminal cases he was ever engaged in, probably the one which he considered the most interesting and important of all and the one in which his skill as a lawyer and his habit as a weeper were brought into exercise in their greatest perfection and with greatest effect, was that of the State against McGee for murder in killing Jefferson Wliite in Macon county in 1846. The case was one of intense interest, not only on account of the mystery that surrounded it,—a mystery which the trial did not wholly dissipate,—but because in addition the two men, the slayer and the slain, were prominent citizens and brothers in-law— double brothers-in-law, in fact, for each had married the other's sister. Their families were intermingled by blood and marriage with other prominent families in the community and a large number of persons in the county had a deep per­ sonal concern in the affair and the trial. The sheriff of the county at the time was Wilson Fletcher, nephew to McGee. The leading facts were that the two men, between whom bad blood existed, met by accident on the road running through the neighborhood in which both lived, and in the fight that took place between them alone, with no one else to witness it, White was killed with a butcher knife in the hands of McGee. Immediately after the killing McGee appeared without a scratch, but in a condition of intense excitement, the bloody knife in his hand, at the house of Harrison Stephenson, another brother-in-law, living in the neighborhood, and said: "I have killed Jeff White, or nearly so"—and this exclamation, which he repeated was the first intimation of the killing that anyone had. On going to the spot pointed out by McGee, Wrhite was found butchered and dead. The story told by McGee was that he had been to a neighbor's to grind his RECOLLECTIONS OF DISTINGUISHED MISSOURIANS 245

butcher knife preparatory to killing and butchering a hog and on his return was met and attacked by White whom he had to kill in self-defense. Beneath the evidence offered on the trial there was an undercurrent of whispered report that certain persons did witness the killing who could tell a most interesting story, if they would; but these persons publicly and positively denied the report, and asserted that they did not see the affair and had no knowledge of it; and so, the case went to the jury without a word of evidence from an eye-witness besides the statement of McGee. Nevertheless there were as many as forty witnesses examined and the case was a long time in court having been set and called seven times. The first trial which took place before Judge Wm. A. Hall at Bloomington, at that time the Macon county seat, resulted in a disagree­ ment of the jury. General Clark then asked for a change of venue on the ground that the prisoner could not have a fair trial in Macon, and the case was transferred to Fayette in General Clark's own county, where, on the second trial the prisoner was acquitted. An eye-witness of the mis-trial at Bloomington, a citizen of Macon county, who knew both men, the slayer and the slain, and was well acquainted also with General Clark, gave me a minute and interesting story of how he witnessed for the first time the great lawyer's weeping plea in behalf of his client. He was no sooner fairly launched in his earnest and impassioned speech for the defense, than the tears began at first to trickle and then flow copiously down his cheeks, and the whole court, judge, jury, lawyers, witnesses and spec­ tators were having a first rate exhibition of the great lawyer's crying talent. And it was not long before it was made plain to the whole court that the great lawyer knew what he was about and had not miscalculated the effect of his briny plea upon a Missouri jury, for there was one of the twelve jurors, a large robust farmer, weighing two hundred pounds, listen­ ing with intense interest, and diligently and successfully en­ gaged in the rather difficult task of out-crying General Clark. The fountain of his emotions had been tapped and the tears were rolling down his brown face in an exuberance of sympathy 246 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW which showed that one vote for the acquittal of the prisoner was to be counted on already. On another occasion he was defending a man charged with a crime of which he was clearly guilty. He had done everything that could be done and yet was not satisfied with the condition of things, and the case was about to go to the jury, with the appearances strong against the prisoner. The judge on the bench was the General's own brother—Judge James Clark or "Brother Jeems" as the General called him, a sound jurist and very estimable man. Although the case against the prisoner seemed to be hopeless, his counsel re­ solved to make one last effort for him; and, after offering one instruction after another and having them one after another rejected by the court, he began to challenge the rulings and to intimate that the judge did not understand the law. He was called to order, and made an apology, but in a few moments grew more offensive than before. He was again reprimanded and again, on being allowed to proceed, returned to his un­ warranted language. At this, the judge sternly told him that if he indulged further in his misconduct, he would order the sheriff to take him to jail, for contempt. Even this did not bring him to terms for he had not more than fairly begun his remarks again before his language grew more offensive than ever, and the judge ordered the sheriff to take him to jail. The sheriff advanced and took him by the arm when the General turned to the jury, and, with tears streaming down his cheeks and with intense emotion said: "Gentlemen of the jury, that tyrant on the bench takes me from the de­ fense of my client and sends me to prison. I can do nothing more for my client than leave him in your hands and to his God"—and with this he followed the sheriff out of the court room. The case was given to the jury and after five minutes consultation they returned with a verdict of "not guilty," and the prisoner was discharged. The scene was watched with the most intense interest by the officers of the court, lawyers and spectators, and it was not till sometime after the verdict had been rendered and the exciting little drama was ended, that the ludicrous feature of the play was recog­ nized. While it was going on the sympathies of all were RECOLLECTIONS OF DISTINGUISHED MISSOURIANS 247 roused almost to the melting point; next day it provoked noth­ ing but laughter and for a long time afterward it was the best story in the judicial circuit. General Clark's fellow barristers and others who had witnessed his crying exhibitions had various theories to offer in explanation of the mixed physiological and psychological phenomenon. One who knew him well, thought he could not help it; it was the natural outbreak of a rare combination of generous impulses and emotions. "General Clark," said he, "was one of these red bandana old fellows, and when he got mad, or excited, instead of cursing and swearing like other men, he would take to crying." Another, who knew him equally well thought it was "deliberate, put-up acting." His business was defending criminals before juries and he had trained himself into the weeping habit as the most effective way of influencing them to give the verdict he wanted. His advice to young lawyers, whom he befriended, in the management of their cases was: "If the law is against you, bar down hard on the facts; if the facts are against you, bar down hard on the law." At the close of the war he went first to Mexico, but straggled back with other Missouri ex-Confederates to the dear old State, and made his way to Howard county to gather up and put together as well as he could the wreck of his fortune. The test oath was in force which debarred him from office and his friends from voting for him, and it was maintained for six years after the war, so that there was nothing for him to do but live quietly and abstain from public affairs. But the desire to return to Congress was moving in him all the while and as soon as the test oath was out of the way he sought the nomination. One of his most formidable competitors was Colonel Blank, an able, prominent and suc­ cessful lawyer and popular man who also had been a member of Congress before the war, and who at one time probably meditated going South and joining the Confederacy as Clark did, but thought better of it and remained at home and became not only successful in his profession but also active and prominent as a "Southern man," through and after the war. He was the recognized Democratic leader in his 248 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW

county, and as that county was the most Democratic in the district and also the most Southern in its sympathies, General Clark's friends did not dare to hope that he would have the ghost of a chance in it against the powerful personal influence of Colonel Blank. But the General was not discouraged. He made an appointment to speak in Colonel Blank's county and when the day arrived he arrived with it and found a large crowd assembled at the court house to hear him. He gave them a long and good speech on public questions but the kernel in the middle of it was this, as related by one who heard it: "Fellow Citizens, as I walked over your beautiful city this morning admiring its handsome public buildings and resi­ dences, I came across one residence finer and more beautiful than the others, with a stately porch, a wide front door, and in front of it a spacious lawn with graveled walks and noble shade trees; on asking whose it was I was told that it was Colonel Blank's. I can't tell you how delighted I was to hear it for it was the first time I had heard of my old friend since we parted in Washington City twelve years ago. As we shook hands at that parting it was with the understanding that the next time we met it would be in the Southern Con­ federacy. I kept my part of the agreement and went South, and after waiting a reasonable time in the hope of meeting my friend, without encountering him, I began to search for him. Knowing his great abilities and his high Southern spirit I did not expect to find him anything less than brigadier- general and, therefore, inquired for Brigadier Blank from Missouri. Nobody knew a brigadier from Missouri by that name. Then, I thought maybe I had given him too high a rank and that he was only a colonel, and I inquired for Colonel Blank from Missouri, but nobody could give me any information about such an officer. Then, I said to myself: 'Maybe my gallant friend's abilities and devotion to the Southern cause have not been properly recognized yet and he is only major; and so, I inquired for Major Blank of Missouri but still without success. Then, for Captain Blank, and then for Mr. Blank, with the same result. At last I had to give up the search, and it was not till I walked through your beauti- RECOLLECTIONS OF DISTINGUISHED MISSOURIANS 249 ful city and looked with admiration upon Colonel Blank's fine home that I learned why I never met my friend in the Southern Confederacy,—he never went there, but remained in Missouri. "I stuck to the Southern cause till there was nothing of it left and then came back to Missouri. I made my way to Howard county and went out with my old woman to hunt up the farm that had been our former home. We found the ground stripped bare, the house burned, the out-houses burned, and even the rails burned—nothing left but one negro cabin. All that we had in the world was tied up in two bundles. Our neighbors were kind enough to send us a couple of quilts, and, in looking around we found a skillet in which we cooked our little supper, then said our prayers, and laid down and went to sleep. Since then, we have been trying to get along the best we can and I have come here to ask you to do some­ thing to help me by giving me the votes of your delegates to the Congressional convention." At the conclusion of the speech, there was such an outbreak of applause as had never been heard before in that court house: "it nearly took the roof off," in the words of the one who told the story; and the delegates were then and there instructed, when appointed, to vote for General Clark. When the nominating convention met he had a majority of the delegates pledged to him and they stood faithfully by him through forty odd ballots; but the two-thirds rule had been adopted and the friends of the other candidates stood so stubbornly by them also that General Clark saw that his nomination was impossible. He called his supporters to­ gether in his room, and after a consultation which lasted nearly all night, he thanked them warmly, wept profusely, and wound up by releasing them from their obligation and leaving them to vote as they pleased. His son, John B. Clark, Jr., had been presented in the convention in an experimental way and when the convention met next day he was earnestly pressed and nominated as a compromise candidate without trouble. He was elected, of course, for there was an over­ whelming Democratic majority in the district. He proved an able and useful member of Congress, was re-elected four 250 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW

times, and afterwards was chosen Chief Clerk of the House of Representatives. General Clark was tall, raw-boned and large jointed, with strong, robust features resembling Abraham Lincoln in ap­ pearance, and with a kindliness of face and a cordiality of manner that made him one of the most popular men in the State. He came to Missouri in 1818, three years before it was admitted into the Union, and when he was a lad sixteen years of age. He was admitted to the bar at the age of twenty- two, and devoted himself chiefly to criminal practice, managing his cases so skillfully and successfully as to gain the reputation among the people of a distinguished lawyer, though he was not rated high as a jurist among his brother lawyers. The people knew him as a lawyer who usually managed to get his clients cleared and that was enough. He was not an orator and did not possess that art of putting words together in a graceful and effective way that is called eloquence. He used only homely words and to the end of his life persisted in say­ ing "whar" for where, and "thar" for there; but before a Missouri audience not critical in the matter of syntax or pro­ nunciation, he was an effective speaker, and in the art of reaching the soft places in the hearts of a Missouri jury and securing the verdict he desired, or preventing the verdict he feared, he had no superior and very few equals. He died of cancer of the face in 1885, at the age of 83 years, universally honored and beloved, and was buried in the cemetery at Fayette. HISTORICAL NOTES AND COMMENTS 251

HISTORICAL NOTES AND COMMENTS The court of history is the court of last resort, runs an old apothegm. Those inclined to doubt its truth are usually the least read. History may be this or that, science or liter­ ature, interpretation or annals, according to the person and his viewpoint, but it is one of the few cultural studies that has persisted. Someone has well remarked that even the age of disillusion believes in its history. One of the paradoxes of every civilization is the strengthening of history in the midst of supplanting old values with new ones. It is the one court to which the race appeals in all events, for it deals with the spiritual evolution of the race and with the fate of nations, states and important men.

Orators frequently, if not usually, reveal their great gift in early manhood. Demosthenes, Cicero, Patrick Henry and John Randolph, each developed his wonderful powers at from twenty-six to twenty-seven years. James S. Green, whom many regard as Missouri's greatest orator, was only thirty- two years old when he dared to follow Benton in the latter's famous but unsuccessful "appeal to the people." James G. Blaine wrote that Green's "arraignment of Benton before the people of Missouri in 1849, when he was but thirty-two years of age, was one of the most aggressive and successful warfares in our political annals." Green was only forty when elected to the United States Senate and at once attracted attention. He was in the Senate four years and Blaine wrote that "none of his contemporaries had made so profound an impression in so short a time." Benton was thirty-eight when elected to the United States Senate and Barton, his colleague, thirty- seven. Edward Bates was not yet twenty-seven when he sat in Missouri's first constitutional convention and wielded an influence second only to Barton. Blair by tongue and pen had aroused a state before he was forty and had become a 252 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW power to be feared even in his middle thirties. Rollins was successfully beginning his public career in the legislature at the age of twenty-seven. Schurz had a national hearing as a German and as an English orator by the age of thirty al­ though he had studied our language only seven years. And Vest had become a power for the southern cause in Missouri before he was thirty-one.

APPRECIATION

Whenever I want to know anything, I know wrhere to go to get it, and I have been calling on the State Historical Society for a good many years. —North T. Gentry, Jefferson City, Missouri, March 19, 1926.

I am reading with much interest the articles "This Week in Missouri History."—George T. Parker, St. Louis, Missouri, March 24, 1926.

The Missouri Historical Review is very satisfactory to me. Its value to the history of the State cannot be overestimated.—Forrest G. Ferris, St. Louis, Missouri, March 20, 1926.

I want to take this occasion to express my appreciation of the very interesting journal that is published by the State Historical Society of Missouri, and my only regret is that I did not know about it sooner. —Arnold D. Alt, St. Louis, Missouri, May 6, 1926.

I read the Missouri Historical Review regularly and enjoy it very much. —C. D. Morris, Chicago, Illinois, May 24, 1926.

I consider the Missouri Historical Review one of the most interesting and valuable periodicals that come to me.—John H. Bothwell, Sedalia, Missouri, June 25, 1926.

I enjoy the Missouri Historical Review very much. It most certainly is of great interest and benefit to the people who care for State History. —Mrs. Wm. W. Wraddill, Windsor, Missouri, July 24, 1926.

The Missouri Historical Review is the most interesting publication I read.—V. L. Drain, Shelbyville, Missouri, July 26, 1926.

The last number of the Missouri Historical Review is wonderfully interesting. I feel more and more, when I think how we of the Missouri Press started the Historical Society and the School of Journalism, how we builded better than we knew. I am gratified that both are such a success. —W. O. L. Jewett, Los Angeles, California, July 27, 1926. HISTORICAL NOTES AND COMMENTS 253

I sincerely enjoyed the January issue of the Missoum Historical Re­ view, and look forward for future issues with a great deal of pleasure. It is highly instructive to my daughter.—Frank X. Hiemenz, St. Louis, Mis­ souri, March 4, 1926. It has been my experience to spend the last ten years either in Washing­ ton or in Boston, both of which places are rich in historical association, and I am appreciative of the work the State Historical Society of Missouri is doing in bringing Missouri to the front in its historical aspect. We have as much material in this State as any place in the Union; all we need to do is to develop an understanding of it, and this the Historical Society is ably doing.—Edwin A. Krauthoff, Kansas City, Missouri, March 8, 1926.

I want to again congratulate the State Historical Society upon its excellent services to the State.—Raymond D. Thomas, Springfield, Missouri, August 13, 1926. The Review is getting better all the time.—Chas. L. Henson, Mount Vernon, Missouri, August 21, 1926. The current number of the Review is so full of interest to me that I almost read it at a sitting. I assure you that the work the State Historical Society of Missouri is doing is monumental.—B. D. Sipple, Fayette, Missouri, August 24, 1926.

I enclose a check for the Review and find it a dollar well spent.—Chas. K. Soper, St. Joseph, Missouri, August 23, 1926. I assure you that I greatly appreciate the Missouri Historical Re­ view.—H. C. Petri, Charleston, Missouri, November 5, 1926. I often have the wish to write you and say how much I like the Mis­ souri Historical Review. I especially like the section, "Missouri History Not Found in Textbooks."—Mrs. Smiley Blanton, Minneapolis, Minne­ sota, November 9, 1926.

I have received my first copy of the Missouri Historical Review and find it very interesting.—Miss Jane Ralston, Canton, Missouri, November 11, 1926. I am of the opinion that every true Missourian should regularly read the Missouri Historical Review. It is excellent in every respect.—Hugh K. Wagner, St. Louis, Missouri, November 14, 1926. The last number of the Review was splendid. I especially enjoy the section "Missouri History Not Found in Textbooks."—Miss Faye Louide Stewart, Chillicothe, Missouri, November 23, 1926.

I think the Review grows more interesting as the years progress.—T. H. B. Dunnegan, Bolivar, Missouri, December 6, 1926. 254 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW

A VALUABLE AND HISTORIC DONATION AS A MEMORIAL TO HER FATHER In remembrance of her father, William T. League, and in appreciation of the historic value of his work as one of Hannibal's foremost pioneer editors, Miss Nettie A. League of Hannibal, has donated to the State Historical Society of Missouri seven bound volumes of rare newspaper files. The newspapers are printed on the excellent quality of paper used in the '40s and '50s and have been carefully preserved by their owner. They were originally collected and bound by Mr. League, who in 1852 became editor of the Hannibal Whig Messenger, which in 1856 was changed to the Hannibal Messenger. Mr. League was born in 1832 near Hydesburg, Ralls county, Missouri. He was an excellent business man and his paper was one of the leading journals in Northeast Missouri. The presentation of these files was made as a memorial and the volumes will be preserved by the State Historical Society in such a way that all Missourians visiting the Society's fireproof library building will benefit by it. One of the especial things which makes these volumes more than ordinarily valuable, is the fact that they contain the newspapers edited by Orion Clemens upon which Mark Twain began his newspaper career. The donation includes volumes 2 to 6 inclusive of the Hannibal Whig Messenger and the Hannibal Whig from 1852 to 1857 (5 bound volumes); volume 6 of the Hannibal Missouri Courier for 1853 and 1854 (incomplete )and a file of the Hanni­ bal True American for 1855 and 1856 (slightly incomplete)— (both bound in one volume); and one bound volume of mis­ cellaneous papers including scattering issues of the Bowling Green Salt River Journal (1837-1839), the Hannibal Commer­ cial Advertiser (1838-1839), the Cincinnati Western Christian Advocate (1838-1839), Columbia Patriot (1838), St. Louis Missouri Republican (1838-1839), Palmyra Missouri Whig (1852-1853), Madison and Louisville Gospel Herald (1852), Hannibal Whig Messenger (1852, 1853, & 1855), Hannibal True American (1855), Hannibal Missouri Courier (1848, 1849, & 1852), and excellent files of the Hannibal Western HISTORICAL NOTES AND COMMENTS 255

Union (1850-1851), the Hannibal Journal and Western Union (1851-1852), and the Hannibal Journal (1852-1853). The State Historical Society of Missouri has been greatly benefited by this invaluable donation. To such public spirited citizens as Miss League is it indebted for much of its rare, historic collection. In the Society's fireproof library building these collections, which record the annals of our people, wiU be carefully and permanently preserved for the present and future history-reading public of the State.

MESSAGES AND PROCLAMATIONS OF THE GOVERNORS OF THE STATE OF MISSOURI The State Historical Society of Missouri has just received from the press volumes VII, VIII and IX of its documentary series of publications titled the ''Messages and Proclamations of the Governors of the State of Missouri." These volumes, edited by Miss Sarah Guitar and Floyd C. Shoemaker, cover the years 1885 to 1909 and include the public messages and papers of Governors John Sappington Marmaduke (1885-1887), Albert P. Morehouse (1887-1889), David Rowland Francis (1889-1893), William Joel Stone (1893-1897), Lawrence Vest Stephens (1897-1901), Alexander Monroe Dockery (1901-1905), and Joseph Wingate Folk (1905-1909). Biographical sketches of the chief executives are also set forth by these citizens in the order of the foregoing list: C. H. McClure of Warrensburg; Nathaniel Sission of Maryville; Walter B. Stevens of St. Louis; O. H. Hoss of Nevada; Roy D. Williams of Boonville; Rollin J. Britton of Kansas City (formerly of Gallatin); and J. C. Jones of Columbia. Much of the official history of Missouri during these twenty-four years is here presented. But the greatest value of the work lies in making easily accessible the great mass of documentary material which is invaluable to students and readers of our annals. During the next biennial period the State Historical Society plans to complete the series to date with the publication of the last three volumes. The set of nine volumes already published may be obtained from the Society at $11.25 postpaid in Missouri and $12.75 postpaid 256 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW

outside the State. A limited number of volumes VII, VIII and IX may be obtained at $3.75 postpaid in Missouri and $4.25 postpaid outside the State.

MENLO PARK

BY M. D. ABER. The acquisition in November, 1926, by the board of regents of the Warrensburg State Teachers' College of Menlo Park, for more than sixty years the beautiful suburban home of Major Edmond A. Nickerson of Warrensburg, marks the passage to the State not only of a tract ideally adapted to the needs and purposes of the College, but of one of no slight his­ toric interest. At the close of the Civil war, Major Nickerson, then a young lawyer in his early thirties, brought his family to Warrensburg to make his home and practice his profession. A native of Baltimore, his ideal for a residence had been formed by the abodes of the socially distinguished of his native region, spacious grounds, upon high sites, amid splendid forest trees, back from highways and sufficiently remote from neigh­ bors that a family individuality might be nourished. To fulfill this ideal, early in 1866 he bought a twenty acre tract on the elevation upon which Warrensburg is situated, over­ looking the beautiful valley fed by the springs, later developed as Pertle Springs, and more than a mile from the then busi­ ness portion of the town. Near its center he located the site for his mansion, in the midst of a virgin forest. From it could be seen the trails worn by the Osage Indians making their frequent journeys from their prairie homes far to the Southwest to the flint deposits near what is now Arrow Rock; the pioneer road, little else than a trail, followed by the earliest settlers in the county, one of whom James Wrarren, a kinsman of the first martyr at Bunker Hill was the first owner of the land. By it had passed some of the pioneers, in homespun, squirrel rifles upon their shoulders, heading toward Liberty to join Doniphan in his epic march to Mexico, and later ambi­ tious youths to Independence seeking fortune in the Santa Fe trade. It was then marked by the ashes of the camp HISTORICAL NOTES AND COMMENTS 257

fires of the armies of North and South which had alternately surged across the region. Here Major Nickerson sixty years ago built his splendid mansion of the style characteristic of the homes of dignity and chaste simplicity of colonial days; eighteen inch brick walls, high ceilings; a grate in each room, polished walnut finish, with furnishings appropriate, oil paintings of distin­ guished forbears and an air of dignity and worth. Five years later, the location by the State of the then Second District Normal School, now the Teachers' College, upon an adjacent forty acre tract, served as a magnet to draw the growth of the City in that direction. This growth took the north five acres of the land. By reason of his warm friendship for the famous Reverend James Henry Houx, the pioneer Cumberland Presbyterian minister to whose zeal and fidelity that sect owed its early influence in the sec­ tion, Major Nickerson presented him with the south five acres that he might have him for a neighbor and close asso­ ciate. The remaining ten acres constituted Menlo Park. Here Major Nickerson with his family made his home until his death in 1920 which terminated his dignified practice as the last lawyer of the old school at the Warrensburg bar, interrupted only by his distinguished service as a member of the Constitutional Convention of 1875. It has since been the home of the surviving members of his family. The residence will be used by the State to furnish a home for the president of the Teachers' College. Other portions of the ground with some adjacent tracts which it is expected will be acquired will be used for construction of a stadium for which the students and alumni association are raising funds, and as a site for other college buildings.

TRENTON, MISSOURI, AND ITS FOUNDER BY JOHN A. BRYAN Trenton, Missouri, Dec. 1, 1926: Ninety-nine years ago today, at Rutgers Presbyterian Church in New York City, Miss Kiturah Wardell of Long Branch (then known as Wardell's Beach, New Jersey), was married to Captain Wesley 258 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW

Reynolds of Trenton, New Jersey. The anniversary of that wedding was celebrated here today at the home of Mrs. Robert Schooling, who is the only living daughter of Captain and Mrs. Reynolds. Richard Wardell Reynolds, of Chilli- cothe, Missouri, was present; and a telegram was read from the elder son, Thomas Benton Reynolds, who is now living at Gadsden, . The two brothers were for many years owners and editors of The Chillicothe Constitution, one of the oldest Democratic dailies in North Missouri. Mrs. A; A. Bryan, of Chillicothe, a granddaughter, brought to the celebration the old wedding certificate of Captain and Mrs. Reynolds. The town of Trenton, Missouri, now a place of seven or eight thousand population, was given its name by Captain Reynolds and his brothers, Aymar and Curliss Reynolds, who came to what is now Grundy county at an early date, bringing a land grant which their father, William Reynolds, had received from the Government for his services in the War of 1812. William Reynolds is buried in this town,—his death having occurred while he was visiting his sons, seventy-five years ago. His grave was decorated today by Bryan Camp­ bell and Reuben Barney IV of Chillicothe and Austin Bryan of Brookfield, Missouri, all of whom are his great-great-great- grandsons. Mrs. Schooling's home in Trenton stands on the same site which her father selected for his home when the town was first built up; and the present Grundy county court house occupies the site of Aymar Reynolds' early home. Trenton is the home town of Brigadier-General Enoch Crowder, U. S. Army, and it was to this old town, as a final resting place, that he brought his mother when she died in Washington, about five years ago. Arthur M. Hyde, formerly governor of Missouri, has lived most of his life in Trenton; and a further distinction the county seat of Grundy County enjoys is that here General John J. Pershing took his exam­ ination for West Point, more than forty years ago. HISTORICAL NOTES AND COMMENTS 259

LEST WE FORGET When the Liberty Memorial of Kansas City was dedicated on November 11, 1926, it marked the fruition of the greatest public enterprise on which the city ever embarked. It was erected through the contributions of 86,000 citizens who gave more than $2,000,000 for this permanent memorial to the city's war heroes, both the living and the dead. Long before the hour scheduled for the ceremony the drives leading to the Memorial were filled with people, and those who were unable to get near the plaza lined the streets through which President Coolidge, the honor guest, and his party were to pass. As the President and Mrs. Coolidge emerged from the Union Station a twenty-one-gun salute was fired. They were then escorted to the Memorial, which is on Station Hill a short distance south of the Station. The waiting throng, estimated to be 150,000, was the largest ever gathered in Kansas City, and was composed of military, naval, official and civil units of the city as well as the spectators. The first speakers were Albert I. Beach, mayor of Kansas City, and R. A. Long, chairman of the Liberty Memorial Association. He told the story of the Memorial, and as his address was brought to an end the clear ringing tones of a bell, which was used last in the Liberty Bond drives, were heard. This was the signal for the President's address. On the eleventh stroke of the bell, symbolizing the hour on which the Armistice was signed eight years ago, President Coolidge arose. The throng filled with reverence for the occasion was clamorous with applause for the President. He spoke of the mighty cause for which Kansas City's and Amer­ ica's heroes had fought, and of our duty to preserve the ideals for which many of them had died. Following his address Howard P. Savage, national commander of the American Legion, and Dwight F. Davis, secretary of war, a former Missourian, spoke. The ceremony was ended by the singing of "The Star Spangled Banner" by the entire crowd, and the sounding of "Taps" by the buglers of the 110th Engineers. Not only was this memorial dedicated to the heroes of the World War, but also to Liberty and to Peace. To 260 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW

symbolize the living spirit of those who died for this cause, and also the spirit of eternal faith and hope, the shaft is crowned with a "Pillar of cloud by day and fire by night"— a tribute that will keep alive in the hearts of Kansas Citians the memory of their heroes. The steam which was released at twelve o'clock will continue throughout the ages; at night it will be lighted by electricity, thus making the fire. The shaft is of concrete, clothed in Bedford stone and is 2173^2 feet high, and its summit is four hundred feet above the Union Station Plaza. Symbolical figures are carved at some distance below the top. The architect was H. Van Buren Magonigle, and the sculptor Robert Aitken. To the west of the shaft there is a building, called "The Museum" and to the east another known as "Memory Hall." In the latter are found the names of the four hundred and forty-one World War dead of Jackson county.

