MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW

State Historical Society o ¥ f .M. »i*g»g»o»u»r*i 1898*1998

THE STATE HISTORICAL SOCIETY OF MISSOURI, COLUMBIA THE STATE HISTORICAL SOCIETY OF MISSOURI The State Historical Society of Missouri, heretofore organized under the laws of the State, shall be the trustee of this State-Laws of Missouri, 1899, R.S. of Mo., 1969, chapter 183, as revised 1978. OFFICERS, 1995-1998 H. RILEY BOCK, New Madrid, President JAMES C. OLSON, Kansas City, First Vice President SHERIDAN A. LOGAN, St. Joseph, Second Vice President VIRGINIA G. YOUNG, Columbia, Third Vice President NOBLE E. CUNNINGHAM, Columbia, Fourth Vice President R. KENNETH ELLIOTT, Liberty, Fifth Vice President ROBERT G. J. HOESTER, Kirkwood, Sixth Vice President ALBERT M. PRICE, Columbia, Treasurer JAMES W. GOODRICH, Columbia, Executive Director, Secretary, and Librarian

PERMANENT TRUSTEES FORMER PRESIDENTS OF THE SOCIETY WILLIAM AULL III, Lexington ROBERT C. SMITH, Columbia FRANCIS M. BARNES III, Kirkwood Avis G. TUCKER, Warrensburg LEO J. ROZIER, Perryville

TRUSTEES, 1995-1998 WALTER ALLEN, Brookfield R. CROSBY KEMPER III, St. Louis JAMES A. BARNES, Raytown VIRGINIA LAAS, Joplin VERA F. BURK, Kirksville EMORY MELTON, Cassville RICHARD DECOSTER, Canton DOYLE PATTERSON, Kansas City

TRUSTEES, 1996-1999 HENRIETTA AMBROSE, Webster Groves JAMES R. MAYO, Bloomfield BRUCE H. BECKETT, Columbia W. GRANT MCMURRAY, Independence CHARLES B. BROWN, Kennett THOMAS L. MILLER SR., Washington LAWRENCE O. CHRISTENSEN, Rolla

TRUSTEES, 1997-2000 JOHN K. HULSTON, Springfield ARVARH E. STRICKLAND, Columbia JAMES B. NUTTER, Kansas City BLANCHE M. TOUHILL, St. Louis BOB PRIDDY, Jefferson City HENRY J. WATERS III, Columbia DALE REESMAN, Boonville

EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE Eight trustees elected by the board of trustees, together with the president of the Society, consti­ tute the executive committee. The executive director of the Society serves as an ex officio member. ROBERT C. SMITH, Columbia, Chairman LAWRENCE O. CHRISTENSEN, Rolla WALTER ALLEN, Brookfield JAMES C. OLSON, Kansas City FRANCIS M. BARNES III, Kirkwood Avis G. TUCKER, Warrensburg H. RILEY BOCK, New Madrid VIRGINIA G. YOUNG, Columbia VERA F. BURK, Kirksville MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW

VOLUME XCII, NUMBER 2 JANUARY 1998

JAMES W. GOODRICH LYNN WOLF GENTZLER Editor Associate Editor

ANN L. ROGERS LISA FRICK Research Assistant Research Assistant

The MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW (ISSN 0026-6582) is published quarterly by the State Historical Society of Missouri, 1020 Lowry Street, Columbia, MO 65201-7298. Receipt of the MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW is a benefit of membership in the State Historical Society of Missouri. Phone (573) 882-7083; fax (573) 884-4950; e-mail [email protected]. Periodicals postage is paid at Columbia, Missouri. POSTMASTERS: Send address changes to MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW, 1020 Lowry Street, Columbia, MO 65201-7298. Copyright © 1998 by The State Historical Society of Missouri EDITORIAL POLICY The editors of the Missouri Historical Review welcome submission of articles and documents relating to the history of Missouri. Any aspect of Missouri history will be con­ sidered for publication in the Review. Genealogical studies, however, are not accepted because of limited appeal to general readers. Manuscripts pertaining to all fields of American history will be considered if the subject matter has significant relevance to the history of Missouri or the West.

Authors should submit two double-spaced copies of their manuscripts. The foot­ notes, prepared according to The Chicago Manual of Style, also should be double-spaced and placed at the end of the text. Authors may submit manuscripts on disk. The disk must be IBM compatible, preferably in WordPerfect. Two hard copies still are required, and the print must be letter or near-letter quality. Dot matrix submissions will not be accept­ ed. Originality of subject, general interest of the article, sources used, interpretation, and style are criteria for acceptance and publication. Manuscripts should not exceed 7,500 words. Articles that are accepted for publication become the property of the State Historical Society of Missouri and may not be published elsewhere without permission. The Society does not accept responsibility for statements of fact or opinion made by the authors.

Articles published in the Missouri Historical Review are abstracted and indexed in Historical Abstracts, America: History and Life, Recently Published Articles, Writings on American History, The Western Historical Quarterly, and The Journal of American History.

Manuscripts submitted for the Review should be addressed to Dr. James W. Goodrich, Editor, Missouri Historical Review, State Historical Society of Missouri, 1020 Lowry Street, Columbia, Missouri 65201-7298.

BOARD OF EDITORS

LAWRENCE O. CHRISTENSEN SUSAN M. HARTMANN University of Missouri-Rolla Ohio State University Columbus

WILLIAM E. FOLEY ALAN R. HAVIG Central Missouri State University Stephens College Warrensburg Columbia

JEAN TYREE HAMILTON DAVID D. MARCH Marshall Kirksville

ARVARH E. STRICKLAND University of Missouri-Columbia CONTENTS

INTRODUCTORY NOTE 105

RUMORS OF A LITTLE REBELLION IN DIXIE: REAL WOMEN AND THEIR REGION. By Margaret Ripley Wolfe 106

MISSOURI FROM 1849 TO 1861. By Charles M. Harvey 119

PROPAGANDA AND THE KANSAS-MISSOURI WAR. By Lloyd Lewis 135

SOBRIQUETS OF MISSOURI AND MISSOURIANS. By David D. March 149

HISTORICAL NOTES AND COMMENTS

Society Holds 1997 Annual Meeting 168

Society Libraries: Newspaper Library 176

News in Brief 178

Local Historical Societies 180

Gifts Relating to Missouri 192

Missouri History in Newspapers 196

Missouri History in Magazines 204

InMemoriam 211

BOOK REVIEWS 212

Thomas, S. Bernard. Season of High Adventure: Edgar Snow in China. Farnsworth, Robert M. From Vagabond to Journalist: Edgar Snow in Asia, 1928-1941. Reviewed by Huping Ling. Morrow, Ralph E. Washington University in St. Louis: A History. Reviewed by Kenneth H. Winn. Andrews, Gregg. City of Dust: A Cement Company Town in the Land of Tom Sawyer. Reviewed by George G. Suggs, Jr.

BOOK NOTES 217

Shrum, Edison. Commerce, MO: 200 Years Of History. Amsler, Kevin. Final Resting Place: The Lives And Deaths Of Famous St. Louisans. Curzon, Julian, comp. and ed. The Great Cyclone at St. Louis and East St. Louis, May 27, 1896. Tompkins, Glenn. The House On Riddle Hill. Gress, Lucille D. An Informal History of Black Families of the Warrensburg, Missouri, Area. Norris, James D., and Timothy K. Malone. The James Foundation in Missouri, 1941-1991. Wolferman, Kristie C. The Osage in Missouri. French, Arzine. A Pictorial History of Portageville, Missouri, Volumes I-III. St. John's Lutheran Church, Brunswick, Mo., 1871-1996. Brophy, Patrick, comp. and ed. Where The Ancestors Sleep: A Self-guided Walking Tour of Deepwood Cemetery.

MISSOURI IN 1898: MISSOURI AND THE SPANISH-AMERICAN WAR Inside back cover Introductory Note

The members of the Missouri Press Association, on May 26, 1898, dur­ ing their thirty-second annual meeting in Eureka Springs, Arkansas, found­ ed the State Historical Society of Missouri. The University of Missouri, located in Columbia, provided a home for the Society, and it has been locat­ ed on that campus since its inception. In October 1906, the first issue of the Missouri Historical Review, the Society's journal, appeared. The Review has been printed quarterly without interruption since that date. An award-winning publication, it has provided the most extensive writings on the history of the state and its people. As part of the State Historical Society's centennial celebration, the 1998 quarterlies will depart from their usual format of publishing articles and edit­ ed works by contemporary historians and writers. This January issue features past annual meeting addresses, including "Rumors of a Little Rebellion in Dixie: Real Women and Their Region," presented last fall by historian Margaret Ripley Wolfe. The remarks by Dr. Wolfe, a professor of history at East Tennessee State University, were well received by the audience and cer­ tainly merit inclusion in this special centennial issue. In addition to printing the 1997 annual meeting address in this number, the address prepared by Charles M. Harvey for the first annual meeting that occurred December 5-6, 1901, is included. Lloyd Lewis's remarks before the April 25, 1939, annual meeting are featured, as are the comments pre­ pared by David D. March for the October 1, 1977, annual meeting. Each of these three speeches has been previously printed in the Review. When appropriate, minor editorial changes, the correction of typographical errors, and illustrations have been inserted in the Harvey, Lewis, and March texts. Harvey, a journalist with the St. Louis Globe-Democrat, wrote a paper titled "Missouri from 1849 to 1861." Unable to attend the meeting, his comments on that time period were delivered by Isidor Loeb, at the time the secretary of the Society. Lewis, a drama critic and sports editor for the Chicago Daily News, spoke to the 1939 annual meeting audience about "Propaganda and the Kansas- Missouri War." A professor emeritus of history at Northeast Missouri State University (Truman State) at the time of his 1977 address, and a 1981 recipient of the Society's Distinguished Service Award, March's "Sobriquets of Missouri and Missourians" presents a lighter side to the state's heritage. The officers and trustees of the State Historical Society, and its editori­ al staff, trust that the readers of this number will find the selected annual meeting addresses to their liking. We are hopeful that the centennial issues will provide today's and future readers with a flavor of the quarterly's past.

James W. Goodrich Editor

105 Rumors of a Little Rebellion in Dixie:

State Historical Society of Missouri

Real Women and Their Region

BY MARGARET RIPLEY WOLFE* State Historical Society of Missouri

Since birth I have been traveling in the company of "the southern lady," and for approximately two decades, she and I have been going off on acad­ emic missions. Our ramblings have taken us to the American Southwest, the West Coast, the Deep South, the Midwest, and even the North—and once we went to Australia. In connection with that trip, we had occasion to be in South Australia. The year was 1988, and at that time at least, prostitution remained legal in and around Adelaide. The local establishments advertised in the visitors' guides. One of them, interestingly enough, was called "The Southern Belle." Whereas several brothels reduced charges for their services to "pensioners," as they say in Australia when they mean retirees, I can only assume that the proprietor of "The Southern Belle" had the proper respect for her elders, for her advertisement proclaimed forthrightly and apparently without hesitation: "No discount for pensioners." Today, the "southern lady" and I are both pleased to be in the purer and more wholesome environment of Columbia, Missouri.

*Margaret Ripley Wolfe is a professor of history at East Tennessee State University, Kingsport. She received her Ph.D. degree from the University of Kentucky, Lexington. Wolfe delivered these remarks at the State Historical Society's annual meeting on October 11, 1997.

106 Rumors of a Little Rebellion in Dixie 107

All of our work as scholars would be diminished if we could not share it with interested readers and listeners, and it is a such a treat for me to be here for the annual meeting of the State Historical Society of Missouri. It is a very special honor to be the luncheon speaker. I particularly welcome the opportunity to talk about southern women. As much as I talk about them, I have not tired of southern women in his­ tory, and I truly stand in awe of the regenerative capacities of the "southern lady" from one era to another. Watching my daughter grow to adulthood and witnessing the inculcation of society's values—sometimes with and some­ times without my sanction—has been a fascinating experience. I received an object lesson in how thoroughly little girls are immersed in southern lady mythology many years ago when Stephanie was four. At that point, she was under the influence of the Presbyterians at a very fine nursery school and day­ care center, and this was during a time when I had sought refuge in the guest bedroom in a feeble attempt to avoid catching my husband's raging cold. All of this prompted her to observe in the high-pitched voice of childhood: "Mama, you and I are ladies. Ladies don't sleep with men who have colds." From the Mason-Dixon line to the Gulf of Mexico and from the Tidewater to the Texas sand hills, in the cities and villages and on farms and plantations, females of different socioeconomic classes and multiple racial and ethnic groups have inhabited the South. Defining southern women remains somewhat problematic. Generally speaking, they are females indigenous to states or portions of states where the practice of slavery per­ sisted until the Civil War or nonindigenous females who have spent signifi­ cant portions of their lives in the South; my definition most certainly includes Missouri. Being a southern woman is probably as much a state of mind as it is a place of residence, and even those who have been transplant­ ed elsewhere may still call the Southland home. They count among them­ selves doctors, lawyers, and Indian chiefs. Eliza Pinckney and Janet Reno, Harriet Tubman and Rosa Parks, Pocahontas and Wilma Mankiller are all "sisters under the skin." According to popular "wisdom," southern females are rather vapid and frivolous but delightfully different creatures; they possess almost mystical powers over men. Their charm, grace, and beauty are legendary, and "honey do" is their mantra. In this make-believe world, the mere sound of their voices is a siren's song. The southern drawl, which can spread like warm molasses over high mountain ranges and the Piedmont right through Spanish moss into the bayous, has been the undoing of many a man. The distance that separates this contemporary stereotype and her mythical counterpart, the "southern lady," from the historical southern woman can be measured in light-years, on the one hand, but in millimeters, on the other. And the irony is that deep in the heart of Dixie, the "southern lady"—the principal female 108 Missouri Historical Review

Following her escape from slavery in 1849, Harriet Tubman worked tirelessly to help other slaves reach the North and freedom.

Courtesy Library of Congress in Dictionary of American Portraits

deity of the Confederate pantheon—is still lurking about and exerting some influence on feminine lives. Separating myth from reality and debating the relative homogeneity or heterogeneity of the South is a "cottage industry." God forbid this dialogue should ever come to a screeching halt, for it would put countless historians, sociologists, journalists, and humorists out of work. While there is consid­ erable evidence, on the brink of the twenty-first century, to argue that the South is becoming more like the rest of the nation, there remains enough local color to suggest that it is "a mythic land apart." In Atlanta, for exam­ ple, a resonating symbol of the New South in high-rise concrete and multi- lane traffic congestion, one of the highlights of the spring 1997 social sea­ son was named for an onion. Held at the elegant Hotel Nikko, the Vidalia Onion Gala raised funds for Prevent Blindness, Georgia's sight-saving chil­ dren's vision-screening project. Some seventy-odd years earlier, on a well-publicized day in 1924, while assorted dignitaries looked on, tons of granite fell from a scaffold at Stone Mountain, Georgia. American flags unfurled, and Robert E. Lee's head appeared. The guests of honor then ascended the mountain and lunched on Lee's face. An outside observer might have concluded that the nation was honoring a victorious defender of the United States—not a defeated Rebel general who had surrendered only after fighting four years against the Union. Never in American history has a group of people pulled off such a masterful public relations campaign as those denizens of Dixie in the aftermath of the Civil War. Few concepts have proved to be as enduring or as captivating to Rumors of a Little Rebellion in Dixie 109 the American mind as the so-called Lost Cause, a face-saving device that snatched a psychological or spiritual victory from the jaws of military defeat. The persistence of the Lost Cause in American ideology, although it defies reality, nevertheless indicates an amazing willingness and complicity on the part of Americans—North, South, East, and West—to embrace it. The image of the southern lady is an intrinsic component of that mythology. Disguised as mobile bouquets of pastel ruffles, real southern women certainly played a role in the perpetuation of the Lost Cause even as the northern press in the aftermath of the Civil War blamed them for having been the very foundation of the Confederacy—its main supporters and defenders. Now, a century, three decades, and more after Appomattox, the United Daughters of the Confederacy resurrects the Lost Cause in a ceremony at Richmond, Virginia, each year around the date of Jefferson Davis's birth. Women clad in the fashion of the Civil War era and escorted by men in Confederate gray, representing each of the Confederate States of America, place wreaths at a shrine to the Lost Cause. Confronted with the scornful and resentful eyes of certain elements of society, this ceremony, which was once conducted in full public view on Monument Boulevard, seems to have retired indoors to a more private setting. And there has been yet another civil war and a more noble cause in the South, a quieter, longer-lasting, and more pervasive one. The majority of southern women have held firmly to tradition while a small but vigorous minority, capable of envisaging a brave new world, have challenged the sta­ tus quo. Women have often been knowing and agreeable accessories to men in history. Truly they have been acted upon, but they have also been actress­ es. Since the late nineteenth century, organized cadres of southern women, in myriad ways, have been challenging sexism, racism, and classism, some­ times successfully, to create a new social order in Dixie. Just as the practice of slavery and states rights carried to the extreme are remnants of the South's past, so, too, are the importance of family and kin, strong identification with place, and long-lived rural traditions. The South fails to be as retrograde an environment as stereotypes seem to suggest. By design or default, it produced what probably was the first women's club in America, the first married women's property legislation, the first opportuni­ ty for widows to vote in school elections, the first homestead exemption laws, and the first women's college. It served as the crucible of the modern civil rights movement, in which both black and white women participated and out of which rose an important wing of Women's Liberation. Reproductive freedom gained considerable impetus from the case of Roe v. Wade, which originated in Texas and made its way to the U.S. Supreme Court. By the way, U.S. Congresswoman Pat Schroeder once commented that Vice President Dan Quayle thought that Roe v. Wade represented two ways of crossing the Potomac. 110 Missouri Historical Review

State Historical Society of Missouri Chartered in 1851, a little over a decade after Georgia Female College in Macon, Georgia, Christian College, Columbia, was the first college for women chartered by a state legislature west of the Mississippi River.

Paradoxically, females in the region and in the nation still constitute a numerical majority and a political minority. Achieving equality for the fem­ inine gender in American society is a political objective, and expanding democracy is in keeping with American ideology. Whatever gains that women have made must be cherished and protected and claimed as if they were "ancient and sacred privileges." Feminists exist in Dixie, and I confess to being one of them. In times like these when Americans sometimes seem inclined to define each other by extremes, there is some risk in such a label. Evangelist Pat Robertson, once a Republican Party presidential candidate, reportedly claimed that feminism "encourages women to leave their hus­ bands, kill their children, practice witchcraft, destroy capitalism, and become lesbians." In fact, by definition, feminism, on one hand, is the theory of the political, economic, and social equality of the sexes and, on the other, orga­ nized activity on behalf of women's rights and interests. As a feminist, I believe in equal rights for women before the law. At the same time, I believe that women—who bear children and serve as the principal care providers for the elderly and the young—deserve some special consideration. Although the prevailing political structure in the United States has not exactly been won over to this point of view, it seems a perfectly reasonable one to me. Children represent the future; they are not just a women's issue. Since the 1970s, I have witnessed the emergence and development of women's history as a specialty, and I have become acquainted with many of its finest practitioners. Along the way, I have enjoyed the company of first- rate professional women historians. The manner in which they have acquitted Rumors of a Little Rebellion in Dixie 111 themselves, their presentations at meetings, and their publications have con­ tributed immensely to my own career. Knowing them has enriched my life. Those who attended professional conventions and meetings of yesteryear might have concluded that historians were bearded creatures, smelling faintly of bourbon, clad in baggy tweeds, and transported on a cloud of tobacco smoke or blue-haired ladies and gentlemen who engaged in the genteel pursuit of ancestor worship. Obviously, that image fails to reflect the contemporary diversity to be found among laymen and professionals who possess a common interest in our collective past. Women's history is intricately linked to the so-called "new social histo­ ry," and American social history of the last three decades has been powered by the desire to study history from the bottom up instead of from the top down, to concentrate on the ordinary instead of the extraordinary, and to learn about the inarticulate as well as the literate. One result has been a refreshing new interest in regional, state, and local history, which has certainly provid­ ed some common ground between laymen and professionals. Professional historians now, more so than a generation ago, are likely to recognize the importance of a range of topics in addition to the traditional ones of war, diplomacy, and politics, and laymen seem more inclined to acknowledge that some training may indeed be necessary to "do history" successfully. More than a decade ago, I was presented with a splendid opportunity and an enormous challenge—that was, to write an interpretive history of southern

Supporters of the Equal Rights Amendment in Jefferson City, 1970s Western Historical Manuscript Collection-St. Louis 112 Missouri Historical Review

women. The topic was hardly new to me; for a decade or so, I had seriously studied and researched the topic. That such an undertaking was possible is a testimonial to the variety and richness of existing scholarship. Researchers during the last quarter century have produced a veritable avalanche of schol­ arship either directly or indirectly relevant to southern women's history. Of necessity, my book, Daughters of Canaan: A Saga of Southern Women, relies on the impressive work of others as well as my own efforts. According to one wit, the three great lies in America are: (1) The check is in the mail; (2) Your women, children, and property are safe ... the Missouri legislature is in session; and (3) I'm from Washington, and I'm here to help you. Among publishers and authors, it is difficult to determine who is the supreme prevaricator; I expect both tend to make rash, overly opti­ mistic promises that neither realistically expects to keep. Nonetheless, the University Press of Kentucky and I came through, and Daughters of Canaan: A Saga of Southern Women was available by March 1995. It is said that a lady should have her name in print only three times—at birth, when she is wed, and when she dies—but then I never claimed to be a "southern lady"—but something better—a "southern woman." And I have been absolutely shameless about promoting this book. As I reflect on the matter, I cannot help but think that my entire life has been a training ground for writing this book. My credentials include south­ ern birth, southern education, and long residence on southern soil, tempered somewhat, I hope, by the objectivity to which a professional historian aspires. I have been around southern women all of my life—at family gatherings, in dress shops, at beauty salons, club meetings, and school and church functions. The Lord only knows how many times that I have been just one piece of pie away from ptomaine or one deviled Qgg shy of salmonella. The American South has frequently been regarded as a missionary field by such wide-ranging individuals as abolitionists, travelers, soldiers, carpet­ baggers, suffragists, and civil rights workers. The myriad pieces of the mosaic of the South and the Southerner have produced such a distorted image that we native-born Southerners are sometimes confused about who we are and what the South is. The South is, of course, the domicile of good ole boys and good ole girls. It has been suggested that the South is "the biggest single WASP nest this side of the Atlantic." Its trademark is red­ necks, white socks, and Blue Ribbon beer, if not white sheets, pointed hats, and burning crosses. Such actors as Peter Fonda, Jack Nicholson, and Dennis Hopper in Easy Rider and Burt Reynolds and Jon Voight in Deliverance have fictionalized its bloody and perverted violence and splashed it across the silver screen; journalists have not lacked for realistic examples. Suspended above the sin and shame of the Old and New South is the enduring "southern lady," safe in her goodness, steeled by her suffering, and sedated by the ever-present perfume of the magnolia blossoms. If Rumors of a Little Rebellion in Dixie 113

Southerners are supposed to be guilt-ridden and contrite, most of us are not. The South has no monopoly on bigotry. Some of us, however, in the face of all of these conflicting and contradictory images, may have experienced an identity crisis from time to time. Let me outline what I believe to be certain verities of the South. The South is a region of breathtaking beauty characterized by such diverse geog­ raphy as the piney woods of the Southern Appalachians and the bayou coun­ try of the Gulf Coastal Plain. It is confronted in the twentieth century with the debilitating impact of industrial pollution and urban sprawl. Under the rubric of "southern," which suggests homogeneity, there is considerable plu­ ralism that encompasses Native Americans, African Americans, and the tra­ ditional white Anglo-Saxon Protestants as well as the old Spanish and French elements, "new" immigrants and their descendants, and the "boat people" of Asia and the Caribbean. While the image of the South is that of an ultraconservative region, there is obvious liberalism and toleration on a personal level. Writer Eudora Welty is quoted as saying: "We always took care of our eccentrics. There was one fellow who used to run up and down the street, thinking he was a streetcar, and nobody bothered him." One of the best examples of southern eccen­ tricity that I can cite is the Carter family of Plains, Georgia, which included Miss Lillian, a Senior Citizen Peace Corps Volunteer to India; Jimmy, a born-again Christian, Johnny-come-lately-to-national-politics President of the United States; brother Billy, a connoisseur of fine beer and a high roller with the Libyans; Ruth Carter Stapleton, a faith-healing evangelist and con­ fidante of Hustler's Larry Flynt; the skeleton-in-the-closet nephew serving time in prison; and then, of course, Rosalynn, the "Iron Magnolia." Then there is the religiosity that winds its way through the southern experience. I personally have been intrigued by the imagery as well as the irony of biblical stories and southern history. The title of my book and the titles of the respective chapers are biblical in origin. Like most other Southerners of my generation, I was thoroughly churched. The Methodists had at me on Sunday morning and sometimes on Sunday and Wednesday nights as well. The Methodists can be a reasonably liberal group, but occa­ sionally the little rural church of my childhood and youth called on the Primitive Baptists to assist them with their revivals and their singing. You know, of course, the definition of a Methodist, do you not? A Methodist is simply a Baptist who can read. All of my maternal relatives in southwest Virginia were Baptists of var­ ious persuasions, and I used to spend my Sunday afternoons as a child lis­ tening to such critical theological arguments and challenging doctrinal mat­ ters as (1) how many angels can sit on the point of a pin; (2) who should wash whose feet and other finer points of foot washing; (3) whether we will have the same husbands and wives in heaven and what happens if you've 114 Missouri Historical Review had more than one spouse; and (4) can salvation be acquired with mere sprinkling or does it require full immersion in 'Possum Creek? In the South, just as in the Bible, there has been a considerable amount of begetting. Some of you may be surprised to learn that, in the words of historian Jack Temple Kirby, "next to China's, the American population growth rate in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries ranks as a major phenomenon of modern history." Southerners "gave birth most often with whites of the Appalachian highlands and blacks throughout Dixie in the lead." Obviously, the seemingly unending pregnancies and incessant child- bearing profoundly affected southern women's lives. Reproductive freedom may have been far more meaningful for females than all the laws ever enact­ ed in male-dominated legislative halls. The persistence of rural life and rural traditions figures prominently in the history of the South, and in some respects, I am a living example of it. The immortal words of singer Dottie West describe my upbringing: "I was raised on country sunshine/green grass beneath my feet/running through fields of daisies/wading through the creek." Some of my happiest memories include these very ingredients. Perhaps that is why I ensconced myself and my household on that very same ground. My family did not depend on agri­ culture for survival, but both of my parents placed great stock in hard phys­ ical labor. Both of them provided powerful examples of the Protestant work ethic in action, but my mother was also an exhorter. One of her favorite lines was "An idle mind is the devil's workshop." Had it not been for my moth­ er, I am confident that I could have led a life of perfectly happy sloth. Southerners tend to have a profound identification with place and a strong sense of heritage. As that great sage of southern literature, William

State Historical Society of Missouri

A Baptism in the Ozarks, 1950s Rumors of a Little Rebellion in Dixie 115

Faulkner, once stated with such authority, "The past is never dead; it is not even past." And, as he explained, "I discovered that my own little postage stamp of native soil was worth writing about and that I would never live long enough to exhaust it. I created a cosmos of my own." Rural society and an agricultural economy also explain a great deal about the region. As Dolly Parton, star of the film Nine to Five and entertainer from the Great Smoky Mountains, put it, "It's hard to have deep roots under concrete." All the same, rural life can be extraordinarily harsh for everyone—but particularly for women—if a family is dependent on agriculture for a livelihood. Isolation, drudgery, and loneliness dogged rural women during much of the South's history. Southerners are great storytellers, or, as one of my students recently commented with some disdain: "Southerners are easily entertained." According to one expert, "A robust and vital storytelling tradition is part and parcel of the South's persona." Another noted that "quite often stories are a major genre of southern family folklore." In recent decades, scholars have systematically begun to examine what historian Jacquelyn Dowd Hall has called "the front-porch culture of the South." Nowhere in the United States is the oral tradition stronger than in the American South. Shirley Abbott, the author of Womenfolks: Growing Up Down South, observed that "we all grow up with the weight of history upon us." She added that "like any properly brought up Southern girl," she had spent "a lot of time in graveyards" and listening to adult talk, gossip, and stories. Sharon McKern, author of Redneck Mothers, Good OV Girls, and Other Southern Belles, has argued that Southerners from their earliest years have been taught two separate his­ tories—one learned "in school, in the company of other children" and the other, "after supper, in the company of fireflies and chiggers on the veran­ da." The family tales revolved around ancestors, especially "strong female forebears, who had done nothing more remarkable than survive." The South, perhaps more so than any other region of the country, has experienced history. Remembering the atmosphere at the time of the Diamond Jubilee Celebration of 1897, commemorating Queen Victoria's reign, British historian Arnold J. Toynbee reflected: "There is, of course, a thing called history, but history is something unpleasant that happens to other people. ... I am sure, if I had been a small boy in New York in 1897 I should have felt the same. Of course, if I had been a small boy in 1897 in the Southern part of the United States, I should not have felt the same; I should then have known from my parents that history had happened to my people in my part of the world." Wilbur J. Cash, in his monumental work, The Mind of the South (1941), recognized the southerner's sense of history and the connection between the Old and New South. "The south ...," writes Cash, "is a tree with many age rings, with its limbs and trunk bent and twist­ ed by all the winds of the years, but with its tap root in the Old South." 116 Missouri Historical Review

Women in the South have tradi­ tionally transmitted the region's history and lore to succeeding generations through storytelling.