The unveiling of the Champ Clark Monument at Bowling Green on November 13, 1926, marks the completion of Mis­ souri's plan to honor her veteran Congressman and Demo­ cratic leader. The Fifty-Second General Assembly of Mis­ souri created the Champ Clark Monument Commission, and on March 10, 1923, an appropriation of $25,000 was approved by Governor Hyde. The fund was temporarily held up, but was later released by Governor Baker. The Commission secured Frederick C. Hibbard, Chicago sculptor, to execute this memorial. The bronze figure is fourteen feet ten inches high, and represents Clark wearing a flowing string tie and Prince Albert coat, the dress which characterized him for twenty-six years. A bronze tablet on one side of the marble base bears the inscription: "Champ Clark was born at Lawrenceburg, Ky., March 7, 1850. Died at Washington, D. C, March 2, 1921. Member of Congress 26 years. Eight years Speaker of the National House of Representatives." The reverse side bears the names of the members of the Memorial Com­ mission: Messers. Jefferson Hostetter, Carroll Wisdom, and Richard F. Ralph. HISTORICAL NOTES AND COMMENTS 261

Bowling Green and Pike county were the home of Champ Clark for more than forty years, so the lawn of the Pike county courthouse was chosen as the site for the monument. More than 2000 people were present when "Champy" Clark three-year-old grandson of the late Speaker, pulled the cord which un-robed the statue. Members of the Clark family were also there, and the dignitaries of the state who attended were: Governor Sam A. Baker, who accepted the memorial on behalf of the State, Senator James A. Reed, who reviewed the life and work of Champ Clark, former Governor Elliott W. Major, one of the principal speakers and once a pupil of Clark, Congressman Clarence C. Cannon of the Ninth Missouri District, the district which Clark represented for years, George A. Mahan, attorney of Hannibal, and Frederick C. Hibbard, the sculptor. In the Democratic National Convention at Baltimore in 1912 Clark led on twenty-seven ballots for the presidential nomination. On September 30, 1915, in response to a request from President Charles Moore of the Panama-Pacific Exposi­ tion at San Francisco that the state's most distinguished citizen be selected, Governor Elliott W. Major chose Champ Clark as the greatest living Missourian. So universally was he loved and respected by his contemporaries that it is but natural that the state which was his home for so many years should erect this public memorial in his honor.

A Memorial Tower, erected by the alumni, friends, and students of the University of Missouri in honor of the 117 sons of the school who lost their lives during the World War, was officially dedicated on November 20. The ceremony was one feature of the annual Homecoming of the former students, and preceded the dedication of the Stadium, which was constructed out of the same fund. A reverent crowd numbering several hundred lined the streets leading to the Memorial Tower. At 9:15 the units participating in the ceremony assembled at Jesse Hall, and marched between double lines of R. O. T. C. cadets to the 262 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW platform at the base of the Tower. During the march a salute of nineteen guns was fired. The procession was headed by President Stratton D. Brooks and Governor Sam A. Baker, followed by the governor's staff, the speakers and distinguished guests, state officials, members of the state legislature, curators and former curators, members of the board of visitors, campaign directors and members of the memorial committee, the guard of honor from the 35th and 89th div­ isions, parents and relatives of the men on the honor roll, War Mothers, representatives of other universities, and mem­ bers of the faculty. Sections of seats were reserved for the military units and patriotic societies. As the guests of honor took their places the old school bell, located in Switzler Hall began to sound, once for each of the 117 heroes. Following the invocation addresses were made by United States Senator Rice W. Means, of Colorado representing the Spanish-American War veterans; Governor Sam A. Baker, of Missouri; Dr. John Pickard, representing the Memorial Committee; Dr. J. C. Jones, president-emeritus of the University and leading spirit in the movement to erect the Memorial; Frank B. Rollins, president of the Alumni Association, who presented the Tower to the school on behalf of the Association; and Mercer Arnold, a member of the board of curators, who accepted it for the school. The ceremony was ended by the singing of "Old Missouri" by the entire assemblage. The Memorial Tower is of Gothic pattern, and is 143 feet in height. Archways twenty-one feet wide and twenty- one feet high are built through it forming a gateway at the head of Memorial Way, and connecting the two campuses. The names of the 117 World War heroes are carved in stone on the inside of the Tower. Eventually a wing will be erected on either side of the Tower; these will serve as headquarters of the Alumni Association, and will provide club rooms for former students, both men and women. HISTORICAL NOTES AND COMMENTS 263

ABSALOM GRIMES, CONFEDERATE MAIL RUjNNER Edited from Captain Grimes' own story by M. M. Quaife of the Burton Historical Collection. (New Haven, Yale University Press, xii plus 216 pages.) "This volume contains no fiction or fictitious names or characters. All is truth as my memory serves me to recall the incidents." In these words Absalom Grimes, Missouri's, if not the South's, most daring and successful Confederate mail runner, opens a diary as fascinating as a work of fiction. Its pages are filled with adventure on adventure, daring and courageous deeds, imprisonment and cruel treatment, cap­ tures and escapes. Seldom does one find such a wealth of thrills and action based on the experience of one man. To Dr. M. M. Quaife, the editor of the manuscript, who has quite obviously contributed much more than mere mechanical help, are we indebted for a finely finished product created from rare and valuable raw material. To the Yale University Press are Missouri and the West under obligation for making this product available to the public. And to Mrs. Charlotte G. Mitchell, daughter of Captain Grimes, are special courtesy and thanks due for her labor and perseverance in persuading her father to put down in writing an account of his eventful four years of warrior's service. The reader will find few parallels to this exceptional work in the entire field of Americana. That the diarist was a Mis­ sourian by adoption whose field of operation was largely to and from this State, makes the volume of rare value and in­ terest to those concerned with the history of our people. The first chapter "Campaigning with Mark Twain," is re­ produced in this issue of the Review by courtesy of the editor of the publication and of the Yale University Press. Although the story is original in its incidents it is hardly less interesting than many of the remaining thirteen sections. The volume throws more light on one phase of the secret operations in Southern fields of the Missouri and Kentucky Confederate forces,—the phase relating to the transmission of intelligence from soldier to home folks—than any other published to date. 264 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW

The book is not only instructive reading but, owing partly to subject matter and perhaps equally as much to wise edi­ torial judgment, it is absorbing material.

NUMBER OF FARMS IN MISSOURI Among the hundreds of articles on rural conditions, which have lately been presented to the public, it is surprising that so little use has been made of a 32-page phamphlet issued in 1925 by the United States bureau of census. The subject of this phamphlet is "United States Census of Agriculture: 1925—Number of Farms by States and Counties 1925, 1920 1910, and 1900." (The pamphlet costs five cents and may be obtained from the Government Printing Office, Washington, D. C.) In it are presented figures, scores of columns of figures. I find the data not only interesting but very in­ structive. One may draw a number of conclusions but even better he obtains a picture based on facts. On the other hand a careful reader is forced to discard some widely held convictions and frequently finds himself confronted with statistics which present problems not easily solved. During the last quarter of a century (1900-1925) the number of farms in the United States increased from 5,737,372 to 6,372,263—approximately 10%. Thirty-one states showed gains and seventeen losses. One would naturally expect that both groups would consist of some isolated, widely scattered states. The opposite is true. Each group is made up of a solid, compact, and contiguous set of states. Another as­ sumption, proven incorrect by these figures, is that gains and losses would bear a consistent relation to rich and poor soil. Such relation does not seem to exist since some of the richest and some of the poorest soil states are in one group, and others in the second group. If a line be drawn from the southwestern corner of Kansas to Cape Cod, Massachusetts, it will bisect the heart of that portion of the United States which had fewer farms in 1925 than in 1900. These seventeen states are the six New England states; New York, Pennsylvania, and New Jersey; West Virginia, Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, and Michigan; Iowa, Missouri and Kansas. The remaining 31 states of HISTORICAL NOTES AND COMMENTS 265

the nation show a farm increase during these twenty-five years. Those interested in analyzing the reasons for a shift­ ing in rural population and farm acreage may find some inter­ esting features connected with the characteristics of these two groups of commonwealths. Missouri falls in that small but powerful group of states whose farms have decreased in number over the last quarter of a century. In 1925 she had 24,402 fewer farms than in 1900, the actual numbers being 284,886 in 1900 and 260,484 in 1925,—a decrease of 8 3/5%. Illinois ranked highest with a decrease of .38,554 farms or 14%%; New York, second, decrease 37,968 or 16f; Ohio, third; Indiana, fourth; and Missouri, fifth. But Missouri would easily have crowded Ohio out of third rank had it not been for the remarkable and exceptional growth of rural population in the southeastern part of the former state. Between 1900 and 1925 the number of Missouri farms decreased in number in 97 counties and increased in 17 counties. These 17 counties with their farm increases were Butler (816), Carter (96), Dunklin (894), Iron (91), Laclede (9), McDonald (398), Mississippi (1,675), New Madrid (3,076), Oregon (107), Pemiscot (1,773), Platte (75), Scott (1,452), Shannon (224), Stoddard (1,368), Stone (239), Webster (219), and Wright (16). The total increase of these counties was 12,629 farms, of which 11,054 farms are ac­ counted for in the seven counties of the southeast Missouri drainage and reclamation districts. The figures on Missouri counties and on the states of the nation seem to point to a direct relation between an increase in farms and the opening of new land areas, or the reopening of old areas through change in farm products. Other relations may also obtain, the most obvious being that pertaining to land prices. From 1900 to 1910, Missouri, together with other states in the decrease group, lost in the number of farms. Thirty- nine counties showed gains and 75 counties losses. Between 1910 and 1920 only 18 counties had losses. From 1920 to 1925 34 counties had gains and 80 losses. Those of a sta­ tistical turn of mind may be able to find some relation here between prosperity and depression on the one hand and the 266 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW gains and decreases in the number of farms on the other. The total loss in number of farms in Missouri by periods was: 1900 to 1910, 7,642; 1910 to 1920, 14,240; 1920 to 1925, 2,520. Yet during these twenty-five years the Missouri farm acreage showed an increase. At the same time the value of live stock and the acres used for live stock forged ahead and surpassed the value of the acres devoted to field crops. Finally a steadily rising wage scale accompanied these conditions. Fewer and larger farms, a smaller rural population, higher laborers' wages, and more pasturage are some of the factors which seem to dovetail in this important subject.

PERSONALS Dan R. Baker: Born near Skidmore, Missouri, July 1, 1864; died in Maryville, Missouri, July 25, 1925. He was educated in the public schools of Nodaway county, Amity College at College Springs, Iowa, and the Southwestern Normal School at Shenandoah, Iowa. He taught school for several years, and then became editor of the Elmo Register. He next was editor of the Skidmore, New Era. In 1914 he was elected recorder of deeds of Nodaway county, and in 1918 was re-elected. Hiram Black: Born in Erie county, Pennsylvania, March 20, 1832; died in Meadville, Missouri, January 11, 1926. He was educated in the schools of his native county, and soon after completing his education moved to Missouri. In 1868 he was appointed postmaster of Meadville. In 1884 he was elected representative in the State Legislature from Linn county. He had held many city and township offices. John L. Blackburn: Born near High Point, Moniteau county, Missouri, January 10, 1855; died in Tuscumbia, Missouri, September 23, 1925. He had served Miller county in the capacity of sheriff, collector, county judge, and probate judge. Richard Dalton: Born in Tipperary, Ireland, February 3, 1845; died in Hannibal, Missouri, August 28, 1925. He came to the United States while a youth and enlisted in the HISTORICAL NOTES AND COMMENTS 267

United States Army, serving in the Civil War for four years. He was later admitted to the bar and was elected prosecuting attorney of Ralls county. In 1892 he was the representative of Ralls county in the State Legislature. In the same year he was defeated by William J. Stone for the Democratic nomination for governor. He was a former member of the State Historical Society of Missouri. Wrilliam Fort: Born in Chillicothe, Ohio, July 14, 1846; died in Rolla, Missouri, September 21, 1925. He came to Missouri with his parents in 1853. In 1884 he was elected collector of Phelps county, and was re-elected to that position in 1888. David Clinton Herrington: Born near Grain Valley, Missouri, April 18, 1858; died at Blue Springs, Missouri, March 23, 1926. He studied law and was admitted to the bar. In 1898 he established the Sni-A-Bar Voice, at Blue Springs, and was editor of this paper for twelve years. Ira B. Hyde: Born at Guilford, New York, January 18, 1838; died at Princeton, Missouri, December 6, 1926. He was graduated from Oberlin College, Oberlin, Ohio, in 1859. In 1860 he studied law in Cleveland, and later in the office of Danials and Grant, being admitted to the bar in 1861 at St. Paul, . In 1862 he enlisted in the Union army, and as his legiment had just started for the South when trouble broke out with the Sioux Indians it was retained for service in the Northwest. At the close of the war in 1865 he went to Washington and formed a law partnership with H. G. Orton. They moved to Princeton, Missouri, and both be­ came outstanding Republican leaders, later running for Congress. In 1872 Mr. Hyde was elected from what was then the second district, composed of Linn, Harrison, Mercer, Grundy, Livingston, and Sullivan counties. He was nom­ inated by acclamation in 1874. While in Congress he became intimately associated with the late "Uncle Joe" Cannon. While Mr. Hyde was representative he made the appointment of General John J. Pershing to Annapolis. Mr. Pershing a few years later accepted an appointment to West Point. In 1886 Mr. Hyde and Mr. Orton founded the Mercer County X9937—11 268 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW

Bank. Mr. Hyde was the father of ex-Governor Arthur M. Hyde. John F. Lee: Born in Washington, D. C, June 29, 1848, died in St. Louis, Missouri, November 28, 1926. He was educated at Mount St. Mary's College, Emmitsburg, Mary­ land, Georgetown University, and the University of Virginia, receiving the degree of LL. B. from the latter school in 1870. In this year he moved to St. Louis and began the practice of law. At the time of his death he was president of the David Ranken, Jr., School of Mechanical Trades, and a trustee of Washington University. He was a member of several clubs, and had also served for several years as a director of the St. Louis Public Library.

Francis E. Nipher: Born in Port Byron, New York, December 10, 1847; died in Kirkwood, Missouri, October 6, 1926. His family moved to Iowa soon after his birth, and he attended the schools of that state, receiving the degree of bachelor of philosophy from the University of Iowa in 1870. During the next three years he was instructor in physics in his alma mater, and at the same time he studied for the de­ gree of A. M. In 1873 he became professor of physics in Washington University, in St. Louis, and from that time until his retirement in 1914 he held this position. His experimental and research work in the field of physics gained membership for him in the Physical Society of France, the Royal Society of Arts in London, and in the American Philosophical Society. At the World's Fair in St. Louis, 1904, Professor Nipher was chairman of the section of cosmical physics. He was the author of many monographs on scientific subjects; many of these have appeared in the Transactions of the Academy of Science of St. Louis. At the time of his death he was emeritus professor of physics in Washington University.

L. H. Perry: Born at Old Pattonsburg, Daviess county, Missouri, March 19, 1841; died in Albany, Missouri, De­ cember 29,1925. In 1871 he was elected treasurer of Gentry county, and was reelected two years later. In 1876 he was elected a member of the County Court of Gentry county. HISTORICAL NOTES AND COMMENTS 269

Charles Marion Russell: Born in St. Louis, Missouri, in 1862; died in Great Falls, , October 24, 1926. At the age of sixteen he left St. Louis, and went to Montana where he became closely associated with outdoor life. He was greatly interested in painting and art, and his picture "The Last of the 5000" gained immediate notice for him. He was widely known as the illustrator of Emerson Hough's "Story of the Outlaw," Wheeler's "Trails of Lewis and Clark," and Stewart Edward White's "Arizona Nights." His pictures are portrayals of cowboy life. He was also quite proficient in modeling. In 1925 he received the honorary degree of doctor of laws from the University of Montana. Wesley T. Sanders: Born November 11, 1873; died at Wellsville, Missouri, October 24, 1925. He was elected associate judge of the County Court of Montgomery county in 1925. Frank Sass: Born in Germany in 1868; died near Coffeyville, Kansas, July 12, 1925. He came to the United States when he was twenty-two years old. He lived in New York for several years, later coming to Willow Springs, Missouri. He was elected presiding judge of the County Court of Howell county in 1922. S. N. Schell: Born in Monroe county, Indiana, February 16, 1840; died at St. Thomas, Missouri, December 2, 1925. For many years he was engaged in the mercantile business, and he later served as judge of the County Court of Cole county for twelve years. Ralph E. Stout: Born in Adrian, Michigan, July 11, 1866; died near Kansas City, Missouri, October 10, 1926. He was educated in Palmer's Academy in Kansas City, Kansas, and in 1883 he went to the University of Kansas. Two years later he began work on the Wyandotte bureau of Col. R. T. Van Horn's Journal. Shortly after that he joined the staff of the Kansas City Times as reporter. He became successively sports editor and city editor of the Times and city editor of the Star. He was soon chosen as managing editor of the Star, and he held this position at the time of his death. m 270 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW

William B. Thompson: Born in Virginia, Illinois, June 20, 1843; died in St. Louis, Missouri, October 16, 1926. He was educated in the schools of Virginia and Springfield, and later attended the law school of the University of Michi­ gan. Following his admission to the bar he moved to St. Louis and took up the practice of law. He was one of the charter members of the St. Louis Bar Association. In 1875 he was elected state senator from St. Louis. He served as chairman of the Senate committee. He was a member of the State Historical Society of Missouri. Henry Walser: Born in France in 1854; died in St. Louis, Missouri, October 24, 1926. He came to the United States with his parents when he was four years old. He was educated in the public schools of St. Louis and then attended Eden Theological Seminary at Marthasville, Illinois. Rev­ erend Walser was ordained a minister on August 6, 1876. He was appointed pastor of the Evangelical Church at Fort Wayne, Indiana, and later at Mansfield Ohio. Three years later he was appointed pastor of St. Luke's Church in St. Louis. He held this position until October 1, 1926, and was then retired as pastor emeritus. He was one of the founders and a member of the board of the Deaconess Hospital. He was also a member of the board of the Protestant Orphans' Home. He was a prominent member of the Missouri District of the Evangelical Synod. MISSOURI HISTORY NOT FOUND IN TEXTBOOKS 271

MISSOURr HISTORY NOT FOUND IN TEXTBOOKS WHEN GRAND DUKE ALEXIS VISITED MISSOURI'S CAPITOL From the Jefferson City People's Tribune, January 24, 1872. Early yesterday morning the notes of preparation for the reception of the Grand Duke, to arrive at 9:30 A.M., were heard on all sides. Soon crowds began to assemble at the depot and about the portico of the capitol while the Siegel battery, under Capt. Thurber, gathered on the capitol terrace overlooking the depot section of the city. Carriages, too, intended for a part in the ceremonies, were seen passing in lively style through the streets, or being got ready in front of the livery stables. The crowd about the depot was an unusually motley one. Boys, negroes, ladies, distinguished citizens, and prominent members and senators, hustled each other in the jolliest style, as cries from time to time, "there it comes!" (the train) were raised. Very numerous were the false alarms; and every time there was such crowding, jamming, running and yelling as is probably nowhere else ever seen except in an American city. Nevertheless, the Committee of Reception—Messrs. Roseberry, Mitchell, Martin, Beltrami, Dod, and Latshaw, well preserved their dignity and equanimity—only passing the word round as the dense crowd swelled and increased, "keep your eyes on Roseberry's hat!" Finally the train—one which the Grand Duke rented especially for his excursions at $3,500 per day, and which in itself is a rare sight—came in view around the curve by Roger's landing. The crowd then made a frantic rush up the platform, the boys and negroes ahead, and yelling in- right royal American style. The train halted—the crowd surrounded it— and the committee of Reception following Senator Roseberry, went aboard. The committee disappeared within the palace car, where the guest of the State Legislature awaited them, and for a time better order than ever reigned in Warsaw prevailed. Then all waited breathlessly "the next thing." Many boldly flattened their faces against the window panes of Alexis' car, taking close note of what was occurring inside, while good- looking men, with physiognomies not strange in this country, and quite modest appearing, although distinguished in their own country, frequently passed back and forth between the cars. At last the Grand Duke appeared, Senator Rollins (of the committee meeting him at Sedalia) holding the Prince by the arm. Major Pope came next, escorting Admiral Poisset. The other members of the committee followed, each provided with a Russian. Seven carriages awaited—two four-in-hand. One was John Heinnch's destined for the Prince, which, with its four white horses and gay trappings, made an elegant turn out. The other was from McGill's establishment— four beautiful sorrels. 5 272 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW

Very soon all were aboard, and amid the thunders of the Siegel battery, the carriages wended their way to the Capitol. Here there was another scene of crowding, shouting and jamming, ending at last in the Grand Duke being landed safely in the bosom of the joint session. (For what transpired there—the eloquent welcome of Gov. Brown, and the appropriate reply of Alexis—we refer to our House report.) At about twelve o'clock the Duke was escorted to the Executive mansion, where our Chief Magistrate had made arrangements to lunch him. The lunch was unostentatious and unpretending, yet rare and brilliant in itself and all its surroundings. The Grand Duke, we venture to say, was never more appropriately entertained than on this occasion, by one of the representative men of all America. Among those present were all the State officers and their ladies, except Adjutant General Siegel (detained by illness); all the judges of the ; Judge Krekel; the Committee of Reception, Speaker Wilson and lady; Mr. Thomas of Jefferson and lady, and Miss Pipkin; Col. J. W. Daugherty and lady; Senator Gottschalk lady and sister; Senator Rollins and daughter; Col. Nat. Claiborne and ladies; Wm. Hyde and ladies; and Joseph Pulitzer and ladies; while numer­ ous lookers on, including several reporters for the press, flitted about through the grand halls and rooms, interested observers of what was going on. About 3 o'clock the Grand Duke and his party adjourned to the Madison House, where he received calls until about 4 P.M. Mayor Frank Schmidt made the presentations with dignity and grace. A large number of our citizens, and many visitors, availed themselves of the apportunity to pay their respects to the Grand Duke. But finally the time came when Alexis was to leave. The carriages drew up in front of the hotel, the Duke's party and the committee took their seats, and away the vehicles rolled to the depot. Arrived there the Duke sprang out and alone made his way to the palace car of the train surrounded on all sides by screeching urchins, and delighted negroes. He had to smile on them. One negro woman thrust a begging petition into his hand. Soon after the party were ensconced in the car, Admiral Poisset came out and returned her the paper and a five dollar bill. An old crippled German sent in a petition for aid. He was soon gladdened with a present of $25. Several other similar presents were made by the Grand Duke. Then the train moved off, Gov. Brown and the Reception Committee aboard, intending to return on the first train. The Grand Duke stood alone on the platform of the rear car as the train went out of sight. With a very few exceptions the reception and other ceremonies, went off in a most creditable manner. The Duke left a popular impression be­ hind him. The Reception Committee managed their part very well. The Siegel battery acquitted itself in a fine manner. Everybody behaved well save the younger boys and a portion of the colored population. But of course they supposed their style of reception was an expected part of the programme. MISSOURI HISTORY NOT FOUND IN TEXTBOOKS 273

A NEWSPAPER OF THE EARLY THIRTIES

From the Kansas City Journal, August 15, 1910. A single number of one of the first papers published in Missouri has just been unearthed by Mrs. Joseph H. Pickett of Stewartsville, who re­ cently found it among her husband's papers. Age-brown, ragged and full of quaint history concerning the sturdy pioneers of the period, the paper fits in well with the rare publications being gathered by the State Histor­ ical Society. The paper bears the name of "The Far West," and its date line shows that it was published at Liberty, September 8, 1836, being No. 31 of Vol. 1. The publisher of this pioneer sheet, which did not live to round out a full year, was Peter Rogers and the editor was Peter H. Burnet, who afterward went with an ox-train to California and became the first governor of that state. As was customary with the publications of those days, "The Far West" flew at its masthead this lofty motto: "Reason the Power, Truth the Weapon, and Our Country's Good the End." The paper reflects the heat of a presidential campaign, and its columns were crowded with communications and heavy editorials. That there was something going on in this section of the state at the time is indicated by the following extract from a paraphrase on the eighteenth chapter of St. Matthew: "Woe unto thee, Liberty! Woe unto thee, Plattsburg; for if the mighty works which were done in you had been done in Independence and Lexington they would have repented long ago in sackcloth and ashes. But I say unto you it shall be more tolerable for Independence and Lexington in the days of the Whig triumph than for you." Among the correspondents taking their pens in hand in the country's hour of need were some still extant, such as "Citizen," "Lycurgus," "Aristides," "Vox Populi," "Freeman," and "E. Pluribus Unum," and the rest of the old gang. If you think that the pioneers of those days lacked imagination or a proper vocabulary just peruse this extract from the way "Lycurgus" came back at "Citizen" on a vital issue of the day: "Mr Editor:—They smite in vain who smite with swords, or scourge with volleyed fire; my weapon—'tis the whip of words, and truth's all- teaching ire. 'Citizen' has again appeared, If his pen is not daubed, his second appearance argues that it is completely worn out. "He charges a 'citizen of Liberty, not far from your office,' for ob­ jecting to a state bank, for the reason, he states, 'that nothing but gold and silver will hereafter be received in the land office, and therefore it is useless to have a bank.' Why, Mr. 'Citizen,' did you not tell all that passed? Why did you not state that the 'citizen of Liberty, not far from your office,' told you, among other objections, that he was opposed to a state bank because it was contrary to every principle of freedom and equity, in 274 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW establishing a great monied corporation for the benefit of the few at the expense of the many—the honest yeomanry of the country?"—and so on for three columns. Next came "One of the People" with "Twelve plain reasons for plain people to vote for Van Buren as president," followed by "Aristides" who began a two-column tirade in this wise: "Mr. Editor:—In my last I at­ tempted to show that through the force of circumstances," etc. Not to be outdone by his contributors, the editor furnished this gem in one of his "heavy" editorials. "A newspaper is to the body politic what the blood is to the body natural." The paper had no head lines and no display advertisements, and very little of any sort of "paid matter." The following appears to have been the most important and gives a fair idea of how things have changed since then: "Just received—Seventy barrels of alum salt, nine barrels of brandy, seven barrels of old R. Cincinnati whisky and ten sacks of Havana coffee, all of which will be sold unusually low for cash by bag, bags, barrel and sack. Joel Turnham. N.B.—A constant supply of the above articles will be kept at this place. J.T." "The Far West" also made some pretensions as a "Guide to Health." Witness this bit of advice which appears on the front page as the leading article, as good in these days as it was when the fathers were settling the country. "Lying in bed—No piece of indolence hurts the health more than the custom of lying in bed too long in the morning. This is the general practice in great towns. The inhabitants of cities never rise before 8 or 9 o'clock. The morning is the best time for exercise, while the stomach is empty. Besides, the morning air braces and strengthens the nerves and in some measure answers the purpose of the cold bath. Let anyone who has been accustomed to lie abed to 8 or 9 o'clock rise by 6 or 7, spend a couple of hours riding, walking or any active diversion indoors, and he will find his spirits cheerful and serene throughout the day, his appetite keen and his body braced and strengthened. Custom soon renders early rising agree­ able, and nothing contributes more to the preservation of the health. The inactive are constantly complaining of pains in the stomach, flatu­ lences, indigestions, etc. These complaints pave the way to many others, and not removed from many others; they can only be cured by a rigorous course of exercise, to which indeed they seldom fail to yield. It is con­ sistent with observation that all old men have been early risers. This is the only circumstance attending longevity to which I never knew an exception."