State Historical Society of Missouri

Southerners—including women—sometimes exhibit a raucous sense of humor. Being pious, proper, and pretty in public has sometimes given way to remarkable frankness, ribaldry, and earthiness in private. I maintain that many southern women have a great sense of humor. It serves them well in dealing with southern men. Listen in on them at laundromats where "dirty linen" is truly aired or at fried-and-dyed beauty shops where their tresses may be rolled up but "their hair is let down." I collect examples of wit pertaining to the South and Southerners. I was recently amused by the words of a woman writer, who confesses to having married late and to having made the wise choice of marrying a southern gen­ tleman. "It takes a hell of a man," she observes, "to replace no man at all." What makes a good husband, according to quintessential good ol' boy James Carville, political campaign strategist and close adviser to President Bill Clinton? "Capitulation. Retreat. The ability to engage in vigorous agreement with one's wife at all times." Nonetheless, southern women, for the most part, like men, and Lord knows, men seem to like southern women or think they do. Novelist Walker Percy's principal character in The Moviegoer offers up a reverie about his secretary, Sharon Kincaid, who comes from Eufa[u]la, Alabama, even as he confesses that "her bottom is so beautiful that once as she crossed the room to the cooler" he felt his "eyes smart with tears of gratitude." From the cinema, we have Bull Durham, a sleeper turned success during the summer of 1988, which gave us Baseball Annie, out of North Carolina. A part-time English teacher at Alamance Junior College, she soliloquizes, "I Rumors of a Little Rebellion in Dixie 111 believe in the church of baseball. . . you see there is no guilt in baseball, and it's never boring." Annie sets as her task each season the athletic and sexual development of the most promising player on the team. Part of the regimen includes tying him to the bedposts and subjecting him to readings of Walt Whitman and Emily Dickinson. "A guy will listen to anything," she confides, "if he thinks it's foreplay." Linda Bloodworth-Thomason, a native of Missouri and the writer behind Designing Women—and a friend of Bill (and Hillary)—has been quoted as follows: "My parents had that real male-female thing, and I think that's true of many Southern relationships. My mother would just put her hands on her hips and give my dad what for—and he'd just lean back with his feet up and laugh. They'd fight in front of us kids, but he'd grab her and kiss her mightily. And then he'd talk about how she was just the most beau­ tiful woman in the world." The point of all of this is that, in fiction and in fact, Southerners are earthy, spirited, and sensual people, possessed of a sense of humor that sustains them in the face of great adversity. I believe that Daughters of Canaan is an important book—not because I am the author; it is important because of the subject—southern women. Not only does the topic of southern women appeal to me personally, but it also attracts a great deal of attention nationally. I know this from the response and press coverage that my work and that of others on this topic have received. Then, of course, there is always Scarlett, Miss Melanie, and Aunt Pittiepat and all those hoopskirts sweeping about in the American mind. Daughters of Canaan will not be the last word on southern women, but it marks the first scholarly synthesis of southern women's history across the centuries—that is, across the full range of recorded human experience in the American South. It is unique because it is the only professional histori­ cal account of southern women across four centuries. It is attentive not only to the private dimensions of women's lives but also to the public aspects of the worlds in which they live. It is written in what I believe to be a highly readable style that will appeal to professional historians, students, and the adult literate public. Native-American, African-American women, and Euro-American women receive their due; the book is multicultural and class conscious. There is no one type representing all southern women. Southern women speak in a cacophony of voices. Finally, I fully acknowledge the pervasive influence of the mythical southern lady. Nonetheless, the research that is available and that I have incorporated in this interpretive history is so overwhelming that it quite lit­ erally blows the myth to pieces. All the same, I am not naive enough to believe that the myth will vanish because of my book. It is too well entrenched. Before southern women can be truly liberated, they need to be separated from the mythical southern lady. Gradually, for complex and far- ranging reasons, the patriarchy that has dominated and controlled southern 118 Missouri Historical Review women's lives for four hundred years has been eroded; it has not been elim­ inated in either the region or the nation. Southern women are neither vapid nor frivolous; they are distinguished by their strength; they can be hard as nails if necessary. They are truly wonder­ ful creatures and remarkably diverse. They have a proud and honorable her­ itage. Their stories need telling, and the places they lived, worked, worshiped, and crusaded need preserving. Material culture, the physical remains, just as the written word, bear testimony to the lives of ordinary and extraordinary women. Their legacy matters to present and future generations. I consider myself quite privileged to have been permitted to tell their story in print, and I only hope that I have done them no serious injustice in recounting it.

The Society's Reference Library recently published the Guide To Selected Holdings Of Microfilm At The State Historical Society of Missouri. Prepared by staff members Linda Brown-Kubisch, Dianne Buffon, and Josiah Parkinson, this index provides a list of books, peri­ odicals, city/county directories, plat books, atlases, and other items available on microfilm at the Society. These microfilmed holdings are available for interlibrary loan through any public or college library. This guide does not include listings of the Society's microfilmed newspapers or census records. Copies of the guide are available for $14.00 each from the Reference Library, State Historical Society of Missouri, 1020 Lowry Street, Columbia, MO 65201-7298. State Historical Society of Missouri One of the state s first two senators, Thomas Hart Benton was a giant in national politics for over thirty years. Missouri from 1849 to 1861

BY CHARLES M. HARVEY*

Whoever would write the history of the United States adequately for the dozen years ending with the opening of the war of secession would have to give a large space to the story of Missouri. In this story four figures— Thomas H. Benton, Claiborne F. Jackson, David R. Atchison and Francis P. Blair, Jr.—stand out with special prominence. The war's causes and the chain of events which immediately preceded it cannot be described intelli­ gently without telling the deeds of these men. On January 15, 1849, Claiborne F. Jackson, from the Committee on Federal Relations of Missouri's Senate, reported a series of resolutions in that body which denied the power of Congress to legislate so as to "affect the institution of slavery in the States, in the District of Columbia or in the

*Charles M. Harvey, a former State Historical Society of Missouri trustee and an associ­ ate editor of the St. Louis Globe-Democrat, died on August 17, 1914. This paper, which was read at the State Historical Society's first annual meeting on December 5, 1901, appeared in the Missouri Historical Review in October 1907.

119 120 Missouri Historical Review

Territories;" asserted that "the right to prohibit slavery in any territory belongs exclusively to the people thereof, and can only be exercised by them in forming their constitution for a State government, or in their sovereign capacity as an independent State;" declared that if Congress should pass any Act in conflict with this principle "Missouri will be found in hearty coopera­ tion with the Slaveholding States in such measure as may be deemed neces­ sary for our mutual protection against the encroachments of Northern fanati­ cism," and recited that "our Senators in Congress be instructed and our Representatives be requested to act in conformity to the foregoing resolu­ tions." These resolutions made Claiborne F. Jackson a force in national politics. They split Benton's party in Missouri, sent Benton into retirement except for two years subsequently in which he was in the House, and put the [John C] Calhoun, as distinguished from the Andrew Jackson, section of Democracy in the ascendant in Benton's State. The Calhoun element had gained the supremacy in the party in several of the slave States in the half dozen years immediately preceding the adoption of the Jackson resolutions, and it gained the supremacy in the party in all the slave States before the opening of the Civil War. [Claiborne F] Jackson, a Kentuckian by birth, was forty-two years of age at the time he reported his resolutions, twenty-seven of which had been passed in Missouri. He had served several years in the Legislature, was a man of energy, initiative, courage and ability, and was conspicuous in Missouri's history from that time till his death in the second year of the Civil War—first as a leader of the anti-Benton faction of the Democracy in the fights of 1849-56, in which Benton was overthrown, then as one of the chief­ tains in the raids of 1854-56 across the border into Kansas in the crusade to win that Territory for slavery, and lastly as the governor of Missouri in 1861- 62 who endeavored to carry his State into the Confederacy. Jackson's resolutions (which were introduced in the Legislature by Carty Wells, of Marion county, but which were popularly known by the name of the man who reported them), were opposed by some of Benton's supporters and by many of the Whig members, but they passed the Legislature by large majorities and were signed by Gov. Austin A. King on March 19, 1849. Col. William F. Switzler, then a Whig, and an opponent of the resolutions, who has told, in graphic style, the story of that episode, as well as of all of Missouri annals down to a recent time, is almost the last sur­ vivor of that Legislature. The effect of the Jackson resolutions was felt in Missouri politics down to 1861. What response would Benton make to the demand of his Legislature that he should assist the South in forcing slavery into the Territories? The answer to this query was given an especial importance by the circumstance that Benton, then serving his fifth term in the Senate, was near the close of that Missouri from 1849 to 1861 121 term, and was an aspirant for re-election. His colleague in the Senate was David R. Atchison, a pro-slavery advocate. Benton was born in North Carolina in the year immediately preceding the signing of the final treaty by which George III acknowledged United States' independence, went to Tennessee in early life, commanded a regiment of Tennessee volunteers in the War of 1812, removed to St. Louis in 1815, was chosen one of Missouri's first Senators, beginning his service on the State's admission in 1821, was re-elected four times in succession, and was 67 years of age at the time of the adoption of the Jefferson City slavery extension resolutions of 1849. At that time he had a national fame almost as great as that of [Henry] Clay, Calhoun or [Daniel] Webster. Benton was an enthusiastic adherent of Andrew Jackson in the fight against South Carolina nullification in 1832. Like the seventh President, also a resident of a slave State, he was an enemy of slavery and an opponent of its extension into the Territories, though in favor of its protection as a vest­ ed right in the States in which it existed. One of the earliest of the advocates of a vigorous assertion of America's claims against England in the Oregon country, he was also, in the interest of territorial expansion, one of the first to propose a railroad across the continent to the Pacific. Like Andrew Jackson, he had the western spirit of nationalism, as opposed to the particu­ larism and state sovereignty represented by his great opponent, Calhoun. Benton loved Missouri, but, also like Jackson, he loved the Union better than he did any State. What would be Benton's response to the Jefferson City resolutions of 1849? Benton's action on the Calhoun resolutions introduced in the Senate in 1847 furnished the answer. Calhoun's resolutions asserted that the slave­ holders had a right, under the Constitution, to take their property into any Territory, regardless of the wishes of Congress or of the Territorial Legislature, to get the same measure of protection for it from the courts that was accorded to all other sorts of property, and that it could not be interfered with except by the people of the Territory when framing a State Constitution. Benton denounced the resolutions as being calculated to inflame the extrem­ ists and as being disunionist in their bearing. Calhoun said he expected the support of Benton as a "representative of a slaveholding State," and declared he would know where to find him in the future. Benton's answer was: "I shall be found in the right place on the side of my country and the Union." Benton's own account of the affair adds, impressively: "This answer, given on that day and on that spot, is one of the incidents of his life which Mr. Benton will wish posterity to remember." Calhoun's resolutions of 1847, which voiced the doctrine asserted by the South afterwards, and which was sanctioned by the Dred Scott decision of 1857, had inspired the Jackson resolutions of 1849. These had, for one of their objects, an assault on Benton. The old warrior responded with charac- 122 Missouri Historical Review

South Carolinian John C. Calhoun (left) and Thomas Hart Benton fought bitterly in the Senate over the extension of slavery to new states and territories. Calhoun thought American citizens should have the right to move their proper­ ty, including their slaves, when relocating to a new territory. Benton's opposition to slav­ ery's extension probably cost him his Senate seat. State Historical Society of Missouri

teristic promptness and courage. Benton appealed from the Legislature to the people of Missouri. He denounced the Jackson resolutions as aiming to bring ultimately the disunion which the Calhoun resolutions were designed to bring directly, and he made a canvass of the State which was memorable for the number of men then or subsequently distinguished who participated in it, for the excitement which it caused throughout the State, and for the interest which it aroused in the rest of the country. A large element of the party, of which he had hitherto been the idol, how­ ever, turned against him, and he was beaten. After a contest in the Legislature in 1851, notable for its duration and bitterness, in which each section of the Democracy preferred to see the Whig win rather than that the victory should go to the rival faction, Henry S. Geyer, a Whig, on the fortieth ballot, received 80 votes, as compared with 55 votes which went to Benton, and 18 to the anti- Democrat, Benjamin F. Stringfellow, with 4 scattering votes. After a service of thirty years in the Senate, which was never equaled in duration until recent times in the case of Justin S. Morrill and John Sherman, and which was never exceeded by anyone, without any exception, in the courage with which it was characterized and in the value of the work for the cause of nationality and robust Americanism, Benton retired in 1851, at the age of 69. He was elected to the House of Representatives in 1852, in which body he opposed [Stephen] Douglas' Kansas-Nebraska bill, which repealed the Missouri Compromise in 1854, but he was defeated in that year in a can­ vass for re-election on the issue which the repeal incited, and he was beaten also for Governor in 1856 on the same question. All these contests were mem­ orable for their bitterness, and for the burning denunciation which Benton hurled at his enemies, particularly at those of the opposing faction of his party. In the presidential canvass of 1856 Benton supported the regular Missouri from 1849 to 1861 123

Democratic candidate, [James] Buchanan, whom he personally distrusted, against his own son-in-law, [John C] Fremont, the nominee of the newly created Republican party, who stood upon a platform—hostility to slavery extension into the Territories—which had always been a cardinal principle in Benton's creed. He did this because he believed, and probably correctly, that a Republican victory would bring secession and civil war, a peril which he was as anxious to avert as ever Webster or Clay had been, and which he had fought from South Carolina's nullification days in 1832 onward to the Kansas conflict. Benton's overthrow was one of a series of co-related events covering a wide range. [Martin] Van Buren's defeat for the nomination in the Baltimore convention in 1844, although earnestly championed by Ex-President Jackson and by Benton, and the nomination of [James K.] Polk, an ultra State sovereignty man, was followed promptly after Polk's inauguration in 1845 by the deposition, as editor of the Democratic administration organ, of Jackson's and Benton's old friend, the elder Francis P. Blair, a stalwart Unionist, and the accession of Thomas Ritchie, of the Richmond Enquirer, an extreme Calhounist, to that post. The Jefferson City pro-slavery and pro- southern resolutions of 1849 and their direct consequence, the split in the Democratic party in Missouri and Benton's overthrow, were all links in the same chain. They meant the effacement of the Jacksonian section of the Southern Democracy and the triumph of the Calhoun element. Intelligent observers of politics, in the North as well as in the South, saw this. With Benton's defeat in the canvass for the governorship of Missouri in 1856, the last of the old nationalist chieftains of the Democratic party in the slave States passed off the stage. He died in 1858. But before his death Benton saw the beginning of the national distur­ bance which he had predicted, and which he had heroically, though vainly, endeavored to avert. A blaze of excitement swept along Missouri's western border through the summer and fall of 1854, just after President [Franklin] Pierce had placed his signature to Douglas' Kansas-Nebraska Act which had thrown open to slavery a region from which slavery had been excluded by the Missouri Compromise of 1820. Public meetings were held, arms were purchased, and bodies of men were organized for the purpose of getting con­ trol of the newly created Territory of Kansas for slavery. A notably great meeting took place in Platte county on November 6 of that year to urge a division of Kansas and the election of the Territorial delegate to Congress who was to be chosen at a canvass to take place on November 29. The man who made the principal speech at the Platte county gathering is reported in the friendly columns of the Platte Argus thus: "The people of Kansas in their first election would decide the question whether or not the slaveholder was to be excluded, and it depended upon a majority of the votes cast at the polls. Now, if a set of fanatics and demagogues 1,000 miles off 124 Missouri Historical Review

(alluding to the work of Eli Thayer's New England Emigrant Aid Society and similar bodies of free State advocates which were helping settlers to get into Kansas) could advance their money and exert every nerve to abolitionize the Territory and exclude the slaveholder when they have not the least personal interest in the matter, what is your duty? When you reside within one day's journey of the Territory, and when your peace, your quiet and your property depend on your action, you can, without an exertion, send 500 of your young men who will vote in favor of your institutions. Should each county in the State of Missouri only do its duty, the question will be decided peaceably at the bal­ lot box. If we are defeated, then Missouri and other southern States will have shown themselves recreant to their interests and will have deserved their fate." He who thus exhorted his fellow Missourians to action was David R. Atchison. Benton's judgment was vindicated. Long before the death of that old champion of freedom for the Territories through the maintenance of the Missouri Compromise, the evil consequences of the repeal of that barrier began to appear. Atchison, then 47 years of age and a United States Senator, was a native of Kentucky though a resident of Missouri from his early days, was well educated, eloquent and magnetic, and was a stump speaker of rare power. He served in the Missouri Legislature for several years, was a Judge of the Platte County Circuit Court, and was in the United States Senate from the

State Historical Society of Missouri

Hoping to forestall the efforts of abolitionists, David R. Atchison openly encouraged Missourians to vote in Kansas s first election in 1854. Missouri from 1849 to 1861 125 death of Lewis F. Linn in 1841 to 1855. For part of this time, he was presi­ dent pro tern of that body. He represented the extreme pro-slavery and anti- Bentonian section of his party. A year before Douglas reported the bill which, in its final form, repealed the Missouri Compromise, and thus threw the territories north of 36 degrees 30 minutes open to slavery, Atchison advo­ cated, in speeches delivered throughout the state, the removal of the Missouri restriction. Ex-Attorney-General Benjamin F. Stringfellow, Col. Samuel Young, Claiborne F. Jackson, James M. Burnes and other prominent Missourians figured in the raids across the border in Kansas Territory's tur­ bulent days, but Atchison was the master spirit of these demonstrations. In order to make plain the Missourian's interest in the Kansas question and the incentive for Atchison's appeals, certain things will have to be men­ tioned. Missouri with 682,044 inhabitants in 1850, 87,422 of whom were slaves, had been doubling its population on the average, in every successive decade, though its slaves were not increasing as rapidly as its free inhabi­ tants. The twenty-third in a union of twenty-four states at the time of the admission in 1821, Missouri had advanced in 1850 to the thirteenth place among thirty-one states, and it was to stand eighth among thirty-three states in 1860. In general industrial development and wealth its expansion was still more rapid than it was in population. The western counties of Missouri in 1854, at the time the Kansas-Nebraska act was passed, had about 50,000 slaves, worth, at the average market value, about $25,000,000. Douglas's act threw Kansas into the arena as a prize to be struggled for by the North and the South. If the North captured Kansas, then Missouri, with alien influ­ ences on its western border to re-enforce those already on its eastern flank in Illinois and on its northern boundary in Iowa, would be a promontory of slavery thrust northward into a sea of freedom. With Kansas won for free­ dom, all these millions of dollars' worth of property would be endangered. This is why large bodies of men from Missouri, under the lead of Atchison and others, crossed the border and elected, on November 29, 1854, a delegate to represent Kansas Territory in Congress in the slavery interest, and why, by another incursion, they carried the election of March 30, 1855, for members of the Kansas Territorial Legislature. It was also the incentive for the rest of the invasions of 1854-56. All this does not excuse these irreg­ ularities, but it furnishes an intelligent explanation of them. Atchison's prominence in the border troubles was recognized by the establishment of a town named for him in the early days of the Kansas settlement. Of course the Kansas conflict had national consequences. It enraged the North; killed the Whig party; created the Republican party; inflamed the South; incited the Lecompton pro-slavery constitution of 1858 which President Buchanan, backed by the South, tried to force upon Kansas against the will of its people, a large majority of whom by that time wanted a free state; aroused the opposition of Douglas, whose popular sovereignty doc- 126 Missouri Historical Review trine was thus assailed; split the Democracy in the national convention of Charleston in 1860, putting one section of it under Douglas and the other under [John C] Breckinridge; rendered the election of [Abraham] Lincoln certain; incited secession; and precipitated the war which abolished slavery. Benton was dead before the war began, Atchison was not a participant, but two other Missourians had a very conspicuous part in it—Claiborne F. Jackson and the younger Francis P. Blair. On Friday, January 11, 1861, a meeting was held in Washington Hall, on the corner of Third and Elm streets, St. Louis, which had a decisive influ­ ence on the history of Missouri, and which affected the current of United States history. The meeting was called by Republicans, who were far in the minority in Missouri, and most of its participants, who numbered 1200 according to the Missouri Democrat of January 12, belonged to the Republican party. That meeting was historically important because— (1) It was the first gathering held in Missouri to combat secession. (2) It disbanded the Wide Awakes, a Republican organization, and start­ ed in its place a Central Union Club, in which any man of good character— Breckinridge Democrat, Douglas Democrat, [John] Bell and [Edward] Everett Constitutionalist or Lincoln Republican—was eligible to member­ ship, and which attracted men from all these parties. (3) It established branch clubs in each ward of the city of St. Louis and in each township in the rest of St. Louis county. (4) It led subsequently to the founding of the Committee of Safety, the master spirit of which was Blair, which comprised Oliver D. Filley (Mayor of St. Louis); Francis P. Blair, Jr.; James O. Broadhead, Samuel T. Glover, John How and Julius J. Witzig, which defended the cause of the federal gov­ ernment in the city and the state. (5) It gave shape, courage, direction and unity to the sentiment and influ­ ences which baffled the plottings of the state's secession sympathizing offi­ cials—Gov. Jackson, Lieut. Gov. Thomas C. Reynolds, United States Senators James S. Green and Trusten Polk, a majority of the members of the Legislature, with ex-Senator Atchison and other prominent persons in pri­ vate station—and held Missouri loyal to the union. Blair, then 40 years of age and a Kentuckian by birth, had figured with some prominence in Missouri politics prior to that Washington Hall gather­ ing. He had served under [Alexander] Doniphan in the Mexican war; was one of Missouri's original free soil Democrats; was a disciple of Benton, and fought in the losing battle while in the Legislature and out of it on that chief­ tain's side; became a Republican early in that party's career, and was elect­ ed to Congress in 1856, 1858 and 1860. But it was the meeting of January 11, 1861, and the cause which incited it, that gave him the opportunity for the display of foresight, energy, resource and audacity which made him a great national force in the opening days of the civil war. Missouri from 1849 to 1861 127

To make all this intelligible a backward glance of a few weeks will have to be taken. Lincoln's election on November 6, 1860, was followed by South Carolina's secession on December 20, by Mississippi's on January 9, 1861, by Florida's on January 10, and by Alabama's on January 11, the day of Blair's St. Louis meeting, Alabama, at the same time, inviting all the slaveholding states to send delegates to a convention to be held in Montgomery on February 4 to concert action for their defense in that crisis. The secession of these four states was accompanied by the withdrawal of their representatives from Congress. Congress met on December 2, 1860, and on the 4th President Buchanan sent his message, in which he contended that the South had no legal right to secede, nor had the Government any constitutional authority to coerce the secessionists. Buchanan subsequently made it plain, however, that he intended to make an effort to re-enforce the forts, to defend the government's property and to collect the revenue in all the states. Major Robert Anderson, the commander of the United States troops in Charleston harbor, knowing that without strong re-enforcements he could not maintain his position, abandoned Fort Moultrie and moved his force of seven officers and sixty- one non-commissioned officers and privates to Fort Sumter on the night of December 26, upon which South Carolina occupied Fort Moultrie and Castle Pinckney on December 27 with state troops, and seized the United States arsenal in Charleston, with its 75,000 stand of arms, on December 30. Seizures of forts and other United States property were made immediately afterwards by Georgia, Alabama, Florida and Louisiana. On January 9, 1861, the steamer, Star of the West, sent by Buchanan with 200 troops and a large quantity of supplies to re-enforce Major Anderson, was attacked by the batteries manned by South Carolina troops in Charleston harbor and was dri­ ven back to sea, and the first shots in the civil war were fired. This was the national situation at the time of Blair's rally of January 11, 1861. The state situation was also portentous. Missouri's Legislature met on December 31, 1860, and to that body the outgoing Governor, Robert M. Stewart, sent his farewell message on January 8, 1861, in which, though he asserted that the slaveholders had a right to take their property into the terri­ tories, he denied the right of secession, and appealed to Missouri to cling to the union. Claiborne F Jackson, the new Governor, in his inaugural address on the 4th, took the secessionist side, said, in the spirit of his Jefferson City resolution of 1849, that the destiny of all the slave states was the same, and urged Missouri to make a "timely declaration of her determination to stand by her sister slave-holding states, in whose wrongs she participates, and with whose institutions and people she sympathizes." On the supreme issue of the day there was almost as sharp a transition in Missouri by the change of Governors of the same party on January 4, 1861, as there was in the nation by the change of presidents of different par­ ties on March 4. 128 Missouri Historical Review

While the United States selected Republican Abraham Lincoln for president in the election of 1860, Missouri chose a pro-slavery can­ didate, Claiborne F. Jackson, for governor.

State Historical Society of Missouri

Acting on Governor Jackson's recommendations bills were reported to both branches of the legislature (consisting of 15 Breckinridge Democrats, 10 Douglas Democrats, 7 Constitutional Unionists and 1 Republican in the Senate, and 47 Breckinridge Democrats, 37 Constitutional Unionists, 36 Douglas Democrats and 12 Republicans in the House) on January 9 to elect a convention to consider the relations "between the Government of the United States, the people and the governments of the different states and the government and people of the State of Missouri; and to adopt such measures for vindicating the sovereignty of the state and the protection of its institu­ tions as shall appear to them to be demanded." This meant secession. The Legislature's prompt action encouraged the secessionists and corre­ spondingly depressed the Unionist element. Blair at this time, two days before his Washington Hall gathering, knowing the Legislature's partisan complexion and temper, foresaw the overwhelming majority with which it would declare for Jackson's convention. Meanwhile the St. Louis seces­ sionists, at a meeting on January 7, started the organization of Minute Men, which formed part of General [Daniel] Frost's State troops who were cap­ tured four months later by [Nathaniel] Lyon and Blair at Camp Jackson. A large majority of the people of Missouri, as of all of the rest of the States, believed in those early days of January, 1861, that some sort of a set­ tlement would be reached between the sections and war be averted. There Missouri from 1849 to 1861 129 were two men in Missouri, however, who already discerned the approaching crash. These were Governor Claiborne F. Jackson and Francis P. Blair, Jr. Each from this time onward worked with this eventuality constantly in view. Blair's practical work began with the meeting of January 11, 1861. This was the condition of affairs at the time the Washington Hall gath­ ering of January 11 took place. It was a Republican meeting, but the Republican party, as shown by the poll for president a few weeks earlier (Douglas, 58,801; Bell, 58,373; Breckinridge, 31,917; Lincoln, 17,028), constituted a little over a tenth of the voters of Missouri. It was evident that the Republicans must get aid from other elements, especially from the Douglas and Bell men, or else they would be powerless. In his address to the meeting—the principal address which was delivered—Blair said there were only two parties then in the country, one for the Union and the other for disunion, and that every man who loved his country should strike hands with every other man, no matter what his past political associations had been, who favored the Union's perpetuation. Some Republicans opposed the dropping of their own organization. "Let us see that we have a country first before talking of parties," was Blair's answer. At the January 11 meeting the Wide Awakes were disbanded, and steps were taken to temporarily dissolve the Republican organization of Missouri and to form a Union party in its place, open to men of all partisan affiliations who would adopt as their creed Jackson's motto of nullification days, "The Union, it must and shall be preserved." From that meeting dates the begin­ ning of the movement, under the direction of the Committee of Safety (Mayor Oliver D. Filley, Francis P. Blair, James O. Broadhead, Samuel T. Glover, John How and Julius J. Witzig), subsequently formed, which held Missouri in line with the North and West and prevented it from joining the South. The next day, January 12, a meeting of conditional Union men—men, who while opposing secession, also opposed the coercion of seceded States—took place at the east front of the court house on Fourth street, which was many times larger than Blair's gathering, in which 15,000 persons par­ ticipated, chiefly men who had supported Douglas and Bell in the preceding election, with a sprinkling of Breckinridge men and Republicans. Hamilton R. Gamble, Lewis V Bogy and others made speeches, and among the vice presidents of the meeting were Col. John O'Fallon, Wayman Crow, James E. Yeatman, John F Darby, Luther M. Kennett, Nathaniel Paschall, Erasmus Wells, Daniel G. Taylor, James H. Lucas, Isaac H. Sturgeon, John G. Priest and many others prominent in St. Louis business activities and social life. Blair, Filley, Broadhead and their associates saw that they would have to draw heavily from the conditional Union men in order to defeat Governor Jackson and his fellow secessionists, and they did this ultimately. Many of the conditional Union men were ultimately won over to the unconditional Union side even before [P. G. T.] Beauregard's guns shot the flag down on 130 Missouri Historical Review

Sumter, and most of the remainder of them were gained not long afterward. On January 18, 1861, a week after Blair's meeting, Missouri's Legislature passed the bill for the holding of the Convention which was to decide whether the State should secede or not. The election was to take place on February 18, and the convention was to meet at Jefferson City on February 28. The question was the most momentous ever presented to the voters of Missouri, and the canvass, though short, was the most exciting which the State ever saw. There were three elements—the out and out Union men, led by Blair, Glover, Broadhead, O. D. Filley, Edward Bates, Benjamin Gratz Brown, William McKee and their colleagues; the conditional Unionists, marshaled by Gamble, Gen. Alexander W. Doniphan, John S. Phelps, Gen. Sterling Price, Nathaniel Paschall and others; and the seces­ sionists, who had Governor Jackson, Senators Green and Polk, Lieutenant Governor Reynolds and their associates for their chiefs—in the fight. The Unionists' side was overwhelmingly victorious, gaining a majority of about 80,000 in the aggregate vote on delegates to the Convention. Not a single avowed secessionist was chosen, but some of the delegates secretly favored secession, and a few of them, like Sterling Price, who presided over the con­ vention, went to the confederacy when the actual division came after Lyon and Blair captured Camp Jackson. A wave of rejoicing swept over the North at the news from Missouri of February 18. New heart was put into the Union men of East Tennessee. The loyal sons of Virginia's mountain counties were encouraged to stand out against secession, to separate from their State when it joined the confedera­ cy, and to form themselves into the commonwealth of West Virginia, and a powerful factor was contributed to the sum of influence which held Maryland and Kentucky in the Union. But the St. Louis Committee of Safety saw that bullets might have to reinforce ballots before Missouri could be saved. Immediately after the meet­ ing of January 11 Blair began secretly to organize and drill the Home Guards, just as the secessionist Minute Men under [Basil W.] Duke, [Colton] Green, [G. F] Hubbard and others began to do the same thing, but the Minute Men, having the State authorities on their side, did this openly. Blair's great antag­ onist, Governor Jackson, at the same time endeavored to push a bill through the Legislature to arm the militia of Missouri, ostensibly in defense of the State against encroachments from either South or North, but really in favor of the South. The Unionist victory in the election of February 18 frightened the secessionist Legislature, and defeated the measure. Blair was more successful. He organized the Home Guards, the nucle­ us of which were the Wide Awakes, who were chiefly composed of Germans. The aid which the Germans of St. Louis and vicinity gave to the Union cause in that crisis cannot be too highly praised. This sturdy and patriotic element of adopted Americans, which contributed [Franz] Sigel, Missouri from 1849 to 1861 131

fS.JV -^' w..

Missouri Congressman Francis P. Blair organized the "Wide Awakes " during the election of 1860 to maintain order at Republican meetings. He later used many of the same men to organize a group of volunteers for Federal service in the early months of 1861.

State Historical Society of Missouri

[Peter J.] Osterhaus, [Herman] Kallman, [Charles G.] Stifel, [Frederick] Schaeffer, [Nicholas] Schuttner, [Henry] Boernstein and many other gallant officers to the Union armies, furnished the majority of the troops which Missouri gave to the government at the outset of the Civil War. But in the beginning there were no guns with which to arm the Home Guards except what were got from private sources and a few from Gov. [Richard] Yates of Illinois. In the United States arsenal at St. Louis there were 60,000 stand of arms, together with cannon, powder and other muni­ tions of war. Both Blair and Jackson realized that the side which got pos­ session of the arsenal would control St. Louis, and the side that controlled St. Louis would command Missouri. Isaac H. Sturgeon, United States Assistant Treasurer at St. Louis, fear­ ing for the safety of the $400,000 of Federal money in his hands and for the arsenal, wrote to President Buchanan on January 5, 1861, asking him to send troops to protect the government property. Buchanan sent Lieutenant Robinson and forty men. Other detachments came later, and Captain Nathaniel Lyon, with his company, arrived at the arsenal from Fort Riley on February 6. Two days earlier than this the confederate government, repre­ sented by seven States, was established at Montgomery, Alabama, and four more States were to join it ultimately. Lyon, who was born in Connecticut in 1818, who was graduated from West Point in 1841, who served with high credit in the Mexican War, and who was stationed in Kansas during the Territorial struggle, was forty-three 132 Missouri Historical Review years of age when he arrived in St. Louis. Prompt, sagacious, resolute and resourceful, he was the man for the crisis. Blair immediately apprised Lyon of the conditions. He instantly grasped the situation, and these two chief­ tains worked in harmony from that time onward till Lyon's death at the head of his army at Wilson's Creek, six months later. Hampered at the outset by military superiors—some apathetic, others incapable, and still others unfaithful to the government—Lyon at last, through Blair's influence with President Lincoln, was placed in command at St. Louis on April 21, a week after the capture of Sumter by Beauregard. By this time the entire municipal machinery of St. Louis had passed into the hands of the secessionists. The change was accomplished through the law pushed through the Legislature by Jackson, taking the control of the police from the Mayor and putting it in the hands of a board appointed by the Governor, and through the election, as Mayor, on April 1, of Daniel S. Taylor, an antagonist of Lincoln's policy to coerce the secessionists. Taylor succeeded the Republican Mayor, O. D. Filley, of the Committee of Safety, and defeated John How, also of the committee, who was the unconditional Unionist candidate. Lyon's appointment as commander in St. Louis made Blair and Lyon masters of the situation. Fort Sumter's capture on April 14 brought out President Lincoln's proclamation of April 15 calling for 75,000 troops to put down the rebellion. To the demand for four regiments as Missouri's quota of the 75,000, Governor Jackson responded that Lincoln's object was "illegal, unconstitu-

State Historical Society of Missouri , .—• .. ^S^^^Z

ft, , %rxJ|«r 7*» . """• f

t ,x^x\^ik( ^ Francis P. Blair -Jgg ^•HII SSL-

GBliilkk

^^^^^^^& ifli Ik \ • wllBP Missouri from 1849 to 1861 133 tional and revolutionary," and he added, "Not one man will Missouri furnish for any such unholy crusade." Blair, who arrived in St. Louis from Washington at that moment, instantly wired Secretary of War [Simon] Cameron that Missouri's four regiments would be furnished just as quickly as a United States officer could be sent to St. Louis to muster them into the service. Blair's word was promptly made good. The arms in the arsenal, now under Lyon's control, were put in the hands of the new regiments, one of which had Blair for its Colonel and John M. Schofield, afterwards com­ manding general of the army, for its major. Then, after a sufficient quantity of arms were laid aside for immediate emergencies, the remainder were shipped to Governor Yates of Illinois, so as to be out of reach of possible capture by the secessionists. Events in Missouri now moved rapidly to the catastrophe. Acting under Blair's promptings, Secretary Cameron, on April 30, 1861, two weeks after Sumter's fall, sent this command to Lyon: "The President of the United States directs that you enroll in the military service of the United States loyal citizens of St. Louis and vicinity, not exceeding, with those heretofore enlisted, 10,000 in number, for the purpose of maintaining the authority of the United States and for the protection of the peaceable inhabitants of Missouri; and you will, if deemed necessary for that purpose by yourself and Messrs. Oliver D. Filley, John How, James O. Broadhead, Samuel T. Glover, J. J. Witzig, and Francis P. Blair, Jr., proclaim martial law in the city of St. Louis." This order bears the following endorsement from Winfield Scott, the commanding General of the army: "It is revolutionary times, and therefore I do not object to the irregularity of this. W. S." The order also bore this attes­ tation: "Approved April 30, 1861. A. Lincoln." Under this authority five more regiments were mustered into the service, four of these before Camp Jackson's capture and one afterward. In the aggregate, in these nine regiments, the Germans were largely in the prepon­ derance. Before Lyon mustered in the first of these latter regiments most of the State militia had gathered in the western part of the city, about 1,000 strong, including the greater part of the secessionist Minute Men organized in St. Louis. Jackson's original intention was that this force should make a dash on the arsenal, and seize the arms, but the occupation of the arsenal by a part of Lyon's troops, and the shipment to Illinois of all the arms not imme­ diately needed defeated this purpose. The militia camped for a week, begin­ ning on May 6, in Lindell's Grove, near the intersection of Olive street and Grand avenue, St. Louis, the camp being called Camp Jackson in honor of the Governor. It was commanded by Gen. Daniel M. Frost, a native of New York, a West Point graduate, who made a good record in the Mexican War, but who resigned soon afterward and entered business in St. Louis. Blair and Lyon determined to capture Jackson's militia. Gen. [William 134 Missouri Historical Review

A.] Harney, the commander of the military district, who was temporarily absent, would, they feared, prevent this move if he were present. The camp would end on Saturday, the 11th, and the militia would disperse, taking their arms with them. The Unionist chieftains struck with their customary courage and promptness. They quickly surrounded the camp on Friday, May 10, by a large force, compelled Frost to surrender immediately and uncondi­ tionally without the firing of a shot, disarmed his men and paroled them not to bear arms against the United States until regularly exchanged. This bold stroke, attended, after the surrender, by a lamentable collision between the crowd on the streets and Lyon's soldiers, in which twenty-eight lives were lost, set Missouri ablaze, compelled all its citizens to take sides, and started the war west of the Mississippi. Camp Jackson's capture on May 10, 1861—three days before the Union troops occupied Baltimore and two weeks before they marched from Washington into Virginia—had momentous consequences. The first aggres­ sive blow dealt to the confederacy anywhere, it held Missouri resolutely on the side of the government, turned the scale against secession in Kentucky, forced the confederate sphere of influence in the West down near the Arkansas and Cumberland, defeated the purpose of the secessionists to cut off communication between the East and the Pacific States by the overland route, and was a powerful factor in making this nation, in Chief Justice [Salmon P.] Chase's phrase, an "indestructible Union of indestructible States."

Shocking News

Unionville Putnam County Leader, January 7, 1898. Foreign ideas of the British sense of propriety will recieve [sic] a shock from the recent order of the London county council that men and boys bathing in public ponds must wear bathing suits. Hitherto they have not observed this care, and the minority in the council opposed the innovation as an "undemocratic step."

Heaven Help Us

Columbia Missouri Herald, June 3, 1898. Fifty-two young men graduated in law from the Missouri State University, fourteen in medicine and two in agriculture—52 lawyers, 14 doctors and 2 farmers. May God save the commonwealth of Missouri!

Some Good Comes Of It

Kansas City Times, January 7, 1898. Every cloud has its silver lining. Daily reports of highway robberies make it far easier for a man's wife to keep him home of nights. State Historical Society of Missouri

Border ruffians from Missouri clashed with their neighbors in Lawrence, Kansas, on May 21, 1856.

Propaganda and the Kansas-Missouri War

BY LLOYD LEWIS*

In the latter half of the 19th century Kansas was a hero and Missouri something less than that to the average citizen of the states north of the Potomac, Ohio and Missouri rivers. Was this because of the Civil war? Hardly that, for Missouri was predominantly a Union state, sending two soldiers into the Federal cause for every one sent into Confederate gray. Missouri had, at the outset of the conflict, attempted to remain neutral, but after a few months aligned itself with the Union. Pressure from the Lincoln administration and from its own citizens propelled it, and, as I read the record, the pressure from within was the more decisive of the two. Those who argue that Lincoln bayonets coerced Missouri into abandonment of a natural desire to join the Confederacy overlook, it seems to me, the fact that there were no bayonets in the State when the people voted against secession prior to the out­ break of war. And there were plenty of times during the war when the State

*Lloyd Lewis, drama critic and sports editor for the Chicago Daily News, was a native of Indiana and received his A.B. degree from Swarthmore College in Swarthmore, Pennsylvania. His avocation was history, mainly the history of the Civil War in the trans-Mississippi West, and he lectured on this subject at the University of Chicago. He died on April 21, 1949. This address, delivered at the annual meeting of the State Historical Society of Missouri on April 25, 1939, first appeared in the Missouri Historical Review in October 1939.

135 136 Missouri Historical Review was stripped of Federal bayonets and revolution made easy. But the majori­ ty of Missourians behaved as if they did not want revolution. It was Missouri home guards, militiamen, volunteers, the people themselves who not only refused to go over to the Confederacy but who made themselves the major factor in repelling the armies opposed to the Lincoln administration. For the greater part of the war Missouri was defended against Lincoln's enemies by Missouri militia. The enlisted soldiers had been sent East of the Mississippi river to help Grant or Sherman. And this was done in the face of the ever-present prospect that General Sterling Price, but lately the grand old man of the State, ex-governor, and personally popular, would lead the anti-Federal armies up out of Arkansas and make another bold effort to "res­ cue" Missouri. With him rode many Missourians about whom clouds of romance hung. He was himself magnetic. And yet the Federal administra­ tion after 1861 relied essentially upon Missourians to repel him. They had a saying in the 1860s, "We have five seasons in Missouri: spring, summer, fall, winter and Price's Raid." That was how often the gray-haired old gentleman, breathing genuine eloquence and high resolve, gave Missouri a chance to throw off the Federal yoke. But the people's own militia, citizens organized into companies, and regiments, and riding their own horses, met him and defeated him. They even joined with their recent enemies, the Jayhawkers and less desperate militia of Kansas, to reject, by arms, the Confederacy. Missouri was a border state, and the Border was, on any count of noses, dominantly pro-Union. Delaware, Maryland, Kentucky, part of Tennessee, and a good forty percent of Virginia were unwilling to leave the flag. Robert E. Lee thought Maryland was being coerced by the Federals. He expected its "oppressed" people to rise and join him when he entered the State with his army. He was disappointed. General Braxton Bragg, commanding in the Mississippi Valley, thought Kentucky was at heart pro-Confederate and only waiting for deliverance. In the late summer of 1862 he led a rescuing army clear across the state, bringing some 15,000 muskets in his wagons for the recruits whom he expected to join him. When, after a drawn battle, he retired from the state, he still had those 15,000 muskets and many bitter things to record about Kentucky's failure to welcome him. Sterling Price could not until the war was over believe that Missouri was similarly disposed. And his actions at the end of the war are further evi­ dence of how Unionized the State had become. Practically all the other Confederate generals across the South had taken their paroles and gone home to reconstruct their lives amid a politically friendly population. Within a few years so many of them were representing their home districts in Congress that Washington had a phrase for them, "The Confederate Brigadier Congressmen." But Price, who had given so much of his life to serving the civil interests of Missouri, knew that his State was unfriendly. Furthermore he, who had come to the Confederate viewpoint only after Propaganda and the Kansas-Missouri War 137

III 1111) Hilllili

Sterling Price

State Historical Society of Missouri weighing the step long and solemnly—he had fought under the Missouri flag for months before formally embracing the cause of his "allies," the Confederates—was not one to surrender quickly. He led similarly minded Missouri Confederates to Mexico—the last flash of the Stars and Bars on American soil coming as Missourians rode across the Rio Grande. Behind him his State was politically in the hands of Unionists—and it is significant that so many of these were, like himself, of Virginia or Kentucky background. No, the State's record during the Civil war cannot account, in my reasoning, for the North's post-war view that Missouri was a semi-hostile community. Was this view the result of "bloody shirt" agitation? Missouri was a slave state and other slave states had woeful times during reconstruction after the war. But Missouri's troubles were but a shadow of her sister slave states'. While they were riding the night, chasing and whipping carpet-bag­ gers, Missouri was sending agents all over America and Europe begging immigrants to come to her cities and settle. Almost before the guns of war had quit echoing, Missouri had a State Board of Immigration offering inducements to factories, laborers, farmers, clerks, to move into the State. It was sending salesmen to Europe to attract immigrants. It couldn't get enough carpet-baggers, for, like the cities of the booming North, it knew that the more of them you gathered in, the wealthier you got. General William T. Sherman, who loved St. Louis better than any other city, wrote a Georgian in the 1870s that the Deep South was hurting itself by putting a ban on "carpet-baggers" for that necessarily barred the energetic builders who were building Chicago, San Francisco, and St. Louis. 138 Missouri Historical Review

Missouri had been the first slave state to free its slaves. It had never been materially dependent upon slave labor, the human chattels accounting for no more than twelve percent of its total wealth in 1860 and declining rapidly in proportion to the white population. It seemed then only a matter of time till slavery would disappear in Missouri. The simple truth seems to have been that slavery didn't pay north of the frost line. And there is grave doubt that it ever paid in the long run anywhere save in perhaps a few pecu­ liarly adapted communities in the South. That a large part of a civilization believed that slavery paid everywhere does not prove that it paid. In our own time the major part of our American civilization—including grave and solemn bankers—believed that the stock-and-bond organization of the 1920s was paying very well. Expansionists, be they slave owners or corporate industrialists, are apt to believe things that future generations regard as having been untrue. Private business could not stand the expense of slavery along the Border, at least. When business is slack today in the 1930s, the nation must resort to the WPA. In slavery days the slave system had to supply its own WPA or its own direct relief. Winter time meant unemployment for field hands. They must be fed, housed, clothed, doctored; and year round the system had to support the infants, the aged, the sick, the unemployed. Fixed charges ate up profits. That the nation as a whole ought to help the slave owners out of their dif­ ficulty was often discussed. Most conservative persons admitted that if slav­ ery were to be abandoned, either for humanitarian or economic reasons, the owners should be compensated. President Lincoln proposed that the people as a whole tax themselves to buy some 3,000,000 slaves from a special group—the slave owners—and emancipate them. Let the people buy U. S. bonds and give the cash thus raised to the slave holders as the price of their holdings. Lincoln urged that this debt be passed on to future generations since they would be better able, what with the progress of the country in material wealth and population, to pay it than would the citizens of the 1860s. The South rejected compensation and, in the end, took confiscation. The historical researcher cannot help but note that there is nothing essentially new or un-American in the idea of public borrowing and spend­ ing for the relief of certain distressed groups of citizens. Railroad owners received grants of land in the 1850s and RFC loans in the 1920s and 1930s; manufacturers for generations received subsidies in the form of high tariffs and today relief funds are given to unemployed workers. Missouri's system of slavery was too mild and too small to have made the free states of the North remember it as anything noteworthy. And it is a question as to how many Missourians actually wished to take slaves and work them in Kansas, the new territory opening in the mid-1850s on the State's western boundary. Yet citizens of western Missouri took up arms and fought to make Kansas slave soil. Propaganda and the Kansas-Missouri War 139

Why? As the gateway to the West, Missouri knew that not even the sons of Georgians or South Carolinians had wanted to own slaves in the territories previously opened. Practically no slaves had been taken into Arizona, New Mexico, Utah, or California. Southern-reared immigrants to the latter region had voted to make it free soil, one of them saying that in a country where every white man made a slave of himself "there's no use in keeping niggers." Missourians, moving over into Kansas, took no more than a microscopic number of slaves with them. Was this because of the war with the free-soil settlers? Partly. But even in sections where there was small danger these Missouri immigrants obviously preferred to be free from the expense and difficulties of supporting slave labor. And within a few years the majority of Kansans who had emigrated from Missouri were voting to make Kansas free soil. What impelled Missourians to fight in the 1850s was the belief that the new territory, right on its borders, was to be colonized by "slave-stealers." Fugitive slaves were being helped to freedom back east by anti-slavery cru­ saders. If these Abolitionists controlled Kansas, would not all the slaves in Missouri be drained off? Even if slavery were a questionable investment an able-bodied slave could still be sold for $1,000 or $1,500. Furthermore, Missourians believed in what modern cities call the zon­ ing idea where citizens mutually agree to free neighborhoods from saloons, night clubs, or resorts which might harbor thieves who prey upon property. And when the new lands of Kansas were thrown open to settlement Missourians went across the line not only to take up the land but to elect the

State Historical Society of Missouri

With the encouragement of pro- slavery leaders in the state, Missourians crossed the border to Kansas with the hope of skewing the elections. 140 Missouri Historical Review officers who would rule the institutions of the territory. They had seen anti- slavery immigrants from New England arrive in the virgin fields, so they marched across with arms and portable ballot boxes and elected a pro-slav­ ery government. This was a colossal story of fraud, outrage, and usurpation of American rights as the anti-slavery press of the North interpreted it, and it scratched a black mark against Missouri's name in Northern schoolbooks for two generations to come. What none of the northern newspapers or schoolbooks emphasized was the fact that what Missourians had thus done in 1855, Iowans had already done a little earlier. Iowans had already gone across the line into the new territorial lands of Nebraska to elect officials and representatives who would make sure the new land was friendly to Iowa. They wanted to control railroad legislation—that was their reason for stuffing the ballot-box. In what is known as the Sarpy Election, Iowa invaded Nebraska as Missourians were to invade Kansas in 1855, but there is a difference in propaganda scales as to whether a fraud is committed in behalf of property like railroads or property like human slaves. Nobody back East made much of the Sarpy invasion, but Missouri's inva­ sion was a hot, black scandal indeed. Here there would seem to be an example of the way slavery caused the Civil war. Some authorities still insist that economics caused the war, that slavery was not so influential as were the economic rivalries between North and South. They say the South was rural, the North industrial, and that this antagonism caused the conflict. Overlooking the obvious answer that lies in the common description of the war as "The Brothers' War," where families split on emotion, not on economics, there is the more significant answer that agricultural America had been and was to be hotly engaged with industrial and money powers many times without resorting to bloodshed as it did in the 1860s. The Southern agronomists of 1861 were no angrier at Wall Street and the "Shylocks" of the Northeast than were the Grangers, the Greenbackers, and the Populists of later date, and yet these other rural parties never talked of actual warfare. Slavery, as I read the record, aroused such mass emotionalism, pro and con, provoked such name-calling, such hysteria, such moral issues, that war followed. When Missourians invaded Kansas to make slavery legal, they con­ vinced new masses of Northerners that the slave power was ruthless. When Abolitionists set out to colonize Kansas they did more than threaten slave property, they taunted and reproached all slave owners with immorality. Epithets of fighting venomousness flew. Soon after getting control of Kansas' legislature, the Missourians had it adopt a slave code that was more severe than many of the Deep Old South— making death the punishment for a variety of interferences with the institu- Propaganda and the Kansas-Missouri War 141 tion. Nothing less than a prolonged howl of outrage rose from the anti-slav­ ery press of the North, nobody stopping to realize that Kansas was the New West, the new horse country, the start of the cowboy civilization, and that to many people death to horse- or cow-rustlers sounded not so different from death to slave-rustlers. Behind Missouri's dictation of Kansas affairs was the dread of north­ eastern capital. Since Andy Jackson's time, the average Missouri farmer had been taught that the Yankee money power would cheat him, and in 1854 and 1855 he kept hearing about a $5,000,000 corporation, the Massachusetts (later the New England) Emigrant Aid Company, which was to grab the Kansas lands. That they fought what they thought was the big corporation more extensively than Western settlers ever after fought the same forces, seems to have been due to their belief that the Emigrant Aid Company was dumping on their border jail-birds, paupers, sweepings of the metropolitan slums, vicious immigrants from Europe captained by clergymen who sneered and belittled all residents of slave states. That the New England colonists, if calmly studied, would have been seen to be predominantly farmers, lawyers, mechanics, physicians, of famil­ iar New England types, has nothing to do with the case. Missouri's acts must be judged by the hysteria of the time. Incidentally the first blood shed in the border war was that of a Missouri coon-dog which a New English settler shot to scare off some Missouri claim- hunters who squatted too close to his land. And, if the prevailing propa­ ganda had its way, this must have been reported in the northern Free-Soil press as the act of a sturdy patriot killing a blood-hound which ran with sav­ age Simon Legrees. Kansas filled rapidly, free soil settlers from the midlands and from Missouri swiftly becoming the majority. A Free State party developed, con­ demning the legislature a bogus one, setting up a presumptive government in opposition, and fighting sometimes with massed cavalry and a few cannon, sometimes behind entrenchments, sometimes in guerrilla warfare against the pro-slave party, which was backed by deputized armies of Missourians. Damned by the Federal administration as "open rebellion" and praised by the anti-slavery press as heroism, "Bleeding Kansas" was written upon the page of history. By all practical reasoning, peace should have come by the end of 1856, for the pressure of population drifts had made Kansas free soil. But the fighting went on intermittently till 1865. Any catalogue of violence on the border must show that the acts of inva­ sion and attack were mainly by Missourians before 1861 and mainly by Kansans after the Civil war had begun. The tide of aggression began to turn in 1859 when the Jayhawkers, Kansas freebooters or gallant knights, depending upon the prejudices of those who described them, got the upper hand in guerrilla warfare in the vicinity of Fort Scott. One of these 142 Missouri Historical Review

State Historical Society of Missouri Skirmishes between Missourians and Kansans occurred intermittently from the mid- 1850s through the end of the Civil War. This drawing depicts the Marais des Cygnes massacre in Kansas on May 19, 1858.

Jayhawkers, perhaps the original Jayhawker, Dr. Charles Jennison, became a Union officer and was cashiered presumably for horse-stealing. At least there grew up the legend that for years after Jennison's heyday, Kansans would give the pedigree of their horses as "By Jennison, out of Missouri." Against the Jayhawkers were pitted the Bushwhackers, Missourians under William Quantrill, Bill Anderson, George Todd, and others, who burned, killed, and stole as did their adversaries, but Jennison had friendly war correspondents riding with him—Quantrill did not, and so Jennison stands today in an undeservedly better light. Quantrill, if viewed objective­ ly, was a great cavalryman, probably as skillful as General Nathan Bedford Forrest and by means as abysmal as the actions of some of his men (notably the James brothers) made him seem by their post-war outlawry. Kansas and Missouri kept their feud thriving throughout the greater war, their partisan bands no matter in what uniform frequently passing beyond the boundaries and jurisdictions and alignments of the Federal and Confederate causes. Some of the most notorious Jayhawkers were shot by Federal cavalry and at times the Confederate regulars would turn on lawless Bushwhackers. With the record so evenly balanced between the states we ask ourselves why one should have been written down so favorably and the other so unfa­ vorably in Northern opinion across the latter half of the 19th century. The answer can come, partially at least, to rest upon one significant fact—Kansas was the particular darling of two dominant forces in the North for fifty years after the war—the New England literary school and the Republican party. Propaganda and the Kansas-Missouri War 143

The Republican party was born amid the national furore about "Bleeding Kansas." It owed its life more to the Kansas issue than to any other. A poor man's party—the New Deal of its day—its organization in 1856 was helped materially, if not indeed financed, by Kansas Relief Committees over the North. Every mass meeting and subscription for the succor of Kansas free-soilers was either a direct or a closely related stroke for the new party. And Kansas became a rock-ribbed Republican state, with national Republican orators, Republican thought, Republican influence pressing con­ sciously or subconsciously upon writers, teachers and publishers to give Kansas the best of it in history. And all this in the time when it was the fash­ ion in the North to regard respectability, money, and brains as exclusively the possession of Republicans. But more influential than this was the New England literary school. In 1855 Missouri ran afoul of it when it was reigning as the arbiter of what was written and taught in America. Abolition was a crusade and John Brown of Osawatomie a hero to many of the most powerful of the overlords of nation­ al literature. Brown, who had done little of consequence in the Kansas- Missouri war, was glorified by the Abolitionist writing men and clergymen after his exploit in Virginia, and the fact that he bore a Kansas nickname, "Osawatomie," made him seem, after his "martyrdom," to have been wronged by Missourians, too. It is almost impossible to overestimate the influence of the New England literary school upon the thought of the North and West between 1850 and

State Historical Society of Missouri

•i&SSjM^ John Brown's successful 1858 pl& raid of Vernon County resulted in pill %*&*"'"' mm -....'' 1 the freeing of eleven slaves. This '''^SSKk § ; and other actions by Brown added 1 '.-' i-'^?^^^^S ^^HM^^^^H^XX'',' ' I to his stature in the eyes of aboli­ tionists. •- 'S^BSBJ ^^^^^^^^^^Rip^ •

• jB- '"i^ ^^^j^^SB^Kx :\' 1 ~ y JUi W%8& 7; 1 4 ^si ^aH^^^^^^^l^^f'"IHHHHH^^'' ' 1 144 Missouri Historical Review

1900. Yankee New England held the whip-hand; it set the style for writers; it was the dictator of educational modes; the great universities were there. All over the nation schoolteachers turned their eyes toward Harvard, and to Boston and New York as the publishing centers. School children read poems by Yankee poets, chosen by Yankee educators, and printed by Yankee publishers. That was a great thing for the reputation of Kansas, because New England thought it had settled Kansas; and it was a bad thing for Missouri, the enemy of Kansas. The weapons of propaganda, however sincerely used, were in the hands of easterners who never understood the border. With that lack of understanding of the West, there went, in New England, a fiery evangelism for crusades and causes. Prohibition, women's rights, many kinds of communistic theories, came out of the region. And abolition of slavery was perhaps the hottest of all these evangels. As the first load of colonists left Boston, they sang a hymn written by a remarkable propagandist—one of the greatest this country has known—gen­ tle-faced, mild-mannered, Quakerish John Greenleaf Whittier.

We cross the prairies as of old, The pilgrims crossed the sea, To make the West as they the East, The homestead of the free.

Upbearing like the Ark of old, The Bible in our van, We go to test the truth of God Against the fraud of man.