BUILDING THE RAILROAD FROM HANNIBAL TO PALMYRA From the Palmyra Spectator, September 1, 1926. The contract for building the Hannibal & St. Joseph railroad was let March 10, 1853, to Duff & Co., of New York City. The contract price was $23,000 per mile and operations were begun at once. As soon as good MISSOURI HISTORY NOT FOUND IN TEXTBOOKS 275 weather set in early in the spring, teams and graders were busy at work between Palmyra and Hannibal. South river bridge, 320 feet long, was built this summer and the construction force on the road was composed of many men. Much cash was paid out weekly and money was plentiful in both cities. The first train to run between Hannibal and Palmyra was about June 10, 1856. It was a construction train and it was not until early in July that the passenger trains were running. These trains connected with the post coaches at Palmyra and the packet boats at Hannibal. The opening of this road between the two cities was of great importance and its building had been watched with great interest. In those days the dif­ ference in size and population of Palmyra and Hannibal was not great and there was sharp rivalry, commercially, between the two places. This rivalry had long delayed the building of a railroad. For some time Pal­ myra people had seriously considered building a railroad to Marion City which would connect with the boat lines on the Mississippi river and which would eventually be extended westward. Finally this plan was abandoned as not feasible and in the winter of 1850-51 the two cities got together on the proposed Hannibal & St. Joseph railroad, it being agreed, as, however, had been originally proposed, that the road should run through Palmyra instead of taking a shorter cut to the western terminus. Harmony in this matter was necessary in order that a proposition for the county to sub­ scribe $100,000 to the enterprise might carry. In March of 1851 Thos. E. Thompson and Thos. E. Hatcher were appointed commissioners to take subscriptions in Palmyra to aid in the building of the road and in July Hannibal voted $50,000 to aid the project. At the August election the sense of the people of Marion county was taken on the advisability of the County Court subscribing $100,000 for stock in the road. Although as a whole the people were strongly in favor of the proposition, there was strong opposition in certain sections. The people of Fabius and Round Grove townships were active in their opposition and meetings were held at which the entire plan was vigorously opposed. On the eve of the elec­ tion a big railroad meeting was held in Palmyra in the interest of the proposition and Col. Robert M. Stewart, president of the road and after­ wards Governor of the State, was the chief speaker heartily favoring the subscription. Col. Thos. L. Anderson and R. F. Anderson spoke on the same side, while Judge "Horse" Allen, a prominent man of his day in Marion county and Col. William Leer were the opposing speakers. When the ballots were counted it was found that the proposition had carried by a vote of 823 to 402 and there was great rejoicing among the "progressives." The vote stood as follows: Mason, for 349, against 13; Liberty, for 252, against 151; South River, for 19, against 5. Warren, for 122, against, 22; Union, for 48, against 24; Round Grove, for 9, against 97; Fabius, for, 6, against, 71; Miller, for, 18, against, 19. The final survey was started October 13, 1851, and November the first ground was broken at Hannibal with appropriate ceremonies. 276 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW

STEAMBOATING IN EARLY DAYS ALONG THE MISSOURI RIVER

From the Clayton Watchman Advocate, September 1, 1925. Records revealing some of the thrills connected with steamboating in the early days along the Missouri river are in possession of Maj. W. J. Macdonald of Clayton, supervising inspector of steamboat inspection service, Department of Commerce, with offices in St. Louis. Maj. Mac­ donald, who is compiling a book, set out primarily to learn of the losses and hazards attending Missouri river navigation, but in obtaining these facts he has come across much of the romance of steamboat days. And, incidentally, some of the records would make good arguments for rivermen and other proponents of the revival of waterway traffic, for it is revealed that many steamboats, in the time before railroads had begun extensive operations, often made a fortune in one trip up or down the river. For instance, there is the history of the Peter Balen, a $15,000 boat, that made $80,000 on one trip to Fort Benton, Mont. The vessel later caught fire and was destroyed. Then there is the Waverly, that cost $35,000 and cleared $50,000 on its first journey up the Missouri before it was sunk by a snag; and the Ida Stockdale that earned a net profit of $42,500, twice its value, in a five months' period. While most of the 450 boats that Maj. Macdonald has found were destroyed in navigating the Missouri, were sunk by snags, at least one is known to have gone down as the result of a cyclone. This was the Osceola, in 1877. The craft was on its way down the Yellowstone River from Glendive, Mont., with a number of cowboys, a preacher, and his family on board, as passengers. During the afternoon the keen eye of a cowboy discerned a number of wild horses on an open prairie. In their midst was a white stal­ lion, which the cowboys desired to possess. After a time the captain was prevailed upon to stop the boat and the cowboys with their ponies rounded up and roped the white stallion and brought him on board. A short time after the boat had proceeded on its way a cyclone swept across the river and wrecked the craft. All on board were saved with the exception of two cowboys and the white stallion, which had been tied in his stall. Since hat time river men have been superstitious of the combination of a white horse and a preacher as passengers. One of the most spectacular destructions of a steamboat was that of the Chippewa below Poplar River, Mont., in May, 1861. The vessel caught fire and being loaded with a heavy shipment of powder, passengers where hastily unloaded and the boat set adrift. It drifted for nearly a mile. Just as the fire reached the water's edge the boat blew up with a great flare and resounding noise. Later investigation revealed that deck hands had gone into the hull with candles to tap a whisky barrel and thus had set fire to the craft. An explosion of the boiler on the steamer Saluda on April 9, 1852, which was said to have been caused by the captain insisting on greater MISSOURI HISTORY NOT FOUND IN TEXTBOOKS 277 speed, resulted in the loss of many lives. The boat was loaded with Mor­ mon passengers and the accident happened near Lexington, Mo. Mormon children who were left without parents as a result of this disaster were adopted by citizens at Lexington, and many of them later became leaders of the city. Many of the steamboats sunk by snags had cargoes of whisky and other valuables. In some instances efforts to recover the cargo have been made, but these in the main have proved futile. An instance of this is recorded in Maj. Macdonald's records regarding the steamboat Twilight which went down near Napoleon, Mo., in September, 1865. For years various parties had sought without avail to recover the whisky on board. Finally some adventurers hit on the scheme of building a coffer dam around the wreck. The coffer dam was just about completed when some of the workmen uncovered a keg of the lost whisky. After sampling this they became so intoxicated that the work had to be postponed until the next day. In the meantime the river rose rapidly during the night and when it had gone down the coffer dam had been washed away. Another steamboat, the Arabia, went down after hitting a snag below Parkville, Mo., on August 10, 1856. It had a cargo of whisky then valued at $16,000. Attempts have been made to locate this cargo, but they have been unsuccessful. The records of Maj. Macdonald show that navigation on the Missouri river was begun on May 15, 1819, when the Independence left St. Louis and went to a point which is now Glasgow, Mo., on a trading trip with the Indians. On June 5, 1819, the Government sent a fleet of three boats up the Missouri river, followed by still another on June 7, to establish the feasibility of navigation and river trade. One of the boats, the Thomas Jefferson, was sunk in the Osage river. Two of the others got as far as Atchison, Kan., then a trading station, and the other reached Council Bluffs, la. After that there was no more steamboating on the Missouri until 1831. "In the 50's and 60's," said Maj. Macdonald, "When steamboating was at its best, there were as many as 100 boats and packets using the Missouri river. Pilots were in great demand and drew salaries of from $1000 to $1500 a month. I have in my possession the original license issued to Mark Twain on April 9, 1859, to ply between St. Louis and New Orleans. On the back of the license is a notation showing it was re­ newed two times. "One of the odd things about the Missouri river is the rapidity with which it changes its channel. The river may flow by a certain point today and may be two or three miles away a couple of weeks later. Brunswick, Mo., once was a river town and enjoyed a profitable steamboat trade. Now it is more than three miles from the river. My records disclose the case of the steamboat Naomi which was sunk near Brunswick in 1840. In later years a farmer digging for a well came upon the ruins of the steamboat three miles away from the bed of the river. 278 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW

"A number of islands have been formed in the river as a result of steamboat wrecks. Cora Island, along the Bellefontaine Bluffs, north of St. Louis, was thus formed by the sinking of the steamboat Cora in 1869. Many bends in the river, likewise, have taken their names from the boats that have been sunk at these points. For instance, Diana Bend, above Rocheport, Mo., and Augusta Bend, near Weston, Mo., are thus named." Discussing the possibilities of future navigation of the Missouri river, Maj. Macdonald said he believed there was a great opportunity for re­ vival of waterway traffic. Expert pilots, he said, who know how to read the water can successfully negotiate the changing channels, and the chan­ nels themselves, through constant use by steamboats, will be improved and enlarged. The Government would get rid of most of the snags.

THE ONLY SOUTHERN FLAG TO WAVE IN ARCADIA VALLEY WAS BURNED BY THE WOMEN WHO MADE IT

By Allan Hinchey in the Cape Girardeau Community, September 1926. Even after other slave states had seceded from the Union, Missouri did not declare in favor of the Southern cause. Especially in the pastoral valley of Arcadia life went on serenely until after the Capture of Camp Jackson at St. Louis by Captain Lyon of the Union army. This unfor­ tunate episode started the Civil War in Missouri. News of battles in the Southland filtered into Arcadia Valley, and a number of young men from the valley being engaged in those battles made the news of interest, but generally the citizens went on their way calmly, ridiculing the idea that the horrors of war would ever penetrate into the peacefulness of the Arcadia country. The capture of the Missouri State troops at Camp Jackson, however, caused consternation and the people of Missouri realized that war was imminent. Most of the citizens of Arcadia Valley were Southern sympathizers as most of them were descendants of the same stock of people who were fighting down in Dixie. The women of Arcadia decided to show their loyalty to the South by making and floating the Stars and Bars of the Southern Confederacy. They did this, the leaders being Mrs. Lucinda Jane Hinchey and Mrs. Mary Ann Gregory, daughters of Allan W. Holloman, a slave owner, but at heart a Union man. They were assisted by Mrs. Jane Edwards, wife of the clerk of Iron county, and other women. They made a beautiful silk flag and it was displayed above the county court house in Ironton. But a little while later the Union forces decided that as the southern terminus of the Iron Mountain railroad was at Pilot Knob, in the northern end of Arcadia Valley, it was an important place from a military viewpoint so Ironton was made headquarters for the Union forces in Southeast Missouri. MISSOURI HISTORY NOT FOUND IN TEXTBOOKS 279

On a day when the sun was shining brightly and Arcadia Valley ap­ peared at its best and calmest, a runner came into the village of Ironton with the news that a large army of Union soldiers was entering the Valley at Pilot Knob. "They are coming in thousands and will kill us all," was the warning of the excited messenger. Sheriff William N. Gregory and County Clerk John F. T. Edwards, husbands of two of the young women who had made the Southern Con­ federacy flag, hastily pulled down the Stars and Bars from the dome of the court house and Sheriff Gregory started on his horse with the flag, in a made race for the southern end of the valley. Reaching the Holloman home he hastily told his wife and her sister Mrs. Hinchey, that the Yankees were close behind him and an entire army had entered the valley. "Burn this flag, or they will kill us all as rebels," he told the women. In the Holloman home there were fireplaces on the second floor. In one of these fireplaces the two young matrons sacrificed the beautiful flag they had made, to prevent its capture by the Union troops. As the Union troops entered Ironton a number of northern sympa­ thizers became bolder than they had been and one of them told the Union officer of the fleeing of the sheriff with the rebel flag. A detachment of cavalry was sent in pursuit of the fleeing sheriff, but when they reached the Holloman home the only evidence they could find was in the charred remains of colored silk and several yards of badly scorched rope. This was the only flag of the Southern Confederacy that was ever floated over the court house in Iron county. The Union troops held possession of the Valley until they were driven out by Price's army which defeated the Northern forces at the Battle of Pilot Knob.

MARK TWAIN'S LAST TRIP AS PILOT From the Boonville Weekly Advertiser, June 3, 1898. "About the only man that ever I knew to leave the river and go to writing books," said the man at the wheel, directing his observations to the usual crowd that gathered about him in the pilot-house, "was Sam Clemens. They say he's pretty rich now, but I understand he never runs across an old chum without swapping a few lies with him and paying for the drinks. .Sam never got to be much of a pilot himself, but he used to know all of them, and write them up in the papers better than anybody ever could. He was about as green a looking creature as ever came from Pike county, when he was on the old Blue Bird, way back in the '50s, and to look at him you would have thought he wasn't worth sweeping up, but he could write then till you couldn't rest, and some of the funniest things that ever was printed about the river were gotten up by Sam. The first thing that I remember of, that set everybody talking and wondering what that boss yarn teller, Mark Twain, was, was that account about the 280 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW great flood in the Mississippi, in early times, when the water was over everything, and Vicksburg and Natchez were the only dry spots between Cairo and the Gulf. At Orleans the boats landed alongside of the top story of the St. Charles hotel. Well, of course, that was the boss flood, and nobody could talk talk of old-time boating like that; and so, Clemens got to be too big a man to stay on the river, and, as I said, he quit and went to writing books. But he wasn't much of a pilot, anyhow. His mind didn't run that way—when at the wheel he was always running over some­ thing and getting the boat into trouble. He would just as like as not go sound asleep on watch, and run the boat into the bank, head on, if you didn't keep a watch on him, and if there was a snag to be found he would go miles out of his way just to get a whack at it, and he was never happy unless he was bouncing something. Why, you would think he was getting the biggest kind of wages from the government to just clear the river of snags, if you'd see how he hustled them out of the way. But that wasn't the worst of it, for sometimes he wTould lose his bearings and get lost in side streams, and it would cost the captain half he would make on the trip to get back to the Mississippi. "One day the Blue Bird—that was the last boat he steered on—got to racing with the Yellow Hammer, a Wabash packet, and as the water was pretty high, Sam thought he would show off by running a chute and coming out two or three miles ahead. Well, in he goes, full tilt, picking his way through the timber, and keeping his eyes on the limbs that reached near to the chimneys, so as not to get them knocked overboard. The Bird was just flying through the woods, and Sam, he was a-sweating like a bound boy at a husking. And the wheel! You just ought to have seen it spin; youd' have thought, to look at Sam, that he was at last doing some diamond-breast-pin piloting. And I reckon for a spell he thought he was, but in about two hours the mate, he comes on deck, for, as it was the second watch, the captain was asleep, and says to Sam as how he thought the Bird was going to Memphis that trip. " 'That's where we're going,' says Sam, as soon as he could gather wind enough to speak. " 'Making a side run to Jacksonport, eh?' says the mate. " 'Haven't heard of it,' says Sam. " 'Haven't, eh?' said the mate, looking at him curious like. " 'No,' says Sam, pulling the wheel hard down, so as to bring the boat round a short turn. " 'Then, what on earth are you doing in White River?' says the mate. " 'In White River?' says Sam, turning white about the gills, and shaking like he had a chill. " 'That's where we are,' says the mate, 'and you are twenty miles from the mouth, at that.' " 'Oh, my!' says Sam. T thought I was in a chute.' ' 'Well,' says the mate, 'you'd better turn this boat around and shoot out of here before the old man gets up, or you'll be looking for a skiff to get back to the Mississippi. Do you hear me?' MISSOURI HISTORY NOT FOUND IN TEXTBOOKS 281

"Then Sam, he turns the Bird around, and hollers down to the engineer; 'Jack, if you love me, give her steam.' "Well the mate kind of liked Sam for his funny yarns, so he kept it all from the old man till the boat got back to Orleans, when Sam quit, and that-was the last of his piloting."

BATTLE OF SAMBO SLOUGH From the Carrollton Democrat, August 14, 1925. This week marks the sixty-first anniversary of the battle of "Simpson's Ford," "McElwee's Ford," "Harrison's Ford," or incorrectly called the "Battle of Sambo Slough." The scene of the battle is about a mile from the mouth of Sambo Slough, so the latter title is not at all appropriate. History tells us that on August 13, 1864, Bill Anderson, with seventy- five to one hundred men, entered Carroll county near Shanghi, or Miles' Point, passing down the bottom to Hill's Landing, stopping only long enough en route to kill James Warren, who had been on furlough and was waiting for a boat to take him to Boonville to rejoin his regiment. Then Anderson and his men camped a short distance away. Capt. Tiffin, stationed in Ray county, hearing of Anderson's third entry into Carroll county, hastened to notify the Carrollton guards and preparations were made immediately to defend the town should it be attacked. The Carroll county militia was mobilized and Capt. Tiffin came down with about fifty men to participate in the expulsion of Anderson from the county. It was during the mobilization of the militia that an amusing incident occurred. Private Kelly, an Irishman, said that he "was looking for some­ thing he did not want to find." When asked what it was, Kelly replied; "Bill Anderson, the murderin' blaggard, and may the divil fly away wid him." Carrollton was not attacked and Anderson proceeded northeastward camping on Wakenda Creek, near the mouth of Elder Branch—if there is any other name for it Jim Station, in his coon hunting days, nor Lee Dickson, in the days of his youth, never heard of it—which is just at the edge of the Andy Elder farm in Eugene township. Capt. Calvert, who commanded the Carrollton troops, and Tiffin were soon on the trail of Anderson, and located him in camp with his un­ suspecting command. History tells us that this was Sunday, though Ross Brookover, who heard the crack of musketry and knew that there was "something doing" is unable to verify the day of the week. But Ross was only a boy then and perhaps does not wish now to incriminate himself by admitting just what he was doing in the vicinity of Wakenda creek on that Sunday morning—however, the militia surprised the picket, Dock Rupe, and killed him while on duty. This was the only casualty for the , though several of them were injured. Whether or not the James boys were in the affair, it is said that Frank was slightly wounded and Jess severely wounded, as were Cave Wyatt, Arch Clements, Sandy 282 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW

McMacane, Peyton Long, William Reynolds, Hira Guess, Theodore Castle and Bill Anderson himself. Capt. Tiffin, in his enthusiasm, is said to have passed entirely through the forces of the bushwhackers and then returned to his command in safety. Anderson's men, though taken by surprise, were on their guard in a short time, and after killing a prisoner, named Fox, whom they had previously captured, devoted themselves to the matter in hand so thor­ oughly that some eight or nine of the militia were killed or died as a result of the battle. Of Capt. Calvert's command the killed were: William Young, Robert Hudson, and James Kenton. Of the Ray county men the killed were: James Howell, Searcy, Joel Spitzer, and James A. Hess. It is very probable that others on both sides were killed, but their names have been lost. In fact, Edwards' "Noted Guerrillas," in giving a descrip­ tion of the fight, locates it beyond Flat Rock Ford, and places the number of militia killed at seventy-six and gives a very wild account of the affair. Some place the number of Anderson's forces at 150 and the militia at 300 to 350. After the battle Anderson proceeded east across Grand River. Cap­ tains Calvert and Tiffin re-organized their forces and followed, having been joined by a company from Livingston county and a company of Iowa cavalry. The pursuit was for only a short distance, and was without further incident. As stated above Mr. Andy R. Elder now owns the land on which this fight occurred. He knows nothing of the affair except as it has been re­ lated to him, as he was in at the time, with Love's regiment.

PIONEER MARKETING From the Macon Republican, September 7, 1926. Suppose you had just one dollar to spend, and but one opportunity in six months to spend it in a town seventy miles away, and that what you bought would have to come by an ox team requiring three or four days to make the journey, what would you buy with that dollar? Charley Anderson, born in 1842, says that was the big question con­ fronting the Macon county settlers along in the fifties when he was a boy living on a plantation north of the place where Macon is. "Money was fearfully scarce then," Mr. Anderson said, "and when a family got hold of a dollar or two they would sit up nights figuring what they needed most so as to be ready when the covered wagon hit the trail to the market. "Men working in the fields or forests were glad to get 25 cents for a day's labor. Most of the planters paid in things they raised. What trappers caught was legal tender. So was honey, venison and knitted articles. The circuit rider was glad to get these things for his services. "About twice a year the oxen were yoked to a large covered wagon, and one of the settlers would drive to Quincy for supplies, traveling along the trail some miles north of federal highway No. 36. MISSOURI HISTORY NOT FOUND IN TEXTBOOKS 283

"This wagon, hauled by four or six oxen, would bring home the supplies ordered by the people of a community extending many miles. The word would be passed out that the wagon would start on a certain date and the people would come in with their commissions for the driver, handing him their little hoards of cash and a list of what they wanted. The returning wagon would bring what looked like a miniature dry goods and grocery store. "Among the goods were always a barrel of liquor and some jugs of the same—brandy generally. There was some of it in nearly every household. It was regarded as a necessary family medicine. In those carefree days, with no officers to worry you, I don't remember that I ever saw a tipsy person. "Most everybody would have on his list, 'be sure to get me a new almanac' It was the trusted weather forecaster of the period, with its signs of the zodiac, hints on health and funny stories. No home was en­ tirely happy without it. The almanac's circulation was way beyond that of today's 'best seller.' In every cabin you would find one, new or old, and a Bible. In many other cases these two publications formed most of the pioneer's reading. "The man who drove the covered wagon carried in the wagon a sack containing the money given him by the people. He had with him a gun, but that was for the game he might run across. I never heard of a driver being robbed. "Sugar, coffee, salt, ammunition, groceries, boots and shoes, calico and lawns, quinine, maybe a few pieces of inexpensive jewelry, several boxes of striped candy and candy 'kisses' if it was near Christmas, and some liquor were the principal supplies ordered. A young Scottish woman wrote on her list, 'The Lassies of the Highlands,' a work having some note at the time. The driver said he tried every grocery store in town, but none of them had that sort of 'lasses. "The driver put in the greater part of his day in Quincy as pur­ chasing agent and in seeing the sights of the city. "But few of the settlers had made the journey, as seventy miles over a rough trail was a formidable distance then, to say nothing of the hazards of swollen streams. So when the driver got back with his load all would gather about the big wagon while he handed out the goods, all carefully marked as on a Christmas tree, and told of his wonderful adventures on his trip to fairyland. "The driver of the supply wagon became an important personage. He had traveled; had not only seen the great river, but had actually crossed it. He could talk with easy familiarity about the tall-stacked steamers running the upper river, and brag about the speaking acquaintances he had with some members of the crews. "It was worth while to listen to a man like that. No question stumped him—none we could ask. "About the only sickness in those days was chills and 'ager.' But by and by a doctor moved into the neighborhood and talked about a lot of new-fangled diseases. Then we all had 'em." 284 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW

THE FORGOTTEN BATTLE OF MORRISTOWN

From the Harrisonville Cass County Democrat, June 10, 1926. On September 17, 1861, one hundred and twenty-one Confederate troops were encamped just a short distance northeast of the main part of Morristown. The soldiers were under the command of Colonel Will Hugh Irwin and for the most part were untrained and poorly equipped. The location of the camp was not far from the town's main thoroughfare. Colonel Irwin and his company of men were there for the purpose of re­ cruiting a regiment of soldiers to join the army of General Sterling Price who was then fighting at Lexington, Mo. Colonel Irwin was a Cass county citizen, making his home on a farm near the present town of Peculiar. A member of Colonel Irwin's company of men at that time was John Ed Berry, then just nineteen years old. Mr. Berry is now eighty-four years old and lives in Harrisonville. To watch him in action one would set him down as being twenty years younger, for he did not show fatigue after recently conducting a party of sight-seers over the old battle-ground, and telling how the handful of Confederate soldiers escaped after being sur­ prised by two regiments, or some 1500 Union soldiers, under the command of General Lane. The night of September 16 was quiet, with no one stirring except those on guard duty. Just at the break of day, however, the pickets rushed to the sleeping camp and notified the officers that hordes of Federal soldiers were approaching the camp from the east. There was no time to prepare for defense, for the camp was unprotected and its occupants outnumbered ten to one, so the Confederate soldiers deployed along the brushy stream and soon were surrounded by the enemy. There was a saloon located near the first bend in the stream, and it was here that Mr. Berry was ensconced, having a plain view of all that took place. While the Union soldiers were deploying, a column of cavalry headed by Colonel Johnson, rushed down Morristown's main street, while a body of infantrymen was stationed northeast of the Confederate camp. There was no disciplined order of battle, for the Confederates, using the dry stream as a trench and its rocky ledges as a parapet, were firing when­ ever there was a good target. Colonel Johnson was killed almost in front of Mr. Berry. The battle lasted until 8:30 o'clock that morning, with the Union soldiers getting decidedly the worst of the engagement. Not only were the Confederates outnumbered, but the enemy used two pieces of field artillery, which were not of much effect under the circumstances although a barn across the stream, south, which is yet standing, can show evidence of artillery fire. Seeing that the Confederate forces would be annihilated if the battle continued, the officers ordered a retreat. This was accomplished although the Union soldiers had the southern soldiers pocketed. Being thoroughly familiar with the terrain, Colonel Irwin selected Mr. Berry to lead the retreat. This was successfully accomplished by following the stream east, MISSOURI HISTORY NOT FOUND IN TEXTBOOKS 285 during which they could see and hear the Union soldiers but could not be seen. The escape was miraculous, and after leaving the battle scene, the soldiers made their way to Harrisonville. As near as Mr. Berry can re­ member, one hundred and nineteen Union soldiers were killed and a great many wounded, while none of the Confederate forces lost their lives, al­ though several were wounded and five were taken prisoners. The Union forces, after destroying the camp, left Morristown about 2 o'clock in the afternoon. The prisoners were taken toward Paola, Kansas, and were executed just after the Kansas line was passed. The Union soldiers were stationed at Paola on recruiting duty and had marched to Morristown to drive out the Confederate soldiers, the march of thirty-five miles being made at night. Mr. Berry did not receive a scratch in the skirmish, and as far as he knows, there are now only four Confederate survivors of this battle. Besides himself, there are Jim Beegles of East Lynne, Mo., Tom Dolan of Rocky Ford, Colo., and Robert White of Kansas City, Mo. Mr Beegles was not far from Mr. Berry when the former was wounded by a bullet which pierced his right side. After the retreat to Harrissonville Mr. Berry and Hale Beegles, a brother of Jim Beegles, went back and after some difficulty, located the injured man. Jim Beegles recovered and for years has lived in East Lynne, in this county. He still possesses the bullet which went clear through his side. Following are the names of the Confederate soldiers who took part in the battle: John Ed. Berry, Jim Beegles, Tom Dolan, Robert White, yet living; Captain Will Dolan, Frank Dolan, Eph Jones, Captain Robert Adams, Captain A. S. Bradley, Walter Adams, Sam Oldham, George Nowell, Green Williams, William Stark, Dan Stark, Hale Beegles, Ed. Dunn, John Dunn, McGrudder, Reliford, Hook, John Hammond, "Doc" Peterson and John L. L. Stephens. Captain Bradley was the father of Mack Bradley, now a prominent farmer of this county, and had been doing recruiting in Everett, a village northwest of Archie, this county. There may be other Confederate survivors of this skirmish, but their names are not known. There were other skirmishes in and near this scene. That part of Cass county was undeveloped then, many of the present fine farms being nothing but timberland. A relic of the Morristown battle was recently unearthed near the spot where the saloon stood. It was a demijohn, full of bullet holes. Details of the battle of Morristown have hitherto been unpublished. We have consulted several histories of Cass county in which the affair was mentioned, and they indicate that the Union forces did not know that the southern soldiers were encamped at Morristown, but Mr. Berry is certain that they did. There may be inaccuracies in the above account of the skirmish, but we have been faithful to what we saw and was told us. Over half a century has elapsed since that stormy period, but we believe that Mr. Berry told us of the fray as he remembered it. 286 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW

THE MINA-SAUK FALLS By Allan Hinchey in the Cape Girardeau Community, September 1926. In the Tom Suck country of the eastern Ozarks are the Mina-Sauk falls, flowing over three ledges of granite on the side of Big Tom Suck Mountain, to fall churning and foaming to the ravine below. This water comes from a spring near the top of the mountain, probably from an underground stream that has its source in higher mountains far away. It is a picturesque country, this land of the Tom Suck, just a few miles from Arcadia, but because of rough traveling to reach, it is not seen by many who visit the Arcadia Ozarks, unless they go especially to see the hills and the falls. The country derives its name from an old Indian Chief, Sauk-ton-qua, the cascade being named for his daughter, Mina-Sauk. In the Tom Suck country grow many blood-red flowers, known as Indian pinks, and especially on either side of Mina-Sauk falls do these flowers grow in profusion. According to an Indian legend handed down by the Piankisha Indians the cascade was caused by Manitou, to punish the tribe of Sauk-ton-qua for the murder of a young Osage chief, the husband of Mina-Sauk, and the blood-red flowers along the cascade grew out from the blood stains of the murdered Osage warrior. This is the legend of Mina-Sauk: The long winter had ended. Melted snow in the mountains had filled the streams, the waters of which found their way through Aux Vases and Bois Brule into the Father of Waters. The people of Sauk-ton-qua, dwelling in the Bois Brule, were happy at the approach of warmer weather, for the winter had been long and they had suffered. When Sauk-ton-qua told his people that the time had come for them to leave their village in the Bois Brule and go to their hunting grounds in the hills toward the setting sun they were made happy. But one among the people of Sauk-ton-qua was not made happy by the old chief's mandate. Mina-Sauk, the young daughter of Sauk-ton-qua, had been ill all winter. The light of her eyes had been dimmed, her suppleness had departed and she had lost all interest in life. Sauk-ton-qua knew of his daughter's illness and was unhappy because of it. But not his counsels nor the loving care of Mina-Sauk's mother nor the ministrations of the medicine men could bring back the bloom of health to the maiden's cheeks, nor the brightness to her eyes, for it was sickness of the heart that ailed her. In the hunting season of the past year she had been captured by Osage warriors, enemies of Sauk-ton-qua's people, and carried to the Osage village miles to the north. There she became the bride of a young Osage warrior and had learned to love him dearly. Later on she was recaptured by warriors of her father's tribe and carried back to his village in the Bois Brule. MISSOURI HISTORY NOT FOUND IN TEXTBOOKS 287

Not the commands of her father, nor the pleading of her mother could make Mina-Sauk forget her mate in the Osage country. "No happiness can come of the mating of the dove and the hawk," the old chief told the maiden. "Has Mina-Sauk forgotten her love for her people and bestowed it upon the dog of an Osage?" "Mina-Sauk has not forgotten her love for her people," the maiden replied, "but she cannot forget her love for her mate. It was put into her heart by Manitou and he alone can take it away." The people of Sauk-ton-qua went into their hunting grounds in the hills toward the setting sun. At the close of a day in the Month of Flowers, maidens returning from the stream in the valley told Sauk-ton-qua they had seen Mina-Sauk at the stream and with her was the young Osage warrior, enemy of the tribe. Sauk-ton-qua sent out warriors to capture the Osage and to bring Mina-Sauk before him. Around the council fire that night the people of Sauk-ton-qua assembled. In their midst was the young Osage brave, a prisoner securely bound. At one side of the group was Mina-Sauk, held captive by squaws of her tribe. After a trial of the prisoner the chief medicine man pronounced his doom: "The Osage dog has bewitched the maiden, Mina-Sauk, until her mind has become weakened. She has forgotten her people and has turned to an enemy of her tribe. That the maiden may be freed from the spell thrown about her, let the Osage die. "Let his body be thrown from the top of the mountain onto the ledge below and caught upon the uplifted spears of warriors stationed there. Let his body be once more cast upon spears waiting on the second ledge and then cast into the ravine below. Then will Manitou be appeased and the evil charm lifted from the unhappy maiden." When the medicine man had spoken Mina-Sauk broke loose from the squaws and sprang into the circle of light. "Do as he says," she cried pointing a trembling hand at the medicine man, "and may the Manitou blast you from the face of the earth. May the Storm Kjing come over the mountain and the people of Sauk-ton-qua be destroyed." But in spite of her pleading the sentence was carried out. The maiden, crazed by grief, broke from the clutches of the old women and ran to the edge of the precipice. She uttered screams dreadful to hear and the warriors shrank from her fury. From the precipice she sprang and fell, a mangled corpse, beside her murdered mate in the ravine far below. Then over the mountain came the Storm King. Fiercely came the wind and the mountain shook with the wrath of Manitou. The storm came quickly, raged fiercely and passed suddenly. But in its path was desola­ tion and the people of Sauk-ton-qua had been destroyed. Where the bolt of Manitou had struck the mountain a stream of water gushed forth, flowing over the precipice into the valley below. And on either side of the cascade flowers of blood-red hue were growing. 288 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW

And today, if you would see the tears of Mina-Sauk flowing ever over the precipice, and if you would see the blood-red flowers, go into the Tom Suck country and go on a day in June, for it was then, in the Month of Flowers, that the waters of the cascade started and the flowers first bloomed.

ST. LOUISAN RESTORING HOUSE WHERE DANIEL BOONE DIED

By OVID BELL, in the Fulton Evening Gazette, October 11, 1926. The house in St. Charles county in which Daniel Boone made his last home and in which he died has been acquired by Col. Francis M. Curlee, an attorney of St. Louis, who this year has had it restored to the condition in which the Boone family left it and made it into a summer home for himself. He also has bought 465 acres of land around the house, and his brother, S. H. Curlee, president of the Curlee Clothing Manufacturing Company, of St. Louis, has bought the Old William Hays homestead, three miles away, which contains 400 acres of land. The brother is doing with the Hays place what Colonel Curlee is doing with the Boone place. Hays was Boone's son-in-law, having married the latter's daughter, Susannah. He was the father of Boone Hays, an early settler in the south­ eastern part of Callaway county. The Curlee brothers are relatives, but not descendants, of Boone, their Boone blood coming to them from a brother of the great explorer and frontiersman, and it is with sentimental regard for their own blood and veneration for the man who did more than any other to win eastern and central Missouri for the white man that they have acquired these two properties. "This place will never become a 'hootch' joint or a roadhouse, and it will never be commercialized," Colonel Curlee told a party of tourists, representing the Boone County Historical Society, while they visited the old Boone house Saturday. "Italians were trying to get the prop­ erty when I bought it, and if they had succeeded, it is probable that they would have made a roadhouse out of it, but now it is mine and is not for sale, and it is not going to be turned into a profit-making enterprise." The Curlee brothers are Mississippians who have prospered in St. Louis. Their father commanded a regiment of cavalry under General "Ned" Forrest in the Confederate army, and Colonel Francis M. Curlee was a lieutenant-colonel in the American chemical service in the World War. The brothers own the Mississippi plantation on which their father was born and reared, and also the dwelling in Corinth, Miss., in which they were born. People with the instincts and ideals to hold to ancestral lands do not give up such property as that they have recently acquired. The Boone house faces a narrow, hilly, gravel road that extends 13 miles north to Wentzville, where the traveler can go either east or west on highway No. 40. The road is built parallel with the valley of Femme Osage creek and is more than half way up the hill on the east side of the valley. The house, a handsome stone structure, rectangular in shape and probably 30 by 50 feet in size, faces up the hill toward the road and MISSOURI HISTORY NOT FOUND IN TEXTBOOKS 289 stands a hundred feet away from it. It has two full stories, besides a full basement and a commodious attic. Hallways ten feet wide divide each of the floors in the middle. Except on the main floor, there is only one room on either side of the hallways. On the north side of the main floor, however, there are two rooms. The smaller is in front and it was in this room that Daniel Boone, then 86 years old, died, September 26, 1820, after a residence of 21 years in Missouri. North of the house fifty yards is the trunk of a giant elm and below it is the farm spring. The histories tell that Boone sat under this elm tree and administered justice when he served as syndic (magistrate) under the Spanish government prior to the acquisition of Louisiana Ter­ ritory by the United States. Since Colonel Curlee bought the place he has had a vast amount of work done to save the tree, which is estimated to be 350 years old. The trunk is probably 15 feet in circumference. Few places in Missouri have the natural beauty of the Boone home­ stead, for to the rear of the house is the broad, rich creek valley and be­ yond it are noble hills. Down the valley, beyond sight, is the Mis­ souri river, and up the valley is marvelous landscape. Twenty-six miles away, down the old Boone's Trail, which follows the river bank the greater part of the distance, is St. Charles * * *. Colonel Curlee has spent many thousands of dollars in restoring the old house and improving the grounds. The house was erected by Nathan Boone, son of Daniel, and was completed in 1820, tradition says. Nathan Boone, incidentally, was a surveyor and helped to make the government survey of Callaway county. When Colonel Curlee bought the house last year it was covered writh a galvanized iron roof. This has been replaced with handmade cypress shingles that will last half a century. All of the interior wood­ work was painted. Even the handsomely hand-carved mantle pieces were daubed with green. By dint of immense labor the paint has been removed, and there are left beautiful walnut doors, window and door casings, wainscoting and baseboards. Magnificent floors of walnut boards had been covered with pine flooring. When the pine was taken up all of the floors were found to be in good condition except those in the living room and downstairs hallway. Insects had eaten into these floors and they had to be replaced with new walnut. Plaster and lathes were taken from the ceilings, leaving exposed massive white oak beams, hewn out with broadaxe and adz, befitting both the house and the time in which it was built. All but two or three of the walnut doors of the house were there when Colonel Curlee bought it, and these, sans paint, are serving their original purpose. They swing from home-made iron hinges and are fastened with handmade locks. These doors, and the doors to the hand­ some walnut closets that flank the great fireplaces in each of the rooms, as well as all of the other woodwork, are put together-with dowel pins instead of nails. 290 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW

The house evidently was built with an idea of permanency, for the walls are a good thirty inches thick. Colonel Curlee has had the cracks filled and the mortar pointed, and the structure today is virtually as strong as it was when it was erected. Under the care it doubtless will receive henceforth the house ought to be in a state of excellent preserva­ tion a thousand years from now. The new owner has had the structure modernized to the extent of installing bath and sanitary fixtures and a hot air furnace. Wiring has been done for electric lighting fixtures and a farm lighting plant is soon to be installed. At the rear of the house, looking over the valley of the Femme Osage, Colonel Curlee has built a three-story gallery that extends the length of the structure. When his improvements are completed the kitchen and dining room will be in the basement, the floor of which is on a level with the ground on the back side of the house. The first floor of the gallery is here. On the second floor guests like the Boone county pilgrims are entertained most hospitably at meal time by the gracious Mrs. Curlee, while above is a great sleeping porch.

Mrs. Curlee has had the woodwork finished in wax and has furnished the house with beautiful antique furniture. The things she has put into the house would enable even an unimaginative man to visualize the in­ terior of an elegant colonial home of a century and more ago.

Working on the walls of the house, Colonel Curlee's mechanics found at the front six stones practically identical in size, evenly spaced and at the same height from the floor. Curiosity prompted investigation and it was found that they filled what appeared to have been portholes. The conclusion that these openings were designed for portholes is natural for at the time the house was built it was surrounded by a wilderness through which Indians lurked and wandered. Recesses extending back three or four inches have been left where these stones were inserted into the wall.

Restoration work on the house was begun in January and is now completed. When the light plant and lighting fixtures are installed and the basement is converted into dining room and kitchen, work on the house will be finished. Much landscape work, however, remains to be done. The old spring is to be put into order, and a formal garden is to be laid out at the rear of the house. Rock for the garden's retaining walls have been quarried and placed on the ground and a good part of next year will be consumed in making the garden. Then the old Daniel Boone house, as it has always been called, will be in a state of preservation and have surroundings befitting such a spot. Those who love Missouri and its history can not give Colonel and Mrs. Curlee too much praise for the fine, patriotic work they are doing in preserving this historic place. MISSOURI HISTORY NOT FOUND IN TEXTBOOKS 291

JUDICIAL AMENITIES IN IIONEER DA\ S From the Kansas City Star, August 14, 1910. David Barton, the first circuit judge who presided over the Howard county court in 1816 at old Franklin, was fined for smoking in a justice's court. Maj. Stephen Cole was the justice. Judge Barton fined Major Cole one morning for profane swearing in the presence of the circuit court. Cole objected to paying the fine, but, supposing that he would be able to retaliate some time in the future, paid it. That very afternoon Major Cole, who wTas justice of the peace, held court on a log in the town. As Barton was returning from dinner he stopped in front of Cole, leaned against a tree, watching the proceedings of the justice and smoking a pipe. Cole looked up and, assuming the stern look of insulted dignity said: "Judge Barton, I fine you one dollar for contempt of my court for smoking in its presence." Judge Barton paid the fine and went to open his own court, acknowl­ edging that he had been beaten at his own game. Four years later Barton became the first United States senator from Missouri.

MARK TWAIN AS A BONDSMAN By Louis ALLEN, from the Kansas City Star, September 27, 1926. Re­ printed from the Boston Transcript. "Sam Clemens was the laziest man I ever knew. He would camp for hours on a bench in front of his cabin in the shade of that oak. After meals he ignored our rules that each man must clean up his dishes, and his plate became incrusted with the debris of many meals. The rest of us took turns at the cooking, but we could never get Sam to try his skill. Perhaps it was just as well." William R. Gillis, last of the famous Gilhs boys, all boon comrades of Mark Twain when Twain laid the foundation of his fame in Nevada and California in the early '60s, was speaking. I had called at Jackass Hill, Tuolumne county, California, to meet the only living member of that company who "roughed it" with Twain more than sixty years ago. Gillis is 86 years old, gentle-mannered, soft-spoken. He has all the ear­ marks of culture and education that Mark Twain so admired in his college- bred brother, James M. Gillis, affectionately dubbed by Twain, "The Sage of Jackass Hill." In one end of the cabin are two beds once occupied by Sam and Bill, just as they were more than a half century ago. The cabin, however, has been reconstructed. "Sam was never Mark Twain to us," Gillis said. "He was always just plain Sam—one of the boys. He was a remarkable man, and in-, tensely human, too. Endowed as he was with a variety of talents, it is 292 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW not strange that he should have at least one defect. Sam liked fun and was a great practical joker, but he resented being the butt of a joke him­ self." Mark Twain's western experience came at the close of a brief taste of guerrilla warfare against the Union forces in Missouri in 1861. With his brother, Orion, who had been appointed secretary of Nevada Ter­ ritory, he made the overland stage trip to Carson City, Nev., but soon coming under the influence of the Comstock mining fever he sunk what little money he had in worthless mining ventures, then moved on to Aurora, about a hundred miles south of Carson City. Here he tried working in a gold mill and eking his wages by writing local items for the Territorial Enterprise of Virginia City, about twenty-five miles north of Carson City. Bill Gillis, who worked on the Enterprise, takes up the story at this point: "Sam had been contributing items for about a year, although he had never met the proprietor, Joe Goodman, when Joe wrote and offered him a place as reporter. Sam was then 27 years old. "One night about a week after writing the letter, Goodman and a staff writer were sitting in the editorial room when a dusty, unkept young fellow with a great shock of brown hair entered. " 'Either of you gentlemen Mr. J. T. Goodman?' " came a rich drawling voice. " 'What can I do for you?' said Joe. "The stranger stated that a hair cut and a shave, a change of raiment and a new hat would greatly improve his appearance. A bath and a steak, or ham and eggs, would be mighty satisfying,' he drawled as serious as an owl. " 'My friend,' Joe replied, smiling broadly, 'this is neither a barber shop nor a haberdashery. Neither do we operate a kitchen here. I'm sorry, but you have come to the wrong place.' "But the stranger presented a letter and continued in rather hurt tones, 'Mr. Goodman, if you will read this I think you will agree with me that my reception has not been as cordial as I was led to expect.' "Joe, of course, recognized his own letter and then called for my brother Steve, who was foreman of the composing room, and introduced him to Clemens. That was the beginning of a friendship between Sam and Steve which lasted for life. "Sam had walked into the Enterprise office that night after covering on foot the hundred and twety-five miles from Aurora across the desert. We cleaned him up and fitted him out under the guidance of Steve, then he returned to the office and regaled the staff until the morning hours with his hiking experience. "Next day he began work as local reporter. Dan DeQuille, then a budding humorist, was city editor. Sam and Dan soon had the Com­ stock Lode country convulsed with their quips. MISSOURI HISTORY NOT FOUND IN TEXTBOOKS 293

"Late in 1863, Steve quit the Enterprise and went to San Francisco where he worked on the Morning Call. Two weeks later, Sam resigned and followed him. "Strange as it may seem, it was a fight that indirectly made Mark Twain famous, though he had no part in that fight. One night Steve, on his way home from work, in passing the saloon of Big Jim Casey, saw the hulking Casey beating up a little chap and rushed to the little man's aid. In the mix-up Steve cracked Casey's skull with a pitcher and was arrested and charged with assault and battery. Mark Twain went on his bond for $500 and my brother was released. "Next morning Casey was in a dangerous condition.'Steve', said Sam, it looks as if Casey has a good chance to die. If he does you are going to have the devil's own time getting out of this scrape. You had better skip out of San Francisco and go back to the Enterprise. When the case comes up and you fail to appear your bond will be declared for­ feited. They will try to make me pay $500 for being fool enough to go on your bond. I'll have to either pay the money or go to jail, and I don't want to do either.' ' 'Sam, if I go to Virginia City, as I think I'd better, you go up to my two brothers on Jackass Hill and stay with them until this blows over.' "Steve resumed his work as a compositor on the Enterprise and Sam became the guest of myself and my brother, Jim, for five months. During this visit he never left Jackass Hill except for a short visit at Angels Camp, but there he heard Ben Coon tell the story of 'The Jumping Frog.' With the publication of that frog story Mark Twain's fame spread from the Comstock and California to the corners of the world, so you will under­ stand why I claim that a fight really brought early fame to Mark. Had it not been for the fracas on Howard street Mark would never have come to Jackass Hill or visited Angels Camp, where he heard the frog story."

NOTES ON OLD ST. LOUIS

From the St. Louis Missouri Botanical Garden Bulletin, June, 1926. (Editor's Note: The following is a part of the reminiscences of St. Louis by Mr. Henry Shaw, founder of Shaw's Garden, which later became the Missouri Botanical Garden.)

"After the Indian attack of 1780, small round towers, of course rubble stone were erected on the hill about 4th and 5th Street by the Spanish troops, also an angular fort with bastions near the intersection of 3rd and Green Streets; these were demolished in 1825, and used as material to macadamise Main street which before that was at times almost impassable. The sand bar in front of the town began to wash away about 1830, and in 7 or 8 years had nearly disappeared, to this and 294 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW the effective sewerage may be attributed the improved health of the city; but the clearing and-settlement, of Missouri and Illinois, cannot in any sensible degree have affected the climate, for being prairie countries, the growth of timber has not diminished in many parts. The earliest great flood that occurred at St. Louis was in 179— when as Mons. Brazeau Sen'r told me the bottom lands opposite St. Louis were like a sea as far the bluffs; Cahokia entirely submerged, and the low grounds in the south part of the city also suffered. The same occurred again in 1846, prob­ ably in rather less degree, these extreme high waters only happen, in seasons of excessive rains, when the tributaries of the Missouri and Mis­ sissippi concur in rising simultaneously. "The old French residents designated St. Louis Le village, and New Orleans La ville, corresponding to village and town. The two largest houses of the old town were those of the two elder Chouteaus, Auguste and Pierre, built of stone with wide galleries on three sides, and gardens enclosed by stone walls. The first brick was Govr. Wm. Clarks, when he had his office of government superintendent of Indian Affairs. Mr. James Kennerly had a good brick building on Main near Olive Street occupied by Capt. Theodore U. S. Recorder of Lands. Manuel Lisa and Mr. Pratt Senr. had brick houses on the block between Chestnut and Market streets, the former occupied by Peter and Jesse G. Lindell; also Mons. Antoine Chenie on the west side of the street. "May 1780. Fete Dieu—Witsudnay, towards evening some ladies taking a cart (the vehicle of those days) accompanied by their coloured servants, went out strawberrying on the prairie, a short distance from the village; one of whom Mrs. Labadie (whom the writer knew in after life) strayed a short distance from her companions, and saw, or thought she saw, among the bushes in one of those depressions called a sink hole, the partly concealed form of an Indian warrior. The alarmed party returned home with all speed. Madam Labadie related what she had seen to some of the leading men, Mons. Cadet Chouteau, Charles Gratiot, San- guinette, and others, who went to search for the Indian, but could find none, and so deemed it an illusion. The attack was made on the follow­ ing day, after the fete Dieu, rather than the day of the holiday when the inhabitants would be assembled for the celebration. "A man by the name of Cardinal, who lived at a spring near the present Cass and Grand avenues, mysteriously disappeared in this affair and was never heard of, or his body found. The Indians engaged in the attack, to whom he was known, affirmed afterwards that they did not slay him, or ever saw him. Cardinal avenue perpetuated his memory. "Two years after the attack, the Sack chiefs being in council at St. Louis, one of them seeing Mrs. Labadie came to her and taking her by the hand, sister, says he I saw you in the prairie and am glad I did not kill you. A circumstance that has excited some attention, is that Francis Zavier Martin in his excellent "history of Louisiana" vol. 2 Chap. Ill pub­ lished in 1829, states that "In the fall (of 1780) the British commanding officer at Michilimakinac, with about 140 men from his garrison, and MISSOURI HISTORY NOT FOUND IN TEXTBOOKS 295 near 1400 Indians attacked the Spanish post of St. Louis, but Col. Clark who was still at Kaskaskia came to their relief." Martin's history of Louisiana is probably the best history of Louisiana extant, but here he has evidently made a mistake. The attack on the post of St. Louis was made in the spring, and by a war party of Indians only. Mr. Gabriel C. Chouteau whose father was present at St. Louis at the time never heard any one say, that the post of St. Louis received assistance or protection from Col. Rogers Clark, and his troop from Kentucky, as they were at that time on their way from Post St. Vincent or Vincennes to capture the British post of Kaskaskia, and that when arrived there, as he had heard his Uncle Gabriel Cerre say, that they were in rather poor plight, and distressed for clothing, and took his uncle's Indian strouds and blankets for apparel for which he got promises of payment that were never fulfilled. In another more pretentious History of Louisiana pub­ lished in 1850 by Chs. Gayurre in grandiloquous style, no mention what­ ever is made of the attack on the post of St. Louis. Judge Martin con­ tinues, "The Indians who came from Michilimakinac, having no idea of fighting any but Spaniards, refused to act against Americans, and com­ plained of having been deceived. Clark released about 50 prisoners that he had made, and the enemy made the best of their way home" which is probably correct; Martin notes his information drawn from public docu­ ments, gazette &c. More important events at that time were taking place, in the victories of the Spanish troops under the renowned Don Bernardo de Galvez over the English in Louisiana and Florida, so that the Indian attack on the far distant post of St. Louis, got to be mistated by Martin, and overlooked by Gayurre. "On the transfer of Louisiana to Spain Don Alexr. OReilly an Irish­ man, was appointed Governor and Captain general of the Province of Louisiana, arrived in 1769, with a large military force, and took quiet possession, among the first acts of his administration was to send in­ structions to the different posts depending on Louisiana; the population of St. Louis at that time consisted of 891 individuals, and St. Genevieve about the same number, freemen and slaves, and Captain Don Pedro de Piernas was the first Spanish commandant at St. Louis. A many of O Reillys regulations were considered to be an improvement, on those of the previous French governors, one was that the commandants of St. Louis and St. Genevieve shall take care that the Indians be well treated, and be paid an equitable price for the skins they may bring to market. O Reilly by a special proclamation declared that the practice of reducing Indians to slavery was contrary to the wise and pious laws of Spain. On his arrival a number of Frenchmen were ousted, thrown into prison, and of the number six were shot for rebellion." 296 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW

HISTORICAL ARTICLES IN MISSOURI NEWSPAPERS JANUARY-JUNE 1925

ADAIR COUNTY. BRASHEAR NEWS. Jan. 2. Life sketch of Jacob R. Cook, former Adair county official. Life sketch of D. V. McClelland, former Adair county repre­ sentative. Jan. 9. Life sketch of Henry C. Garlock, former pioneer and Union veteran. KIRKSVILLE, DAILY EXPRESS. Mar. 31. Life sketch of Otis Miller, pioneer and Civil War veteran. Apr. 9. Life sketch of W. M. Waddill, pioneer. KIRKSVILLE, JOURNAL. June 11. Historic cabin site to be marked by D. A. R. ANDREW COUNTY. SAVANNAH, ANDREW COUNTY DEMOCRA T Feb. 10. Life sketch of George C. Osborn, pioneer. ATCHISON COUNTY. ROCKPORT, ATCHISON COUNTY MAIL. Mar. 20. Life sketches of Mr. and Mrs. J. N. Craig, Atchison county pioneers. Mar. 27. Life sketch of J. M. Sliger, county official and representative. Apr. 10. Life sketch of William J. Barnhart, pioneer. TARKIO, AVALANCHE. Apr. 24. Life sketch of Col. C. C. Macdonald, Civil War veteran. AUDRAIN COUNTY. MEXICO, DAILY INTELLIGENCER. Jan. 14. Life sketch of John W. Stephens, Civil War veteran. Jan. 15. First saw mill in state was operated in Callaway county. Jan. 20. Life sketch of Elmer Cunningham, pioneer. Recalls race of 1870 between Robert E. Lee and Natchez. Mar. 1. Account of early settlers is given in Audrain history of 1884. Apr. 3. Notice of the death of Philip Dalby, Union veteran. Apr. 17. Historical data on Elmwood cemetery, established in 1871. May 6. Life sketch of George Locke McFarlane, former editor of Ledger. May 20. Life sketch of W. A. Howard, Confederate veteran. June 14. Eighty-eighth anniversary of founding of Mexico. June 15. Life sketch of James Newton Baskett, author and prominent ornithologist. (See also St. Louis papers.) MEXICO, WEEKLY INTELLIGENCER. May 7. Life sketch of James F. Lockridge, former postmaster and prominent citizen. May 14. Historical review of Civil War, opening sixty-four years ago on May 10. June 17. Mexico eighty-eight years ago. MEXICO, WEEKLY LEDGER. Feb. 5. Life sketch of Joseph F. Brown, pioneer of Ralls county. Mar. 19. Old Audrain county jail built in 1877 to be rebuilt. Record of men hanged in it. May 14. Life sketch of W. P. Grant, pioneer of Audrain county. Life sketch of James Offutt, pioneer of Audrain county. HISTORICAL ARTICLES IN MISSOURI NEWSPAPERS 297

VANDALIA, LEADER. Jan. 1. life sketch of Major J. Jones, pioneer. VANDALIA, MAIL. Feb. 5. Life sketch of Joseph F. Brown, pioneer. BARRY COUNTY. MONNETT, WEEKLY TIMES. June 19. Life sketch of Wilson Lane, pioneer of Barry county. BARTON COUNTY. LAMAR, DEMOCRAT. June 11. Life sketch of Will Ryan, pioneer of Barton county. LAMAR, REPUBLICAN. Jan. 1. Life sketch of N. Johannes, pioneer of Nevada. (See also Nevada papers.) Jan. 8. Life sketch of Joseph Martin Faris, pioneer of Barton county. BATES COUNTY. ADRIAN, JOURNAL. Jan. 8. Life sketch of Andrew McCombs, pioneer and Civil War veteran. BUTLER, BATES COUNTY DEMOCRAT. Jan. 1. Life sketch of C. C. Durks, pioneer of Bates county. Jan. 29. Life sketch of Decatur Smith, pioneer of Bates county. BUTLER, WEEKLY TIMES. Mar. 26. Life sketch of William H. Cotten, pioneer of Bates county. RICH HILL, MINING REVIEW. Feb. 5. Life sketch of George Bowman, pioneer of Bates county. Life sketch of H. H. Kinney, pioneer of Bates county. May 7. Life sketch of I. N. Smith, former county official. May 28. Life sketch of Joe Anderson, pioneer of Bates county. Mar. 19. Life sketch of J. L. Shepherd, pioneer of Bates county. BENTON COUNTY. WARSAW, BENTON COUNTY ENTERPRISE. Mar. 27. Life sketch of Elijah Buel Schonten, pioneer of Benton county BOLLINGER COUNTY. MARBLE HILL, BANNER-PRESS. Mar. 5. Life sketch of Peter Stilts, Confederate veteran and pioneer. Mar. 19. Life sketch of D. D. Killian, pioneer of Bollinger county. BOONE COUNTY. ASHLAND, BUGLE. Feb. 17. Life sketch of General Thomas C. Holland, Confederate veteran and pioneer of Callaway county. Apr. 16. Reminiscences of a public sale held in 1846, just east of Macon. May 14. Life sketch of Robert McDow, pioneer of Boone county. CENTRALIA, COURIER. Jan. 16. Life sketch of J. F. Carter, pioneer of Boone county. Reminis­ cences of administration of Governor Gardner. Feb. 6. Life sketch of Thomas Smith Wisdom, Confederate veteran and pioneer. Mar. 20. Life sketch of James W. Rutter, Confederate veteran and pioneer of Audrain county. Life sketch of Robert F. Hulett, pioneer of Boone county. June 12. Life sketch of William Shores, pioneer of Audrain county. — CENTRALIA, FIRESIDE GUARD. Jan. 9. "About the Battle"—a series of articles on Civil War battles of central Missouri. By Harvey Hullen. COLUMBIA, HERALD STATESMAN. Jan. 22. Some Boone county towns and how their names originated. Feb. 26. Life sketch of John Crist, pioneer of Boone county. Mar. 19. Life sketch of W. A. Sampson, pioneer of Boone county. Apr. 16. Story of Lincoln's courtship of Mary Todd in Columbia. June 11. Life sketch of William B. Hulett, pioneer of Boone county. 298 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW

COLUMBIA, MISSOURIAN. Jan. 10. Story of M. U. co-eds of 1867, and of the opening of the Univer­ sity to women students. Jan. 16. Early days in Columbia recalled. Jan. 17. Reminiscences of Mark Twain, and notes on Memorial Park. Jan. 24. Story of Spanish pirate (Ira P. Nash), who settled in Boone county. By Pierre Quinn. Jan. 31. Story of the naming of Boone county towns. Brief sketch of old paper mill at Rock Bridge, five miles south of Columbia. Feb. 5. Story of fire at State Capitol in 1911. Feb. 7. Brief historical sketch of "White Campus" at University of Missouri. Brief sketch of salt springs at Boon's Lick. Feb. 17. Story of Lincoln's visit to old Todd home in Columbia. Feb. 19. Earliest records of Boone County Court are revealed. Feb. 21. Brief story of the beginning of Washington University at St. Louis. Mar. 9. History of old bell at Stephens College. Mar. 14. Origin of the names of some Missouri towns. Brief sketch of first graduating class of Columbia High School. Mar. 20. First state appropriation for University, in March, 1861, was $10,000. Mar. 23. How bricks used in construction work in Columbia were made thirty-five years ago. Apr. 17. Biographical sketch of Fielding W. Smith, Confederate veteran. Apr. 22. Dates of establishment of Schools of Journalism, Education, and Medicine, at University of Missouri. First newspaper west of St. Louis was at Franklin. History of summer school at University of Missouri. Apr. 25. Historical sketch of old Rocky Fork Church, established in northern Boone county in 1821. May 9. Brief history of Missouri Press Association. May 12. Name and date of several Missouri newspapers founded in month of May. COLUMBIA, TRIBUNE. Jan. 9. Anniversary of University fire in 1892. Jan. 16. J. M. Wood speaks on Boone county pioneers. Reminiscences by members of Boone County Historical Society. Feb. 2. Appreciation and partial life sketch of Eugene Field—a student of University of Missouri in 70's. Feb. 5. Brief biographical sketch of Raymond Weeks, former professor at University of Missouri, and writer. Feb. 11. History for ninety years of site of old livery barn which is being razed. Mar. 2. Life sketch of William B. Kelliher, Union veteran. Life sketch of Eli Hodge, Confederate veteran and former Boone county official. Mar. 6. Brief sketch of the work of Mrs. Jane Murray Hendrix, pioneer in Women's Foreign Missionary Society. (See Missourian, Mar. 10.) Mar. 10. Life sketch of Bishop William A. Quayle, prominent in M. E. Church. Mar. 20. Notice of the death of John B. Welch, founder of Welch Acad­ emy at Columbia. (See also Missourian, same date.) Mar. 24. Col. W. D. Vandiver speaks on Civil War incidents—murder of Martin E. Oldham, and exploits of Captain Harrison McNeill. HISTORICAL ARTICLES IN MISSOURI NEWSPAPERS 299

Mar. 30. Life sketch of Robert P. Bass, Confederate veteran. Apr. 2. Story of fight at Portage des Sioux, between Missouris and Sioux Indians. Apr. 8. Life sketch of James B. Brawley, Confederate veteran. Apr. 20. Life sketch of Herbert Eubank, World War veteran. May 12. Brief sketch of old landmark—building which was a church during 40's and 50's. June 3. Life sketch of William King Stone, former official of University of Missouri. June 10. Story of founding of national guard of Missouri by Captain . June 12. Life sketch of Norman McClaren Trenholme, author and mem­ ber of faculty of University of Missouri. June 25. Reminiscences of Eugene Field. STURGEON, MISSOURI LEADER. Feb. 5. Life sketch of George Cox, pioneer of Boone county. Mar. 26. Life sketch of Robert F. Hulett, pioneer of Boone county.

BUCHANAN COUNTY. ST JOSEPH, GAZETTE. Jan. 13. Life sketch of Thomas VanNatta, prominent business man and first president of Chamber of Commerce. Mar. 15. Historical sketch of St. Joseph. Mar. 29. St. Joseph in history—stories of early fairs, steamboats and prominent figures. Apr. 12. History of St. Joseph banks, and the local clearing house or­ ganized in 1883. Apr. 19. Life sketch of C. C. Macdonald, World War veteran, and for­ mer city official. May 22. Life sketch of Henry W. Dunn, Civil War veteran. June 8. Life sketch of W. W. Wheeler, Civil War veteran and promi­ nent business man. ST. JOSEPH, NEWS-PRESS. Jan. 5. Life sketch of John Ferguson, Union veteran. Facts from the life of Stephen A. Douglas. Jan. 8. Life sketch of John Henry Kelly, Confederate veteran and former official of St. Joseph. Jan. 12. Life sketch of Thomas F. Van Natta, prominent business man and former city official. Jan. 19. Life sketch of George Textor, pioneer of St. Joseph. Jan. 24. Biographical sketch of Mrs. Nellie Taylor Ross, Governor of , who was born near St. Joseph. Sketch of tree in St. Joseph which is a descendant of Washington Elm. Apr. 20. Life sketch of Mrs. Catherine Miner, pioneer of Andrew county. May 23. Presentation of the opera "The Creation" in 1878 is recalled. May 27. Life sketch of Mrs. Amanda Barbee, pioneer of St. Joseph. ST. JOSEPH, MISSOURI VALLEY INDEPENDENT. Apr. 2. Launch campaign to mark spots of historical interest. Jan. 2. Story of early trade routes which ran westward from St. Joseph. Mar. 6. Reminiscences of Indian fight, by Mrs. Sophia Feldman. Apr. 17. Sisson blew the last note which stopped the headlong charge of Custer's Cavalry on Lee's worn and tattered veterans at Ap­ pomattox. May 8. Reminiscences of cruise on Spanish Main, by C. B. Phipps, resident of St. Joseph. Mar. 19. Reminiscences of "Old Iron Sides," reprinted from Kansas City Journal-Post. 300 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW

BUTLER COUNTY. POPLAR BLUFF, INTERSTATE AMERICAN. Jan. 29. Life sketch of James L. Fort, former official of Butler and Stod­ dard counties. Feb. 13. Brief sketch of early history of the Interstate American. Mar. 12. Notice of the death of J. P. Wilson, Civil War veteran. Life sketch of Frank Ehrsam, World War veteran. June 20. Life sketch of L. C. Hitchcock, Union veteran. POPLAR BLUFF, REPUBLICAN. Jan. 1. Life sketch of V, V. Ing, prominent attorney of Greenville. Article on oldest industry of Southeast Missouri, by C. H. Henderson. CALDWELL COUNTY. COWGILL, NEWS. May 29. Life sketch of James A. Scroggan, Union veteran. (See also Cowgill Chief.) HAMILTON, ADVOCATE-HAMILTONIAN. May 28. Flood of 1844 recalled by J. S. Shumate. From Hardin, News. CALLAWAY COUNTY. AUXVASSE, REVIEW. Feb. 18. Life sketch of Caroline Kir by, pioneer. Life sketch of Thomas C. Holland, Confederate veteran. (See also Fulton, Sun.) FULTON, GAZETTE. Jan. 15. Incidents in the life of Dr. Law's career as president of Missouri University and Westminster College, recalled by E. W. Stephens. (From Columbia Tribune.) Life sketch of Dr. Thomas J. Baskett, Confederate veteran. Mar. 5. Life sketch of Richard H. Fowler, former mayor of Fulton and of Mexico. Mar. 19. Life sketch of Dr. F. H. Kallmeyer, member of Board of Man­ agers of Missouri School for Deaf. Apr. 9. Life sketch of W. R. Terry, Confederate veteran and former county official. Life sketch of Giles Bell (colored), Union veteran. Apr. 16. Life sketch of Stephen P. Brooks, Confederate veteran. Apr. 18. Life sketch of Ross McClanahan, World War veteran. May 14. 128th Field Artillery of Missouri National Guard with head­ quarters at Columbia, the outgrowth of a regiment organized at St. Louis in 1812. June 25. First telephone in Fulton was used in 1880. From Kansas City Star. FULTON, DAILY SUN. Feb. 19. Picture of officials of Callaway county in 1892 located. Feb. 27. Stories and traditions of Ozark Caves. Mar. 9. Life sketch of Thomas B. Williams, Union veteran. Mar. 18. Life sketch of J. L. McDonald, pioneer and prominent business man of Fulton. Apr. 2. Life sketch of Fred W. Klick, pioneer of Gasconade county. Apr. 9. Life sketch of Dr. Charles P. Grandfield, First Assistant Post­ master General, native of Montgomery county. Apr. 10. Life sketch of E. M. Dudey, pioneer of Callaway county. Apr. 30. Life sketch of John F. Byers, Confederate veteran. May 2. Life sketch of John B. Adkisson, World War veteran. May 14. Life sketch of John L. Erwin, Union veteran. FULTON, TELEGRAPH. Feb. 12. Life sketch of James M. Freeman, Civil War veteran. Life sketch of Thomas C. Holland, Confederate veteran. Mar. 19. Life sketch of W. F. Johnson, State Legislator, and high Ma­ sonic official. HISTORICAL ARTICLES IN MISSOURI NEWSPAPERS 301

Mar. 26. Life sketch of T. B. Garrett, Confederate veteran. Apr. 2. Story of battle at St. Charles between the Missouris and Sioux Indians. May 7. Life sketch of John F. Byers, Union veteran. May 21. Life sketch of John L. Erwin, Union veteran. NEW BLOOMFIELD, NEWS. Jan. 8. Life sketch of Joseph Bartley, Confederate veteran. Jan. 29. Life sketch of F. A. Dwight, Civil War veteran. June 18. Life sketch of Phillip H. Leach, Union veteran. CAMDEN COUNTY. LINN CREEK, REVEILLE. Apr. 10. Life sketch of B. R. Dysart, member of Constitutional Conven­ tion of 1875. Life sketch of John F. Parrish, Union veteran. Apr. 24. Life sketch of Hugh Scott, Confederate veteran. June 19. Life sketch of I. W. Burch, pioneer of Camden county. CAPE GIRARDEAU COUNTY. CAPE GIRARDEAU, COMMUNITY. Jan. Story of the counties of Southeast Missouri. Feb. Life sketch of Louis Houck, prominent historian and pioneer railroad builder of. Southeast Missouri. How pioneer boys and girls got their schooling in early days. Mar. Reminiscences of Battle of Pilot Knob, by one who took part in the battle. Map of Indian trails of Missouri. Apr. Sketch of the Battle of Cape Girardeau, Apr. 26, 1863. June Historical notes concerning town of Farmington. CAPE GIRARDEAU, SOUTHEAST MISSOURIAN. Jan. 30. Life sketch of James L. Fort, former circuit judge. Brief history of Cape Girardeau—especially of the successive city boundaries. Feb. 3. Life sketch of William A. Difani, former Perry county official and banker. Feb. 18. Life sketch of Louis Houck, pioneer railroad builder and author. (See also following issues.) Feb. 26. Life sketch of William H. Busch, pioneer and Civil War veteran. Feb. 27. Life sketch of Frederick A. Mehner, Civil War veteran. (See also Perry county papers.) Mar. 3. Notice of sale of a horse in 1808—from county records. Mar. 23. Old records include interesting chattel mortgages. Apr. 18. Life sketch of Charles T. York, veteran newspaper man of Hayti, Missouri. Apr. 28. Account of Lafayette's visit in Cape Girardeau one hundred years ago. May 6. Life sketch of Rev. D. W. Goldsmith, widely known minister of Southeast Missouri. May 13. Life sketch of Henry C. Beckman, Union veteran and manu­ facturer. June 5. Life sketch of John Kassel, Union veteran. JACKSON, MISSOURI CASH BOOK. Jan. 8. Life sketch of Edward F. Jenkins, Confederate veteran and pioneer. Jan. 22. Article, "First Years as a State." Jan. 29. "Early Missouri Governors." Feb. 5. "The Visit of Lafayette." Feb. 19. Life sketch of Louis Houck, pioneer railroad builder and author. Feb. 26. "Governor Dunklin's Administration." Mar. 5. "The Cholera Plague in Cape Girardeau County in 1833." Mar. 19. "Governor Boggs and the Mormon Troubles." 302 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW

Mar. 26. "Administration of Governors Reynolds and Marmaduke." Apr. 2. Jackson became a city forty years ago. Apr. 30. Life sketch of James A. Sides, pioneer of Cape Girardeau county.

CARROLL COUNTY. CARROLLTON DEMOCRAT. Jan. 2. Life sketch of Dr. J. H. Stopp, World War veteran. Life sketch of Jeff Ellis, Civil War veteran. Jan. 30. Life sketch of William Allen, Civil War veteran. Feb. 6. Life sketch of Benjamin F. Gibson, Union veteran. Feb. 20. Life sketch of Newlan Conkling, former representative from Carroll county and prominent lawyer. Apr. 17. Life sketch of Alexander J. Dean, Civil War veteran and pioneer. May 8. Life sketch of H. H. Burnett, editor of Hale Leader. June 12. Article on the death of Gen. James A. Shields, June 2, 1879. June 26. Reminiscences of flood in Carrollton in 1876, by Dan Heins. HALE, LEADER. Feb. 12. Life sketch of William Simpson, pioneer of Carroll county. Feb. 26. Life sketch of George S. Corning, centenarian and pioneer of Carroll county. DEWITT, HERALD. June 18. Life sketch of Samuel Barton, Union veteran. NORBORNE, DEMOCRAT. Jan. 16. Life sketch of John Hoover, Confederate veteran. Mar. 13. Historical sketch of Waverly, Missouri, from Marshall Demo­ crat-New s. Mar. 20. Life sketch of J. M. Goodrich, pioneer of Monroe county. May 1. Notice of the death of W. M. Milligan, former member of State Board of Agriculture. (See also Richmond papers.) CARTER COUNTY. VAN BUREN, CURRENT LOCAL. Feb. 19. Life sketch of Charles Legg, World War veteran. CASS COUNTY. DREXEL, STAR. Jan. 1. Life sketch of Henry W. Grimes, Union veteran. Apr. 30. Story of boys and girls seventy years ago. By J. B. Wilson. HARRISONVILLE, CASS COUNTY DEMOCRAT. Jan. 29. Life sketch of William W. Cook, former Cass county official. Feb. 12. Life sketch of John K. Zook, Civil War veteran. Some laws and ordinances of Harrisonville sixty-eight years ago. Mar. 12. Life sketch of W. S. Miller, Confederate veteran. Mar. 19. Life sketch of R. E. Findley, Union veteran. Mar. 26 Life sketch of Burley Sears, World War veteran. June 18. Life sketch of W. R. Walker, Union veteran. HARRISONVILLE, CASS COUNT* LEADER. Feb. 26. Life sketch of Charles S. Ewin, former Bates county official. PLEASANT HILL, TIMES. Mar. 27. Early days at Waverly, Missouri, recalled by W. N. Palmer. May 15. Life sketch of Dr. John M. Dod, Union veteran. From Lees Summit Journal. June 19. Sketch of Pleasant Hill in 1870. CEDAR COUNTY. JERICO SPRINGS, OPTIC. Jan. 2. Life sketch of J. F. Boston, Civil War veteran. Apr. 17. Life sketch of Matthew Mcintosh, Union veteran. Life sketch of Guard Sawyers, Union veteran. June 19. Life sketch of Alfred Roseman, Union veteran. STOCKTON, JOURNAL. Feb. 5. Copy of a sale bill of 1849. HISTORICAL ARTICLES IN MISSOURI NEWSPAPERS 303

STOCKTON, CEDAR COUNT* REPUBLICAN. Jan. 1. Life sketch of F. K. Crawford, Civil War veteran and pioneer of Cedar county. Feb. 12. Life sketch of James M. Hartley, Civil War veteran. Feb. 26. Life sketch of J. R. Hartley, Civil War veteran. Life sketch of James M. Copeland, Union veteran.

CHARITON COUNTY. MENDON, CONSTITUTION. June 26. Story of school days in Chariton county sixty-six years ago; told by Mrs. Betty Laird. Mar. 13. Life sketch of A. W. Johnson, former State Representative from Monroe county. Life sketch of M. T. Davenport, Confederate veteran. SALISBURY, PRESS-SPECTATOR. Apr. 25. Life sketch of Dr. J. F. Welch, former president of Missouri Medical Association. June 26. Life sketch of Ben F. Davis, Confederate veteran.

CHRISTIAN COUNTY. BILLINGS, TIMES. Apr. 23. Life sketch of W. P. Sullivan, former State Representative and Senator.

CLARK COUNTY. KAHOKA, CLARK COUNTY COURIER. Jan. 2. Life sketch of Isaac Crane, Union veteran. Jan. 23. Life sketch of W. H. Clark, Confederate veteran. Jan. 30. Life sketch of Isaac Snider, Union veteran. Life sketch of John P. Craig, Civil War veteran. Feb. 13. Life sketch of Jacob Wickham, Union veteran. Feb. 20. Life sketch of Thomas U. Glasscock, Confederate veteran. Life sketch of Amos J. Monical, Union veteran. Apr. 17. Life sketch of John Hanslow, Civil War veteran. May 1. Life sketch of S. A. Troops, Union veteran. May 29. Life sketch of Levi H. Burrows, Civil War veteran. June 5. Sketches of early Clark county, by Jacob Matlick. KAHOKA, GAZETTE-HERALD. Feb. 13. Life sketch of Jacob Wickham, Union veteran. Apr. 10. Life sketch of John F. Beal, former Knox county official. Apr. 17. Life sketch of John Hanslow, Civil War veteran. June 5. Life sketch of William H. Robinson, Union veteran. June 19 Sketch of Wrightville, a vanished town.

CLAY COUNTY. LIBERTY, ADVANCE. Jan. 12. Notice of the death of James R. Holman, former mayor of Excelsior Springs, Missouri. Feb. 23. Article by Wm. H. Thomason, recalling former sheriffs of Clay county, also of the hanging of Sam Walker in 1872. Mar. 2. Old landmark—home of Alexander W. Doniphan, statesman and soldier—being removed. LIBERTY, TRIBUNE. Jan. 16. Sketch of early settlers of Washington township in Clay county. Jan. 30. Beginning a series of articles entitled "Years That Have Gone." See also following issues. June 26. Story of Doniphan's place in history. From Kansas City Star. SMITHVILLE, DEMOCRAT-HERALD. Jan. 2. Life sketch of Charles D. Hall, former Platte county official. Life sketch of B. R. Morton, World War veteran. Apr. 10. Life sketch of John B. Wood, prominent banker and farmer. 6 304 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW

CLINTON. CAMERON, NEWS-OBSERVER. Jan. 5. Notice of the death of Frank Brant, former DeKalb county official. Feb. 13. Life sketch of John A. Cable, Confederate veteran. Feb. 24. Reminiscences of fifty-five years of newspaper work. By Mr. Martin, of Pattonsburg. Mar. 2. Sketch of early mormons in Missouri and the old settlement at Far West. Apr. 10. Life sketch of F. B. Ellis, prominent attorney. CAMERON SUN. Jan. 1. Life sketch of Wilbur Clark, former publisher of Hamilton Hamiltonian. Jan. 15. Life sketch of Francis Graham, World War veteran. Feb. 5. History of Missouri Wesleyan College, by Mrs. E. M. Jeffers. Apr. 16. Life sketch of Harrison Groves, Civil War veteran. PLATTSBURG, CLINTON COUNTY DEMOCRAT. Jan. 16. Life sketch of H. C. Weser, former Clinton county official. Jan. 30. Life sketch of Henry Essig, Civil War veteran and physician. PLATTSBURG, LEADER. Apr. 24. Life sketch of F. B. Ellis, prominent attorney. June 19. Life sketch of T. R. Grant, Confederate veteran and pioneer. June 26. Life sketch of Thomas A. Hill, former Clinton county official.

COLE COUNTY. JEFFERSON CITY, DAILY CAPITAL NEWS. Jan. 1. Life sketch of Theodore Augenendt, former Cole county official. Story of opening of Virginia Hotel in Jefferson City fifty-one years ago. Jan. 13. Life sketch of Mrs. Johanna M. Koehler, pioneer of Cole county. Jan. 17. Life sketch of H. M. McCall, pioneer of Benton county. Jan. 23. Life sketch of F. A. Dwight, Civil War veteran. Jan. 24. Ozark legend—The Blue Man of Spring Creek—recalled by Sol Colins. Feb. 6. Life sketch of James M. Freeman, Civil War veteran. Feb. 7. Life sketch of Mrs. J. W, Fisher, pioneer of Cole county. Mar. 5. Life sketch of Amman Wolf, Civil War veteran. Mar. 11. Life sketch of Thomas B. Williams, Civil War veteran. Apr. 9. Life sketch of J. J. Russell, prominent physician of Moniteau county. Apr. 26. Life sketch of Lee McGinnis, World War veteran. May 24. Life sketch of Mrs. C. Steffens, pioneer of Cole county. May 28. Life sketch of William Wagner, pioneer of Cole county. June 11. Life sketch of Jacob Propst, pioneer of Cole county. JEFFERSON CITY, COLE COUNTY WEEKLY RUSTLER. Jan. 9. Life sketch of Major Dan F. Thompson, Union veteran, pub­ lisher, and former member of Governor Folk's staff. Feb. 6. Life sketch of Fred Petry, World War veteran. Feb. 13. Life sketch of Frederick W. Heidbreder, Union veteran. Feb. 27. Life sketch of Isaac Keeney, Union veteran. Mar. 6. Life sketch of J. R. Taylor, former Cole county official. Mar. 13. Life sketch of Thomas B. Williams, Civil War veteran. Apr. 3. Life sketch of Peter Dampf, pioneer of Cole county. JEFFERSON CITY, DAILY POST. Jan. 19. Life sketch of J. E. Davis, negro, World War veteran. Feb. 2. Life sketch of Mason Bean, World War veteran. Feb. 6. Life sketch of F. W. Heidbreder, Union veteran. Feb. 18. Life sketch of Charles Raithel, World War veteran. Mar. 16. Life sketch of Phillip Schmidt, Civil War veteran. HISTORICAL ARTICLES IN MISSOURI NEWSPAPERS 305

Mar. 18. Life sketch of Alexander H. Waller, former judge of ninth judi­ cial district. May 6. Life sketch of John Fulks, pioneer newspaper publisher of Bridgeton. JEFFERSON CITY, TRIBUNE. Jan. 12. Life sketch of Sidney S. Copeland, World War veteran. Jan. 24. Stories from the Painted Rock Bluffs of the Osage River. By Nelson C. Burch. See following issues. Jan. 27. Life sketch of Sam Hill, former warden of Missouri Peniten­ tiary. Mar. 17. Life sketch of Henry Meyer, pioneer of Cole county. Mar. 26. Sketches of Missouri history. Mar. 28. Life sketch of J. W. Pierson, Civil War veteran. Apr. 22. Receipt signed by Daniel Boone in 1823 found in State Auditor's office. Apr. 27. Life sketch of Geo. E. Sanders, former Ray county official. COOPER COUNTY. BOONVILLE, ADVERTISER. Jan, 23. Life sketch of Mrs. C. B. Whitaker, pioneer of Cooper county. Feb. 6. Life sketch of F. W. Gross, pioneer of Cooper county. Sketches and reminiscences of Boonville, by E. R. Paillou. Mar. 20. Life sketch of William F. Johnson, former State Representative and Cooper county official. Apr. 3. Life sketch of George H. Sutton, former Chief Post Office In­ spector of United States. Apr. 10. Life sketch of Robert B. Brosius, pioneer of Cooper county. Excavation of an Indian mound, and the finding of twenty skeletons. Life sketch of W. J. Lacy, Confederate veteran. May 22. Life sketch of James Gault, former Cooper county official. BOONVILLE, CENTRAL MISSOURI REPUBLICAN. Jan. 15. First circular saw in state was operated in Callaway county in 1844. Mar. 19. Article on the covered bridges of Missouri. May 21. Life sketch of Talton Turley, pioneer of Cooper county. BUNCBTON, WEEKLY EAGLE. Jan. 23. Historic post office at Vermont, Missouri, passes into history after eighty-five years existence. Feb. 27. Life sketch of Rebecca A. Rowe, pioneer of Cooper county. History of Marble Cave in Stone county.

CRAWFORD COUNTY. STEELVILLE, CRAWFORD MIRROR. Mar. 12. Life sketch of Edward Vollmar, editor of Houston Republican. STEELVILLE LEDGER. Feb. 5. Reprint of sale bill of 1849. Feb. 19. Life sketch of James S. Benton, pioneer of Crawford county.

DADE COUNTY. GREENFIELD, DADE COUNTY ADVOCATE. Jan. 1. Life sketch of Clyde H. Davis, World War veteran. June 25. Life sketch of James D. Merrick, pioneer of Dade county. GREENFIELD, VEDETTE. Jan. 15. Roll of Dade county company of Sixth Missouri Cavalry. Jan. 22. Life sketch of Michael Grisham, Civil War veteran. Apr. 2. Life sketch of John M. Patterson, Civil War veteran. Life sketch of John J. Hobbs, Union veteran. Apr. 9. Life sketch of Isaac L. Bigelow, Union veteran. June 4. Life sketch of John R. Brewer, Union veteran. LOCKWOOD, LUMINARlc. Apr. 17. Life sketch of John Lock, Civil War veteran. 306 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW

DALLAS COUNTY. BUFFALO, REFLEX. Mar. 5. Life sketch of William Monday, pioneer of Dallas county. May 21. Life sketch of William W. Finley, Union veteran. June 25. Life sketch of Rezia Walker, Union veteran. DAVIESS COUNTY. GALLATIN, DEMOCRAT. Apr. 23. Life sketch of Levi Chute, Union veteran. Apr. 30. Life sketch of Major-General Edgar Russell, Spanish-American and World War veteran. GALLATIN, NORTH MISSOURIAN. Feb. 5. Life sketch of Squire Galbreath, Union veteran. Life sketch of Thomas R. Ford, Confederate veteran. Feb. 12. Life sketch of Abraham Hawk, pioneer. May 7. Life sketch of Benjamin Cox, Union veteran. May 21. Life sketch of John M. Lang, Union veteran. June 4. Life sketch of David C. Creason, pioneer of Daviess county. PATTONSBURG, CALL. Apr. 16. Life sketch of John V. Frazier, Civil War veteran. DEKALB COUNTY. MAYSVILLE, DEKALB COUNTY HERALD. May 21. Life sketch of G. F. Hofstatter, Union veteran. Life sketch of I. I. Kibby, former DeKalb county official. May 28. Life sketch of Kelan J. Dishman, Union veteran. STEWARTSVILLE, RECORD. May 14. Life sketch of Thomas J. Gregory, pioneer of DeKalb county. DOUGLAS COUNTY. AVA, DOUGLAS COUNT* HERALD. Feb. 12. Life sketch of Joel N. Clinkingheard, pioneer of Douglas county. Apr. 30. Life sketch of J. H. Barker, former Douglas county official. DUNKLIN COUNTY. CAMPBELL, CITIZEN. Jan. 9. Life sketch of P. B. Penney, pioneer of Dunklin county. Apr. 10. Sketch of the founding of the Evening News at Kennett. KENNETT, DUNKLIN COUNTY NEWS. June 30. Sketch of the Missouri Gazette, St. Louis newspaper started in 1808. KENNETT, DUNKLIN DEMOCRAT. Feb. 3. Life sketch of J. L. Fort, former judge of 22d Judicial Circuit. Mar. 6. Life sketch of Howard Breece, World War veteran. Mar. 17. Life sketch of Louis McCutchen, pioneer of Dunklin county. FRANKLIN COUNTY. NEW HAVEN, LEADER. Mar. 19. Life sketch of Christ Grannemann, Civil War veteran. May 8. Life sketch of Mrs. Katherine Hessemann, pioneer of Franklin county. PACIFIC, TRANSCRIPT. Mar. 6. Life sketch of Joseph LeSaulnier, Civil War veteran. Mar. 20. Life sketch of F. A. Ruegl, Franklin county official. May 22. Life sketch of John M. Stancil, Confederate veteran. Life sketch of Albert Marsh, Union veteran. SULLIVAN, NEWS. Jan. 15. Life sketch of Peter Matthiesen, Union veteran. Life sketch of Hy W. Meyer, Civil War veteran. Feb. 12. Life sketch of James J. Maupin, pioneer of Franklin county. Feb. 26. Life sketch of Mrs. Nancy J. Clemens, 106 years old, pioneer of Franklin county. Mar. 12. Life sketch of William T. Crews, Civil War veteran. UNION, REPUBLICAN-TRIBUNE. Apr. 24. Life sketch of Frederick Hagerman, Union veteran. WASHINGTON, CITIZEN. June 19. Article on the first steamboat to arrive at Franklin in 1819. HISTORICAL ARTICLES IN MISSOURI NEWSPAPERS 307

WASHINGTON, FRANKLIN COUNTY OBSERVER. Feb. 13. Life sketch of August Wehmueller, pioneer of Washington. Apr. 3. Article on famous wine cellars of Hermann. GASCONADE COUNTY. OWENSVILLE, GASCONADE COUNT* RE­ PUBLICAN. Apr. 10. Life sketch of Jeff Crider, pioneer of Gasconade county. Apr. 24. Life sketch of William Schulte, Civil War veteran. May 22. Life sketch of Mrs. Katherine E. Hesemann, pioneer of Gas­ conade county. BLAND, COURIER. June 12. Life sketch of Nicholas Young, Union veteran. HERMANN, ADVERTISER-COURIER. Apr. 24. Life sketch of Mrs. Louis Niwald, pioneer of Gasconade county. June 26. Notice of the death of Anderson Zim, Civil War veteran. Notice of the death of Jacob Tappmeyer, Gasconade county official. GENTRY COUNTY. ALBANY, CAPITAL. Mar. 26. Life sketch of Joel Sweeney, pioneer of Gentry county. Apr. 9. Life sketch of Mrs. Margaret Green, pioneer of Gentry county. June 25. Life sketch of S. K. Evans, pioneer of Gentry county. ALBANY, LEDGER. Mar. 5. Life sketch of Samuel T. Earixson, former state representative from Gentry county. Apr. 2. Life sketch of John W. Collins, Civil War veteran. May 21. Life sketch of James Kinney, Civil War veteran. KING CITY, TRI-COUNTY NEWS. June 12. Sketch of damage done by cyclone in Gentry county forty- four years ago. STANBERRY, HERALD. Feb. 5. Life sketch of William Speers, Union veteran. May 7. Life sketch of Mrs. Elizabeth Conner, pioneer of Gentry county. GREENE COUNTY. ASH GROVE, COMMONWEALTH. Jan. 22. Life sketch of Franklin E. Jerome, World War veteran. SPRINGFIELD, LEADER. Jan. 8. Story of the battle of Springfield, Jan. 8, 1863. Jan. 29. Reminiscences of police department thirty-five years ago, by William Bishop. Jan. 31. Life sketch of Dr. John M. Gideon, former mayor of Springfield. Mar. 5. Life sketch of Edward Bollman, publisher of Houston (Missouri) Republican. Mar. 10. Story of the dash of the Zagonyi's men—Civil War event in Springfield. From St. Louis Post-Dispatch. Mar. 16. The building and history of the Cotton Belt Railroad. Apr. 27. "Springfield is Center of Historic Interest," by James Waddell. May 20. Life sketch of Ballard P. Tuter, pioneer of Greene county. May 24. Life sketch of Charles F. Phelps, Spanish-American War veteran. June 22. Court records since 1859 show passing of lawlessness in south­ west. By Tyler Raltzell. June 30. Col. F. S.Thomas, who published first work of Edgar Allen Poe, was once resident of Springfield. By James Waddell. SPRINGFIELD, REPUBLICAN. Jan. 2. "Greene County is 92 Years Old Today," article by A. M. Haswell. Jan. 3. Notice of the death of John M. Pearson, Union veteran. Feb. 3. Notice of the death of A. F. Chappell, World War veteran. 308 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW

Feb. 4. Notice of the death of Calvin Kilchell, Civil War veteran. Feb. 15. Life sketch of Milton Brower, Civil War veteran. Mar. 6. Historical sketch of Ozark Press Association, which was or­ ganized thirty-five years ago. Apr. 1. Reminiscences of Battle of Springfield, by B. C. Nickelson. Apr. 2. History of the Henry Sheppard home, as told by former slave. Apr. 8. Life sketch of T. M. Allen, Civil War veteran. May 6. "When Fremont's Bodyguard captured Springfield in 1861." June 6. "When Drury College Was Young." June 20. Notice of the death of R. Walker, Union veteran. GRUNDY COUNTY. SPICKARD, GRUNDY COUNTY GAZETTE. Jan. 8. Life sketch of Elmer A. Fox, pioneer of Grundy county. Mar. 19. Life sketch of Charles H. Baker, Union veteran. TRENTON, REPUBLICAN AND TRIBUNE. Feb. 5. Life sketch of Mrs. Willard Spencer, pioneer of Linn county. TRENTON, TIMES. Jan. 1. Life sketch of Mrs. Arabella Gibeaut, pioneer of Grundy county. Jan. 29. Life sketch of Samuel Hill, former Grundy county official. Feb. 6. Life sketch of James Tolle, Civil War veteran. Grundy county celebrates 84th birthday; was formerly a part of Livingston county. Mar. 19. Life sketch of William F. Johnson, former circuit judge. Apr. 30. Documents saved from Jefferson City fire show that cost of as­ sessing Grundy county in 1842 was $75.00. June 4. Life sketch of John A. Bulyar, Civil War veteran. HARRISON COUNTY. BETHANY, CLIPPER. Mar. 18. Life sketch of Jehu Gillespie, Civil War veteran. June 3. Life sketch of John Hunt, oldest resident of Harrison county. Life sketch of James C. Maxwell, pioneer of Harrison county. BETHANY, REPUBLICAN. Jan. 7. Life sketch of William Salmon, pioneer of Harrison county. Apr. 29. Life sketch of Pleasant Wishon, Union veteran. June 10. Bethany was called "Dallas" until 1845. CAINSVILLE, NEWS. May 28. Life sketch of Benjamin F. Hulen, pioneer of Harrison county. RIDGE WAY, JOURNAL. Mar. 5. Life sketch of Daniel Landis, Confederate veteran. HENRY COUNTY. CLINTON, E*E. Feb. 27. Life sketch of John H. McCann, former Clinton county official. Apr. 3. Life sketch of Charlie N. Putney, Union veteran. Apr. 17. Life sketch of W. J. Stephens, pioneer of Henry county. CLINTON, HENRY COUNTY DEMOCRAT. Apr. 23. Life sketch of Ross McClanahan, World War veteran. Bob McDonald tells of old Missouri outlaws. WINDSOR, REVIEW. June 25. Life sketch of John Coats, Confederate veteran. HICKORY COUNTY. HERMITAGE, INDEX. Feb. 12. Life sketch of Eliza J. Poe, pioneer of Hickory county. HOLT COUNTY. MOUND CITY, JOURNAL. Jan. 29. Life sketch of J. T. Feasel, Civil War veteran. Mar. 5. Life sketch of A. W. VanCamp, Civil War veteran, and former Holt county official. May 7. Life sketch of Henry Thomas, pioneer of Holt county; he was ninth student to enroll in University of Missouri. June 11. Life sketch of Lloyd Perry, World War veteran. HISTORICAL ARTICLES IN MISSOURI NEWSPAPERS 309

MOUND CITY, NEWS-JEFFERSONIAN. Apr. 17. Life sketch of Edward B. Wright, Union veteran. CRAIG, LEADER. Feb. 27. Life sketch of E. J. McCown, Union veteran. Mar. 13. Life sketch of Sarah J. Wilson, pioneer of Holt county. June 5. Life sketch of George W. Webster, Union veteran. OREGON, HOLT COUNT* LEADER. Jan. 16. Life sketch of P. E. Whitmer, Civil War veteran. Jan. 28. Life sketch of Thomas A. Guinn, Union veteran. Mar. 6. life sketch of Mrs. Margaret Collins, pioneer of Oregon. Mar. 20. Life sketch of William Hamilton, Union veteran. May 22. Life sketch of Mrs. Louise Schnitker, pioneer of Holt county. June 26. Life sketch of Mrs. Elizabeth Lehmer, pioneer of Holt county.

HOWARD COUNTY. ARMSTRONG, HERALD. June 4. Life sketch of M. L. Johnson, pioneer of Howard county. FAYETTE, ADVERTISER. Feb. 19. Life sketch of Mrs. Martha Smith, pioneer of Howard county. Apr. 23. Life sketch of N. C. Tindall, former Howard county official. June 11. Life sketch of Dr. H. K. Givens, member of Board of Curators of Howard-Payne College. FAYETTE, DEMOCRAT-LEADER. Jan. 8. History of education in Howard county. By Prof. T. Berry Smith. (See following issues.) GLASGOW, MISSOURIAN. Feb. 19. Life sketch of Edward Eagleston, pioneer of Howard county. Apr. 23. Life sketch of Romeo McKenzie, World War veteran. NEW FRANKLIN, NEWS. Feb. 6. Life sketch of James T. Settle, pioneer of Howard county.

HOWELL COUNTY. WEST PLAINS, HOWELL COUNT* GAZETTE. Mar. 3. Life sketch of Richmond Gavit, Union veteran. Mar. 19. Life sketch of Winfield S. White, Union veteran. Mar. 25. Life sketch of Rev. Charles W. Orvis, Union veteran. Apr. 16. Life sketch of Jacob Row, Confederate veteran. May 28. Life sketch of William Hughes, Spanish-American War veteran June 11. Life sketch of A. C. Gose, Howell county official. June 18. Life sketch of J. P. Allen, Confederate veteran. WEST PLAINS, QUILL. Jan. 22. Life sketch of Mrs. Hannah McClelland, pioneer of Howell county. Jan. 29. Life sketch of Rev. J. G. W. Richardson, Civil War veteran. Feb. 19. Life sketch of Mrs. Sarah A. Hord, pioneer of Howell county.

IRON COUNTY. IRONTON, IRON COUNTY REGISTER. Feb. 19. Recollections of the Civil War, by T. P. F.

JACKSON COUNTY. BLUE SPRINGS, HERALD. Jan. 2. Life sketch of C. J. Dillingham, pioneer of Jackson county. Feb. 20. Life sketch of Charles McDaniels, World War veteran. June 5. Blue Springs was platted in 1878. INDEPENDENCE, EXAMINER. Jan. 5. Notice of the death of John W. Pool, a follower of Quantrill. Mar. 23. Life sketch of George E. Cox. Union veteran. Apr. 1. Life sketch of Wyatt H. Hammond, Confederate veteran. May 11. Life sketch of Thomas M. Cobb, Confederate veteran. May 28. History of Englewood-Maywood district, platted in 1886. History of Sugar Creek, founded in 1904. History of Buckner, founded in 1875. 310 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW

History of Blue Springs, founded in 1878. History of Mills' Book Store, a pioneer business firm. Brief mention of the founders of Greenwood. History of banks and banking in Independence. Brief history of development of telephone system in Indepen­ dence. Record of Independence in World War, with list of soldiers. History of Jackson county Farm Bureau and its work. History of rural schools of Jackson county for period of twenty years. History of Jackson Examiner and Independence Examiner. History of Independence, started as station on Santa Fe Trail Sketches of founding of various fraternal orders in Independence. Additional history of Independence and Jackson county. By W. L. Webb. History of seal of City of Independence. Sketch of Jackson county's first court house. List of Mayors of Independence from 1849 to 1924. Additional school history from 1866 to date. History of churches of Independence. June 2. Life sketch of Louis E. Hills, pioneer and author. June 29. Reminiscences by Mrs. Elsie Ann Hosier, pioneer. INDEPENDENCE, JACKSON EXAMINER. Jan. 16. City ordinance of 1851 forbids the gathering of six or more slaves into one group. Jan. 30. Life sketch of Mrs. Martha Owings, pioneer of Jackson county. Feb. 27. Life sketch of Samuel E. Russum, Spanish-American War veteran. May 29. Life sketch of L. J. Brown, Confederate veteran. June 5. Life sketch of John B. Stone, former Jackson county official. June 12. Life sketch of Jacob M. Ratcliff, veteran of Indian wars. KANSAS CITY, CATHOLIC REGISTER. Jan. 8. Beginning of a series of historical sketches of the older parishes in the Kansas City diocese. By Bishop Thomas F. Lillis. (See following issues.) Apr. 30. Life sketch of Charles Finley, Union veteran. KANSAS CITY, JOURNAL. Jan. 25. Purd B. Wright, Librarian of Kansas City Public Library gives evidence that Mark Twain's name was Samuel Lampton Clemens. Feb. Old Wornall homestead was used by Confederates as hospital. Historical sketch of Clay county courthouse. Stine and McClure Undertaking Company claims to be oldest business firm in Kansas City. Kansas City founded seventy-five years ago, with sketch. Stories of old Westport, as told by Daughters of Old Wesport Society. Life sketch of J. E. Vincent, pioneer merchant. Historical sketch of Kansas City Journal. J. C. McCoy, a member of the original town company, tells of the founding and growth of Kansas City. Beginning and development of the graphic arts in pioneer Kansas City. Kansas City's first bank was started in 1850 at Wesport Land­ ing. Other banking history. History of Kansas City Chamber of Commerce. History of Kansas City stockyards. The story of Old Westport Road, an historic thoroughfare. HISTORICAL ARTICLES IN MISSOURI NEWSPAPERS 311

Story of a Boonville wedding that lasted three days—"Little Billy" Sappington and Jennie Brown. History of printing and publishing in Kansas City. Story of Kansas City's electric lights. Feb. 5. History of Kansas City Missouri Navigation Company. Feb. 15. Life sketch of William C. Lengel, former Kansas citian, author and editor. Includes sketch of Lengel family which has taken active part in German language journalism in Kansas City. Feb. 22. The story of "Adam's Grave" near Gallatin, Missouri, and of the town Adamondi-Ahman, which was established by Joseph Smith, Jr. Biographical sketches of William C. Scarritt, Joseph H. Ray- burn, John Lyle Harrington, Arthur Frank Adams, Samuel McRoberts, Eleadah Ebal Violette, Walter T. Emmons, Charles H. Small, Walter Roscoe Stubbs, Alfred Bennett, John Gneisnau Neihardt, H. M. Robinson, and M. L. Mertins, prominent Kansas Citians. Mar. 8. Kansas City Journal of 1880 tells of real estate prices History of Priests of Pallas in Kansas City. Colesville, a Mormon settlement, once flourished where Troost Lake in Kansas City is now located. Mar. 29. When fire razed Kansas City's first Convention Hall, April 4 1900. Apr. 14. Biographical sketch of Admiral Robert E. Coontz, native of Missouri. May 24. Apple tree planted in Kansas City by Indians still bears three kinds of fruit. Memorial Day calls attention to monuments of city's famous men. When the University of Missouri gave Mark Twain an LL.D. degree. KANSAS CITY, POST. Mar. 20. Life sketch of B. A. Parsons, former Kansas City official. Apr. 15. Founder's Day at M. U. recalls school's history. See also Globe-Democrat of same date for life story of Major James S. Rollins, founder of University. June 24. Notice of the death of Walter Bales, Kansas City pioneer. KANSAS CITY, STAR. Jan. 2. "Mark Twain's Bed"—a story of how his autobiography was written. From Colliers'. See also "Mark Twain at Billiards" in same issue. Jan. 4. An appreciation of Eugene Field. Jan. 6. The man who robbed Mark Twain's house—a humorous story of the author's life. Jan. 7. Some history of William Jewell College, at Liberty. Jan. 9. "A Cub Pilot's Memories of the Missouri River of the '60s." By Charles Bailey. Jan. 11. Life sketch of Oscar Hann, Civil War veteran. Life sketch of Thomas A. Shaw, pioneer railroad builder. Life sketch of Robert McClanahan, veteran reading clerk of the House of Representatives. Jan. 15. Life sketch of Dr. A. A. Freyman, Kansas City educator. "The Romance of a Forgotten Missouri Expedition to Mexico." Told by Judge J. B. Cessna; how John G. Heath attempted to found a Missouri colony on Bracito River one hundred years ago. Jan. 18. Story of Jim Bridger's life, as told by his daughter. Jan. 19. Life story of Capt. Thomas Phelan, Union veteran, adventurer, and former Missourian. 312 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW

Jan. 23. Letter regarding history of Boonville. By Fred A. H. Garlichs. Jan. 25. Historical sketch of Greenville, deserted town in Clay county. First circular saw operated in Missouri said to have been used in Callaway county. Jan. 30. "El Camino Real" oldest road west of Mississippi. By Allan Hinchey in Apropos. Feb. 1. Kansas City is seventy-five years old—brief sketch. Old A. N. Grossett home in Kansas City business district—a landmark—to be removed. When the Kansas Legislature met in Pawnee to get away from the Missouri influence, in 1855. Reminiscences of the "Kingdom of Callaway" by Theodore H. Price. John G. Neihardt, Missourian, ranked as one of America's great poets. Feb. 8. Life sketch of Dennis Malloy, Kansas City's first police captain, Confederate veteran. Pages from the diary of D. M. Haworth, Union veteran, telling of daily fife in the army. Feb. 15. Jackson county is 100 years old—historical sketch. The story of the development of street railway transportation of Kansas City. Feb. 19. Life sketch of Cassius M. Barnes, veteran of Battle Creek Engineers, serving under Fremont in Missouri during Civil War. Feb. 22. Life sketch of W. C. Shockley, including incidents of his career in Macon county. Life sketch of William H. Stalnaker, engineer who helped to build the Hannibal bridge. Feb. 28. Life sketch of James A. McGonigle, builder of old Union Sta­ tion in Kansas City. Mar. 1. Joplin, the Missouri mining camp of former days, has become the gateway to the Ozarks; history of the city. The Jackson County Home—description. History of radio in Kansas City. Mar. 5. The lawsuit that brought forth Senator Vests' eulogy on the dog. Mar. 8. Story or Pratherville, a lost town of Clay county. Historical sketch of the city of Carthage. Biographical sketch of William Merritt Chase, St. Louis artist. "The Kansas City the Steamboats Knew"—a description of the frontier town as it was in 1857. Mar. 11. Life sketch of Thomas H. Potvin, Jr., World War veteran. Mar. 15. Life sketch of Edwin I. Farnsworth, former Kansas City official. Historical sketch of Webb City. Apr. 1. Life sketch of Wyatt H. Hammond, Confederate veteran. Apr. 5. When Leavenworth linked itself with Missouri by pontoons— story of the first pontoon bridge on the lower Missouri River built by Vinton Stillings. Apr. 12. Story of former days by Robert C. Stricklen, pony-express rider. Apr. 19. Reminiscences by Mrs. Nancy Ann Price, of Springfield, who settled in Greene county in 1837. Apr. 22. Life sketch of Stephen H. Ragan, World War veteran. Apr. 26. Benton's egotism—account of an incident which happened at New London. Note on the marble industry in Missouri, particularly at Pehnix. HISTORICAL ARTICLES IN MISSOURI NEWSPAPERS 313