Whittier's vogue in that day was as great as any columnist of our time— he was in himself, I should say, the equal of Eddie Guest and Westbrook Pegler combined, and he loosed his genius full force in burning poems against slavery. He wrote one "hit" poem after another for the newspapers, the magazines, the schoolbooks, and what he wrote one day, thousands of people memorized the next. Nineteenth century America was conscious of poetry and addicted to poetry in a way that the present generation finds hard to understand. The newspapers ran columns of verse. The schoolbooks were packed with it. McGuffey may be said to have groaned with sentimental jingles. The pub­ lic schools devoted every Friday afternoon—one-twelfth of the entire school year to reciting poetry—more time than the advanced school of today spends on learning how to write. If you had lived in the 1850s, you might not care a hoot about slavery, whether it lived or died, but by the time you got done memorizing five or six Propaganda and the Kansas-Missouri War 145 of Whittier's poems against it, something had begun to happen to your mind—especially if you were nine years old. This Whittier was described, by so eminent an authority as James G. Blaine, as "the most powerful politician I ever knew." Blaine had seen this gentle-faced Quaker, sitting behind the vines in his New England cottage, write poems which could make or break governors, senators, congressmen. He didn't want any office, he was financially independent, nobody was his boss, nobody could get at him; he just did what he wanted, and wrote what he felt like writing. And in him lies one of the lessons of history—never get the poets down on you, for they don't care for money, or prosperity, or abuse, or common sense. You can't fire them. They are invulnerable. The North had the poets and the machinery of popular education. The Deep South had few poets and such as they had were classicists, too removed from life to sully their white plumed pens in controversy. The Deep South had far fewer schools in proportion to population. The North had more newspapers with larger circulations and more enterprise in circulation and mass appeal. The Cotton Kingdom which wrestled with the free states for the prize, Kansas, had no such editorial master of propaganda as Horace Greeley, edi­ tor of the New York Tribune—a great newspaper which his genius had made a force, not only in New York, but across the midlands where it was known as "The Farmer's Bible." From the day the bill was passed throwing Kansas Territory up for grabs between pro-slave and free-soil sections, Greeley thundered at the gates of heaven—or hell, depending on which side of the Mason-Dixon line you were when you read him. He knew the business of inflaming the masses, and what was more, he was sincerely an Abolitionist. When the Platte country Missourians made that ballot-box invasion of the new Territory, Greeley told the world it was a case of slave-hound barbarians murdering true hearted Kansas patriots. Daily he scalded the pro-slavery Missourians, giving them the nickname "Border Ruffians," a term diabolically clever. When a free-soil settler was killed in a fight for a water-hole—a common custom on the plains—Greeley trumpeted the affair as another murder perpetrated by that fiend, Slavery. If the free-soiler killed the other man, Greeley rejoiced that another embattled farmer had shot a Hessian. From 1855 to 1860 Greeley gave the country a foretaste of the superior propaganda skill which would enable the North, during the subsequent five years, to take the play of slogans, catchy ideas and intriguing ideals, away from the Confederacy. What the record shows is that the Free-Soil states had more skill with words to bring to this propaganda battle than had the Cotton Kingdom. They 146 Missouri Historical Review

The influential writer and editor Horace Greeley supported the abolitionist cause through the pages of the New York Tribune.

State Historical Society of Missouri got possession of the word "freedom," which considering America's partic­ ular past, was a prize, indeed, and one which the free states managed to appropriate for their speeches and songs during the Civil war. The North developed the great song writers of the period from 1855-65, and this helped the Free-Soil cause and later the Union cause immeasurably. The North brought out the songs that hit, the slogans that stuck, the propa­ ganda phrases that caught on. Was this mere cleverness or was it a hotter kind of evangelism that had come from the fire of the anti-slavery crusade? I don't know, but I do know that the South, for all its devotion to its cause, never produced a war-song like "John Brown's Body." It never came up with a marching song that had the lift, the roll, and roar of that tag-line "His Soul Is Marching On." "Dixie," which the South seems now to regard as its sectional anthem, was never its official war-song. Written by a Northerner and popularized in northern minstrel shows, it was sung in its original form by Federal soldiers during the war. The South's use of it was contained in new bellicose verses composed to express war fervor. The official battle-anthem of the Confederates was "The Bonnie Blue Flag," but it was so hard to sing that it never had as much popularity as modern writers of historical fiction would have us believe. The song the Southern soldiers sang most was "Lorena," a sentimental ballad which the blue-coats also liked. Propaganda, as expressed in newspaper enterprise, was stronger among the free-soilers in the 1850 border quarrel. The Northern immigrants Propaganda and the Kansas-Missouri War 147 brought seemingly innumerable printing plants to Kansas, the pro-slavery forces far fewer. The latter had the most ably written mouthpiece in the Territory, The Squatter Sovereign, but its chief rival was shrewder in propa­ ganda and gave itself the more appealing name of The Herald of Freedom. But a more important factor in this phase of the struggle was the group of correspondents whom Horace Greeley and his brother anti-slavery editors sent into Kansas Territory. These war correspondents, for that is what they turned out to be, were in the main foreigners or newly arrived immigrants. The ablest of them were from Great Britain where they had been moved by the humanitarian and pro­ letarian upheavals which agitated Europe in the 1840s. Some of them had been converted to anti-slaveryism by Lady Byron, who had got hold of Uncle Tom's Cabin. Some of them had been confessed revolutionists against the entrenched forces of property and social position. Their most active member was James Redpath, the type of agitator and writer whom the Bourbons of the Deep South called Communists—products of the philosophy of the Commune in the days of the French Revolution. And Redpath and his type called the Cotton Kingdom, that super-economic state, practically everything that the Western democracies now call the Fascist states of Europe. Freedom for the blacks had been a part of Robespierre's policy in the French Revolution, and Southern educators taught their students that the Yankee anti-slavery agitators were the legitimate sons of that horrid Terror. This Redpath went across Missouri into Kansas at the start of the trou­ bles, determined to help produce a slave insurrection and national revolu­ tion, as he later admitted, a convulsion that would liberate the slave even if it wrecked the Union. A Britisher, he cared nothing for the stability of American institutions. He is the Redpath who later became the Barnum of the lecture platform—a master showman, creating the lyceum bureau which still bears his name. The average age of five of the most important of these correspondents at the time Kansas was bleeding was 23—boys of 23 giving the world its news about one of the most delicate situations in our history! To match the tremendous energies and inventive zeal of this corps of pro­ pagandists, the Missourians on the border had but one active correspondent, Henry Clay Pate, a lazy, windy, adventurous arrival from Virginia, editor of Westport's Star of Empire and representative of the Missouri Republican. Pate could write well, but he possessed something that will ruin any pro­ pagandist—a sense of humor. Once he led Missourians over the line to fight Old John Brown who was in insurrection against Kansas law. There was a battle, and the anti-slavery correspondents wrote reams about the atrocious Border Ruffians invading the humble fields of an honest settler. Pate wrote for the outside world a short, matter-of-fact description of the fight and ended 148 Missouri Historical Review

<$&* *ir&Jt

IWttlflAIL IMSOU S3PW^*

State Historical Society of Missouri

77*£ Society s collections include numerous examples of sheet music from the Civil War era. with the cryptic finale, "I went to take Old Brown and Old Brown took me." Missouri always had too much humor in its blood to be a good press agent for itself. And that is all the more reason why it should, today, enlarge and expand its State Historical Society, for it is to the Society's collections and files that the researcher must come in search of the truth about Missouri's past. The Society has done much to correct the errors propagan­ dists worked; it can do infinitely more if given the chance that the impor­ tance of Missouri's history so fully warrants. State Historical Society of Missouri

Sobriquets of Missouri and Missourians

BY DAVID D. MARCH*

Throughout the nineteenth century Missourians thought the name Missouri meant "muddy water"—describing the condition of the river.1 Near the turn of the century some students contended that the word meant in Indian parlance "people who use wooden canoes" or "people of wooden canoes." William F. Switzler, longtime editor of the Missouri Statesman and state his­ torian, was among those who readily accepted this meaning. He insisted, cor­ rectly, that the name, originally, did not refer to the river, but to the Indians living beside it who did not use birchbark canoes as did the Indians around the Great Lakes, but larger, less fragile canoes made of hollowed-out logs, to negotiate the turbulent stream. In 1923, according to Floyd C. Shoemaker, the State Historical Society put the question to the Bureau of Ethnology at the

*David D. March, professor emeritus of History at Northeast Missouri State University, Kirksville, presented this address at the annual meeting of the State Historical Society of Missouri, Columbia, October 1, 1977. Professor March received the B.S. degree from Southwest Missouri State University, Springfield, and the A.M. and the Ph.D. degrees from the University of Missouri-Columbia. The author of a four-volume History of Missouri, his arti­ cles have appeared in the Missouri Historical Review, the Missouri Historical Society Bulletin and Mid-America. This article first appeared in the Review in April 1978.

1 See, for example, Howard L. Conard, ed., Encyclopedia of the History of Missouri (New York, 1901), IV, 432.

149 150 Missouri Historical Review

Smithsonian Institution. The Smithsonian philologists eventually reached the conclusion that Missouri means "he of the big canoe."2 Linguistically, then, we Missourians are "People of the Big Canoes." However, the name Missouri was not officially applied to this area until 1812. Prior to that it was called successively Louisiana, Upper Louisiana, the District of Louisiana and the Territory of Louisiana. Then when the Territory of Orleans was admitted to the Union in 1812 as the State of Louisiana and Congress did not want a state and a territory with the same name, the Territory of Louisiana became the Territory of Missouri, which included what is now Arkansas on the south until 1819, when Congress carved the Territory of Arkansas out of the Territory of Missouri, and, owing to the efforts of J. Hardeman Walker, who lived near what is now Caruthersville, gave us the bootheel in the southeast corner.3 A great migration to the Territory of Missouri occurred immediately fol­ lowing the War of 1812 when people from Kentucky, North Carolina, Tennessee and Virginia came looking for fertile land. When they left their homes in the East, they did not say that they were headed for the Missouri Territory, but indicated they were going to the Boonslick Country—which meant to them anywhere in Central Missouri west of St. Charles. So the Boonslick Country it was for a time. Congress admitted Missouri to the Union in 1821 after what seemed to us as an unconscionably long delay due to disputes over slavery and free Negroes which were resolved by the first and second Missouri compromis­ es, respectively. The next year, 1822, a Kentucky promoter, Colonel James A. Johnson, took supplies, miners and slaves into the rugged hills of north­ western Illinois where outcroppings of rock contained rich veins of lead. His success during the next few years inspired a mining rush into the area; by 1830 some 10,000 frontiersmen had staked out claims, built the bustling town of Galena on Fever River, and were shipping 15,000,000 pounds of lead annually down the Mississippi.4 Among those thousands of miners were men whom their neighbors called "The Pukes" from "The Puke State"—Missouri. Missourians have given at least two reasons for this inel­ egant sobriquet. The more picturesque, possibly, is that the Missourians at Galena were from the dregs of society which the state had vomited up into the Fever River district—Missouri heaved and out the ruffians came.5 However, Frances McCurdy, in her work entitled Stump, Bar, and Pulpit:

2 Floyd Calvin Shoemaker, Missouri and Missourians: Land of Contrasts and People of Achievements (Chicago, 1943), I, 3. 3 Louis Houck, A History of Missouri (Chicago, 1908), I, 6-8. 4 Ray Allen Billington, Westward Expansion (New York, 1974), 285. 5 Shoemaker, Missouri and Missourians, I, 4. Sobriquets of Missouri 151

Speechmaking on the Missouri Frontier, suggested that Missourians were called Pukes because they were ill. She noted that almost every Missourian suffered from malarial chills and fever so regularly that frontier humorists said they had no need for calendars, clocks or watches, and that in the early 1830s a serious cholera epidemic hit the state.6 But the first symptom of cholera in those days was usually death, so if Missouri miners were sick, par­ ticularly in the 1820s, they probably had malaria or some intestinal disorder less fatal than cholera. Fortunately, our neighbors to the east soon dropped "The Pukes" as a sobriquet. Meanwhile, the trade between Missouri and Santa Fe, Mexico, which opened on a regular basis in 1821, had brought many jacks, jennies and mules to Missouri. Out of this the production and sale of mules developed into an important industry in this state. Soon Missouri had earned the sobri­ quet "The Mule State," for we surpassed every other state in both the quali­ ty and number of mules produced. For an animal that has neither ancestors nor progeny the Missouri mule earned an enviable reputation in both peace and war. Although his flashing heels could not be trusted and his balky nature was ofttimes exasperating, the Missouri mule was sagacious, sure-

6 Frances Lea McCurdy, Stump, Bar, and Pulpit: Speechmaking on the Missouri Frontier (Columbia, Mo., 1969), 15.

Cook & Gormley, Union Stock Yards, Chicago 152 Missouri Historical Review footed, strong and durable. Not only did this fine animal serve admirably in the western trade and as a draft animal on Missouri farms, not only was he especially prized in the cotton fields of the Black Belt and the sugar cane plantations of Louisiana, but he was also an important participant in every war from that between the United States and Mexico to the appearance of the highly mechanized armies in World War II. He was used extensively by both sides during the Civil War. General Joseph Shelby's Confederate troops sang of their leader's mule, with its "long ears and long sleek tail." During the Boer War in South Africa at the turn of the century the British ordered the shipment of thousands of Missouri mules to Cape Town. British com­ manders were so favorably impressed by the usefulness in battle of the "'Ard Tails," as "Tommy Atkins" called the Missouri mules, that when World War I broke out, the British government almost immediately began to contract for the animals in large numbers. Altogether, the Allies purchased 232,475 mules, not all from Missouri, of course, but wherever armies fought, Missouri mules kept the heavy artillery up near the front and the caissons rolling along.7 Indeed, the mule came to be regarded as such a valuable ani­ mal that the Kansas City Star facetiously suggested in 1895 "the removal from the great seal of Missouri of the two uncouth and useless bears and the substitution therefor of two mules rampant."8 Only one other animal has ever seemed about to dislodge the mule's pre­ eminent position in relation to Missouri. That was the Houn' Dawg which became known far and wide during Champ Clark's bid for the presidential nomination in 1912 when he and his supporters liked to sing:

Every time I come to town The boys keep kickin' my dawg aroun' Makes no difference if he is a houn' They gotta quit kickin' my dawg aroun'.9

Missouri had a "Houn' Dawg" regiment in World War I, but after that the dog faded while the mule remained as representing what Missourians like to think are some of our most admirable characteristics.10

7 "Missouriana: Missouri Jack Passes His 'Physical'," MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW, XXXVI (April, 1942), 343. 8 Quoted in ibid., 342. 9 "Missouriana: The Hound Dog Song," MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW, XXIX (January, 1935), 121. 10 "Missouriana: The Houn' Dawg Regiment," MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW, XXXVIII (January, 1944), 195-199. The Houn' Dawg insignia is worn today by the 203rd Engineer Battalion of Southwest Missouri. Robert S. Dale (Brig. Gen., ret.) of Carthage, Missouri, to author, October 4, 1977. Sobriquets of Missouri 153

My name it la Joe Bow-era, X got a broth-or Ike,

Missourians who joined the gold rush to California in 1849 were called "Pikers" and Missouri "The Piker State." My grandfather and Odon Guitar of Columbia, Missouri, were partners in a general store at Hangtown (now Placerville). Their establishment, I have been told, was called "The Pikers' Store." This sobriquet, Pikers, may have originated from the large number of men from Pike County who went "to see the elephant," but it more like­ ly caught on from two ballads that became popular, both of which mention Missouri and Pike. One was about Joe Bowers, which begins:

My name it is Joe Bowers And I've got a brother Ike; I came from Old Missouri, And all the way from Pike. I'll tell you why I left there, And why I came to roam, And leave my poor old mammy, So far away from home.11

Joe had fallen in love with a neighbor girl named Sally Black, but she had refused to marry him until he had a "little home" to keep his "little wife." In order to get money Joe went to California and worked hard in the mines. After a time he received a letter from his "dear brother Ike" that "came from Old Missouri, and all the way from Pike."

11 "Missouriana: In Honor of Joe Bowers,' MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW, XXXVI (January, 1942), 206. 154 Missouri Historical Review

It said that Sal was false to me, Her love for me had fled; She'd got married to a butcher,— And the butcher's hair was red; And more than that, the letter said It's enough to make me swear— That Sally has a baby, And the baby has red hair.12

Whether Joe Bowers was a real person or an imaginary Argonaut is not known. R. J. Hawkins in an article written in 1909 for the Kansas City Spirit contended that Joe and Sally were residents of Pike County and that the events related in the ballad were true. Hawkins wrote that Joe and an old neighbor, Frank Swift, traveled to California with a company organized by a wealthy citizen of Pike County, Abe McPike. Frank, knowing or suspecting that Joe was interested in Sally, wrote the ballad to tease his young compan­ ion. The real Joe, Hawkins contended, died in California; and, some say, Sally died of a broken heart.13 Rhymesters, however, were determined to provide a happy ending, thus:

Smallpox knocked out the butcher, Joe Bowers wandered home, He "played for even" with success And cares no more to roam; Joe married Sally and the shop, He soothed her loving heart, And now he has the red-haired son To drive the butcher cart.14

Introduced earlier was the sprightly "Sweet Betsy from Pike" with its almost innumerable versions and stanzas, some of which are too risque to repeat here:

I suppose you've all heard of "Sweet Betsy from Pike," Who crossed the great mountains with her lover Ike; With two yoke of oxen, one large yellow dog, One tall shanghai rooster and one spotted hog.

12 Ibid. 13 Ibid. 14 L. L. McCoy, "Sweet Betsy from Pike," in "Historical Notes and Comments," MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW, XXII (April, 1928), 363. Sobriquets of Missouri 155

One night on the journey they camped on the Platte, It was near by a grove in a green shady flat; Where Betsy being weary laid down to repose; With wonder Ike gazed on his Pike county rose.

They stopped at Salt Lake as they passed on their way, And Brigham entreated "Sweet Betsy" should stay; But Betsy, affrighted, ran off like a deer, Left Brigham a-pawing the ground like a steer.

Out on the prairie one dark starry night. . . ,15

That's enough. The troubles of the trail are related in song: the wagon broke down, the hog was killed, the rooster ran off, two oxen died and a third gave out, Ike became discouraged, and Betsy was angry.

At length they arrived on a very high hill, From which they looked down upon old Placerville; Ike shouted and said, as he cast his eyes down, "Sweet Betsy, my darling, we've come to Hangtown."16

15 "Sweet Betsy from Pike," in Irwin Silber, ed. and comp., Songs of the Great American West (New York, 1967), 16-17. 16 Ibid., 17.

State Historical Society of Missouri

"Sweet Betsy" and Ike 156 Missouri Historical Review

Another nineteenth-century sobriquet was "The Iron Mountain State," which became eventually simply "The Iron State." This grew out of public­ ity campaigns to attract eastern capital into Missouri. A number of iron works had been established in Crawford, Iron, Phelps, St. Francois and Washington counties long before the Civil War. The most important was the Maramec Iron Works established in 1827 by two men from Ohio, Thomas James and Samuel Massey, at Maramec Spring, six miles southeast of the present Saint James in Phelps County.17 Those of you who have visited the beautiful Maramec Spring Park may recall having seen the large iron furnace which had been used to smelt ore. In 1836 the visible iron resources around Pilot Knob in Iron County and the Iron Mountain in St. Francois County gave rise to a grandiose plan to make the area a center of culture and prosperity. The general assembly incorporated the Missouri Iron Company which launched a campaign to attract capital investments—to convince skeptical capitalists in the East that large quantities of excellent iron ore lay in Missouri's mineral district. Promoters of the Missouri Iron Company planned to build two cities—one called Missouri City at the base of the Iron Mountain and the other, Iron Mountain City, on the banks of the Mississippi, where the village of St. Mary's in Ste. Genevieve County is now located. They began advertising Missouri as "The Iron Mountain State." United States Senator Lewis F. Linn of Ste. Genevieve joined in the campaign. He helped by having reports of mineral experts read to Congress praising the quality of the ore in Missouri. He even sent ore from the Iron Mountain to Paris for examination by experts there. These Parisian metallurgists obligingly reported that Missouri iron was of superior quality, and they had a set of iron ornaments made for Mrs. Linn to wear as costume jewelry to demonstrate the excellence of the metal from Missouri. St. Louis newspaper editors bragged about iron mountains in Missouri so pure that the ore yielded 80 percent of its weight in metal. And in August 1837, a group of men in Caledonia shipped a block of iron ore from the Iron Mountain to Washington, D.C, to be used as a pedestal for a bust of Thomas Jefferson in the rotunda of the national capitol.18 The Missouri Iron Company did not survive the depression of the Van Buren administration, but Missourians continued to campaign periodically to attract capital to "The Iron State." During the Civil War, Union men in St. Louis arranged excursions over the Iron Mountain Railroad for visiting

17 Arthur B. Cozzens, "The Iron Industry of Missouri," MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW, XXXV (July, 1941), 524-525. 18 Walter B. Stevens, Centennial History of Missouri (St. Louis, 1921), II, 353-354; David D. March, History of Missouri (New York, 1967), I, 655-656; "Missouri Iron Chosen for Base of Jefferson Bust," St. Louis Missouri Argus, August 8, 1837, reprinted in MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW, XXXV (January, 1941), 343-344. Sobriquets of Missouri 157

State Historical Society of Missouri

A View of Pilot Knob, 1854 industrialists and bankers and their families from the East. They would take the visitors to the top of Pilot Knob where the view for miles in all directions is magnificent. Capital which these Easterners could furnish was all that was needed to exploit the vast resources which lay before their eyes. The Missourians would urge the visitors to pick up specimens of ore to take home as momentoes of their trip to the Iron State, invite them to inspect an iron quarry and to visit a forge to see the molten metal being formed into pigs of iron. Similar excursions also were arranged with railroad officials to the Iron Mountain.19 I don't know that Missouri's efforts brought in much money, but the vis­ itors must have been impressed by the scenery. If you have not seen the Arcadia Valley, Pilot Knob, Shepherd's Mountain, the Elephant Rocks, and Taum Sauk Mountain (the highest point in Missouri), you should plan to spend a few days there. As a bonus, you can see the site of Fort Davidson where on September 27, 1864, General Thomas Ewing and Colonel Thomas Fletcher with fewer than a thousand Union soldiers in the fort inflicted more than a thousand casualties on General Sterling Price's best assault troops and made a Confederate attack on St. Louis out of the question.20 During nearly all of the nineteenth century Missouri deserved the sobri­ quet "The Iron State." From its iron mines and foundries came kettles and pans, plowshares, iron rims for farm wagons and prairie schooners, stoves, cannon balls used during the Civil War, and some of the armor on Union gunboats built by James B. Eads which saw service on the Mississippi. (Incidentally, iron articles cast at the Maramec Iron Works can be seen at the John J. Pershing Boyhood Home in Laclede.) Moreover, the furnaces gave

19 March, Missouri, II, 1059-1060. 20 Richard S. Brownlee, "The Battle of Pilot Knob," in State of Missouri, Official Manual, 1961-1962 (Jefferson City, 1962), 3-31. 158 Missouri Historical Review

St. Louis its start in iron manufacturing, and made it possible for plants there to increase in size and number until annual production reached a total value of $5,000,000 on the eve of the Civil War. By 1887 we had so increased our output that Missouri's position as a leading iron-producing state seemed secure. But decline set in rapidly, particularly after the Mesabi Range in Minnesota began to be fully exploited. No longer able to compete in either the quality of the ore or the costs of mining and transportation, the iron mines in Missouri ceased regular production about 1893.21 There is still much iron ore in Missouri. At Pea Ridge in Washington County the Maramec Iron Company, formed by the St. Joseph Lead Company and Bethlehem Steel, began mining operations in 1957, and went into full production in 1965. Iron reserves of excellent quality at Pea Ridge, several thousand feet below the earth's surface, are estimated at one hundred million tons, and at Bourbon in Crawford County, five miles west of Pea Ridge, an equal number of tons are available for exploitation. Moreover, a new body of iron ore of excellent quality was found at Pilot Knob in 1958 and is today being mined. In 1975 and again in 1976 a total of more than two million tons of iron ore was mined in this state; so Missouri may some­ time again deserve to be called "The Iron State."22 During the two decades after the Civil War Missouri became well known as "The Outlaw State" or "The Bandit State." In all likelihood the criminal element in Missouri was no larger, more active, or more ingenious at the time than the criminal element in some other states—just more dra­ matic and, above all, better advertised. On the other hand, conditions in Missouri did set the stage for its meriting this sobriquet. First, four long years of guerrilla warfare waged throughout a large portion of the state made attacks against persons and property seem almost a normal activity. Second, some men who had been marauders during the war were unable or unwill­ ing to adjust to the prosaic tasks of peacetime. They craved excitement and despised sustained labor; hence, they became bandits and lived beyond the law. Third, not a few former Confederates and Confederate sympathizers found a certain pleasure in seeing the government defied. Because of this, in some counties local officials found it almost impossible to indict, much less convict, persons apprehended for the commission of criminal acts. Time after time gov­ ernors had to call out the militia to assist local sheriffs to put down lawless activities. Fourth, otherwise law-abiding people felt the need to organize local vigilance committees to protect their lives and property. Numerous organi­ zations of this type, which took the law into their own hands, existed in

21 Shoemaker, Missouri and Missourians, II, 493-494. 22 "Mineral Output in State at $764 Million," Missouri's Environment, III (March, 1977), 4. However, in December 1977, the Pea Ridge mine was closed, at least temporarily. Sobriquets of Missouri 159

Missouri under various names—Regulators, Honest Men's Leagues, Law and Order Committees. In Northeast Missouri there was the Anti-Horse Thief Association, and in Southwest Missouri, the notorious Bald Knobbers. Unless these vigilance committees worked closely with officers of the law, as did the Anti-Horse Thief Association most of the time, they added to the disrespect for legal authority, too often perverted justice, and sometimes became fronts for lawless gangs that had quietly taken them over.23 The outlaws in Missouri, particularly the James gang, received national attention when the seeming immunity of Frank and Jesse to the law became a political issue. The Democratic party recovered its control of the state in 1872 with the election of Silas Woodson to the governorship and a majority to both houses of the general assembly. It was not to relinquish its hold on

March, Missouri, II, 1132-1133. 160 Missouri Historical Review the administration for 36 years. During the 1870s and early 1880s the Republican party tried to use the prevalence of outlawry, particularly the escapades of the James brothers, as an issue. Republican editors and party orators claimed that since so many Democrats were ex-Confederates, the party sympathized with the ex-Confederate outlaws and hence the leaders would make no real effort to apprehend the James gang. They cried that out­ lawry was giving Missouri a bad name which discouraged immigrants and investment capital from coming into the state, thereby depressing land val­ ues and causing business to stagnate. "Poor old Missouri" was heard across the land. Moreover, since the Democratic party was made up of both ex- Confederates and Union Democrats, and many of the former did sympathize with the outlaws, the Republicans hoped to divide the majority party. The Democrats denied the Republican charge that they were soft on outlawry, claimed that crime in Missouri was no worse than in some Republican states, and tried to counter Republican attacks from this quarter by nominating Union Democrats for governor. Not until 1884, after the death of Jesse James, did the Democrats dare to nominate an ex-Confederate, John Sappington Marmaduke, for governor.24 Meanwhile, in 1880, the Republican state platform deplored the failure of the Democratic administration to capture the James gang and to prosecute other notorious criminals. This Republican attack may have been a factor in Marmaduke's loss of the Democratic gubernatorial nomination that year to a Union Democrat, Thomas T. Crittenden, but the Democrats did have other reasons for passing over the popular Marmaduke. Crittenden, who easily defeated his Republican opponent in November, had been in office only a few months when six outlaws, July 15, 1881, robbed a Rock Island train near Winston in Daviess County, killing two railroad employees. The belief that Frank and Jesse James led the outlaws was widely expressed. The Kansas City Journal raged:

We are going to charge the Democracy of Missouri with being responsible for the late robbery and murder on the Rock Island road, until we learn exactly who committed the daring outrage. If it shall turn out that the James boys or any of their old gang had a hand in it, then the Democratic party of this state is responsible, for had it not been for sympathizing friends, all of whom are Democrats, the whole gang would long since have been caught and made to pay the penalty for their crimes.25

24 Ibid., 1149-1150; William A. Settle, Jr., "The James Boys and Missouri Politics,' MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW, XXXVI (July, 1942), 414-415. 25 Quoted from the Jefferson City Peoples Tribune in Settle, "James Boys," 418. Sobriquets of Missouri 161

The Kansas City Journal, the Jefferson City Peoples Tribune, the St. Louis Post-Dispatch, and several other papers demanded that Governor Crittenden take steps to capture the robbers. On July 26, 1881, representa­ tives of leading railroad companies in Missouri met with the governor in St. Louis behind closed doors at the Southern Hotel. Two days later Crittenden issued a proclamation offering a reward of $5,000 for the capture of Frank or Jesse James and $5,000 for the conviction of either.26 Since the general assembly had made no appropriation for such a reward, it was assumed that the railroads had agreed to provide the money. Some people, chiefly Republicans who wanted to stir up trouble within the Democratic party, crit­ icized Crittenden for turning to the railroads for help; others, mostly ex- Confederate Democrats, ridiculed what they called "Crittenden's bull."27

26 Grace G. Avery and Floyd C. Shoemaker, eds., The Messages and Proclamations of the Governors of the State of Missouri (Columbia, 1924), VI, 494-496. 27 The reference was to an ineffective papal bull. "Selections from the Autobiography of Governor T. T. Crittenden," Part III, MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW, XXVI (April, 1932), 252.