Apr. 8. Life sketch of Frederick J. Adams, former Jefferson county official. May 7. Life sketch of John Henry White, Union veteran and direct de­ scendant of Daniel Boone. JOHNSON COUNTY. HOLDEN, PROGRESS. Jan. 1. Life sketch of J. H. Ny, Union veteran. Apr. 2. Life sketch of Wyatt H. Hammond, Confederate veteran. June 11. life sketch of John A. Doak, Confederate veteran and Johnson county pioneer. Life sketch of Hazle Clary, Civil War veteran. June 25. Life sketch of S. O. Ball, Civil War veteran. KNOBNOSTER, GEM. Feb. 19. Life sketch of William Lazenby, Civil War veteran. Life sketch of James Walker Allen, World War veteran. May 7. Historical sketch of Bank of Knob Noster, which was organized in 1869. WARRENSBURG, WEEKLY STANDARD-HERALD. Jan. 9. Office created thrity-three years ago to "get" Jesse James is abolished. Jan. 30. Life sketch of John Holweel, Civil War veteran. Apr. 17. Records of Johnson county before 1861, which were thought to be destroyed, have been found. June 19. Historical sketch of the founding of the Missouri National Guard. WARRENSBURG, SEMI-WEEKLY STAR-JOURNAL. Jan. 20. Life sketch of Robert N. Dunn, former Johnson county official. Feb. 13. Life sketch of Edward J. Burk, Civil War veteran. Feb. 17. Life sketch of Isaiah Hanna, former Johnson county official. Feb. 20. Notice of the death of William P. Hunt, first collector of Johnson county, also presiding judge of county court. Mar. 6. Notice of the death of O. N. Whitsel, former Johnson county official. Mar. 31. Life sketch of T. M. Tays, Confederate veteran. Apr. 24. Life sketch of William Sweeney, Confederate veteran. KNOX COUNTY. EDINA, KNOX COUNTY DEMOCRAT. Jan. 8. Life sketch of William Samuel Carraway, Union veteran, oldest native of Knox county at time of death. Feb. 5. Life sketch of Silas C. Plunkett, Union veteran. Apr. 2. Life sketch of John F. Beal, former Knox county and Edina official. June 25. Life sketch of James N. Bailey, World War veteran. LACLEDE COUNTY. CONWAY, WEEKLY RECORD. May 21. Life sketch of Mattie A. Johnson, pioneer of Laclede county. June 11. Life sketch of James Essary, pioneer of Laclede county. LEBANON, LACLEDE COUNTY REPUBLICAN. Jan. 23. Life sketch of Samuel H. Robinson, Civil War veteran. Life sketch of Webster Windsor, Civil War veteran. Feb. 13. Life sketch of Terrence McBridge, Union veteran. Life sketch of Farmer Ferguson. Feb. 27. Life sketch of W. R. Mcllvaine, former Laclede county official. Apr. 10. Life sketch of W. V. Farris, Union veteran. Apr. 24. Life sketch of J. M. Herndon, Union veteran. LEBANON, RUSTIC. Mar. 19. Historical sketch of the Lebanon Catholic Church. From the Catholic Register, Kansas City. 314 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW

LAFAYETTE COUNTY. HIGGINSVILLE, ADVANCE. Jan. 16. Life sketch of Charles J. Lewis, Confederate veteran. Feb. 20. Life sketch of Fred C. Wegener, founder of the town of Gopher (now Page), Missouri. Apr. 24. Life sketch of James A. Smith, Confederate veteran. HIGGINSVILLE- JEFFERSONIAN. Mar. 30. Life sketch of Mrs. L. F. Page, pioneer of Lafayette county. May 6. Life sketch of Watson McDaniel, Confederate veteran. LEXINGTON, NEWS. Jan. 1. Article by Marie Young entitled "Some aspects of Missouri History" gives a comprehensive review of early Missouri. LEXINGTON, INTELLIGENCER. May 8. Life sketch of John S. Klingenberg, former Lafayette county official. May 15. Life sketch of Rev. Thomas M. Cobb, Union veteran. June 12. Life sketch of James C. Shelton, Lafayette county official. ODESSA, DEMOCRAT. Mar. 20. Life sketch of Tilden J. Wilkenson, Civil War veteran. Apr. 10. Life sketch of John C. Cobb, Civil War veteran. May 15. Life sketch of James J. Colyer, Confederate veteran. May 22. Story of Chapel Hill College, a pioneer Missouri school founded in 1840. Told by Mrs. Dan. Adams. ODESSA, MISSOURI LEADER. Mar. 6. Life sketch of James H. Sydenstrucker, Confederate veteran. Mar. 13. Life sketch of George W. Wakeman, Union veteran. May 22. Life sketch of P. M. Hicklin, Confederate veteran. LAWRENCE COUNTY. AURORA, ADVERTISER. Apr. 23. Life sketch of John Francis Oldham, Union veteran. May 14. Life sketch of Hiram McKinzie, Union veteran. May 21. Life sketch of Alexander C. McNatt, Union veteran. MARIONVILLE, FREE PRESS. Jan. 22. Life sketch of Isaac L. Neill, Union veteran. Feb. 26. Life sketch of Ezra F. Darby, Union veteran. MT. VERNON, LAWRENCE CHIEFTIAN. Feb. 5. Life sketch of Thomas S. Keeley, Union veteran. Mar. 12. Life sketch of John A. Brown, Civil War veteran. Mar. 26. Life sketch of William Misemer, Union veteran. May 21. Life sketch of Al McKinney, Union veteran. PEIRCE CITY, LEADER-JOURNAL. Jan. 23. Life sketch of Thomas Carlin, pioneer of Peirce City, and founder of Peirce City Empire, in 1871, the first newspaper in Lawrence county. Mar. 27. Life sketch of Severe Crawford, Spanish-American War veteran. MILLER, NEWS-HERLAD. Jan. 1. Life sketch of George W. Gum, pioneer of Lawrence county. Jan. 29. Life sketch of Thomas S. Keeley, Union veteran. LEWIS C]ou : NTTY. LABELLE, STAR. Jan. 23. Life sketch of Martha Ann Roberts, pioneer of Lewis county. Feb. 6. Life sketch of Silas P. Plunkett, Union veteran. May 22. Life sketch of Levi H. Barrows, Union veteran. LAGRANGE, INDICATOR. Mar. 5. Life sketch of Jackson Jones, former Lewis county official. Mar. 12. Life sketch of Addison Jones, Union veteran. Life sketch of F. M. Downs, Union veteran. May 21. Life sketch of August Klusmeier, Union veteran. MONTICELLO, LEWIS COUNT* JOURNAL. June 19. J. T. Brown tells of the court martial of ten Confederate soldiers near Monticello during the Civil War. HISTORICAL ARTICLES IN MISSOURI NEWSPAPERS 315

LINCOLN COUNTY. ELSBERRY, DEMOCRAT. Jan. 30. Life sketch of Andrew Finley, pioneer of Lincoln county. Feb. 20. Life sketch of J. J. Shaw, former Lincoln county official. Apr. 24. Life sketch of W. H. Baskett, Confederate veteran. May 29. Life sketch of W. H. Palmer, Civil War veteran. TROY, FREE PRESS. Apr. 10. Life sketch of Oliver P. Myrick, Union veteran. Apr. 17. Life sketch of Dr. C. P. Grandfield, former first assistant Post­ master General. LINN COUNTY. BROOKFIELD, ARGUS. Feb. 11. Historical sketch of Brookfield (colored) Baptist church. Mar. 16. Life sketch of Silas Foster Thompson, pioneer. May 4. Life sketch of Bolin S. Buker, pioneer. See also May 9. BROOKFIELD, GAZETTE. Jan. 9. Life sketch of Asbury P. Welsh, Union veteran. Jan. 23. Life sketch of William T. Lamme, Spanish-American War veteran. Jan. 30. Life sketch of John H. Duckworth, Union veteran. Mar. 27. Life sketch of George W. Nester, former Linn county official. Apr. 10. Life sketch of Edward A. Hawkins, Civil War veteran. Apr. 17. Life sketch of Abel Rickett, Civil War veteran. BROWNING, LEADER-RECORD. Feb. 26. Life sketch of John Opel, Union veteran. LACLEDE, BLADE. Feb. 6. Life sketch of Henry Kraft, Civil War veteran. Apr. 27. Life sketch of Edgar Russell, World War veteran, major general in the signal corps. May 1. Life sketch of John M. Dodd, Union veteran. May 6. Louis Houck, his life and achievements. May 7. Story of Mark Twain's telephone. Reprinted from Pictorial Review. May 24. Historical sketch of Nevada, Missouri. Seventy years of river days—the story of Captain James Ken­ nedy veteran Missouri river captain. May 31. Reminiscences by Mrs. Alice Cary Risley, of Columbia, who was a Civil War nurse. June 14. Sketch of the life and work of Daniel Boone. List of his de­ scendants in Kansas City and Independence. First settlement of fur traders in Missouri. See following issues for further articles leading up to extensive commerce across Missouri. June 21. Alexander W. Doniphan and his place in history. June 28. Notice of the death of Harry G. Likely, World War veteran. History of the name "Jayhawker." Story of Levi (Uncle Ike) Morrill, postmaster at Notch, Missouri. Story of Southwest State Coach Co. (of 60's and 70's) which had headquarters at Independence, Missouri. Story of Independence, Westport, and the Trail to Santa Fe, with sketches of their founders. Biographical sketch of Rose Wilder Lane, Missouri authoress. KANSAS CITY, TIMES. Jan. 6. Life sketch of Allcutt W. Mendenhall, World War veteran. Jan. 9. Life sketch of Thomas A. Shaw, pioneer railroad builder. Feb. 16. Life sketch of M. H. DeYoung, native Missourian, who was founder and publisher of San Francisco Chronicle Life sketch of Dr. J. W. Ousley, World War veteran. Life sketch of Oscar Sachs, former German consul in Kansas City. 316 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW

Feb. 23. Life sketch of Charles S. Ewin, pioneer Bates county citizen and former county official. Feb. 28. Life sketch of Enos Reed, Union veteran. Mar. 3. Life sketch of E. L. Davis, World War veteran. Mar. 4. Notice of the death of John Collins, World War veteran. Mar. 6. Notice of the death of Frank P. Walsh, Jr., World War veteran. Life sketch of James L. Kilroy, former Jackson county official. Mar. 17. Life sketch of Charles Veatch, Civil War veteran. Mar. 18. Life sketch of William K. Thomas, Civil War veteran. Mar. 31. Life sketch of Gilbert J. Clark, Missouri author, and Kansas City attorney. Apr. 9. Brief life sketch of W. P. Moberly, of Cameron, grand nephew of Thomas Jefferson. Apr. 24. Notice of the death of August Ange, Civil War veteran. June 1. Notice of the death of John B. Stone, Confederate veteran and former Jackson county official. June 2. First steamboat in the Missouri west of St. Louis recalled. From Columbia, Missourian. June 17. Reminiscences of Frank James. From article in Saturday Evening Post, by Samuel C. Hildreth. LEE'S SUMMIT, JOURNAL. Mar. 5. Life sketch of Thomas Lynch, Confederate veteran. May 7. Life sketch of Dr. John M. Dod, Union veteran. OAK GROVE, BANNER. Jan. 30. Life sketch of Mrs. Martha Owings, pioneer of Jackson county. Apr. 3. Life sketch of Henry H. Grubb, Union veteran. May 1. Reminiscences of Happy Hollow School in 1869. June 5. Historical sketch of Lone Jack, Missouri, by Rev. W. P. Arnold. JASPER COUNTY. CARL JUNCTION, STANDARD. Mar. 13. Life sketch of William Lochrie, pioneer of Jasper county. June 5. Life sketch of H. H. Moore, Union veteran. CARTHAGE, JASPER COUNTY DEMOCRAT. Feb. 17. Life sketch of Mrs. Harriett Jane Porter, pioneer of Carthage. Mar. 27. Life sketch of William P. Beel, pioneer of Jasper county. May 1. Life sketch of Evan Buck, Civil War veteran. CARTHAGE, EVENING PRESS. Jan. 5. Life sketch of Seamon C. Rodman, Union veteran. Jan. 6. Office of County Marshall of Jackson county, which was created to "get" Jesse James, is abolished by State Legislature. Jan. 20. Traces of old Indian settlement found near Carthage. Jan. 24. Pioneer days recalled by Mrs. M. E. Likes, and Mrs. M. A. Buster, twin sisters. Feb. 2. Life sketch of Frank J. Earles, former Webb City official. Feb. 25. Brief historical sketch of Jasper county and Carthage. Mar. 9. The fame of Missouri's Carthage is based on marble. From Kansas City Star. Apr. 4. Life sketch of William H. H. Olmer, Civil War veteran. Apr. 18. Life sketch of Clay C. MacDonald, World War veteran. Apr. 29. Life sketch of Evan Buck, Civil War veteran. May 2. Hitorical sketch of Bethel M. E. Church, built in 1885. May 6. History of the Carthage Hospital Association, organized in 1893. May 11. Life sketch of Fayette Cannon, Union veteran. May 15. Life sketch of John W. Miller, Civil War veteran. May 25. Life sketch of Charles H. Martin, Union veteran. June 1. Life sketch of S. S. Nix, former Jasper county official. JASPER, JASPER COUNTY NEWS. Jan. 8. Life sketch of J. P. Dunlap, Union veteran. Jan. 29. Life sketch of John W. Buzzard, Civil War veteran. HISTORICAL ARTICLES IN MISSOURI NEWSPAPERS 317

Feb. 19. Life sketch of John E. Kincaid, Confederate veteran. ^Mar. 26. Prehistoric bones found near Neosho. Apr. 9. Life sketch of Marshall M. Burkett, Confederate veteran. JOPLIN, GLOBE. Jan. 9. Life sketch of Mrs. Martha A. Roberson, pioneer of Jasper county. Jan. 15. Life sketch of James W. Haynes, Confederate veteran. Life sketch of Everet E. Anderson, World War veteran. Jan. 21. Life sketch of John P. Craig, Union veteran. Jan. 29. Life sketch of Philip Arnold, former Jasper county official. Life sketch of J. H. Wood, Union veteran. Feb. 7. Life sketch of C. William Raymond, Union veteran. -^Mar. 1. Traditions of Stone county caves recalled. Mar. 6. Notice of the death of George C. Hall, Union veteran. Mar. 8. Notice of the death of William Lockrie, former Jasper county official. Mar. 29. History of the site of Joplin National Bank. Apr. 24. Life sketch of Albert L. Stalter, mayor of Carterville. May 16. Life sketch of John W. Miller, Union veteran and pioneer of Carthage. May 26. Life sketch of Charles H. Mertins, Union veteran. May 27. Life sketch of Mrs. Manora Johnston, 111 years old, who was Civil War nurse. June 2. Life sketch of S. S. Nix, former Jasper county official. JOPLIN, NE WS-HERALD. Jan. 5. Sketch of the life of Christopher Arnold, Ozark hermit. Mar. 3. Life sketch of Euriain E. Elledge, Civil War veteran. Mar. 18. Life sketch of Eldridge Doan, Civil War veteran. Apr. 3. Life sketch of William H. H. Oliver, Civil War veteran. Apr. 21. Life sketch of Morley Michael Rice, Civil War veteran. Apr. 30. Life sketch of Evan S. Buck, Civil War veteran. May 15. Life sketch of J. W. Miller, pioneer and Civil War veteran. May 26. Life sketch of Mrs. Manora Johnston, centenarian of Carthage. June 2. Life sketch of Isaiah S. Brickey, Civil War veteran. June 10. Life sketch of R. Garland Toomer, World War veteran. SARCOXIE, RECORD. Jan. 8. Life sketch of Martin Brooks, Civil War veteran and pioneer of Jasper county. Mar. 12. Life sketch of A. D. Seneker, pioneer and educator of Jasper county. Mar. 19. Life sketch of Mary Catherine Houston, a survivor of the historic Mountain Meadow Massacre. Apr. 23. Life sketch of Samuel H. Dill, Civil War veteran. JEFFERSON COUNTY. CRYSTAL CITY, PRESS. Feb. 12. Life sketch of Eh F. Donnell, pioneer of Jefferson county. DESOTO, JEFFERSON COUNTY REPUBLICAN. Jan. 1. History and legends connected with the city of DeSoto, by Ames Gescoigne Castille. Feb. 5. Life sketch of Mason Bean, World War veteran. Mar. 26. Life sketch of J. J. Williams, former circuit judge of Twenty- first Judicial Circuit. HILLSBORO, JEFFERSON COUNT* RECORD. Jan. 17. Life sketch of John J. Liski, World War veteran. Jan. 29. Life sketch of Henry W. Meyer, Civil War veteran. LINNEUS, BULLETIN. May 14. Life sketch of John Y. Smith, pioneer of linn county. LINNEUS, LINN COUNTY NEWS. June 30. Life sketch of Lee Caswell Turner, Civil War veteran. 318 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW

MEADVILLE, MESSENGER. Feb. 5. Life sketch of William D. Edmusdson, Union veteran. Apr. 30. Life sketch of Dr. M. L. Clint, World War veteran. LIVINGSTON COUNTY. CHILLICOTHE, CONSTITUTION. Jan. 8. Life sketch of J. E. Pardoner, former Livingston county official and prominent minister. Jan. 15. Life sketch of J. L. Boyle, pioneer of Livingston county. June 25. Life sketch of Joseph Broaddus, former Livingston county official. CHILLICOTHE, DAILY TRIBUNE. Jan. 6. Life sketch of J. E. Pardoner, former Livingston county official and prominent minister. Jan. 13. Life sketch of J. Lewis Boyle, pioneer. Apr. 3. Life sketch of Benjamin Dysart, Confederate veteran and last survivor of Constitutional Convention of 1875. June 12. Life sketch of J. E. Hughes, pioneer. June 17. Life sketch of L. Walker, pioneer of Livingston county. MCDONALD COUNTY, SOUTHWEST CITY, REPUBLIC. Feb. 27. Life sketch of Joe Brown, World War veteran. June 12. Life sketch of D. E. Havens, pioneer of McDonald county. MACON COUNTY. ATLANTA, EXPRESS. Jan. 16. Life sketch of Philander Atterbury, pioneer of Macon county. May 29. Life sketch of Andrew J. Crawford, pioneer of Macon county. LAPLATA, HOME PRESS. May 14. Life sketch of Charlie A. Allingham, Union veteran. LA PLATA, REPUBLICAN. Jan. 8. Life sketch of Mitchell Burch, pioneer of Macon county. MACON, DAILY CHRONICLE-HERALD. Jan. 2. Life sketch of Philip T. Holman, former county official. Apr. 2. Life sketch of Benjamin P. Dysart, Confederate veteran. Apr. 10. Life sketch of John W. Williams, former Macon county official. Apr. 20. Life sketch of Jacob T. Browning, Union veteran. (See also Apr. 23.) MACON, REPUBLICAN. Apr. 3. Historical sketch of former McGee College at College Mound, founded in 1853. MADISON COUNTY. FREDERICKTOWN, DEMOCRAT-NEWS. May 21. Life sketch of W. H. Gale, former Madison county official. June 18. Life sketch of E. S. Lett, former representative from Madison county. MARION COUNTY. HANNIBAL, COURIER-POST. Jan. 24. History of efforts of Hannibal to secure shops of T. W. & W. Railroad in 1871. Jan. 26. Life sketch of William Jameson, pioneer of Marion county. Mar. 14. Life sketch of William C. Griggs, World War veteran. Mar. 28. History of newspapers in Hannibal. Historical sketch of Hannibal from 1818 to 1860. Reminiscences of pioneer days, by "Uncle Jimmie" Smashey. Story of first Marion county court, held in Hannibal in 1827. Hannibal was incorporated as a city in 1837. Reminiscences of Mark Twain's boyhood town. "Becky Thatcher" recalls Mark Twain. Minutes of Hannibal's first town board meeting. Story of flour from Hannibal that won world prize at World's Fair in New York in 1853. HISTORICAL ARTICLES IN MISSOURI NEWSPAPERS 319

Story of the approval of the charter of the Hannibal & St. Joseph Railroad. Story of first street car in Hannibal, in 1878. Apr. 8. Life sketch of F. G. Richards, Marion county official. Apr. 28. Life sketch of Fred W. Stark, Union veteran. May 21. Life sketch of J. P. Cornelius, Civil War veteran. May 27. Life sketch of J. L. RoBards, pioneer of Hannibal. PALMYRA, MARION COUNTY HERALD. Jan. 7. Life sketch of Dan. W. Bell, founder of Bellville. Apr. 8. Life sketch of William Lee Gibson, Marion county official. PALMYRA, S,PECTATOR. Jan. 1. History of the in 1862. June 3. Life sketch of Dabney M. Bowles, Confederate veteran. MERCER COUNTY. PRINCETON, POST. Jan. 7. Life sketch of Mrs. Emily C. Peace, resident of Mercer county for 76 years. Jan. 21. Life sketch of James M. Goodin, Civil War veteran. Feb. 11. Mercer county was organized in 1845. Apr. 22. Life sketch of John Parker, Civil War veteran. May 6. Life sketch of Jesse R. Smalley, pioneer of Mercer county. May 27. Life sketch of Frank Kitchen, World War veteran. MILLER COUNTY. ELDON, ADVERTISER. Jan. 8. Life sketch of Major D. F. Thompson, former editor of the Eldon Weekly Eagle. Mar. 5. Life sketch of Samuel W. Gilleland, Union veteran. May 21. Life sketch of William Bradshaw Adcock, pioneer and Con­ federate veteran. June 25. Life sketch of William G. Etter, pioneer of Miller county. TUSCUMBIA, MILLER COUNTY AUTOGRAM. Jan. 15. Life sketch of Hubert Scheulen, pioneer of Miller county. Jan. 28. Life sketch of John E. Smith, pioneer of Miller county, Feb. 5. Life sketch of Lindsey Lavison, pioneer of Osage and Miller counties. May 7. Old legal document shows that first assessment in 1838 cost the county $52.00. Life sketch of Leo Box, World War veteran. June 25. Life sketch of William G. Etter, pioneer of Miller county. MISSISSIPPI COUNTY. CHARLESTON, ENTERPRISE-COURIER. Feb. 19. Life sketch of J. B. Sanders, Mississippi county official and World War veteran. Feb. 26. Reminiscences of the late Louis Houck and his career as a rail­ road builder in Southeast Missouri. EAST PRAIRIE, EAGLE. Mar. 20. Life sketch of P. Rose, Civil War veteran. MONITEAU COUNTY. CALIFORNIA, DEMOCRAT. Jan. 8. Life sketch of Godfrey Buetler, Union veteran. Mar. 26. Life sketch of U. G. Fischer, pioneer of Moniteau county. May 7. Life sketch of William English, pioneer of Moniteau county. CALIFORNIA, MONITEAU COUNTY HERALD. Mar. 12. Life sketch of David S. Walker, former Moniteau county official. Apr. 9. Life sketch of J. J. Russell, Confederate veteran. Apr. 16. Life sketch of John Mutli, Union veteran. TIPTON, TIMES. Feb. 6. Life sketch of H. M. Campbell, Union veteran. Mar. 27. Life sketch of Francis M. Newkirk, pioneer trader on Santa Fe Trail. 320 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW

MONROE COUNTY. MADISON, TIMES. Mar. 12. Life sketch of A. W. Johnson, former representative from Audrain county. May 7. Life sketch of James I. Delaney, pioneer of Monroe county. MONROE CITY, SEMI-WEEKLY NEWS. June 2. Life sketch of Ezra Hampton, pioneer of Monroe county. PARIS, MERCURY. Mar. 6. Life sketch of Mrs. Elizabeth Janes, pioneer of Monroe county. MONTGOMERY COUNTY. MONTGOMERY CITY, MONTGOMER* STANDARD. Jan. 2. Danville, county seat of Montgomery county since 1832, loses that distinction. Jan. 16. Life sketch of John W. Wood, pioneer of Montgomery county. Mar, 20. Life sketch of Frank H. Kallmeyer, former state official. NEW FLORENCE, MONTGOMERY COUNTY LEADER. Jan. 16. Life sketch of Henry Sanford Leavell, former Montgomery county official. Apr. 17. Life sketch of Benjamin Groteweil, Civil War veteran. June 26. Life sketch of Mary Cundiff Hart, pioneer of Montgomery county. MORGAN COUNTY. VERSAILLES, LEADER. Feb. 13. Life sketch of Jerome John Page, Union veteran. Mar. 6. Life sketch of William Wendleton, pioneer of Morgan county. VERSAILLES, STATESMAN. Mar. 19. Life sketch of Thomas Benton Williams, Union veteran. Apr. 30. The hanging of Jim Ray, an incident of outlawry in Morgan county in 1856, as recalled by Harvey W. Salmon. June 11. Life sketch of George W. Kreiling, Civil War veteran. NEW MADRID COUNTY. NEW MADRID, WEEKLY RECORD. May 15. Historical sketch of New Madrid from the coming of DeSoto to the present day. By A. M. Shaw, Jr. NEWTON COUNTY. NEOSHO, MINER AND MECHANIC. Jan. 30. Life sketch of Henry C. Barnett, pioneer of Newton county. Feb. 27. Life sketch of Isaiah Robison, pioneer of Newton county. June 19. Life sketch of J. M. Rush, pioneer of Newton county. NEOSHO, TIMES. Apr. 23. Life sketch of Alexander Requa, oldest citizen of Neosho. Apr. 30. Life sketch of John Branham, pioneer of Newton county. NODAWAY

MARYVILLE, TRIBUNE. Feb. 18. Life sketch of W. N. Johnson, Civil War veteran. Mar. 10. Life sketch of H. C. Edmiston, Civil War veteran. RAVENWOOD, GAZETTE. Jan. 8. Life sketch of George W. Null, Civil War veteran. Apr. 16. Life sketch of William A. Stingley, Civil War veteran.

OREGON COUNTY. ALTON, SOUTH-MISSOURIAN. Feb. 5. Life sketch of George Nathaniel Low, Confederate veteran. Feb. 12. Life sketch of Mrs. W. B. Fagan, pioneer of Oregon county. KOSHKONONG, OREGON COUNTY TIMES-LEADER. Jan. 15. Life sketch of S. Baker, Civil War veteran. June 11. Life sketch of J. M. Franks, former Oregon county official. THAYER, NEWS. May 8. Life sketch of Abraham H. Ary, Confederate veteran.

OSAGE COUNTY. LINN, UNTERRIFIED DEMOCRAT. Mar. 19. Life sketch of Henry Meyer, pioneer of Osage county. May 21. Life sketch of Nathaniel G. Ferrier, Union veteran. LINN, OSAGE COUNTY REPUBLICAN. Apr. 2. Life sketch of Herod Brown, Civil War veteran. Historical sketch of saw mill built at Cooper Mill in 1857. May 29. Life sketch of Thewphile Dubrouillet, Union veteran and former Osage county official.

PEMISCOT COUNTY. CARUTHERSVILLE, DEMOCRAT-ARGUS. Apr. 21. Life sketch of Sarah A. Curtner, pioneer of Pemiscot county. HAYTI, MISSOURI HERALD. Apr. 17. Life sketch of Charles Stewart York, pioneer and editor. PERRY COUNTY. PERRYVILLE, PERRY COUNTY REPUBLICAN. Feb. 26. Life sketch of Friedrich A. Mehner, Civil War veteran. Mar. 12. Life sketch of James J. Moore, Civil War veteran. Apr. 16. Life sketch of John B. Zahner, Civil War veteran. Apr. 23. Life sketch of George I. Zahner, Civil War veteran. May 28. Life sketch of Michael Bienlien, Civil War veteran. June 11. Life sketch of William P. Faherty, former Perry county official. June 18. Life sketch of William Skaggs, World War veteran.