State Historical Society of Missouri PIMLMMTIOI or THE GOVERNOR OF MISSOUEI! REWARDS FOR THE ARREST OF Ezpress aad frail Robbers ST-A-TE OF :MXSSOT7-:R,I,>

FRANK JAMES aad JESSE W. JAMES,

THOS. T. CRITTENDEN. MICirLK Mct<»UTH.SKV<

F Tno«4< T Carr 162 Missouri Historical Review

When on September 7, 1881, a Chicago and Alton train was robbed in Jackson County, presumably by the James gang, the Republican press returned to the charge that if Frank and Jesse had not been ex-Confederate Democrats they would have long since been caught and put away.28 Crittenden's leaven was quietly working, however. On April 3, 1882, Jesse James, alias Thomas Howard, was shot in the back of the head by Robert (Bob) Ford, a member of the gang, as Jesse stood on a chair dusting a picture that was hanging on a wall of his home in St. Joseph. As the news of Jesse's death spread, a rumor grew that Bob and his brother Charles, an accomplice in the murder of Jesse, had acted with the knowledge of Governor Crittenden and the law officers of Clay and Jackson counties. Suspicion that the governor had consorted with criminals to end Jesse's career became a certainty in the public mind when he pardoned the Ford brothers after they had been sentenced to hang for the murder. Twenty years later, Crittenden wrote in his autobiography that "the proclamation of reward accomplished its purpose in less than one year at a cost not exceeding $20,000 not one cent of which was drawn from the State."29 The names of the recipients of the money have never been revealed. Jesse James was in his grave but the James legend grew. Even during Jesse's lifetime, John N. Edwards, an ex-Confederate newspaper reporter who had admired bushwhackers, glorified the outlaws. For example, after the robbery of the gate receipts of the Kansas City fair on September 26, 1872, during which one man was killed and a little girl wounded, Edwards's report on the front page of the Kansas City Times termed the robbery "a deed so high-handed, so diabolically daring and so utterly contemptuous] of fear that we are bound to admire it and revere its perpetrators." While Edwards denounced the act as a crime, he praised the actors "who can so coolly and calmly plan and so quietly and daringly execute [such] a scheme."30 The way in which Jesse met his death aroused resentment. Maudlin doggerel leaped into print—rhymes portraying Jesse as a sort of Robin Hood who took from the rich (banks and railroads) and gave to the poor and con­ demning the dirty little coward that shot Mr. Howard and laid poor Jesse in his grave. William A. Settle, Jr., a biographer of Jesse James, wrote:

Sympathy for James, old animosities from the Civil War, desire to dis­ credit the Democratic administration, personal or political dislike for Crittenden, and the belief that the method used in ending the bandit's career

28 Settle, "James Boys," 418-419. 29 "Selections from Crittenden Autobiography," 252. 30 Quoted in William A. Settle, Jr., Jesse James Was His Name (Columbia, Mo., 1966), 45. Sobriquets of Missouri 163

was wrong were all motives which might explain the outburst of criticism against Thomas T. Crittenden. . . .31

Republicans in the general assembly, knowing that Crittenden's action had not endeared him to ex-Confederate Democrats, introduced a stream of resolutions congratulating the governor. The Democrats, of course, man­ aged to prevent the consideration of any resolution either condemning or praising Governor Crittenden.32 I should mention here an important post-mortem contribution Jesse James made to his state. A few years after his death the first documented wide scale public interest in the preservation of "historic" buildings in Missouri arose, touched off by public figures who from time to time visited the outlaw's final residence in St. Joseph and the many lesser folk who were willing to pay twenty-five cents to tour the James family farm near Kearney. Such profit-generating curiosity insured that these buildings would be pre­ served as valuable tourist attractions—and if these, why not others?33 On October 5, 1882, five months after Jesse's death, Frank James walked into Governor Crittenden's office in the state capitol to surrender.

31 Settle, "James Boys,' '419. 32 Ibid., 420-421. 33 Ronald W Johnson, "Historic Preservation in Missouri,' manuscript in Office of Historic Preservation, Jefferson City, 4.

Robert Ford Shooting Jesse James State Historical Society of Missouri 164 Missouri Historical Review

The arrangements had been previously made by John Edwards who accom­ panied the outlaw. The office was filled with state officials and newsmen when Edwards and James walked in and the latter offered his pistol and car­ tridge belt to the governor. Crittenden had promised that James would get a fair trial, maybe no more than that, but it is hard to believe the outlaw would have surrendered without at least an implied promise that he would receive special consideration if found guilty. The governor ordered that Frank be taken to jail in Independence.34 Word of Frank's surrender spread quickly over the state. Crowds gath­ ered along the route from Jefferson City to Independence. Said the Kansas City Journal:

The triumphal ride of Frank James from the state capitol to Independence was ample evidence that the red-handed murderer and train and bank robber is not without friends among Missouri moss-backs. Had the train stopped long enough he would have been given an ovation at nearly every station.35

The St. Louis Globe-Democrat commented that it was not entirely clear whether Frank James had surrendered to the State of Missouri or the State had surrendered to him.36 Frank was tried in August 1883, at Gallatin, for the murder of Frank McMillan during the robbery of the Rock Island train at Winston. Both the prosecution and the defense had eminent lawyers. The crowd was so large that the judge, Charles Goodman, moved the trial to the local Gallatin opera house. The James defense strategy was to exploit every shred of sympathy possible by recalling the Civil War in Missouri—to create the feeling among the jurors that Frank's career as a guerrilla during the war should excuse his later banditry. JO Shelby was one of the witnesses for the defense. He was so drunk, wrote Settle, that he could not find the witness chair without help. The judge and jury had to be pointed out to him. Shelby had hardly settled in the wit­ ness chair when, seeing through blurry eyes the defendant Frank James across the room, he asked the judge's permission to go over and "shake hands with an old soldier." Judge Goodman refused to permit that, but Shelby was allowed to testify despite his inebriated condition. He appeared the next day to apologize for his conduct the day before and was fined $10 for contempt of court. There is little doubt, however, that the appearance of

Settle, Jesse James, 130-131. Quoted in ibid., 134. Ibid. Sobriquets of Missouri 165 one of Missouri's Confederate heroes, drunk though he was, did Frank James no harm. The jury found Frank not guilty—but it must be said, wrote Settle, that the prosecution produced only circumstantial evidence placing Frank at the scene of the robbery, except for the direct testimony of a thief and murderer, Dick Liddil.37 From 1885 until his death in 1915, Frank James's conduct was above reproach. It is rather ironic that in the presidential campaign of 1904 the Missouri Republicans gave wide publicity to his support of Theodore Roosevelt.38 Long after Missouri's reputation as "The Outlaw State" had subsided, the James legend lived on in story, song, stage and screen. Moreover, there is hardly a cave in Missouri which is not advertised as a former Jesse James hideout. Children grew up with the legend. The first and only poem I ever wrote (this was in grade school) went something like this:

Jesse James was a bandit bold Who roamed the country round; He held up shipments of yellow gold And put them in the ground. He wasn't as bad as people think For he did some kind deeds too, But these were not put down in ink Because they were so few.

So much for "The Outlaw State." Many other sobriquets have been applied to Missouri—among them, The Imperial State, The Bullion State, The Center State, Gateway to the West, Mother of the West, The Ozark State, and in 1904 "The Mysterious Stranger." The last was the product of a nationally famous cartoon by John McCutcheon in the Chicago Tribune, November 10, 1904, portraying Missouri as a southern colonel in a wide black hat and a black frock coat standing in a line with men all dressed in white, representing Republican states, staring at him in delightful surprise. Opposite stands a rotund, deject­ ed looking southern colonel representing the "Solid South." For the first time since 1868 Missouri had failed to give its electoral votes to the Democratic candidate for president; hence, the Mysterious Stranger in the Republican column supporting Theodore Roosevelt.

37 The above short account of the Frank James trial is largely from Settle, Jesse James, 137-144. 38 Settle, "James Boys," 429. 166 Missouri Historical Review

State Historical Society of Missouri

John McCutcheon's Famous Cartoon

For more than three quarters of a century Missouri's nationally accept­ ed sobriquet has been "The Show-Me State," from the expression: "I'm from Missouri; you've got to show me." During Missouri's centennial celebration in 1921 there was much interest in the origin of the sobriquet, but no agree­ ment was reached except that the expression had gained popularity in the late 1890s. Governor David R. Francis thought the expression originated with a Confederate officer from Missouri whom the enemy was trying to bluff.39 Several probers had the expression originating in the mines of Colorado, not in Missouri. William M. Ledbetter, of St. Louis, wrote to the St. Louis Star in November 1921, that the saying originated in the mining town of Leadville, Colorado, in the 1890s when a number of miners from the lead and zinc district of Southwest Missouri were imported by mine owners to take the place of Leadville miners on strike. Since the Joplin miners were unfamiliar with the methods used in the Leadville district, it was necessary to give them frequent instructions as they went about their work. The pit bosses, Ledbetter wrote, constantly used the expression: "That man is from Missouri; you'll have to show him." The expression soon became current above ground as a term of reproach and ridicule.40

39 Walter B. Stevens, "I'm From Missouri" in "Historical Notes and Comments," MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW, XVII (October, 1922), 98. 40 St. Louis Star, November 29, 1921, in "Origin of 'I'm From Missouri'," MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW, XVI (April, 1922), 425. Sobriquets of Missouri 167

A more popular contention is that the expression originated in a saloon in Cripple Creek, Colorado, in 1896. There an obnoxious patron was loud­ ly bragging that he could whip any man in the house. In a flash a Missouri miner standing nearby accepted the challenge, saying, "Buddy, I'm from Missouri; you'll have to show me." In the fight that followed the Missourian whipped the braggart, much to the delight of the onlookers. After that inci­ dent the expression became quite a slogan in Cripple Creek and from there it spread to Kansas City and then over Missouri.41 Other explanations of the saying have been suggested, including one that it originated among soldiers stationed at Chickamauga Park near Chattanooga, Tennessee, during the Spanish-American War.42 If one con­ sults the various dictionaries of quotations now in print, he will find that vir­ tually all refer to a speech by Willard D. Vandiver of Cape Girardeau County, Missouri, who was a member of the U.S. House of Representatives from 1897 to 1905. Speaking in Philadelphia in 1899 to a banquet given for naval officers, Vandiver said:

I come from a state that raises corn and cotton and cockleburs and Democrats, and frothy eloquence neither convinces nor satisfies me. I am from Missouri; you have got to show me.43

Congressman Vandiver never claimed that he coined the expression, but evidently after his speech it caught the public fancy, for within little more than a decade the saying had traveled around the globe and was repeated whenever the name of Missouri was pronounced. If the expression was orig­ inally one of reproach and ridicule, it was soon transferred into a pearl of approbation that has been employed for decades to indicate the stalwart, con­ servative, non-credulous character of the people of the Show-Me State. "I'm from Missouri; you've got to show me."

Kansas City Star, February 19, 1922, in ibid., 426. Shoemaker, Missouri and Missourians, I, 3. John Bartlett, Familiar Quotations (Boston, 1968), 830.

ERRATUM

The illustration appearing on the front cover of the October 1997 issue of the Missouri Historical Review was inadvertently reversed. Due to the error, the identification should read: Aviators Tom Benoist (left), Tony Jannus, and Albert Berry pose in front of a Benoist plane. 168

HISTORICAL NOTES AND COMMENTS

Professor Margaret Ripley Wolfe gave the annual meeting address. Society Holds 1997 Annual Meeting

Over 180 State Historical Society of Missouri members, trustees, offi­ cers, and guests gathered at the Donald W. Reynolds Alumni and Visitor Center on the University of Missouri-Columbia campus on October 11, 1997, for the Society's annual meeting and luncheon. Three concurrent workshops, attended by over forty persons, began the day's events. Jane Beetem, cultural specialist with the Missouri State Historic Preservation Office, presented "Financial Incentives for Historic Preservation." Jim Stout, past president of Midwest Computer Genealogists and a genealogy teacher with the University of Missouri-Kansas City's continuing education pro­ gram, discussed "Online Genealogy: The Pros and Cons." Larry Grantham, archaeologist with the Missouri Department of Natural Resources, led a ses­ sion entitled "Cemetery Surveys and Preservation Guidelines." Following a meeting of the trustees, Society President H. Riley Bock, New Madrid, called the annual business meeting to order in the Great Room. Members approved the minutes from the 1996 annual meeting and a financial report from the executive committee. Resolutions were adopted to allow the Historical Notes and Comments 169

The workshop presenters included (clock­ wise from above) Jim Stout, Larry Grantham, and Jane Beetem.

executive committee to use monies in the Membership Trust Fund to help meet the expenses of the Society during the next year if necessary or advisable. James Goodrich, executive director of the Society, reported on the results of the executive committee election held at the board of trustees meeting preceding the business meeting. The trustees elected the following persons to the executive committee to serve, with the president, until the 1998 annual meeting: Walter Allen, Brookfield; Francis M. Barnes III, Kirkwood; Vera F. Burk, Kirksville; Lawrence O. Christensen, Rolla; James C. Olson, Kansas City; Robert C. Smith, Columbia; Avis G. Tucker, Warrensburg; and Virginia G. Young, Columbia. John Bullion, Columbia, presented the report of the nominating commit­ tee on behalf of himself, Elizabeth Kennedy, and Alan Havig. The members unanimously approved the committee's report and elected the following indi­ viduals to a term on the board of trustees ending at the annual meeting of 2000: John K. Hulston, Springfield; James B. Nutter, Kansas City; Bob Priddy, Jefferson City; Dale Reesman, Boonville; Arvarh E. Strickland, Columbia; Blanche M. Touhill, St. Louis; and Henry J. Waters III, Columbia. 170 Missouri Historical Review

President Bock announced that eight applicants for Richard S. Brownlee Fund monies had been awarded funds to pursue research or engage in pro­ jects relating to the history of Missouri. Society officers and trustees pre­ sented the cash awards to the five recipients in attendance. R. Kenneth Elliott presented Dennis Boman, Columbia, with a check to assist with research for a biography on Abiel Leonard. Tom Miller gave an award to the Friends of Arrow Rock to assist with funding for a George Caleb Bingham exhibit and education project; Bill Lovin accepted on behalf of the Friends. Henry J. Waters III awarded James Giglio, Springfield, with Brownlee funds to assist with travel costs for research for a biography of Stan Musial. John K. Hulston presented Alex Primm, Rolla, with a check to help with expens­ es of the USS Schley Oral History Project. Virginia Laas gave Mary Ellen Rowe, Warrensburg, Brownlee Fund monies to assist with travel expenses to complete research for a book on the militia tradition in the antebellum United States. Three award recipients could not be present. Mark Geiger, Fulton, was awarded funds to help further research in Confederate money;

R. Kenneth Elliott and Dennis Boman (left); Bill Lovin and Tom Miller (below left); Henry J. Waters III and James Giglio (below) Historical Notes and Comments 111

Alex Primm received a Brownlee Fund award from John K. Hulston. Mary Ellen Rowe was presented her award by Virginia Laas.

Bonnie Stepenoff, Cape Girardeau, received a cash award to assist with trav­ el expenses for research on Thad Snow; and the Western Historical Manuscript Collection-St. Louis received monies to assist with "Lift Every Voice and Sing: The St. Louis African-American Heritage Project." Following the awarding of the Brownlee Fund monies, Dr. Goodrich presented the executive director's annual report. He noted that the Society and the four-campus Western Historical Manuscript Collection had served more than fifty thousand patrons during fiscal 1996-1997. Goodrich report­ ed on the favorable consideration given to Society state appropriations by the governor and the legislature, remarking that the increase in funding for fiscal year 1997-1998 would permit the Society to bring its salaries more in line with those paid by the University of Missouri. He also expressed appre­ ciation to University administrators Richard Wallace, Steve Lehmkuhle, and Mel George for a special allocation given to the Western Historical Manuscript Collection. Discussing the operations of the Society, Goodrich said that almost twenty-one thousand patrons had used the Newspaper Library during the past fiscal year. Over thirteen thousand were on-site visitors who used some 104,000 reels of microfilm. The Newspaper Library staff filled almost fif­ teen hundred interlibrary loan requests. More than eleven thousand persons used the Reference Library reading room while another three thousand were assisted by its staff members through correspondence or on the telephone. In addition to assisting patrons, the Reference Library staff augmented the holdings of the vertical file and added sixteen thousand cards to the various indexes available for patron use. The Editorial Office published four issues of the Missouri Historical Review and continued work on the historic marker book scheduled for pub- 172 Missouri Historical Review lication in 1998. The Cataloging Department processed over eighteen thou­ sand items for addition to the Society's holdings in fiscal 1996-1997. Among the significant holdings added to the four branches of the Western Historical Manuscript Collection during the past fiscal year were the papers of Emory Melton, a longtime state senator from Cassville, and the papers of former Kansas City mayor and civic leader Ilus W. "Ike" Davis. In addition to highlighting the dedicated service rendered to the Society by its full-time staff, Goodrich called attention to the many contributions made to Society operations by part-time undergraduate and graduate students. He also noted the deaths of former Society staff member Dorothy Caldwell, acquisition librarian Jo Ann Tuckwood, and long-term trustee Robert S. Dale during 1997. Turning to the future, Goodrich reported on scheduled events and pub­ lications that will be part of the Society's centennial celebration in 1998. Professor Alan Havig, of Stephens College, Columbia, has written a history of the Society's first one hundred years, which will be published by the University of Missouri Press. The historic marker book currently being compiled by the editorial staff will include the texts of the markers erected in each county by the Society and the state highway department in the 1950s, essays on local history topics and individuals, as well as historical pho­ tographs. The issues of the Missouri Historical Review published during the centennial year will contain annual meeting addresses and articles that have previously appeared within its pages, thus providing a retrospective sam­ pling of Missouri historiography. Special centennial events scheduled include a Founders' Day dinner on February 7, a ninety-day spring exhibition of artworks by George Caleb Bingham, sponsorship of the fortieth annual Missouri Conference on History

Society Trustees and Officers at the Annual Meeting (left); Vera F. Burk, Trustee; Will Sanns, Oral Historian; James W. Goodrich, Executive Director; Walter Allen and Richard DeCoster, Trustees (below) Historical Notes and Comments 173 in April, and a fall exhibition of Thomas Hart Benton artwork. Both of the art exhibitions will feature works from private and other public collections on loan to the Society for a limited time. Goodrich concluded his remarks on the upcoming centennial by noting that several commemorative items, including a print of George Caleb Bingham's Watching the Cargo, will be available as mementos of the year. Following the reading of resolutions of appreciation for Robert S. Dale, Dorothy Caldwell, and Jo Ann Tuckwood by associate director Lynn Wolf Gentzler, President Bock adjourned the business meeting. Society members and guests then assembled in the Columns Ballroom for the annual luncheon and awards program. Following the meal, three sev­ enth-grade students from the Columbia Public Schools presented their award- winning 1997 History Day performance, "Shades of Gray: The Civil War in Columbia, Missouri." President Bock presented two Distinguished Service Awards and Medallions during the awards ceremony. The first award was given to Noble E. Cunningham, Jr., professor emeritus of history at the

History Day winners from Columbia performed for luncheon guests (right). President H. Riley Bock pre­ sented Distinguished Service Awards to Arvarh E. Strickland (below right) and Noble E. Cunningham, Jr. (below). 174 Missouri Historical Review

University of Missouri-Columbia and fourth vice president of the Society. Arvarh E. Strickland, likewise a professor emeritus of history at UMC, and a longtime trustee of the Society, also received a Distinguished Service Award. Patrick Brophy, curator of the Bushwhacker Museum in Nevada, received the Missouri Historical Review article award certificate and a check for his "Weltmer, Stanhope, and the Rest: Magnetic Healing in Nevada, Missouri," which appeared in the April 1997 issue. President Bock presented Kenneth C. Kaufman, of St. Louis, with the Missouri History Book award certificate and a cash prize for Dred Scott's Advocate: A Biography of Roswell M. Field, published by the University of Missouri Press.

Patrick Brophy received the Missouri Historical Review article award (left), and Kenneth C. Kaufman was the recipient of the 1997 Missouri History Book award (right).

Margaret Ripley Wolfe, a professor of history at East Tennessee State University, presented the 1997 annual meeting address. She is the author of the highly acclaimed Daughters of Canaan: A Saga of Southern Women and numerous articles and publications on the South and southern Appalachia. Wolfe's remarks, "Rumors of a Little Rebellion in Dixie: Real Women and Their Region," begin on page 106. The annual meeting events concluded with an open house in the Society quarters in Ellis Library. The Art Gallery featured oil and acrylic paintings by Lawrence McKinin, a faculty member of the Department of Art at the University of Missouri-Columbia, 1948-1979. Selected works from the Society's Contemporary Artists Collection were exhibited in the Corridor Gallery. Historical Notes and Comments 175 176

NEWSPAPER LIBRARY

During the fall of 1997, the Newspaper Library buzzed with activity when groups of fourth-, fifth-, and sixth-grade students from the Columbia Public Schools Program for Gifted Students spent several mornings research­ ing the Civil War in Missouri. Their goal was to gather information and then write a play to present to their fellow students, parents, and teachers. Following a tour of the library, the students began their research. Within minutes the Newspaper Library had assumed a whole new look: books, papers, and backpacks were spread on every table; jackets and sweaters draped the backs of many chairs or lay in piles in the midst of the clutter. Searching for helpful citations, clusters of students gathered at card indexes to the Columbia Missouri Statesman and the Liberty1 Tribune. Two or three students checked the chronological card files to determine which Civil War- era newspapers were available, and a small group looked at the assortment of single issues of Civil War newspapers from the Society's collection on display. All of the microfilm readers were in use, with the whir of films being wound and rewound filling the reading room. Microfilm boxes clut­ tered the top of every film cabinet, with some spilling onto tables and desks. An amazing force of energy filled the air. The students found General Sterling Price's Missouri Army Argus, pub­ lished whenever he was in any camp long enough to get an issue off the press, of great interest. They read the general's proclamation inciting Confederate patriotism and calling for troops with a promise of victory: "We must have 50,000 men. Give me these men, and by the help of God, I will drive the hireling bands of thieves and marauders from the State." Price's personality and commitment to the Confederate cause were evident in his inspiring address to his army in the November 22, 1861, Argus issue pub­ lished at Camp Near Greenfield: "Many of you have been with me from the beginning. Together we have borne the burden and heat of the day. Together we have endured fatigue and hunger, and thirst. Together we have faced the foe and fought the battles for freedom. . . . My brave men, stand by me but a little space. . . . Let patience and self-sacrifice be your watchwords a little longer. . . . Let us stand by our glorious flag until it waves in triumph." The Civil War was coming alive for these students, and their excitement was contagious. Their teacher. Tom Prater, and every member of the Newspaper Library's staff became involved. Staff from other areas of the Society poked in their heads to enjoy the enthusiastic commotion. Other patrons could not resist the temptation to see what elicited the excited cries of "Hey, look at this!" Historical Notes and Comments 111

Although the library returned to normal after the students left, the clean tabletops and the absence of clutter seemed a letdown after the intensity of these mornings. The students' enthusiasm and electricity had filled the air and provided the Newspaper Library staff with a new perspective on research. The project resulted in a series of skits, and several staff members from the Society and the Western Historical Manuscript Collection attended one of the presentations. They were delighted with the students' creativity and awed by the astonishing amount of information these grade-schoolers had gleaned about Missouri's involvement in the Civil War. From its earliest newspaper, the St. Louis Missouri Gazette printed in 1808, to the nearly three hundred current daily and weekly newspapers now received, the Society's assemblage of local newspapers is the largest in the nation. The collection is an indispensable source of historical information about Missouri and Missourians, with an appeal to researchers of all ages.

THE RICHARD S. BROWNLEE FUND

In 1985 the executive committee of the State Historical Society of Missouri established the Richard S. Brownlee Fund to honor the longtime executive director upon his retirement. Income from the corpus of the fund is used annually to provide cash awards for individuals and organi­ zations proposing to publish, or make other tangible contributions to, the history of Missouri and its citizens. Individuals, local historical societies, museums, and governmental and nongovernmental agencies are eligible to apply for funding. Residency within the state is not a requirement. Applicants for Brownlee Fund monies should direct their proposals to James W. Goodrich, executive director of the Society. A cover letter out­ lining the goals and presenting a synopsis of the project should be accom­ panied by an itemized budget detailing the manner in which the requested funds will be used. The deadline for 1998 applications is July 1. 178 NEWS IN BRIEF

The State Historical Society will begin the Society executive director James W. celebration of its centennial year on February Goodrich spoke at a symposium on the 7 with a Founders' Day reception and dinner History of Missouri book series on at the Donald W Reynolds Alumni Center on September 5, 1997, at the University of the University of Missouri-Columbia campus. Missouri-Rolla. Other speakers included This event will honor the members of the William E. Foley, professor of history, Missouri Press Association, who first pro­ Central Missouri State University; Perry G. posed the founding of a state historical society McCandless, professor of history emeritus, at their winter meeting in January 1898. Central Missouri State University; William Society members and friends are invited to E. Parrish, professor of history emeritus, attend this Founders' Day celebration; for fur­ Mississippi State University; Lawrence O. ther information contact the State Historical Christensen, professor of history, University Society at (573) 882-7083. of Missouri-Rolla; Gary R. Kremer, profes­ sor of history, William Woods University; and Richard S. Kirkendall, professor of his­ The fortieth annual Missouri Conference tory, University of Washington. on History will be held at the newly renovat­ ed Ramada Inn in Columbia on April 16-18. The theme, "A Centennial Celebration of On October 4 thirty-six members of the History," honors the one hundredth anniver­ Midwest Afro-American Genealogical sary of the State Historical Society, which is Interest Coalition, or MAGIC, traveled from the host institution. The Thursday evening Kansas City to the State Historical Society of plenary session will feature Alan Havig, Missouri to do research and tour the newspa­ Stephens College, Columbia, who has per and reference libraries. Society staff mem­ recently completed a history of the Society bers Loucile Malone and Laurel Boeckman to be published by the University of conducted the tours. The group spent most of Missouri Press. A plenary session on Friday the day researching family history projects. morning will focus on "The Nature of Biography." Panel members will include Robert Ferrell, Indiana University; Joan Society staff members Ara Kaye and Hoff, Indiana University; Gary Anderson, Dianne Buffon attended the Missouri Press University of Oklahoma; Mary Lee Spence, Association's 131st Annual Convention and University of Illinois; and James Giglio, Trade Show on October 30-31 in St. Louis. Southwest Missouri State University. Panelists They staffed a booth in the trade show, in several sessions will examine the evolution which generated interest in the Society's of historical study during the past century. For upcoming centennial celebration. Staff further information contact the State Historical member Chris Montgomery prepared a dis­ Society of Missouri, 1020 Lowry Street, play about the founding of the Society by the Columbia, MO 65201-7298; (573) 882-7083. Missouri Press Association in 1898.

The Arkansas Historical Association's annual meeting will be held April 16-18 in On September 20, Linda Brown-Kubisch, Batesville, Arkansas. The theme will be Reference Library staff member, presented a "From Pete Whetstone to Sam Walton: Fable workshop in Columbia to the Daughters of the and Fortune in Ozarks History." For more American Colonists titled "WTiat's New in the information contact Tom W. Dillard or Reference Library at the State Historical Timothy G. Nutt, Special Collections Society of Missouri." In addition to providing Department, Central Arkansas Library information about genealogical research at the System, 100 Rock Street, Little Rock, AR Society, Brown-Kubisch talked about the new 72201, or call (501) 918-3054. genealogical books available in the Reference Historical Notes and Comments 179

Library, the library's indexing projects, and its they must be documented. Entries will be World Wide Web home page. evaluated anonymously, so only the title should appear on the first page. On a sepa­ rate page include title, author, address, and Reference Library staff member Marie telephone number. Entries must be sent by Concannon spoke to the Genealogical Society February 1 to the Arkansas Historical of Central Missouri on September 2 at the Association, Department of History, Old Boone County Historical Society, Columbia. Main 416, University of Arkansas, About fifty people attended her presentation, Fayetteville, AR 72701. titled "How to Find Your Civil War Ancestor at the State Historical Society of Missouri." She attended and sold books at the Heart of The History Museum for Springfield- America Genealogical Society's Civil War Greene County has published a new book, Seminar, held September 13 in Lee's Summit. Crossroads at the Spring: A Pictorial History On September 26-27, Concannon attended of Springfield, Missouri ($24.95, plus $5 for the Ozarks Genealogical Society's fall confer­ shipping). This hardcover volume features ence on "Virginia Roots," held in Springfield. more than 220 photographs, maps, and illus­ trations. Books are available at the Museum or can be ordered from the History Museum The Arkansas Historical Association is for Springfield-Greene County, 830 Boonville seeking entries for the 1998 Violet B. Avenue, Springfield, MO 65802, or call Gingles and Lucille Westbrook Local Shanna Boyle, (417) 864-1976. History competitions. The Westbrook award will be given for the best manuscript on a local Arkansas topic. The article must deal On November 13, James W Goodrich, with neighborhood, city, county, or regional executive director of the State Historical Arkansas history or some person associated Society, was the guest speaker at the Adair with local Arkansas history. Edited docu­ County Historical Society's annual dinner ments and memoirs will be considered. The meeting, held at the Travelers Hotel in Gingles award will be given for the best Kirksville. Goodrich spoke on the founding manuscript on any Arkansas history topic. of the State Historical Society and the The winner of each award will receive $300. Society's plans for its centennial celebration Entries must not have been submitted else­ in 1998. Officers elected for 1998-1999 where or previously published. Manuscripts include Ellen K. Davison, president; John E. should be submitted in triplicate, double- Sparks, vice president; Glen H. Lockhead, spaced, and no longer than thirty-five pages; secretary; and Ben Beard, treasurer.

Another View

Kansas City Times, January 8, 1898. From the Galveston Tribune. Don't think that every sad-eyed woman you meet has loved and lost. Perhaps she loved and got him. 180 LOCAL HISTORICAL SOCIETIES

Adair County Historical Society Ballwin Historical Society Car Races at Kirksville opened at the The Society held monthly meetings on museum in Kirksville on August 10. The August 12, September 9, October 14, and exhibit included materials about local stock November 11 at the Government Center. car races during the 1950s. George Hicks of Members celebrated Ballwin Days in late Brookfield displayed Offenhauser engine August with several activities, including parts, and area drivers took part in the exhib­ quilting, spinning, wood carving, and rope it. Racing historian Rick Sanford moderated making. For the parade, members construct­ an oral history seminar on September 7. The ed a miniature log house float. Society sponsored a booth at the Red Barn Arts and Crafts Festival in Kirksville on Barton County Historical Society October 4, and the Sperry Friendship quilt, Society members met on October 12 in designed in 1947, was on display during the the Lamar United Methodist Law Chapel. month. The museum's regular hours are Following a business meeting, Jo Percy, the Wednesday-Friday, 1:00-4:00 P.M. former director of the county's Family Services, spoke on the history of the welfare Andrew County Museum system in Barton County. and Historical Society On August 14 the museum hosted a recep­ Belton Historical Society tion to introduce a temporary exhibit from the The October 26 program included a por­ State Arts Council of Oklahoma, Moving the trayal of Harry Truman by Neil M. Johnson, Fire, which featured portraits of Native formerly of the Truman Library in Americans. On September 18, Glen Zahnd Independence. The Society meets the fourth portrayed Senator Lewis F. Linn, "father of Sunday of January, April, July, and October the Platte Purchase," at the Society's mem­ at the Old City Hall. bership meeting. Over two thousand people attended the Society's Platte Purchase Days Benton County Historical Living History Festival on September 27-28. Society and Museum The event included Zahnd's historic portrayal The 1998 officers are Lewis Smith, presi­ and Platte Purchase-related reenactments, dent; Elizabeth Drake, vice president; Edith including the raising of the flag and the sign­ E. Scarbrough, secretary; and Dorothy Miller, ing of the treaty. The museum hosted "Tricks treasurer. The Society is on the Internet and and Treats Night," an event for young chil­ can be reached at http://www.cchat.com/cupi- dren and their parents, on October 25. do/benton.htm. The Society meets the second Thursday of each month at the Boonslick Audrain County Historical Society Regional Library in Warsaw. The Society sponsored a country fair on September 13. Events included an old-time Bonniebrook Historical Society fiddlers contest and an exhibit on the The Society held its annual homecoming American saddle horse. At the annual meet­ banquet on October 10-11 and its antique ing on November 4, the following officers show at the Ozark Empire Fairgrounds in were installed: Molly Maxwell, president; Branson on October 25-26. Dan Erdel and Ned Azdell, vice presidents; Violet Lierheimer, secretary; and Andy Boone County Historical Society Baker, treasurer. The Society is moving the At the August 17 meeting, members heard Prairie View Christian Church from Ralls Bob Bedsworth present the history of Red Top County to its grounds in Mexico. Christian Church in Hallsville. The biweekly Historical Notes and Comments 181

Old-Time Fiddlers jam sessions began again Boonslick Historical Society on September 4. These are held from 5:00 to On September 19 the Society met at Jim 8:00 P.M. the first and third Thursdays of Lewis's Howard County tobacco farm. each month through the end of May at the Lewis discussed tobacco raising in the coun­ Walters-Boone County Historical Museum ty and demonstrated past and present tech­ in Columbia. Members held a bake sale on niques for planting, caring for, harvesting, September 20-21 at the Heritage Festival in and curing tobacco. Old handmade tools Nifong Park in Columbia. The Society enhanced his program. Two Society mem­ cosponsored the event with the Columbia bers attended the American Association for Parks and Recreation Department. The his­ State and Local History annual meeting in toric sites committee dedicated Red Top Denver on October 3 to receive the associa­ Christian Church as a historic site on tion's Certificate of Commendation for the October 5. A retrospective art exhibition, Brush with History art show. A traveling Charles Morgenthaler Revisited, opened in photograph exhibition, Images of the Past: the museum on October 12. The Society The Photography of Thomas Bedford, pre­ held its annual meeting and picnic at the miered on October 17 at Kemper Military museum on October 19. Greg Olson, presi­ School and College in Boonville. The pro­ dent of the John William Boone Heritage gram included a slide lecture by Fayette pho­ Foundation, presented a program on the John tographer Dale Graham and a presentation William Boone house. On November 8 the by the State Historical Society's executive Society celebrated Jane Froman's birthday director, James Goodrich. with a research symposium, luncheon, and afternoon musical tribute by Melanie McKulik. The Society's new e-mail address Brown County Historical Association is [email protected]. In September the Association met at Larry and Daphne Hawkins's farm west of The Society is compiling a list of the Sweet Springs. The group hosted a Missouri names of Boone Countians who died in mili­ Humanities Council chautauqua program on tary service during the Civil War and wishes to October 14 at the First Baptist Church fel­ compare research sources and techniques with lowship hall in Sweet Springs. Katie organizations that have done similar projects Armitage portrayed Julia Louisa Lovejoy, a in other counties. Please contact William newspaper correspondent, a Methodist min­ Berry, 503 West Broadway, Columbia, MO ister, and an abolitionist. 65203, (573) 442-3751, or Don Sanders, Suite 416, 28 North Eighth Street, Columbia, MO 65201, (573) 875-1446. Brush and Palette Club The forty-sixth annual Arts and Crafts Festival was held on October 11-12 in Boone-Duden Historical Society Hermann. About seventy-five artists partici­ The Society met on August 25 on the lawn pated in the event. The Club recently erect­ of the Freese ancestral home near New Melle. ed a sign marking the location of the Iron Alice Molitor hosted the meeting and dis­ Landing, the terminus of the Old Iron Road cussed the renovation of the house. Members at the Missouri River in Hermann. gathered on October 27 at St. Paul's Lutheran Church in New Melle. Calvin Stacker, presi­ dent of the St. Charles County Preservation Carondelet Historical Society Trust, presented a program about the newly The Society honored Saints Mary and formed trust and its efforts to preserve land Joseph Parish at its annual plaque presenta­ and historical structures in St. Charles tion on September 21. The membership County. The Society is on-line and can be meeting and fall luncheon on October 26 at reached at [email protected]. the Carondelet Historical Center included a 182 Missouri Historical Review round table discussion of the Great The group hosted a dinner with featured Depression and a related trivia game. speaker James I. Robertson, Jr., on October 22 at Two Hearts Banquet Center. Cass County Historical Society Members gathered on September 28 at Civil War Round Table Pearson Hall in Harrisonville to hear Bob of Western Missouri Lotspeich present a program about his fami­ The Round Table held its annual histori­ ly during the Civil War years. cal cemetery tour on September 10 at Elmwood Cemetery in Kansas City. On Chariton County Historical Society October 8 the group heard a program about The Society met on October 19 at the the Battle of Westport, which featured an museum in Salisbury. The program, spon­ hour-by-hour scenario of the fourteen sored by the Missouri Humanities Council, engagements that occurred during the three- featured Fred Pfister's presentation about day conflict. The Round Table's new presi­ Ozark weatherlore. New officers elected dent is Tim Cox. include Sally Guilford, president; Paul McCloud, vice president; Jerry Hayes, secre­ William Clarke Historical Society tary; and Rosalyn Bange, treasurer. The The Society held a reorganizational Society is selling a cookbook, A Tasty Look meeting on October 4 in Pink Hill Park, Blue at Chariton County ($15.00, plus $2.50 Springs. Officers elected include Donald postage). Send name, address, and payment Hale, president; Harold Dillinger, vice presi­ to Rosalyn Bange, Treasurer, Route 1, Box dent; Jeanene Cline, secretary; and Margaret 1159, Salisbury, MO 65281. Bargette, treasurer.

Civil War Round Table of Kansas City Clay County Archives On August 26, Herman Hattaway, profes­ and Historical Library sor of history at the University of Missouri- The Library provided research and sup­ Kansas City, discussed his recent book, port for lantern tours of the historic Liberty Shades of Blue and Gray. The organization Square held during the Liberty Fall Festival met on September 23 and heard Julia Colvin on September 26-27. Over five hundred Oehmig, former curator of the Joshua people participated in the event. At the Lawrence Chamberlain Museum in annual membership meeting on November 1 Brunswick, Maine, present "Through the at the Fork N' Spoon Restaurant in Liberty, Valley of the Shadow of Death: Joshua L. Pat Shackelford of the National Archives, Chamberlain and His Attack on Fort Hell." In Central Plains Region, presented a program. conjunction with the Westport Historical Society, the Round Table sponsored a bus tour Clay County Museum of the Battle of Westport on October 25. At and Historical Society the October 28 meeting, John C. Waugh dis­ In conjunction with the Liberty Fall cussed his latest book about the West Point Festival, the Society hosted a reception on Military Academy, The Class of 1846. The September 26 for the Missouri Parks Board Round Table meets the fourth Tuesday of each and sold sarsaparilla at the event the next day. month at the Leawood Country Club, Leawood, Kansas. Clinton County Historical and Genealogical Society Civil War Round Table of St. Louis The Society sponsored a historic automo­ On August 19 Round Table president bile in Plattsburg's Fall Festival parade on Hugh Johns discussed the events of May 10, October 4. New officers are Leland Grooms, 1861, as a part of the historical marker dedi­ president; Helen Russell, vice president; cation ceremony at the Camp Jackson site. Avanell Dedman, secretary; and Tom Holman, Historical Notes and Comments 183 treasurer. The Society meets bimonthly on the Day" on October 25. The Society meets at second Saturday. The January and March the Buffalo Head Prairie Historical Park. meetings will be held in the community room of the courthouse at 2:00 P.M. The organization DeKalb County Historical Society can be found on the Internet at http://mem- At the Maysville Country Harvest bers.aol.com/ClintonCo/index.html. Festival on September 20, Society vice pres­ ident Carl Minor and his wife, Dorothy, Cole County Historical Society served as grand marshals of the parade. The The Society hosted a tea for prospective Society's float won third place. During the docents on September 14 at the museum and winter months the museum and library are held its annual meeting on November 2 at open Wednesdays, 9:30 A.M. to 3:30 P.M., or the Ramada Inn in Jefferson City. Judge by appointment. James F. McHenry, the keynote speaker, pre­ sented his research on local cemeteries and Fair Grove Historical other forgotten landmarks of Cole County. and Preservation Society The Society sponsored an arts and crafts Commerce Genealogical show at the Fair Grove Heritage Reunion on and Historical Society September 27-28. The event featured almost The Society held meetings on August 24 three hundred booths, a parade, and a variety and October 26 at the museum. The group is of activities and displays. Members meet the selling Flood Fest T-shirts to support the first Tuesday of each month at the Fair cemetery fund. Grove Lions Club.

Concordia Historical Institute Ferguson Historical Society The Institute sponsored the 1997 Members celebrated the Society's twen­ Conference on Archives and History on ty-fifth anniversary on September 20. November 6-8 on the campus of Concordia Various organizations sponsored displays of Seminary in St. Louis. historic memorabilia. On October 23, Elmer Lueckerath presented "Early Model Airplane Cooper County Historical Society Experiences in the 1920's." The group The Society held its fourth annual fall meets at the First Presbyterian Church. festival in historic New Lebanon on September 20. On October 12 members met Florissant Valley Historical Society for a program on "Farm Memories" in The Society participated in "Rediscover Prairie Home as the guests of Bill and Old Town Florissant" on October 16. The Marjorie Tuttle. event featured historic tours and an authentic German dinner. Dallas County Historical Society At the August 21 meeting, Gary Kremer Friends of Arrow Rock presented "Local History as Self Discovery." Deb Krause, a graduate student at the On September 18 folklorist Fred Pfister pre­ University of Missouri-Columbia, presented sented "Blowing Hot and Cold: Our Love "Arrow Rock Pottery: A Mystery Novel" at Affair with Weather," a program about the visitor center as part of Archaeology Ozarks weatherlore sponsored by the Month on September 16. On November 1, Missouri Humanities Council. Eva Marie Gary Kremer, professor of history at William Glor told of "A Place Called Coatney" in Woods University in Fulton, presented "Black Dallas County at the October 16 meeting. Lodges in Arrow Rock" at the Schoolhouse The Society held a winterizing workday at Community Center. The lecture was the final the historical park on October 11 and partic­ program in the African-American history ipated in USA Today's "Make a Difference series. 184 Missouri Historical Review

Friends of Keytesville Grain Valley Historical Society On October 11 the Friends met at the his­ The Society met on September 25 at the toric Presbyterian Church for the fourth United Methodist Church and heard Ken and quarterly meeting. The members inspected Kim Howard discuss their bicycle tour of the summer's repair work and walked Ireland. Newly elected officers include Paul through the newly landscaped areas around Morgenroth, president; Rosalie Kolster, vice the log cabin, located on land adjoining the president; Lucille Dryer, secretary; and Carl church property. The Sterling Price Museum Condra, treasurer. is closed through May 15. Grand River Historical Society Friends of Missouri Town-1855 Gena and Larry Dixon presented a Civil The Friends held potlucks following their War reenactment on October 13 at the meetings in Woods Chapel on August 24 and American Legion Hall in Chillicothe. Dressed November 9. Kim Curry gave a workshop on in period clothing, they told about the lives of constructing rag dolls in the blacksmith's yard Confederate soldiers and their families. on September 6, and Judy Rains held a soap making workshop in the tavern on September Greene County Historical Society 20. The Missouri Town Band accompanied John Hulston presented "Harry Truman's the Village Cloggers and Folk Dancers on Three Visits to Springfield During His September 27 at Festival Park in Jamesport Presidency" at the September 25 meeting. for the Old Time Arts and Crafts Festival. The October 23 program featured Linda Myers-Phinney, archivist with the Secretary Gasconade County Historical Society of State's office, discussing the beginnings The Society participated in the sixth of tourism in the White River country annual Musicfest at St. Paul on September between 1900 and 1930. The Society meets 14. On November 2 the Society met at the at Mrs. O'Mealey's Glenstone Cafeteria in New Hope Methodist Church in Owensville. Springfield. The program included a presentation by Carol Diaz-Granados, "Digging up the 1904 Henry County Historical Society World's Fair," and a turkey dinner. The pre­ Marlene Katz appeared as Eleanor sentation was sponsored by the Missouri Roosevelt on September 18 in the museum's Humanities Council. Adair Annex in Clinton. October exhibits at the museum included The History of Banking in Henry County and Calendar Art Glendale Historical Society from Henry County Businesses. Members On August 29 at the city hall, the Society commemorated former Clinton resident Jane held an ice cream social featuring music by Froman's birthday on November 4-15 with the Tony Mercurio Trio. Members held a an exhibit featuring memorabilia from the history walk at the Tower Grove Park in St. entertainer's life and career. Louis on September 13. Hickory County Historical Society Golden Eagle River Museum The Society met on September 9 at the At the August 23 gathering, Sam Gatey of museum in Hermitage to discuss the annual the Schellhorn-Albrecht Machine Company Pioneer Days, which were held on October presented "Keeping the Steam Up," a program 10-11 at the museum. The event included on the construction and maintenance of river- traditional pioneer activities and foods. boat machinery in St. Louis. On September 27, Captain William F. Carroll, former master Historic Madison County of the Admiral, spoke about his experiences. Members met on August 16, September The museum will reopen in April. 16, and October 21 at the jail building in Historical Notes and Comments 185

Fredericktown. Members displayed and talks this quarter. On September 20, Mark talked about personal historical possessions. Armato presented "Matthew Brady," a depic­ tion of the Civil War-era photographer. Jane Historical Society of Polk County Flynn discussed "Women of Independent Tom Bewley, past president and teacher, Minds," about historic Jackson County discussed the Civil War in Missouri at the women on October 11. On November 15, Society's September 25 meeting at the muse­ Jerry Norris, an Iowa Sioux artist and schol­ um in Bolivar. ar, told stories about the Osage Indians. The Society's Education Forum Series recently Holt County Historical Society held two lectures. On October 7, Norris pre­ Members toured the Mound City Depot sented "History of the Horse and Indians," Museum in August. The Society held the and on November 6, Fred Fausz, a speaker fourth annual Nostalgia Daze with reenact­ with the Missouri Humanities Council, pre­ ments of events in Holt County's history on sented "Partners in Pelts," a program dis­ September 13-14 on the museum grounds in cussing the fur trade between Native Fortescue. The event included demonstra­ American trappers and European fur traders. tions, activities, and food. The October 19 meeting featured "Finding the Missing Jasper County Historical Society Branches," a program on genealogical The group celebrated the Theron Bennett research. On November 16 members heard Ragtime and Early Jazz Festival on a program about small towns and communi­ September 13-14 in Pierce City. ties no longer in existence in the county. Both meetings were held at the Methodist Johnson County Historical Society Church in Fortescue. On September 28 in the Old Courthouse in Warrensburg, members heard Leslie Huntsville Historical Society Sanders present "Contempt! The Life and Dora May Craven spoke on the Times of James Morgan Shepherd." "Potawatomi Indians—Trail of Death, Huntsville 1838" on August 19. The Society Joplin Historical Society held a dedication ceremony on September 11 The Society held the Dorothea B. Hoover for a Trail of Death marker commemorating Golf Tournament, a fund-raiser, in October. the two nights in 1838 when the Potawatomi New educational programs include a bus Indians camped in Huntsville on their forced tour of historic Joplin offered to third-grade march from Indiana to Kansas. The Society classes of the Joplin R-VIII Schools and met on September 16 and heard a local his­ "History through Story-Telling," which tory program by Jim Hutchison. The began in October with Doretha Shipman October 21 meeting featured Fred Pfister, reminiscing about growing up in Yellville, who discussed Ozark weatherlore. The Arkansas. Museum docent volunteers were museum is closed for the winter. recognized on October 9 for their participa­ tion in the cultural arts by the retired and Iron County Historical Society senior volunteer program. The Society met on October 20 in the Ozark Regional Library in Ironton for a pro­ Kansas City Westerners gram that included Halloween activities such The Westerners meet on the second as personal ghost stories. Tuesday of each month at the Golden Ox Restaurant. At the September 9 meeting, Jackson County Historical Society Neil M. Johnson impersonated Harry The Society sponsored "Come to the Truman, and during the October 14 meeting, Archives," a family story hour series of three he portrayed David Meyers, a Civil War sur- 186 Missouri Historical Review geon, and displayed medical instruments of fessor at Southwest Missouri State the period. The November 11 speaker, University in Springfield, discussed the Harold "Cotton" Smith, author of Dark Trail recent archaeological excavations near the to Dodge, discussed his book. Old Spanish Fort near Hoberg. The Society meets bimonthly on the third Sunday at the Kimmswick Historical Society Jones Memorial Chapel in Mount Vernon. The Society listened to a Missouri Humanities Council program, a portrayal of Lee's Summit Historical Society Andrew Carnegie by Jeff Smith, history pro­ The Society met on August 1 at the Lee fessor at Lindenwood College in St. Louis, Haven Community Center; Bud and Betty on September 8. The Society's museum was Hertzog discussed their roots in the commu­ dedicated on October 5. The following day, nity. The Society held an informal meeting members participated in a Missouri on October 3. Extension Club project called "First Impressions," a multimedia program docu­ Lewis County Historical Society menting their first impressions of Marquand. Society members celebrated the tenth Residents from that community toured anniversary of their location at 112 North Kimmswick. The Society meets the first Fourth Street in Canton with several events. Monday of each month at Kimmswick Hall. Jean Purvines presented a brief history of the Society to the members of the Dicey Kirkwood Historical Society Langsdon chapter of the Daughters of the On August 23 the Society held its annual American Revolution on October 19. The yard sale, and on September 6-7 and library and museum then hosted an open September 13-14 members celebrated the house for the group. Following the day's Greentree Festival. The group met on events, a meeting and a carry-in supper were September 16 at Grace Episcopal Church to held. Officers for 1998 are Lana Todd, pres­ hear Mark Kollbaum, curator of the ident; Nina Porter and Clark Todd, vice pres­ Jefferson Barracks Historic County Park, idents; Elaine Gorrell, secretary; and Pearl discuss the history of Jefferson Barracks. Franks, treasurer. The Society presented Members celebrated Halloween with a card honorary life memberships to the Todds in party luncheon on October 30. appreciation for their generosity in providing a building for the Society. Landmarks Association of St. Louis On August 24 the Association visited Lexington Library and Frank Lloyd Wright's Dana-Thomas house Historical Association in Springfield, Illinois, to see the results of a The Association celebrated Lexington's restoration project. The group sponsored a 175th birthday in September. Festivities booth at the St. Louis Art Fair in Clayton began with a Pioneer Spirit ceremony on over Labor Day weekend. The group's new September 13, and a variety of events con­ home page is located at http://stlouis.mis- tinued through October 21. On October 19 souri.org/501c/landmarks. the Association held its second annual Apple Festival. New officers include Amy Heaven Lawrence County Historical Society Hildreth, president; Janae Fuller, vice presi­ The August 31 meeting included guests dent; Michelle Neer, secretary; and Barbara Don Seneker, who conducted a show-and- Kitchell, treasurer. tell; Hollis Heagerty, who discussed letters of P. F. Clark and a piece of associated Lincoln County Historical music; and Maxine Armstrong, who recited a and Archeological Society poem and displayed Jew's harps. At the On October 11 the Society displayed his­ September 21 meeting, Larisa Thomas, pro­ toric quilts at the Britton house in Troy. The Historical Notes and Comments 187 group held its annual awards banquet on relationships between Native American trap­ October 24 at the First Christian Church in pers and European fur traders. The Society Troy. The Missouri Humanities Council held its annual chili and soup dinner on provided the program, "Racin' for the Horns: October 25 at the museum. Captain John W. Cannon, 1820-1882," por­ trayed by Lee Hendrix. The Society contin­ Mine Au Breton Historical Society ues renovation and restoration of its building The Society met at the Washington at Court and Collier in Troy. County Library in Potosi on September 9 to hear a presentation on the state's prehistoric Maries County Historical Society rock art by Carol Diaz-Granados. The fall The Society held a quarterly meeting on fund-raiser, held on September 20 at the October 19 at the Latham Log House in Austin-Milam-Lucas Store in Potosi, includ­ Vienna to view recent improvements. ed blacksmithing, wood carving, bread mak­ Following the meeting, members toured Dry ing, music, and dancing. The group is work­ Creek Township. Other quarterly meetings ing to restore two historic sites, the Moses will be held on the third Sundays of January, Austin store and the James Long (Banta) April, and July. The museum is open by home. The Society meets on the second appointment only during the winter season. Tuesday of every month, except December, in the Washington County Library, Potosi. Meramec Station Historical Society The Society participated in the annual Missouri Society for Military History Valley Days celebration at Valley Park with On August 10-14, four Society members a fund-raising booth and a display of pictures attended the seventh annual National Guard from the 1860s to the 1950s. workshop for historians and museum cura­ tors in New Orleans. The Society met in Mid-Missouri Civil War Round Table Jefferson City on November 8 in the former The Round Table gathered at Lewis and Algoa Hall, recently renamed Sergeant Jerry Clark Middle School in Jefferson City on Thomas Hall. September 16. Jim Denny, historian with the Missouri Department of Natural Resources, Moniteau County Historical Society talked about the Battle of Glasgow and the On September 8, the Society held an department's program of identifying Civil appreciation reception for members, adver­ War sites with signs. On October 21 the tisers, and donors for the 1998 historical cal­ Round Table met at the Walters-Boone endar fund-raiser. Kenneth Winn, Missouri County Historical Museum in Columbia for state archivist, presented a program on a program by Tom Butler on the Battle of October 13; art work by ceramic artist Lexington. The group met in Jefferson City Annette Grotjan of California was also on November 18 for a program by Bill unveiled at the meeting. On November 10 Sheehan on Joseph Shelby's raid through the group held its annual meeting and carry- mid-Missouri in 1864. Sheehan is the in banquet at the United Church of Christ in Round Table's new president for 1998. California. The genealogy library will reopen on April 1. Miller County Historical Society The Society hosted its quarterly meeting, Montgomery County Historical Society including a potluck, on October 12 at the Society president William J. Auchly led museum in Tuscumbia. Fred Fausz, associ­ the annual fall tour on October 12. The bus ate professor of history at the University of tour included stops in Wellsville, rural Missouri-St. Louis, presented the program Wellsville, Bellflower, and Jonesburg. The "Partners in Pelts," an examination of the Society held a public auction on October 25. Missouri Historical Review

John G. Neihardt Corral meeting in the Westphalia Lions Club build­ of the Westerners ing. The museum and library are open only The Westerners meet the second on Wednesdays through the winter. Thursday of each month at the Holidome in Columbia for a social hour and dinner. The Overland Historical Society September 11 gathering included a program On September 15 the Society held a gen­ by Brett Rogers, a graduate student in history eral membership meeting. National park at the University of Missouri-Columbia, on ranger Pam Sanfilippo spoke about "Freedman Communities in Little Dixie and Whitehaven, the home of General Ulysses S. Southeast Missouri." Lucille Salerno of the Grant. The Society celebrated apple butter John William Boone Heritage Foundation season, September 20-22, and Autumn in the presented "John William Boone: His Music, Park on September 28. The group hosted its His Times, and His Home" on October 9. At annual civic dinner on October 14 and its the November 13 meeting, member Ray rummage sale at Two-Story on October 25. Brassieur showed Stamp of Character, a film A general membership meeting was held on about the early timber industry. November 3. Yvonne Condon of the Missouri Historical Society discussed the Nodaway County Historical Society 1904 World's Fair. The regular meeting The Society hosted its second annual place is in the Overland Community Center. Octoberfest in the museum in Maryville on October 4. The event featured a bake sale, a Papinsville Historical program, "Tossed Treasures," and a luncheon. and Cemetery Association The Association celebrated the town's O'Fallon Historical Society sesquicentennial on August 30. Marjorie On September 8 the Society met for a McGinnis presented the history of Harmony plaque dedication at Westhoff Power Plant, Mission and early Papinsville. The old then held a covered-dish dinner followed by bridge was rededicated as a walkway. a meeting. Pemiscot County Historical Society The Society held meetings on July 25, Old Mines Area Historical Society August 22, and September 26 at the On October 5 the Society hosted the Fete American Legion building in Caruthersville. de l'Automne, which included historic The July meeting featured Marty Lafferty, foods, displays and demonstrations, and Pemiscot County maintenance supervisor, tours of local historic sites. who discussed the 911 system. The August meeting was the annual salad luncheon, and Old Trails Historical Society D. J. Meredith, state representative for the The Society maintained a booth, "The district, provided the program. In September, Old Garden Gate," and participated in a vari­ Naomi Morgan told about the lights and ety of crafts at Old Manchester Days, lamplighters on the Mississippi River. September 5-7. On September 20 the group held a trading post at the Bacon Log Cabin in Perry County Historical Society Ballwin. Members participated in Walter The Society met on September 4 at its LePere Days at American Legion Post #408 office in Perryville. The Society has new on November 8. editions of two books for sale, Bois Brule Area Catholic Churches ($21.00) and the Osage County Historical Society 1830 and 1840 censuses ($11.00). These are John Duncan, a Native American histori­ available by mail at P.O. Box 97, Perryville, an, gave a multimedia presentation on "The MO 63775. Send price plus $1.85 for one Majesty of the Osage" at the August 25 item and $ 1.00 for each additional item. The Historical Notes and Comments 189

Society now has a page on the Internet: 21, the Society held a quilt show, set up a www.public.iastate.edu/~rfinger/PerryHistS country store, and kept a booth. Members oc.html. The office and library will reopen met on October 22 at the museum and heard on April 4. columnist and author C. W Gusewelle speak.