PETTIS COI NTY. SEDALIA, CAPITAL. Feb. 14. Life sketch of Thomas C. Holland, Confederate veteran. Mar. 14. Life sketch of George L. Faulhaber, former mayor of Sedalia. May 23. Life sketch of Albert Marsh, Civil War veteran. SEDALIA, DEMOCRAT. Jan. 19. Life sketch of David W. Yancey, Spanish-American and World War veteran. Jan. 25. Life sketch of Hannibal Marcellus McCall, Union veteran. Feb. 6. Notice of the death of "Farmer" Ferguson, old time Ozark guide at Hahatonka. Feb. 17. Life sketch of William Lazenby, Union veteran. Mar. 8. Flambeau Club of 1889—a political organization—recalled. From Kansas City Star. Mar. 15. Notice of the death of General W. O. Harrelson, Confederate veteran. Apr. 19. Life sketch of Clay C. MacDonald, World War veteran. May 12. Historical sketch of Sedalia's school system since 1866. By Lawrence Brill. June 7. Life sketch of George W. Krieling, Sr., Civil War veteran. 322 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW

PHELPS COUNTY. ROLLA, HERALD. Jan. 8. Life sketch of John Voss, Confederate veteran. Apr. 16. Life sketch of Clyde W. White, World War veteran. ROLLA, NEW ERA. Apr. 24. Life sketch of William Elliot, pioneer of Phelps county. ROLLA, TIMES. Jan. 1. Life sketch of S. Brown McClure, Civil War veteran. PIKE COUNTY. BOWLING GREEN, JEFFERSONIAN. Jan. 7. Early days in Pike county. By I. Walter Bayse. Story of "Order Number 11." By I. Walter Bayse. Jan. 21. Courts and early forms of government in Missouri. By I. Walter Bayse. Jan. 28. The activities of Aaron Burr in the Territory of Louisiana. By I. Walter Bayse. Feb. 18. The . By I. Walter Bayse. Feb. 25. Historical sketch of Old Bethlehem Church, in Pike County. By I. Walter Bayse. Mar. 11. Early schools of Bowling Green. By. I. Walter Bayse. Apr. 1. Copy of old Pike county ballads, "Joe Bowers," author unknown, and "Land of Pike," by Wallace J. Davis. BOWLING GREEN, TIMES. Jan. 29. Life sketch of W. P. Jamison, pioneer of Pike county. Mar. 19. Life sketch of Joseph Craig, Union veteran. Apr. 16. Life sketch of Joseph W. Adams, Confederate veteran. May 7. Life sketch of Claud D. Ball, World War veteran. June 11. Life sketch of I. Walter Bayse, pioneer and historian of Pike county. LOUISIANA, PRESS-JOURNAL. Feb. 6. Life sketch of Henry L. Anderson, Union veteran and pioneer of Pike county. Apr. 10. Life sketch of Hiram Unsell. pioneer of Pike county. May 29. Historical sketch of Louisiana High School. (See also next issue.) June 12. Life sketch of I. Walter Bayse, pioneer and historian of Pike county. LOUISIANA, TWICE-A-WEEK TIMES. Mar. 15. Life sketch of J. C. Goodman, pioneer of Pike county. May 22. Life sketch of A. H. Edwards, pioneer of Pike county. PLATTE COUNTY. EDGERTON, JOURNAL. Mar. 20. Life sketch of Mrs. Sarah E. Mosby, pioneer of Platte county. PARKVILLE, PLATTE COUNTY GAZETTE. Jan. 8. Life sketch of C. D. Hall, pioneer and former Platte county official. Feb. 12. Life sketch of John S. Milsop, Civil War veteran. Apr. 23. Historical sketch of Parkville Presbyterian Church, organized in 1845. By Archie J, Wolfe. PLATTE CITY, LANDMARK. Jan. 2. Life sketch of Ben Morton, World War veteran. Apr. 24. Life sketch of James A. Smith, Confederate veteran. May 1. Sketch of old album which contains some early Platte county history. PLATTE CITY, PLATTE COUNT* ARGUS. Jan. 22. Life sketch of George W. Murphy, pioneer of Platte County. POLK COUNTY. BOLIVAR, FREE PRESS. Apr. 16. Personal memories of Lincoln's death. By T. H. B. Dunnegan. HISTORICAL ARTICLES IN MISSOURI NEWSPAPERS 323

BOLIVAR, HERALD. Feb. 9. Life sketch of W. H. Meyers, pioneer of Polk county. Apr. 2. Life sketch of Wright S. Miller, Confederate veteran. Apr. 9. Life sketch of Clarence L. McDonald, World War veteran. Reminiscences of visiting attorneys at Bolivar 50 years ago. June 25. Life Sketch of Louis L. Stafford, Union veteran. FAIR PLAY, ADVOCATE. Jan. 1. Life sketch of Joseph H. Davis, Civil War veteran. HUMANSVILLE, STAR-LEADER. Feb. 12. Life sketch of Aaron William Rockey, Civil War veteran. May 28. Historical sketch of Polk county, by Judge S. B. Evans. (See also next issue.) PULASKI COUNTY. RICHLAND, MIRROR. Jan. 15. Life sketch of Orville A. Nickels, former Pulaski county official. Mar. 26. Life sketch of M. D. Hillhouse, Civil War veteran. Apr. 16. A brief history of Richland. By Mrs. Nannie Tyree Brock. (See also following issues.) PUTNAM COUNTY. UNIONVILLE, REPUBLICAN. Feb. 11. Life sketch of William H. Stout, Union veteran. Mar. 4. Life sketch of Nelson A. Franklin, former Putnam county official. Apr. 1. Life sketch of Seth A. Dickernon, pioneer of Putnam county. May 13. Life sketch of John Wesley Jones, Union veteran. — UNIONVILLE, PUTNAM COUNTY JOURNAL. Jan. 16. Life sketch of John J. Fowler, Union veteran. May 1. Life sketch of William Tinkham, Union veteran. Life sketch of William H. Trunnell, Union veteran. RALLS COUNTY. CENTER, HERALD. May 21. Life sketch of David H. Smith, former Ralls county official. RANDOLPH COUNTY. HUNTSVILLE, HERALD. Mar. 20. Life sketch of Alexander H. Waller, former county and state official. May 8. Life sketch of George W. Tolbert, pioneer of Randolph county. May 22. Life sketch of John W. Fullington, Confederate veteran. MOBERLY, WEEKLY MONITOR-INDEX. Jan. 22. Brief historical sketch of Randolph county. (See also Daily for Jan. 21.) Apr. 25. Life sketch of S. P. Towles, mayor of Moberly. Mar. 18. Life sketch of Alexander H. Waller, former county and city official. Mar. 27. Life sketch of James Sandison, pioneer resident and business man of Randolph county. June 20. Discovery of an old fire cistern recalls old days in Moberly when city had no water with which to fight fires. June 24. Historical sketch of the Wabash roundhouse in Moberly founded in 1871. RAY COUNTY. HARDIN, NEWS. Apr. 6. The first of a series of articles on the history of Hardin and vicinity, by G. E. Kelso. (See also following issues.) May 21. J. S. Shumate recalls the flood of 1844 in Missouri River bot­ toms. June 11. Life sketch of Joseph Henry, Confederate veteran. June 15. Life sketch of Thomas R. Gant, Civil War veteran. June 22. Life sketch of E. T. Willeford, former Ray county representative. 324 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW

RICHMOND, CONSERVATOR. Jan. 15. Life sketch of Jerry R. Rush, Civil War veteran. Feb. 12. Reminiscences of the Lincoln-Douglas Debate at Galesburg, Illinois, in 1858, by A. Ringquist. Apr. 16. Life sketch of William Forsan, Civil War veteran. Apr. 23. Incidents of early Ray county history, told by Mrs. R. E. Bates. Apr. 30. Life sketch of Ernest Sanders, former Ray county official. Life sketch of William M. Milligan, member of the State Board of Agriculture. June 25. Life sketch of Harry E. Roark, World War veteran. RICHMOND, MISSOURIAN. Apr. 2. Record of Ray county in the early wars of the United States. By Mrs. Orville R. Hauser. RICHMOND, NEWS. Jan. 12. Life sketch of John Hoover, Civil War veteran. Life sketch of James Holman, former Ray county official. Jan. 14. Life sketch of W. T. Bailey, Civil War veteran. Feb. 11. Article on some odd Ray county customs of old. ST. CHA RLE S COUNTY. ST. CHARLES, COSMOS-MONITOR. Mar. 18. Life sketch of Mrs. Theresa Weinert, pioneer of St. Charles. Apr. 15. Life sketch of Carr Edwards, former Warren county official. June 24. Life sketch of Luke B. Pallardy, Civil War veteran. WENTZVILLE, UNION. Jan. 9. Life sketch of John Reineke, pioneer of St. Charles county. ST. CLAIR COUNTY. APPLETON CITY, JOURNAL. Jan. 1. Life sketch of James H. Raybaum, Civil War veteran and former Bates county official. Jan. 22. Life sketch of William Henry Neptune, Union veteran. Mar. 19. Life sketch of William McCuan Caldwell, Union veteran. June 11. Life sketch of Frank Plympton, World War veteran. LOWRY CITY, INDEPENDENT. Mar. 5. Life sketch of Alfred C. Walters, Civil War veteran. Apr. 30. Life sketch of George W. Harper, pioneer of St. Clair county. May 28. Life sketch of Mery B. L. Strickland, Confederate veteran. OSCEOLA, ST. CLAIR COUNTY REPUBLICAN. Jan. 8. Life sketch of Irus Clark, Union veteran. Mar. 19. Life sketch of Grover G. Fowler, Union veteran. May 7. Life sketch of Henry Clay Hyatt, Union veteran.

ST. FRA:NC C IS COUNTY. DESLOGE, SUN. Jan. 20. Life sketch of J. C. Nance, Civil War veteran. Feb. 3. Life sketch of Martin Harrison, World War veteran. FLAT RIVER, LEAD BELT NEWS. May 8. Life sketch of Frank Simpson, World War veteran. May 22. Life sketch of William Alexander, Civil War veteran. FARMINGTON, NEWS. Apr. 3. Life sketch of Clarence E. Miller, World War veteran. FARMINGTON, TIMES. Jan. 2. Life sketch of John Graham, pioneer of St. Francois county. STE. GENEVIEVE COUNTY. ST. GENEVIEVE, FAIR PLAY. May 30. Life sketch of Philip A. Swink, Confederate veteran. ST. GENEVIEVE, HERALD. Mar. 21. Life sketch of James L. Rigdon, pioneer of Ste. Genevieve county. May 23. Brief historical sketch of Kings Highway from St. Louis to Memphis, Tenn., and its relation to Ste. Genevieve. HISTORICAL ARTICLES IN MISSOURI NEWSPAPERS 325

ST. LOUIS CITY. APROPOS. Feb. Historical sketch of "El Camino Real," oldest road west of Mis­ sissippi, in southeast Missouri. April Story of Senator Benton and the Buffalo Trails. Sept. The Legend of Wild Horse Creek, in St. Louis county. Oct. Old taverns of Missouri. CHURCH PROGRESS. Jan. 29. Life sketch of Patrick J. Lavin, World War veteran. GLOBE-DEMOCRAT. Jan. 3. Notice of the death of Edward H. Heilman, pioneer and leader in St. Louis labor movement. Jan. 4. Growth of St. Louis as a hog market. Jan. 14. Life sketch of Dr. George Boemler, pioneer physician and Union veteran. Jan. 21. Life sketch of James P. Litton, Confederate veteran. Feb. 13. Life sketch of Thomas C. Holland, Confederate veteran. Feb. 17. History of banking in Missouri. Feb. 18. Mark Twain's adventure in Hannibal recalled by Kentucky tragedy during 1923-24. Feb. 19. Life sketch of Dr. Lillian G. Blanchard, former president of Missouri State Eclectic Medical Association, and first woman physician in Missouri to volunteer for medical service during war. Feb. 22. Life sketch of J. H. Parker, pilot of the Natchez in the famous race with the Robert E. Lee. Feb. 27. Life sketch of Robert C. Clowry, Union veteran. Life sketch of Jerome Ruerst, Union veteran. Mar. 1. Life sketch of John B. Culver, Union veteran. Mar. 10. Life sketch of William A. Quayle, Methodist Episcopal bishop. Mar. 22. Life sketch of J. J. Williams, former circuit judge and state official. Life sketch of John Touchette, St. Louis city official. Apr. 22. Life sketch of J. R. Barroll, prominent St. Louis business man. Apr. 26. Life sketch of Virginius O. Saunders, former mayor of Webster Groves. Apr. 30. Life sketch of William H. Heuer, World War veteran. May 4. Life sketch of Frank A. Hobein, St. Louis jurist. May 5. Life sketch of George L. McFarlane, journalist. May 17. Life sketch of Selden P. Spencer, United States Senator from Missouri, and former state official. June 2. Notice of the death of James Brown, World War veteran. June 7. Travelog of St. Louis, Buchanan, and Jackson counties. June 13. Data concerning claim of Chouteau family that Auguste Chou­ teau founded St. Louis. June 15. Life sketch of William Hughes, Union and Spanish-American war veteran. June 21. Travelog of Randolph, Cape Girardeau, St. Charles, and Jef­ ferson counties. June 28. Travelog of Boone, Monroe, Marion, and Butler counties. KNOW ST. LOUIS. Feb. 22. St. Louis Training School for Feeble-Minded, the first of its kind in the west, dedicated June 15, 1924. POST-DISPATCH. Jan. 2. Life sketch of William T. Conway, federal official. Jan. 5. Life sketch of M. L. Holman, former St. Louis city official. Jan. 7. Life sketch of J. W. Hart, Civil War veteran. Jan. 8. Life sketch of J. B. Hendricks, St. Louis newspaper man. Jan. 12. Life sketch of George Boemler, Union veteran. 326 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW

Jan. 15. Life sketch of Robert John Kilpatrick, Confederate veteran. (See also other St. Louis papers.) Jan. 18. Brief account of the founding of St. Louis. Jan. 22. Life sketch of Harry W. Uhlemeyer, St. Louis city official. (See also other St. Louis papers.) Jan. 24. Notice of the death of Patrick J. Lavin, World War veteran. Jan. 29. Life sketch of Henry Studniczka, former St. Louis city official. Feb. 5. Life sketch of Denton J. Snider, philosopher, author, and Union veteran. Feb. 15. Life sketch of Perry C. Ellis, former Missouri journalist. Historical sketch of St. Louis, on 161st anniversary. Feb. 17. Life sketch of Daniel Fischer, Civil War veteran. Feb. 18. Life sketch of Louis Houck, historian, pioneer railroad builder of southeast Missouri. (See also Feb. 20.) Feb. 21. Life sketch of William C. Dyer, veteran St. Louis educator. Feb. 22. The Sacred Rock in the River—story of the "Rock of the Cross ' near Willenberg, Missouri. Mar. 1. Louis Houck—his life and letters. Mar. 6. History of St. Louis county courthouse at Clayton. Mar. 8. How Fremont s bodyguard charged Confederate troops at Springfield, October 21, 1861. Roster of Fremont's Body­ guard. Mar. 13. Notice of the death of August Naes, World War veteran. Mar. 15. Life sketch of Simon Seelig, Confederate veteran. Mar. 16. Life sketch of Melville L. Wilkinson, St. Louis business man and banker. Mar. 17. Life sketch of George W. Briece, railroad official. Mar. 25. Life sketch of Newman Erb, railroad executive and former St. Louisan. Mar. 26. Life sketch of Anton Huebler, Union veteran and former St. Louis county official. (See also Mar. 27.) Mar. 29. Missouri's geologic past—theories constructed from geological evidence. Apr. 2. Life sketch of Joseph Flory, former state official. Life sketch of B. R. Dysart, of Macon, Confederate veteran, and last surviving member of Constitutional Convention of 1875. See also other metropolitan newspapers. Apr. 6. Life sketch of Monsignor O. J. S. Hoog, vicar-general of the St. Louis diocese. Apr. 7. Life sketch of Hezekiah Magill, veteran Presbyterian preacher and prominent church official. Apr. 14. Life sketch of Vital W. Garesche, former state official. Death of Miss Mary Sherman recalls life of her father, General William T. Sherman, St. Louisan, Union veteran. Apr. 20. Life sketch of William Ross Glasgow, World War veteran. Apr. 22. Brief history of the Great Seal of the State of Missouri. Apr. 23. Lafayette's visit to St. Louis in 1825 recalled as its centennial anniversary approaches. See also Apr. 28, and St. Louis Star, Apr. 27. Apr. 26. "Elegance of the ladies of St. Louis" impressed Lafayette on his visit 100 years ago. See also Globe-Democrat of same date May 7. Life sketch of Herman Hunicke, Union veteran. May 17. St. Louis' first horseless carriage recalled by death of its builder Dr. Emil V. Dittlinger. May 18. Life sketch of William Charles Dawson, retired officer of U. S Marine Corps. May 20. Life sketch of John Kessler, Union veteran. May 24. The story of Dlebridge, Missouri town planned by C. L. Del- bridge as a model community. HISTORICAL ARTICLES IN MISSOURI NEWSPAPERS 327

Life sketch of Wayman Crow, founder of Washington University. May 25. Life sketch of Henry G. Craft, Civil War veteran. June 12. Data concerning claim of Chouteau family that Auguste Chou­ teau founded St. Louis. Notice of the death of Horace B. Locke, Civil War veteran. June 19. Brief sketch of Pony Express. June 29. Notice of the death of Henry M. Schmuck, Pony Express rider STAR. Jan. 22. Life sketch of Harry Uhlemeyer, St. Louis city official. Feb. 3. First high school in Missouri opened in St. Louis seventy-two years ago. Mar. 23. Life sketch of W. N. McMillan, native of St. Louis, famous African hunter and explorer. See also Post-Dispatch, Mar. 29. Life sketch of Robert P. Bringhurst, St. Louis sculptor. Mar. 24. Life sketch of Frederic A. Hall, former chancellor emeritus of Washington University. Apr. 15. Two mayoralty suits in St. Louis since Civil War: William L. Ewing vs. David R. Francis, 1885; and John A. Talty vs. Rolla Wells, 1905. June 3. Brief sketch of Santa Fe Trail—from New * ork Sun. June 18. Auguste Chouteau's own journal quoted by Dr. DeMenil to prove that Laclede, and not he, founded St. Louis. Also questions raised as to identity of builder of city.

ST. LOUIS CCOUNTY . CARONDELET, NEWS. Jan. 16. Life sketch of R. J. Kilpatrick, Confederate veteran and promi­ nent foundry owner. Mar. 6. The history of the first kindergarten in the United States, estab­ lished March 6, 1875, by Miss Susan Blow. Apr. 24. An account of the visit of Lafayette to St. Louis in 1825. May 29. Carondelet street car system inaugurated fifty years ago. CLAYTON, ST. LOUIS COUNT* LEADER. Jan. 16 Life sketch of William A. Barkhan, World War veteran. Mar. 27, Life sketch of Mrs. Julia A. Sappington, pioneer of St. Louis county. CLAYTON, SENTINEL-DEMOCRAT. Jan. 1. The history of Iron Mountain, responsible for Missouri's reputa­ tion as an Iron producing state. CLAYTON, WATCHMAN-ADVOCATE. Jan. 9. Life sketch of Joseph Stephan, Union veteran. Jan. 13. Life sketch of Christ Barnier, Union veteran. Jan. 20. Life sketch of True Worthy Balckman, Union veteran and author. Jan. 23. Life sketch of Joseph N. Hughes, pioneer of Clayton. Life sketch of James J. Glynn, pioneer of Clayton. Mar. 6. Life sketch of Jerome Fuerest, Civil War veteran. Mar. 31. Life sketch of Peter Huthmaker, pioneer of St. Louis county. Apr. 7. Life sketch of Ferdinand Hampton, World War veteran. Apr. 28. Life sketch of David Baxter, pioneer of St. Louis county. June 16. Brief sketch of St. Vincent Orphan Home founded seventy-five years ago in Normandy, Missouri. KIRKWOOD, ST. LOUIS COUNTIAN. Jan. 23. Life sketch of Joseph N. Hughes, pioneer of St. Louis county. June 19, Life sketch of Luke Pallardy, Civil War veteran. MAPLE WOOD, NEWS-CHAMPION. Jan. 23, Life sketch of Licius Hebler, pioneer of St. Louis county. June 5 Life sketch of Robert H. Phillips, pioneer of St. Louis county. 328 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW

SALINE COUNTY. MARSHALL, DEMOCRAT-NEWS. Jan. 1. A Christmas eve in Marshall fifty-five years ago. Feb. 12. A negro camp meeting in 1865, sketch by W. F. Walkenhorst. Reprinted from Concordia, Concordian. Mar. 5. Historical sketch of the town of Waverly, by W. H. Phillips and Mrs. R. L. Webb. Mar. 26. Life sketch of R. B. Taylor, pioneer of Saline county. May 28. Life sketch of M. P. McGinnis, Confederate veteran. SLATEP, NEWS. Feb. 24. Life sketch of Roy Sullivan, World War veteran. Mar. 6. Life sketch of Ira V. Davis, Confederate veteran. SCHUYLER COUNTY. LANCASTER, SCHU*LER COUNT* RE­ PUBLICAN. Mar. 26. Life sketch of Elijah Johnson, Union veteran. Apr. 23. Life sketch of Robert W. McClain, pioneer of Schuyler county SCOTLAND COUNTY. MEMPHIS, DEMOCRAT. Jan. 22. Life sketch of John P. Craig, Civil War veteran. MEMPHIS, REVEILLE. Jan. i. Life sketch of Henry G. Merritt, Civil War veteran. Jan. 8. Life sketch of Daniel B. Dean, Civil War veteran. Jan. 22. Life sketch of John P. Craig, Civil War veteran. Mar. 19. Life sketch of August Smith, Union veteran. June 4. Reminiscences of Grinstead family, veterans of several wars. From Keosauqua (Iowa) Republican. SCOTT COUNTY. BENTON, SCOTT COUNTY DEMOCRAT. Mar. 5. Reminiscences of early railroad in Southeast Missouri built by Louis Houck—from Charleston, Enterprise-Courier. SIKESTON, STANDARD. Jan. 2. Story of one of first four automobiles in state—bought by Rev. M. Helmbacher, in 1898, SHANNON COUNTY. EMINENCE, CURRENT WAVE. Jan. 1. Life sketch of Axtell Collins, World War veteran. Feb. 26. Life sketch of H. L. Darling, Confederate veteran. Apr. 30. Notice of the death of David H. Martin, Civil War veteran. May 14. Weather thirty years ago recalled by U. M. Randolph. SHELBY COUNTY. CLARENCE, COURIER. Jan. 7. Life sketch of Noah Amos Edwards, pioneer of Shelby county. SHELBINA, DEMOCRAT. Apr. 15. Life sketch of Cyrenius Lyman Scratch, pioneer of Shelby county. SHELBYVILLE, SHELBY COUNTY HERALD. Mar. 25. Life sketch of Hamilton W. McKillip, Civil War veteran. STODDARD COUNTY. BLOOMFIELD, STODDARD TRIBUNE. Apr. 3. Life sketch of Louie Jobe, Spanish-American War veteran. BLOOMFIELD, VINDICATOR. Mar. 13. Life sketch of John M. Lewis, Confederate veteran. DEXTER, STATESMAN. Jan. 30. Life sketch of John L. Fort, judge of Twenty-second Judicial District. STONE COUNTY. CRANE, CHRONICLE. Jan. 22. Story of an old Indian legend, of old Cape Fair, by H. D. Berry GALENA, STONE COUNTY NEWS-ORACLE. Feb. 18. Life sketch of Irvin Ash, Union veteran. Feb. 25. Life sketch of T. L. Jennings, former Stone county official HISTORICAL ARTICLES IN MISSOURI NEWSPAPERS 329

SULLIVAN COUNTY. GREEN CITY, PRESS. May 21. Life sketch of James R. Baker, Union veteran and pioneer of Sullivan county. MILAN, REPUBLICAN. Feb. 12. Life sketch of William H. Heflion, Union veteran. May 21. Life sketch of Wayne E. Hart, World War veteran. June 25. Historical sketch of Milan School District, organized in 1847. By Miss L. Fay Knight. MILAN, STANDARD. Feb. 26. Life sketch of John N. Opel, Union veteran. Apr. 2. Life sketch of Mary M. McDuff, pioneer of Milan. TANEY COUNTY. BRANSON, WHITE RIVER LEADER. May 1. Life sketch of Francis M. Ellison, Confederate veteran. TEXAS COUNTY. HOUSTON HERALD. Jan. 29. Life sketch of William A. Smith, pioneer of Texas county. June 11. Life sketch of William J. Davis, pioneer of Texas county. HOUSTON, REPUBLICAN. May 12. Life sketch of Edward Vollmar, editor of the Houston, Re­ publican. VERNON COUNTY. NEVADA, SOUTHWEST MAIL. Jan. 9. Life sketch of L. H. Skaggs, Confederate veteran. Jan. 30. Life sketch of W. W. Marshall, former Vernon county official. Feb. 13. Life sketch of Charles Stearns, Spanish-American War veteran. SHELDON, ENTERPRISE. May 8. Life sketch of J. O. McNew, Union veteran. WARREN COUNTY. WARRENTON, BANNER. Jan. 2. Life sketch of Sam T. Holden, Spanish-American War veteran. Life sketch of William Ahmann, former Warren county official. WAYNE COUNTY. GREENVILLE, SUN. Jan. 1. Life sketch of V. V. Ing, former Wayne county official and repre­ sentative. Mar. 26. Life sketch of R. M. Duckett, former Wayne county official. Apr. 2. Life sketch of Louie Jobe, former editor of Bloomfield Vindicator. PIEDMONT, WAYNE COUNTY JOURNAL-BANNER. Apr. 16. Life sketch of Herbert C. Spencer, World War veteran. WEBSTER COUNTY. MARSHFIELD MAIL. Jan. 15. Life sketch of John Crismon Haymes, Confederate veteran. Jan. 22. Life sketch of William Elmer Lea, World War veteran. Apr. 9. Life sketch of William McVay, Union veteran. WORTH COUNTY. GRANT CITY, WORTH COUNTY TRIBUNE. Jan. 28. Life sketch of James D. Violett, pioneer of Worth county. Mar. 4. Life sketch of Josiah F. Beauchamp, former Worth county official. Apr. 8. Life sketch of Mary Slimp, pioneer of Worth county. May 13. Life sketch of James Kinney, Civil War veteran. GRANT CITY, WORTH COUNTY TIMES. Jan. 1. Life sketch of John Arthur West, former Worth county official. Jan. 22. Life sketch of Mrs. Frances Spoonemore, pioneer of Worth county. Feb. 19. Life sketch of Jonathan Conkle, Union veteran. Apr. 16. Life sketch of Kendall Miller, Civil War veteran. June 4. Life sketch of George A. Dehart, Union veteran. 330 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW

WRIGHT COUNTY. HARTVILLE, DEMOCRAT. May 14. Story of the Battle of Hartville, by General Warren. Re­ printed- from Putnam's Record of the Rebellion. See also fol­ lowing issues. MOUNTAIN GROVE, JOURNAL. Jan. 8. Life sketch of William White, Civil War veteran. Feb. 26. Life sketch of David S. Green, Civil War veteran. Mar. 19. Life sketch of Hosea B. Fulk, Union veteran. Life sketch of John Parrott, Union veteran.