Perry County Lutheran Historical Society St. Clair County Historical Society Society members sponsored a booth at the On August 19, Wilbur Zink presented a East Perry Fair in Altenburg, September 19-20. program on the Osage Indians at the Senior The event celebrated the 150th anniversary of Center in Osceola. Officers elected at the the organization of the Lutheran Church- September 16 meeting include Judith Guthrie, Missouri Synod. The Society met on October president; Joan Garrison, vice president; 19 in Trinity Lutheran School in Altenburg for Ruby Shirk, secretary; and Eleanor Ratliff, its fall meeting. Al Strand, pastor of Trinity treasurer. Francie Rottmann Wolff of the Lutheran Church in Altenburg, presented American Mirror Speakers Bureau presented "Settlers in Perry County prior to the Saxon "Give the Ballot to the Mothers: Songs of the Immigrants of 1839." Suffragist." On October 21 the group met at the Senior Center in Osceola to hear Beverly Randolph County Historical Society Sullins and Phyllis Stewart talk about the his­ The Society met on August 28 to hear a tory of Papinsville. Meetings are held at 7:00 program by Reuben Hunker on the county's P.M. on the third Tuesday of each month, history. The annual meeting was held on except December, at various locations. September 22 at Nelly's Restaurant in Moberly. Ralph Gerhard discussed coal min­ St. Francois County Historical Society ing in the county at the October 30 meeting. Lynn Crites and Terry Hall of the Farmington Public Library spoke on August 27 Ray County Historical Society about the library's genealogy room and the Members and friends of the Society computer enhancement of photographs. At the dressed in old-time clothing and served as tour September 24 meeting, Edmund Zellner, a guides at the museum in Richmond on October retired air force pilot, discussed his experiences 4-5 for the Old Trails Festival. The Society as a fighter pilot during World War E. Bob held a quarterly meeting on October 9 at the Schmidt presented a program on slavery in the Eagleton Center in Richmond with a carry-in county on October 22. The Society meets the dinner and a presentation by John Crouch, a fourth Wednesday of each month, January local historian and a Ray County commission­ through October, at 7:30 P.M. in the Ozark er. The Society is offering two new books, An Savings and Loan basement, Farmington. Index of the 1877 Ray County Atlas ($10.00, postpaid) and Robert L. Brock's 47 Pioneer St. Joseph Historical Society Families of Rockingham County, Virginia The Society celebrated Joseph ($35.00 + $5.00 postage and handling). These Robidoux's 240th birthday on August 10 can be ordered from the Ray County Historical with a dinner at Robidoux Row. A video Society, Box 2, Richmond, MO 64085. entitled Joseph Robidoux: A One Man Portrait was premiered. Raymore Historical Society The Society had a booth at the Raymore Scott County Historical Society Homecoming on August 7-10, which cele­ The Society met on August 16, October brated the town's 125th birthday. 18, and November 15 at the Benton Library. At the October 18 meeting, Margaret Cline Raytown Historical Society Harmon reported on obtaining grants to help During Round-Up Days, September 17- restore the old Benton School. 190 Missouri Historical Review

Sons and Daughters of the Blue and Gray sion of the Vernon County Courthouse on the Civil War Round Table National Register of Historic Places. Civil The Round Table assembled on August War reenactor Scotty Moran provided the 17 to view a video, Shermans March to the program at the October 26 meeting. Sea. On September 21, Sally Tennihill pre­ sented a program on the personal diary Warren County Historical Society entries and eyewitness accounts of battles The August 17 meeting featured a tour of from a booklet, The Five Martin Brothers the Gore-Case area, which included the Loutre and their Experience in the Civil War. Brick Church, St. Anthony's Mission, and the Harley Kissinger presented "Ghosts of the Gore School. The annual meeting was held Civil War Era" on October 19, and George October 23 at the Warren County Museum and Armstrong Hinshaw discussed "Lincoln" on Historical Library in Warrenton. New officers November 16. The group's standing meet­ include Billy Lee, president; Gene Cornell, ing place is the Maryville Public Library. vice president; and Alouise Marschel and Dona Bolton, secretaries. Guest speaker Jerry Stone County Historical Society Holtmeyer discussed his research on the The Society maintained a booth at the French village of La Charrette, founded near Crane Broiler Festival, August 23-27. The present-day Marthasville in 1766. The muse­ September 7 meeting was held in Cape Fair. um's winter hours are 1:00-4:00 P.M. on The October 5 meeting featured retired state Saturday and Sunday of the first full weekend senator Emory Melton, who spoke on the early of each month. history of Missouri. Tony DeLong, Udell Mentola, and Malcolm Vedane spoke about the Webster Groves Historical Society 911 program and the renaming of roads at the The Society met on September 21 at the November 2 meeting. Louis Watkins is serving History Center Bam. Richard E. Owings of as president of the Society. The Society meets the Museum of Transportation spoke on the first Sunday of each month at 1:30 P.M. in early trains that came to Webster Groves. the old Christian Church in Galena. The On November 1 -2 the Society held its twen­ address for the Society on the World Wide Web ty-third annual antique show at the Hixson is http://www.rootsweb.com/~mostone/society/ School gymnasium. society.html. Weston Historical Museum Texas County Missouri Genealogical Members gathered for a dinner and the and Historical Society annual meeting at the America Bowman For the October program, the Society Restaurant on November 16. Retired hosted Norman Brown of Rolla, who spoke Colonel Art Nagel presented "Historic on the early surveying of Missouri and the Weston, Missouri, on the Internet." equipment used. The Society library is now housed in the back of the Memorial Building Westport Historical Society in Houston and is open Tuesdays from 10:00 On September 5-7 the Society hosted an A.M. to 3:00 P.M. information booth about the area's early his­ tory at the annual Westport Art Fair. The Vernon County Historical Society Society and the Civil War Round Table of The Society met on August 17 in the new Kansas City cosponsored a guided bus tour museum quarters in the Finis M. Moss build­ of the Battle of Westport on October 25. ing in Nevada. The program included tours Members met at the Westport Racquet Club of the new museum and a showing of the on November 14 for the annual meeting and Society's historical slide set. On October 12 dinner. Featured speaker Alan F. Perry, the group held a ceremony to mark the inclu­ archivist from the Central Plains Region of Historical Notes and Comments 191 the National Archives, presented "We Are Wright County Historical Society What We Are—We Do What We Do and The Society has a new home in down­ This Is What We Can Do For YOU!" town Hartville, a two-story brick structure built in the late nineteenth century. It for­ White River Valley Historical Society merly housed the Wright County Bank and The Society held its quarterly meeting on an appraisal business. The Society has two September 14 at the College of the Ozarks in new publications, 1971-1980 Obituaries Point Lookout. Leon Combs, cattle rancher from "The Wright County Republican" and and Bradleyville native, presented the pro­ "The Mansfield Mirror" ($15.00, plus $1.50 gram. for shipping) and Confederate Veterans of Texas, Douglas, and Webster County Winston Historical Society ($10.00, plus $1.50 for shipping). For more The Society hosted an ice cream social information contact the Wright County on September 12 in Winston City Park, fea­ Historical Society, P.O. Box 66, Hartville, turing entertainment by the Caldwell family MO 65667. The Society is open Monday singers. Members meet at 7:30 P.M. on the through Friday, 9:00 A.M.-4:30 P.M., and 9:00 first and third Thursdays of each month in A.M.-12:00 on Saturday. the Depot Historical Museum.

An Expert Expounds

Canton Press, February 4, 1898. A New York doctor, noted for his skill in treating women . . . says that nine out of ten colds are caught through the ankles, and that if the ankles were always kept warm and well protected there would be a great decrease in sniffing and sneezing.

A Straight Answer

Canton Press, January 7, 1898. A passenger on an electric car, seeing the many hairbreadth escapes, became alarmed and said to the motorman: "How often do you kill a man on this line?" "Only once," was the prompt reply.

As Others See Us

Columbia Missouri Herald, May 27, 1898. We have some queer weather in this free country, but nothing to compare with the Spanish accounts. El Pais, a Madrid journal, draws this picture of the United States: "The country is not fit to live in. The climate is execrable. When it is not sleeting or snowing the heat is almost unbearable. Avalanches are frequent at all times, and these threaten principal cities. As for the people, besides the few whites engaged in business along the eastern shore, the remainder of the country is one vast plain, covered with Indians called cowboys, and great herds of roaming cattle." 192

GIFTS RELATING TO MISSOURI

Francis M. Barnes III, Kirkwood, donor: Three hundred twenty-five volumes from the collection of the donor, consisting of med­ ical and psychiatric texts and including case studies from St. Louis hospitals. (R)* Robert S. Barrows, Rochester, New York, donor: Douglass, by the donor. (R) Erika Bartos, Hungary, donor, through Robert Baumann: "American-Hungarians in Missouri, St. Louis, Missouri," by the donor. (R) Robert Baumann, St. Louis, donor: At Your Service: KMOX and Bob Hardy: Pioneers of Talk Radio, by Sandra Hardy Chinn; Florissant Valley Chamber of Commerce 1997-1998 membership directory. (R) Jack Behrens, Cape Girardeau, donor: "The Bruton Family History," by J. T. Bruton. (R) Bettie Jane Bodenhamer, Columbia, donor: "Ancestors and Descendants of John G. Frazier (1832-1879) and Julia Frances Barnett (1836-1864)," by the donor. (R) Trenton Boyd, Columbia, donor: Telephone directories of Missouri and the St. Louis area. (R) John F. Bradbury, Jr., Rolla, donor: "Phelps County in the Civil War, " by the donor. (R) Mildred Schubert Breiland, Albuquerque, New Mexico, donor: Schubert Family Papers. (M) Linda Brown-Kubisch, Columbia, donor: "The Musical Life of Bethel German Colony 1844-1879"; "Bethel German Colony 1844- 1883." (R) Callaway County Public Library, Fulton, donor: Fifty-nine Missouri community telephone directories. (R) Martha Campbell, Pembroke Pines, Florida, donor: Benjamin Homes ley and His Descendants, by Ray Homesley; items for the Homesley family file. (R) Carnegie Public Library, Shelbina, donor, through Linda Kropf: Supplement to Shelby County, Missouri, Cemeteries; phone directory for Canton, Shelbina, and Perry. (R) Matt Chaney, Warrensburg, donor: Legend in Missouri, by the donor. (R) D. M. Christisen, Columbia, donor: Twenty-nine Missouri Conservation Commission maps. (R) Clark County Historical Society, Kahoka, and Elaine Gorrell, donors, through Edith Johnson: "Day Cemetery," by Elaine Gorrell. (R) Grata J. Clark, Fort Worth, Texas, donor, through Tom Caulley: A Soldier s Dream of Home: The Civil War Letters of John C. Hughes to His Wife, Harriet, edited by the donor and Jeffrey S. Clark. (R)

*These letters indicate the location of the materials at the Society. (R) refers to Reference Library; (N), Newspaper Library; (E), Editorial Office; (M), Manuscripts; (RFC), Reference Fitzgerald Collection; (B), Bay Room; and (A), Art Collection. Historical Notes and Comments 193

Gloria Dalton, St. Louis, donor: St. Monica's Parish 125th Anniversary. (R) DeKalb County Historical Society, Maysville, donor, through Ruth Owen: Three copy prints of Maysville chautauqua, 1907. (E) A. Hugh Denney, Columbia, donor: More than 230 volumes of Missouri and out-of-state materials for the genealogical collection. (R) Dent County Historical Society, Salem, donor: Index to Dent County, Missouri Area Cemeteries and Families, Volume III. (R) De Soto Public Library, De Soto, donor: Hallemann's Interpretation of the 1876 Historical Atlas of Jefferson County, Missouri and Hallemann's Interpretation of the 1898 Standard Atlas of Jefferson County, Missouri, both by Dave Hallemann. (R) Bob Drake, Warsaw, donor: Benton County plat books, 1973, 1982, 1985, and 1994. (R) Louis G. Geiger, Columbia, donor: Four Years in the Army, June 7, 1942-May 24, 1946 and A History Tour of Billingsville Road, both by the donor. (R) Melvin Boone Goe, Sr., Centralia, donor: The Goe Family, by the donor. (R) Dorothy Cochran Harlan, Boonville, donor: Twenty-eight photographs of the Missouri Training School for Boys, Boonville. (E) William Marion Harlan, Columbia, donor: Randolph County, Missouri, Marriage and Death Notices, 1910-1914, by the donor. (N) Margaret I. Hawk, Fairfax, Virginia, donor: Flashback. (R) David Hawley, Independence, donor: The Treasures of the Steamboat Arabia, by the donor. (R) Richard W. Helbock and Cathy Clark, Lake Oswego, Oregon, donors: "La Posta: A Journal of American Postal History." (R) Hickman High School, Columbia, donor: Cresset, 1996 yearbook. (R) J. Randall Houp, Alma, Arkansas, donor: The 24th Missouri Volunteer Infantry, "Lyon Legion," by the donor. (R) C. D. Huddlestone, Champaign, Illinois, donor: Haworth family and Henderson family genealogical information. (R) Betty Jane James, Pagosa Springs, Colorado, donor: "Ancestors of Raymond Vale James," by the donor. (R) Jefferson Heritage and Landmark Society, De Soto, donor: "Post Offices of Jefferson County, Missouri, 1811-1996," by Delia Lang; Jefferson County historical map; information for Kennett vertical file. (R) Steven R. Jeffries, College Park, Maryland, donor: "Jeffries," by the donor. (R) Tena M. Jordan, Jefferson City, donor: St. Louis Post Magazine covers, 1904, 1906, and 1907. (R) Gary Knehans, Waynesville, donor: Old Settlers Gazette, 1983-1997, loaned for copying. (N) Carolyn Cook Leffler, Cape Girardeau, donor: Photographs and papers of the Nelson Kneass family. (E) & (R) 194 Missouri Historical Review

Lincoln County Genealogical Society, Moscow Mills, donor: The Messenger, 1996-1997; items for Moscow Mills vertical file. (R) Betty Ragland Mansur, Jefferson City, and Linda L. Mansur, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, donors: From Virginia to Missouri: A history of the lineage beginning with William Presley in the 1600s and including the Cockrell, Allstadt and Finley families into the 20th Century, by Betty Ragland Mansur. (R) John B. Marshall, Columbia, donor: Generations of Schmitzes and Kuhns, edited by the donor. (R) Lloyd Mattmann, Bridgeton, donor: Mattmann Ancestry, by the donor; Lottmann Ancestry, by the donor and Camille A. Mattmann. (R) Mildred Fourt Melton, Houston, donor: Celebrating 150 Years of Methodism in Houston, Texas County, Missouri 1846-1996, by the donor; two photographs of the Little Piney River, circa 1900, and Edna Ruth Starling, n.d. (R) & (E) James M. Mills, Vandalia, Ohio, donor: The Genealogy of Stephen Mills of Kentucky and Missouri and Allied Families, by the donor. (R) Chris Montgomery, Columbia, donor: Photographs of restoration of Jesse Hall, University of Missouri-Columbia. (E) Bob and Carole Mullen, St. Louis, donors: "Flight of the Eagle: History of the Steamer Golden Eagle, 1918-1947," by James V Swift. (R) Gilbert D. Nelson, Guilford, donor: Index to Platte Purchase Paradise, by the donor. (R) Marjorie Neumann, Kansas City, donor: Missouri: History of Your Heritage, by Anne Ross Balhuizen. (R) Oak Ridge R-VI School District, Oak Ridge, donor: Charter Oak, 1997 yearbook. (R) Greg Olson, Columbia, donor: Photographs of the Ray County Museum, previously the Ray County Almshouse. (E) Walter and Beverely Pfeffer, Columbia, donors: Publications and brochures from a variety of Columbia area business, civic, cultural, charitable, educational, and political organizations. (R) Gladys Pihlblad, Columbia, donor: One hundred forty letters from Missouri artist Fred Shane to Professor and Mrs. C. T. Pihlblad, 1959-1981. (M) Steven L. Piott, Clarion, Pennsylvania, donor: Holy Joe: Joseph W. Folk and the Missouri Idea, by the donor. (R) John C. Purtell, Springfield, donor: Microfilm of the Missouri "Case Files of Applications from Former Confederates for Presidential Pardons (Amnesty Papers)." (R) Erna Raithel, Russellville, donor: 100th Anniversary, Trinity Evangelical Lutheran Church, Russellville, Missouri, 1895- 1995, by the donor. (R) Mary Ray, Columbia, donor: Mary Ray Collection. (M) Historical Notes and Comments 195

Betty J. Redman, Bella Vista, Arkansas, donor: Items for Thornton and Stone family files. (R) Dale Reed, Kansas City, Kansas, donor: Reed Family Papers. (M) Eleanor Schewe, Vandalia, donor: Editions of the Missouri Times for clipping. (R) Dan Seymour, St. Louis, donor: Gleanings of Cleveland: Grover Cleveland High School, 80th Anniversary History 1915- 1984; Grover Cleveland High School 80th Anniversary Alumni Directory. (R) Gary W. Shearer, Angwin, California, donor: The Mormons in Missouri: A Bibliography and The Civil War, Slavery, and Reconstruction in Missouri, both by the donor. (R) Nancy Singer, Boonville, donor: The Buccaneer, Boonville High School 1997 yearbook. (R) Stephens College, Columbia, donor: Stephens Life, 1996-1997. (R) Sweet Springs Presbyterian Church, Sweet Springs, donor, through Rosemary N. Ohrenberg: Sessional Records of the Sweet Springs, Missouri Presbyterian Church, 1904-1911. (R) Kenneth E. Weant, Arlington, Texas, donor: Montgomery County, Missouri: 4768 Deaths Reported in Chronological Index to Selected Articles from the Montgomery City Standard 4 January 1951 to 31 December 1970 and Montgomery County, Missouri: 4742 Deaths Reported in Chronological Index to Selected Articles (Includes List of World War II Servicemen) from the Montgomery City Standard 2 January 1931 to 28 December 1950, both by the donor. (N) J. Marshall White, St. Joseph, donor: The Ongoing Mission, St. Joseph's First Baptist Church history, by the donor. (R) Joyce White, Columbia, donor: General highway maps of Missouri counties, mostly from the 1950s. (R) Lea Wood, Underhill, Vermont, donor: Biography, writings, and picture of Josephine Snyder Walker. (R) & (E) Robert G. Woods, Palmyra, donor: Miscellaneous newsletters, brochures, and programs from various Missouri churches, church organizations, and civic and political groups. (R) Wright County Historical Society, Hartville, donor: Confederate Veterans of Douglas, Webster and Texas County, Missouri; Confederate Veterans of Wright County, Missouri', Union Veterans of Wright County, Missouri, all by Robert D. Caudle; Wright County, Missouri, 1961-1970 and 1971-1980, Obituaries as They Appeared in The Mansfield Mirror and Wright County Republican, by Phyllis Rippee; Wright County Roots: Genealogical Inquiries, by Virginia Lawson Long. (R) & (N)

He's Considerate

Unionville Putnam County Leader, January 7, 1898. Mr. Holiday—So you think you would like to take [the] position of superintendent of the works? Don't you think it better for you to seek a more humble place first? Rollo—Why, Sir[,] you have told me that there is always plenty of room at the top. Surely you would not have me crowd the worthy men who are lower down. 196

MISSOURI HISTORY IN NEWSPAPERS

Alma Santa Fe Times August 14, 1997: "Grand Pass News Briefs: Grand Pass begins to grow as pioneer com­ munity on prairie," by Becky Plattner.

Anderson Graphic September 3, 1997: "Early School Days" in McDonald County.

Ash Grove Commonwealth August 21, 1997: "Homestead Memories: A special place in memory," Gladys Johnson recalls growing up on Nathan Boone homestead. August 28: "Wisconsin historian [Lyman C. Draper] visited at the Nathan Boone Home" in 1851, by Carole Bills. September 11: "Van Bibber family history ties in with [Nathan] Boone family," by Carole Bills; "Silence has been broken at [Nathan] Boone Homestead," by Annette Mason Albert.

Ashland Boone County Journal October 1, 1997: "Ashland begins at 'Farmer's Corner,"' a look at Ashland's history.

Belton Star-Herald October 30, 1997: "The [electric railway coach] Crimson Diner: a piece of local history to hang on the tree."

Bland Courier September 24, 1997: Vienna's "Old Jail Museum Provides Historic Trip To The Past," by Nichoel Snodgrass.

Bolivar Herald-Free Press October 1, 1997: "50th anniversary: Woods Supermarkets began in 1947 as a dime store in Long Lane," by Charlotte Marsch.

Brookfield Daily News-Bulletin October 16, 1997: "Lewis F. Linn: Missouri Senator who fought for Oregon," by Mark Thorburn.

Brunswick Brunswicker October 9, 1997: "Celebrating Our 150th Anniversary," a history of the Brunswicker.

Buffalo Reflex September 10, 1997: "Respect for those who pan gold from history's turbid waters," the Buffalo Farmers' Exchange. October 1: "Woods supermarket chain had humble start in Long Lane." This and the above article by Jim Hamilton.

Cameron Citizen Observer September 4, 1997: "If this house could talk ... the Edmund D. Stokes Home." October 16: "If this house could talk ... the Claude S. Kemper home." This and the above article by Clela Fuller Morgan. Historical Notes and Comments 197

Cape Girardeau Southeast Missourian October 13, 1997: "Family finds Confederate soldier's grave" on Hopper family farm, by David Angier.

Carthage Press September 23, 1997: "Carthage Deli building [a former bank] retains some of its unique old-time traits," by Sue Vandergriff.

Cassville Barry County Advertiser September 3, 1997: "The McDowell Mill" in Barry County.

* Chesterfield St. Louis County Suburban Journal August 20, 1997: "Group plans to clean up [St. Louis City Hall] landmark," by Ellen Ellick.

Chillicothe Constitution-Tribune August 6, 1997: "An old mill's beauty makes it a hit with modern visitors," mills on the Jacks Fork River, including Alley Spring.

Columbia Daily Tribune September 9, 1997; "Residents recall original [1924] dedication" of Boonville bridge, by Leslie Wright.

Concordia Concordian October 15, 1997: "Great Emma fire was 82 years ago."

Dexter Daily Statesman September 16, 1997: "Our Civil War past: Stoddard Rangers," by James E. McGhee.

Doniphan Prospect News September 24, 1997: "Historical McKinney House [in Briar] Destroyed."

East Prairie Eagle September 11, 1997: "Historic [Mississippi] county courthouse torn down; passes into history," by Liz Anderson. September 18: "The Mississippi County Courthouse comes down," a photo essay of the demolition, by Kellie Golightly and Liz Anderson.

Edina Sentinel September 10, 1997: "Cornfest Historical Essays," by Carol Kincaid, featuring "To Southside" Drug, by Juanita Gilbert; Civil War "Ambush At Alfred Hill"; "Kenwood Cardinals/Hurdland Bulldogs," by Kyle Hall; "Edina Methodist Church," by Shannon Meister.

El Dorado Springs Sun August 14, 1997: "Missouri dig critical to knowledge of America's earliest inhabitants," uncovering Paleo-Indian sites along Sac River in Cedar County.

Eldon Advertiser October 23,1997: "Window to the Past," the Prock family lineage, by Peggy Smith Hake.

* Indicates newspapers not received by the State Historical Society. 198 Missouri Historical Review

Elsberry Democrat October 22, 1997: "To celebrate [Elsberry United Methodist] church building's 100th year."

Gallatin North Missourian September 10, 1997: "Chautauqua [car show] time approaching!" the Gallatin Motor Company.

Hannibal Courier-Post September 20, 1997: "Town's Riverview Park nearly 100 years old," by Bev Darr.

Hermann Advertiser-Courier August 27, 1997: "Luecke's Station was a New Haven landmark." September 24: August "Wohlt House celebrates 10 years in Hermann," by Nancy Fagerness.

Hermitage Index October 16, 1997: "Etched in stone: [Hickory County] Swedish settlers to get monument."

Higginsville Advance August 27, 1997: "After 21 years, local sorority says it is time to finish Confederate chapel," by Heather Hollander.

Humansville Star-Leader September 4, 1997: "Big Spring is part of town's history," by Virgil Mullaney.

Independence Examiner October 21, 1997: "Early diarist [William James Hinchey] depicts [Santa Fe] trail life," by Frank Haight, Jr.

Ironton Mountain Echo August 27, 1997: "Committee reports on historic value of Shepherd Mountain," site of Battle of Pilot Knob. October 22: "Arcadia Valley Drug [Store]: 100 Years."

Jefferson City News & Tribune October 12, 1997: "Group [repairing Confederate General Mosby Monroe Parsons fam­ ily graves] hopes undertaking will spur others to action," by Gerry Tritz.

Jefferson City Post-Tribune October 7, 1997: "Daniel Boone's burial site preserved by family," by Bob Watson.

Joplin Globe September 6, 1997: Newtonia "Cemetery 'will never be same' after recent wave of van­ dalism," by Glenita Browning. October 3: "Joplin's homes [and Scottish Rite Cathedral] reflect its history."

Kansas City Catholic Key August 31, 1997: "St. Rose of Lima Parish [in Savannah] celebrates its first 100 years." October 12: "Franciscan Sisters Celebrate 75 Years in Northwest Missouri." Both arti­ cles by Kevin Kelly. Historical Notes and Comments 199

Kansas City Star August 17, 1997: "Birth of a City: Kansas City in the 19th Century." August 31: "Birth of a City—A footnote," early Kansas City census records. This and the above article by Shirl Kasper. September 5: "Houses, Not Homes," by Marjean Busby, featured "Bigwig On Quality Hill," the William Warner mansion; "A Sense Of Peace And Weil-Being," the Catholic chancery; "Farm To Office," the Lackman-Thompson estate. September 6: "Stately homes a living treasure: Lovers of Victorian style are drawn to Plattsburg's past," by Joe Popper. September 7: "Union Station shows progress," by Jeffrey Spivak. September 14: "A city divided [over the Civil War]: Kansas City in the 19th Century." September 28: "City Divided—a footnote," Mattie Lykins Bingham. This and the above article by Shirl Kasper. October 12: "The [Hannibal and St. Joseph Railroad] Bridge: Kansas City in the 19th Century," by Rick Montgomery. October 17: "In search of Mormon history," Mormon leader Charles C. Rich's cabin, by Roberta Johnson Schneider. October 26: "The [Hannibal and St. Joseph Railroad] Bridge—a footnote," July 3, 1869, opening, by Rick Montgomery.

Lamar Democrat August 20, 1997: "Plaza Theatre Souvenir Edition, 1934-1997," a special section.

La Plata Home Press August 13, 1997: "Friends for La Plata Preservation Celebrate 110th Anniversary of the Coming of the Santa Fe Railroad."

Lebanon Daily Record August 18, 1997: "Sleeper: Over A Century of History," by Angela M. Mudge. August 31: "Wilson's Creek National Battlefield: The Beginning Of The Civil War In Missouri." October 3: Laclede County's "Reagan School To Hold Reunion October 4." October 27: "Carrying The U.S. Mail Becomes A Family Tradition For A Laclede County Family," a history of rural mail routes. This and the above article by Claudia Stubblefield.

Liberty Tribune-News August 30, 1997: "Jim the Wonder Dog lives on," by Kellie Thompson Houx.

Linn Unterrified Democrat August 21, 1997: "Assumption School [at Morrison] remembered," by Joe Welschmeyer. September 24: "Former [Osage] county poorhouse is nominated to National Register."

Mansfield Mirror October 23, 1997: "Rocky Ridge Day [celebrating Laura Ingalls Wilder] draws large crowd"; "Author William Anderson tells history of [the Wilder] Rock House at ribbon cutting ceremonies."

Marshall Democrat-News August 15, 1997: Region's black history unearthed as "Arrow Rock sponsors artifact dig," by Nathan Wittmaier. 200 Missouri Historical Review

Moberly Monitor-Index & Evening Democrat September 17, 1997: "Huntsville First Baptist Church Is Marking 160th Birthday." October 8: "New Monument Is Erected in Huntsville" to Potawatomi Indians who died on their 1838 forced march through Missouri to Kansas.

Monett Times September 12, 1997: "Theron Bennett Innovator And Rascal: Portrait Of The Man Behind The Music," by Murray Bishoff.

Montgomery City Montgomery Standard August 13, 1997: "Oak Grove [Baptist] Church to Celebrate 100th Anniversary on Sunday."

Neosho Daily News August 24, 1997: "Camp [Tilden] reopens to serve yet another generation." history of camp in McDonald County, by Kay Hively.

New London Ralls County Herald Enterprise October 2, 1997: "A Little History Regarding Center's J. C. Gillam Building."

Noel McDonald County Press September 17, 1997: "The Bear Hollow Revival" of 1956. October 8: "Washburn important to Barry County history," by Marilyn Sarratt.

Odessa Odessan September 18, 1997: "Memory Lane: Airplane above the Christian Church—1912," by Danny Lane.

Piedmont Wayne County Journal-Banner August 21, 1997: "Frank Holladay a big farm operator west of river," near Kime. August 28: Harlan H. "Dick" Holladay has "Fond memories of his boyhood days on the farm." September 11: "Garrison families [in Kime] were closely knit in first years in county." September 18: "D. L. Garrison a highly esteemed Chaonia businessman." September 25: "Civil War dealt violence to the family of William Hawes." October 2: "James M. Bowers . . . About 1915"; "The death of Wallis Kirkpatrick record­ ed in old journal."

Pleasant Hill Times August 13, 20, 1997: "The railroad that never was," a series on a Cass County swindle, by Kerry Warman.

Puxico Press August 6, 1997: "Miss Dorothy is at top of her list," Martha Norris reminisces about rural Skelton School in the 1930s.

^Republic Monitor August 19, 1997: "Perry County Album: Old [Appleton] Town Tavern—Circa 1915."

Rich Hill Mining Review August 28, 1997: "Here's how Bates County Old Settlers' Society formed in 1897." Historical Notes and Comments 201

Richland Mirror August 21, 1997: "Hazelgreen revisited," naming of town, by Gordon Warren.

St. James Leader-Journal August 6, 1997: "Sterling Price: Hero, Governor, Leader," by Richard Wilber.

St. Joseph News-Press September 7, 1997: "Old-Time Restaurant: Local Family Made Memories For City At Heinies," by Marshall White. October 24: "Easton evolves in 1800s," by Frankie Spaulding; "Times take toll on [Oregon and Forbes] area locales," by John T. Drake; "Mystery surrounds [Amarugia] region's origin," by Tom Lethcho; "Family store [Jones Street Grocery] supplies groceries, cama­ raderie," by Nancy Stafford Carter; "Dad [Roy Raymond Knapp, Sr.] describes Dawsonville days," by Mary Jane Lewis; "Railroad brings mail service" to Frazier, by Thelma Walkup; "Small area towns remain only in memory," by Dolores Reeder.

*St. Louis County Webster-Kirkwood Journal July 20, 1997: William "Clark's journals part of St. Louis [Missouri Historical Society] collection," by Dan Yount. October 15: Ken "Burns retraced Lewis and Clark voyage for documentary," by Jim O'Neal.

St. Louis Post-Dispatch August 24, 1997: "Russian Rhapsody: A small city north of Moscow opens a museum to honor a former St. Louis mayor," David R. Francis, by Harper Barnes. September 1: "Time-Honored," Henry Shaw's Tower Grove Park, by Charlene Prost. September 8: " 'White Haven' Artifacts May Hold Key To Slaves' Rituals," by Joan Little.

St. Louis Review August 1, 1997: "Parishioners called biggest asset at Mary, Queen of Peace" Parish in Webster Groves. September 5: Lemay's "St. Bernadette to observe parish's 50th anniversary"; Creve Coeur's "St. John Bosco is 25 years old." September 19: "St. John's [college preparatory high school] celebrates 75th year."

*St. Louis Southwest City Journal July 30, 1997: "Soldiering on: [Soldiers'] Memorial [Military Museum] supervisor [Ralph Wiechert] has long-time interest in history," by Janet Stanford.

Ste. Genevieve Herald October 8, 1997: "The [Louis] Bolduc House And Tourism In Ste. Genevieve"; "Bolduc Celebrates 40 Years As Public Showplace," by Mark Evans. October 15: "Louis Bolduc Left Intriguing Architectural, Cultural Legacy," by Mark Evans.

Savannah Reporter and Andrew County Democrat September 4, 1997: Glen "Zahnd to portray Senator Linn—'father of the Platte Purchase.'" 202 Missouri Historical Review

Sedalia Democrat August 30, 1997: "Flames destroy historic barn" that belonged to horse trainer Tom Bass. September 30: "Small vices carry high price: Carry Nation believed smoking, drinking caused calamities," by Rhonda Chalfant.

Sheridan Quad River News October 29, 1997: "Halloween Fire Centennial," a history of the Sheridan fire on October 31, 1897.

Smithville Ixike Herald October 1, 1997: "Hanks family restores historic [Plattsburg] cemetery; traces ancestry to area pioneer, president," by Steve Smith.

Springfield News-Leader August 9, 1997: "[Steele-Curtis] Family invests in history," Hartville's Wright County Bank building, by Robert Edwards. August 20: "Landmark [Colonial] hotel's roof caves in." August 23: "SMS rules out repairing Colonial." This and the above article by Jennifer Portman. September 16: "Texas bound: Moses Austin's son, Stephen, continued his father's jour­ ney to Texas from Potosi." September 30: "Ghost of the past: Once bustling company town [Sligo] now a silent sym­ bol of an extinct way of life." October 7: "Headwaters of inspiration," retracing Henry Schoolcraft's 1818-1819 trek through Missouri. This and the above two articles by Steve Koehler. October 12: "Couple preserve community's [Old Providence Church Cemetery] history." October 16: "Money-strapped [Wilson's Creek] battlefield plans its future," by Mike Penprase.

Steele Enterprise August 7, 1997: Zills "Family Remembers Life At [Steele] Ice House." October 16: "Day To Celebrate Founding Of Steele," by Andy Pinkard.

Sweet Springs Herald September 10, 1997: "Around Town," the Immanuel Lutheran Church, by Pat Duffey.

Tipton Times August 7, 1997: "Florence to celebrate 165 years," impact of the Butterfield Overland Mail line.

Trenton Republican-Times August 5, 1997: "State Highway Routes Give Glimpse Of [Lewis and Clark] Expedition."

Troy Free Press August 20, 1997: "Remembering the Hawk Point depot." September 17: "Troy's former poultry plant." September 24: "Troy Commercial Co." This and the above articles by Charles R. Williams. Historical Notes and Comments 203

Tuscumbia Miller County Autogram-Sentinel October 2,1997: "Thompsons rededicate family cemetery" in Brazito, by Alan T. Wright.

Unionville Republican August 13, 27, September 10, 1997: "Worthington the Forgotten Little Town," a three- part series.

Vienna Maries County Gazette August 13, 1997: "The Maries River 'Wagon Bridge'" between Freeburg and Koeltztown, by Joe Welschmeyer. September 24: Vienna's "Old Jail Museum," a photo essay by Nichoel Snodgrass. October 15: Freeburg's "Poettgen Brothers Garage Centennial Celebration."

Webb City Sentinel August 8, 1997: "The home for old Confederate soldiers," Higginsville. September 5: "James Van Hoose: another city forefather to be proud of." October 3: "Webb City was once a college town." This and above two articles by Jeanne Newby. October 17: "Webb City used to be a medical center." October 24: "Central High School was the first school in Webb City." October 31: "Eager students assured passage of bond issue for their 'new' high school in 1909." This and the above article by Jeanne Newby.

* Wentzville Journal September 28, 1997: "Historical artifacts displayed at public sites around [St. Charles] county," by Steve Yawitz.

All in the Viewpoint

Canton Press, January 28, 1898. . . . [S]in is a lot less interesting to the sinner than it is to the good people.

Safely Settled

Columbia Missouri Herald, May 13, 1898. With fighting Joe Wheeler and Robert E. Lee's nephew wearing the uniforms of Major Generals in the United States Army it may be safely settled that the civil war is over.

Not a Free Citizen

Unionville Putnam County Leader, January 7, 1898. "Jones has moved back to the country." "Why?" "He said he wouldn't live in a town where the neighbors objected to his keeping his cow in the front yard." 204

MISSOURI HISTORY IN MAGAZINES

American Heritage November, 1997: "If Lewis And Clark Came Back Today," by Dayton Duncan.

America's Civil War November, 1997: Missouri-born "West Point graduate James Major was one of the few professional officers in the trans-Mississippi West," by Donald S. Frazier.

Ancestors Unlimited Quarterly, Barry County Genealogical and Historical Society August, 1997: "Civil War Correspondence Union," by Ted Roller; "A Glance Back In Time At the Old Pioneers Of Barry County."

Annals of Wyoming Winter, 1997: "Civilization's Guardian: Army Aid to Emigrants on the Platte River Road, 1846-1869" and Missouri outfitting towns, by Michael L. Tate.

Bates County Museum Of Pioneer History News Summer, 1997: "Bates County Old Settlers' Society 1897-1997." Fall, 1997: Lord William "Scully's Rural Empire."

Boone's Lick Heritage, Boonslick Historical Society September, 1997: "19th And Early 20th Century Photography In The Boonslick," by Robert L. Dyer.

The Bulletin, Johnson County Historical Society September, 1997: Continuation of "What About Burtville?" by Mary L. Rainey.

Bulletin of the Glendale Historical Society September, 1997: "Memorial To Luther Armstrong: Oct. 28, 1837-Feb. 10, 1926," reprinted.

The Bushwhacker, Civil War Round Table of St. Louis October 22, 1997: "Missourians and Cadets at New Market"; "Camp Jackson."

Bushwhacker Musings, Vernon County Historical Society October 1, 1997: "Looking Through A Rear-View Mirror," the former State Hospital for the Insane, by M. J. Williams; "Col. Anselm Halley Pioneer Settler," by Robert S. Barrows; "Country Doctor" Ninian B. Primm of Deerfield, by Virginia Weber Johnson; "Early History Of Nevada High School," by Letha Cox; "A Yankee Settler Among the Rebels, Vernon County, 1870," excerpts from a letter by R. F. Benedict.

The Clay County MOsaic July-September, 1997: "Some Early Settlers Participated in Clay County Commerce, Education—Then Moved On," by Clara VanderStaay.

Columbia Senior Times August, 1997: "The Burden Of History: Building A Boone County Civil War Memorial," by Hugh Curran. September, 1997: "Jean Madden's 50 Years of Mizzou Tiger Football Memories." Historical Notes and Comments 205

November, 1997: "Columbia Celebrates Jane Froman," by Mike Asmus; "Triumph Over Tragedy: The Jane Froman That Few People Knew," by Michelle Froman.

Conestoga Newsletter, Joplin Genealogy Society September, 1997: "Missouri Facts And Figures," courtesy of Missouri Tourism Division; "Missouri ... Neutral Or Not?" during the Civil War, by Jeanne Newby; "Cox Cemetery Civil War Veterans."

County Lines, Boone County Historical Society August-September, 1997: "A Bit of History: The origin of government surveys in Missouri," by Betty Quisenberry. October-November, 1997: "The Advertising Art of Charles A. Morgenthaler," by Charles O'Dell.

DeKalb County Heritage October, 1997: "Historical Sketches of Maysville Citizens," focusing on banker Arthur Jesse Hitt, by Arthur J. Hitt.

The Despatch, Recreated First U.S. Infantry and Missouri Rangers September-October, 1997: "What Do You Put In A Cheesebox [an infantryman's can­ teen]?" by Erik Hansen. Special edition dedicated to "The Annual Fort Osage Militia Muster."

The Digging, Old Mines Area Historical Society Summer, 1997: "Ancient Cemetery Restoration Project: Soldiers of the Civil War," by Kent Beaulne.

The Fence Painter, Mark Twain Boyhood Home Associates Summer, 1997: '"Roughing It' Is 125 Years Old"; "A Jane Clemens Story," reprinted.

Florissant Valley Quarterly July, 1997: "Country Town, Country Folks," memoirs of Florissant and the Kohnen fam­ ily, by John Kohnen. October, 1997: "Hark! The Herald Angels Sing . . . Restoring a Divine Ceiling in Old Town Florissant," the Nicholas Jensen house, by Rob Hoffman; "The Midwest Jesuit Archives—Documenting 175 Years," by Nancy Mertz; "Country Town, Country Folks," by John Kohnen, continued.

Gasconade County Historical Society Newsletter Fall, 1997: "County's historic First Creek Community," town of Gebler and Feil's Store.

Gateway Heritage, Missouri Historical Society Summer, 1997: "Cupples Station: A Tale of Unrequited Love," by William H. Gass; "Hidden In Plain Sight: Midtown's Continental Building," by Michael Merchant; "Reading The Past," the Jefferson Memorial building and Forest Park, by Kirsten Hammerstrom and Tim Fox.

Greene County Historical Society Bulletin September-December, 1997: "Gleanings From The Greene County Archives," early houses and buildings, including the courthouse, by Robert Neumann. 206 Missouri Historical Review

Grundy Gleanings Fall, 1997: "The Witten Family," by Glenda Joiner.

GSCM Reporter, Genealogical Society of Central Missouri September-October, 1997: "Boone County Tours: Know Your County, Part 6," by Laura Crane; "A Trip To The Horse Mill," reprinted.

The Herald, Grand River Historical Society and Museum October, 1997: "Civil War & Livingston County," by Carolyn Leffler and Sue Jones.

Heritage, Assemblies of God Summer, 1997: "Pioneering in Pentecost: The Experiences of Walter J. Higgins," by Glenn Gohr.

Huntsville Historical Society Newsletter September, 1997: "Trail Of Death Is Declared A Regional Historic Trail," commemorat­ ing the hardships suffered by Potawatomi Indians, reprinted; "My Brush Creek Chronicle," the story of Jimmie Armstrong, reprinted.

Iron County Historical Society Newsletter October, 1997: "The Hungarian Colony East of Pilot Knob, Mo.," by J. T. Miles, circa 1937; "Family bible of James Washington Young traces history," by Violet Kennedy.

The Journal of Presbyterian History Spring, 1997: "Old Auxvasse-Nine Mile Presbyterian Church" in Williamsburg.

The Kansas City Genealogist Summer, 1997: "Kansas City General Hospital No. 2," by Joanne Chiles Eakin; " 'Colonel, I am shot to death.' The Final Days of Lt. James L. Combs," by Fred L. Lee; "Absalom Grimes and His Society Belles Carried the Mail to Southern Soldiers," by Susan C. Chiles; "Gone But Not Forgotten: [Kansas City's first policeman] Tillman Crabtree," by Fred L. Lee.

Kirkwood Historical Review June, 1997: "Selected Houses For Sale In Kirkwood By Raymond M. Henley 1925- 1941,"byR.T. Bamber.

The Lawrence County Historical Society Bulletin October, 1997: "Eaglecrest Farm," a history of northwest Lawrence County and the McCune family, reprinted; "Part Three: Missouri Government In Exile 1863-65," by J. Dale West.

The Looking Glass, Ray County Historical Society September, 1997: "Alexander Doniphan—An Unsung Hero," by Jean Hamacher.

Mid-Missouri Black Watch Fall, 1997: "Homer G. Phillips [hospital]: A Man and His Times."

Missouri Business October, 1997: "The Missouri Chamber of Commerce: A Proud Heritage of 75 Years of Service," by Bob Priddy, and other articles relating to the history of the chamber. Historical Notes and Comments 207

Missouri Magazine Summer, 1997: "Shade for a Century," the Yancey family's historic Shadowlawn estate near Liberty, by Sarah Simpson; "The Tale of the Fox" Theatre, by Kathy Lee; "Keeper of the Stones," construction of Fulton's Churchill Memorial, by Renee Martin Kratzer. Fall, 1997: "Hannibal's hideaway," the Victorian Garth Woodside mansion, by Karol Mueller; "Victorian Secret," the Vaile mansion in Independence, by Reade Tilley; Country Club "Plaza Pioneer" J. C. Nichols, by Sarah Simpson.

Missouri State Genealogical Association Journal Summer, 1997: "Reverend William Goff Caples," by R. E. Bayley.

Mizzou Weekly October 2, 1997: "Remembering the 'Law Bam': MU's School of Law Celebrates 125th year of legal education."

The Montgomery County Genealogical Society Fourth Quarter, 1997: "First Settlers on the Dry Fork of Loutre," by Sandra Payne Bothe.

^National Association For Outlaw And Lawman History April-June, 1997: "Jesse James: The Long Branch, New Jersey Photograph," by George Hart.

Newsletter, Boone-Duden Historical Society July-August, 1997: "Dardenne Township." September-October, 1997: "Warren County's Charrette & Hickory Grove Townships."

Newsletter, Carondelet Historical Society Fall, 1997: "Growing Up In Carondelet During The Teens And The Twenties," memoirs of Bill Dunphy; "In Our Midst," the Bouchein family house.

Newsletter, Chariton County Historical Society October, 1997: "Bushwhackers active in county during Civil War," by Tom Kenny, reprinted; "A Brief Look at Early Chariton County"; "Signs of the Times," the depression in St. Joseph, by Joe Friedman, reprinted.

Newsletter, Normandy Area Historical Association September, 1997: "The 'Hardy House.'"

Newsletter, Osage County Historical Society August, 1997: "College Hill/Hasslers—No. 56." September, 1997: "Dodds School—No. 10." October, 1997: "Buck Elk School—No. 69."

Newsletter, St. Francois County Historical Society July, 1997: "Veterans of the Civil War," Eli A. Vansickles. September, 1997: "Veterans of the Civil War," William H. C. Conover.

Newsletter, Sappington-Concord Historical Society Fall, 1997: "The 75th Anniversary of the Third and Present Sanctuary of St. John's Evangelical United Church of Christ"; "Memories of The Arone Farm on Union Road," by Dorothy Schmidt Arone.

^Indicates magazines not received by the State Historical Society. 208 Missouri Historical Review

Newsletter, Warren County Historical Society October, 1997: "Program," the French village of La Charrette.

Newsletter of the Phelps County Historical Society October, 1997: "The Ozark Short Line: Electric Railway from Rolla to Houston," by John F. Bradbury, Jr.

Newton County Roots, Genealogy Friends of the Library September, 1997: Continuation of excerpts from James A. "Fertig's Journal," 1898, 1899, reprinted.

The No Quarterly, William Clarke Quantrill Society August, 1997: "Why I Admire Quantrill," by Thomas Goodrich; "Josephine Anderson's Grave is Marked," by Donald Hale.

North Dakota History Spring, 1997: "Adaline Forsee's Journal of a [Missouri River] Trip from St. Louis to Cantonment Tongue River, 1877," edited by James S. Brust.

Novinger Renewal News October, 1997: "History of the Growth of Novinger, Missouri 1879-1903," by Gary Lloyd.

Ozark Happenings Newsletter, Texas County Missouri Genealogical and Historical Society July-September, 1997: "Texas County School Superintendents."

Ozar'kin, Ozarks Genealogical Society Fall, 1997: "Church of Christ in Springfield Splits in 1887 Over Organ," by George T. Harper.

The Ozarks Mountaineer October-November, 1997: "The Strange Tale Of [Tiger Mine owner] Fred Frazier's Disappearance," by Gwen McCormack; "In The Land Of The Big Red [Ozarks] Apples," as seen by Laura Ingalls Wilder, by Catherine Brown.

OzarksWatch Vol. IX, No. 4, 1996: "The Five-String Banjo in the Ozarks: From Factory to Folklore," by Michael Ellis; "Magic Shoes—Legends of [Springfield Normal School's] Dr. Virginia Craig," by Ginger Casebeer; "Down by the Riverside" saloon in Ozark, by Jamie Cox.

Perry County Heritage Vol. 15, No. 2, 1997: "The Civil War Letters Of George Washington Dean, Part 2"; "100th Birthday," reprinted articles about construction of the Perryville opera house; "Index To Old Circuit Court Cases, Part 2."

*Photographica, American Photographic Historical Society January, 1997: "Photographic Rarities Of Jesse James And His Slayers," by George Hart.

Platte County Missouri Historical & Genealogical Society Bulletin August-November, 1997: "Prairie Point School," by Berniece Miller Vaughan; "A Circular From William M. Paxton," concerning Prohibition, reprinted; "Missouri's Contested Legislative Elections Of 1866 Platte County," by Gordon Seyffert, reprinted. Historical Notes and Comments 209

Randolph County Historical Report July-September, 1997: George "Bassett Log House"; "Circuit Court Records Randolph County, Missouri," 1882-1918.

Ray County Reflections Fall, 1997: "The Frakes and Sanor Families of Ray county, Missouri and a Journey Over the Oregon Trail to California in 1849," by M. Virginia Mills; "Sketches of the Jackass Bend Country of Ray-Clay Counties," by Elmer L. Pigg, reprinted.

The Resume, Historical Society of Polk County September, 1997: "Religion & Polk County," by Robert G. Beason.

The Ripley County Heritage September, 1997: "Old Trails" of Ripley County, by John Hume, reprinted; "Washington Township Voters In 1869"; "Ripley County Since 1880," by Patrick Henry Kirby, reprinted; "Ripley County 1902," reprinted; "Branding Cattle," by Garnet Hunt White; Pioneer "Heritage Homestead Site Dedicated," by Debra Tune, reprinted; Jim "Price Links Cabin To Early Colonists," by Debra Tune, reprinted.

Rural Missouri September, 1997: "Recalling the Platte Purchase." November, 1997: "From swamp to cotton: Farmers find fertile fields where swamps and cypress forest covered the Bootheel," including a history of the Little River Drainage District. This and the above article by Jeff Joiner.

St. Charles Heritage, St. Charles County Historical Society October, 1997: "St. Charles County Gun Club," by Helen T. Schnare; "St. Charles During the Civil War," by Gary McKiddy; "Depression Kids," by Elaine Goodrich Linn.

St. Louis Commerce August, 1997: "Midtown & Beyond: The central corridor of the City of St. Louis catch­ es the Spirit of Renewal," including brief sketches of St. Louis University, Harris-Stowe State College, A. G. Edwards's St. Louis roots, the Grand Center, and Henry Shaw and the Missouri Botanical Garden.

Springfield! Magazine September, 1997: "Cavalcade Of Homes, Part 98—The Lee-Haydon House"; "Why Springfield Is A City of Churches, Part VII" and "An Almost Condensed History of [buildings in] The Queen City Of the Ozarks, Part III," both by Robert C. Glazier. October, 1997: "Why Springfield Is A City of Churches," by Robert C. Glazier; "Cavalcade Of Homes, Part 99—The Withall-Detherow House," by Mabel Carver Taylor; "Springfield Art Museum Prepares for 70th Year"; "An Almost Condensed History of The Queen City Of the Ozarks, Part IV," concerning George M. Jones and Pearl White, by Robert C. Glazier; "First Ladies Of Springfield: Phoebe Hensley Stitched First Flag for City," by Elizabeth Stanfill. November, 1997: "An Almost Condensed History of The Queen City Of the Ozarks Part V," concerning lynching, and "Why Springfield Is A City of Churches," both by Robert C. Glazier; "Cavalcade Of Homes Part 100—The Flanagan-Collins House," by Mabel Carver Taylor; "First Ladies Of Springfield, Norene Lee: First to Sell Shoes on TV," by Sherlu Walpole. 210 Missouri Historical Review

Terminal Railroad Association of St. Louis Historical and Technical Society Newsletter Winter 1996-Spring 1997: "Cotton Belt Varnish At St. Louis Union Station"; "The St. Louis Southwestern Railway Admission Agreement," by Ruth Trask; "The Cotton Belt Building," or Planters Hotel, by Lawrence N. Thomas.

Wagon Tracks, Santa Fe Trail Association August, 1997: "Trace Of The Blues: The Santa Fe Trail, the Blue River, and the True Nature of the Old Trace in Metropolitan Kansas City," by Craig Crease.

It Takes Talent

Columbia Missouri Herald, June 17, 1898. The Wichita Beacon says that "any girl who chews gum can be kissed." So can any girl who does not chew gum, but the job must be done by the right party.

Still Trying

Canton Press, January 7, 1898. She—"They tell me, professor, that you have mastered all the modern tongues." He- "All but two—my wife's and her mother's."

Company Manners

Unionville Putnam County Leader, January 21, 1898. "Now, Edward, the best portions of the fowl are for the guests[,] so what will you say when I ask you what you will have?" "Just a few of the feathers, if you please." 211 IN MEMORIAM

HENRIETTA PARK KRAUSE COE, KENNETH, Columbus, Ohio: Henrietta Park Krause, a former staff April 16, 1927-June 14, 1997 member of the State Historical Society ELZEA, CLIFTON FARIS, Columbia: of Missouri, died on October 20, 1997, September 13, 1895-October 10, 1996 in Columbia. Krause was born on GILLIATT, ALINE, Williamsburg, December 26, 1910, in Platte City to Virginia: June 21, 1918-April 29, 1997 Eleanora and Guy Park, who served as GLENNON, MARY M., Boonville: governor of Missouri from 1933 to August 28, 1918-March 10, 1997 1937. She married J. Marvin Krause on HARGRAVE, ELMO M., Kansas City: November 16, 1933, at the Governor's October 18, 1917-May 12, 1997 Mansion, and he preceded her in death. HOLT, IVAN LEE, JR., Louisiana: Krause graduated from Christian May 4, 1913-April 7, 1997 College in Columbia and the University JETT, SHIRLEY MAE, Bland: of Missouri. She worked for the State July 12, 1935-March 18, 1997 Historical Society of Missouri from LOGAN, EDGAR H, Artesia, New 1967 to 1981 as a reference librarian and Mexico: December 1, 1900-October 14, in the Western Historical Manuscript 1996 Collection. She was a member of MASON, F. DAL, Ash Grove: Calvary Episcopal Church in Columbia, 1925-April 7, 1997 Delta Gamma sorority, and the Kate MATTHEW, JON A., North Kansas Thompson Circle of King's Daughters. City: July 27, 1938-March 8, 1997 She was also active in the Central RELFORD, WOODROW, Roanoke, Missouri Humane Society. Virginia: January 22, 1915-June 18, Survivors include a son, Guy Park 1996 Krause of Columbia; two daughters, ROBERTSON, PETER C, Arlington, Margaret Adams of Hendersonville, Virginia: November 5, 1935-April 16, N.C., and Mary Lawrence of Ossining, 1997 N.Y.; and three granddaughters. ROSE, FRED N, Warsaw: October 2, 1921-January 3, 1997 SIMMEN, JUNE C, Aptos, California: BAKER, RAYMOND H, Ballwin: June 14, 1928-December 25, 1996 December 21, 1904-May 16, 1997 SMITH, WILLINA S., Tahlequah, BLAKE, T. GAYNOR, Florissant: Oklahoma: August 21, 1905-January 3, September 24, 1917-August 28, 1996 1997 212

BOOK REVIEWS Season of High Adventure: Edgar Snow in China. By S. Bernard Thomas (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1996). xviii + 416 pp. Illustrations. Maps. Notes. Bibliography. Index. $34.95. From Vagabond to Journalist: Edgar Snow in Asia, 1928-1941. By Robert M. Farnsworth (Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 1996). xii + 451 pp. Illustrations. Notes. Bibliography. Index. $39.95.

Without Edgar Snow, the agrarian communist movement in China would have remained a myth to the western world for a prolonged time. Without Edgar Snow, the U.S. reconciliation with China after an over two- decade-long hostility might have been more difficult. Despite his interna­ tionally recognized reputation as a talented and adventurous reporter and his contribution to the tie between China and the United States, Snow and his adventures in China have remained little known to the American public, especially younger generations, due to the cold war between the communist and capitalist camps and McCarthyism in the United States. Snow's autobi­ ography, Journey to the Beginning, published in 1958 after the death of Joseph McCarthy, helped us to understand the journalist and his actions. John Maxwell Hamilton's Edgar Snow: A Biography, published in 1988, fur­ ther improved our understanding of the man. Yet, the public awareness and the study of Snow are far from sufficient. Thus, two books on Edgar Snow released in 1996 are welcome additions to the field. Season of High Adventure, by S. Bernard Thomas, and From Vagabond to Journalist, by Robert M. Farnsworth, bear many similarities. Both cover the entire life of Snow from 1905 to 1972, when he died of pancreatic can­ cer, but focus on his years in China between 1928 and 1941. Utilizing sources from the Edgar Snow Collection in the Western Historical Manuscript Collection-Kansas City and the Smedley-Strong-Snow Society in China included in Hamilton's biography—and in Season of High Adventure, Snow's diaries, memoirs, and personal papers made available since Hamilton's work—Thomas and Farnsworth portray an intimate and personable Edgar Snow. The son of a Catholic mother and a Methodist father, Snow possessed the inherited qualities of "a self-reliant spirit, indi­ vidualist values, [and] a strong urge to succeed materially" and his own spe­ cial traits: "a zest for travel and adventure, and a deep curiosity about and interest in people as individuals" (Thomas, p. 26). At age fourteen, Snow and a friend traveled to California without informing their parents and bummed their way back. Instead of completing his college education, Snow started his adventurous learning in a larger classroom, first in New York, then in China and other places in Asia. Through Snow's correspondence with his family, both authors reveal the close relationship between Edgar Snow and his brother, Howard, and sister, Mildred. They also explore Snow's relations Book Reviews 213 with two women in his life: Helen Foster Snow and Lois Wheeler Snow. During his marriage to Helen (Peg), a reporter and writer, competition and support of each other was the theme. In the union with Lois, an active career actress yet a devoted wife and mother, Snow enjoyed more happiness and the sweetness of a family. Despite these commonalities, each book has its own characteristics. Thomas skillfully provides a clear understanding of both Snow and his time. In China, Snow worked as a roving correspondent for several American newspapers and journals and traveled extensively while covering the news. The climax of his China adventure was his visit to the communist headquar­ ters in Baoan, Shaanxi province, in 1936 and the consequent publication of Red Star Over China. Its authentic report of the communist movement in China earned Snow an international reputation and lifelong friendships with Chinese communist leaders. Thomas does not merely chronicle Snow's activities in China; he also places the journalist's deeds within the much broader context of the Chinese Revolution. In so doing, Thomas helps his audience to realize the significance and uniqueness of Snow's China adven­ ture. His fastidious account and penetrating interpretations of historical events and important individuals in China add great depth to the book. Thomas's arduous effort to weave the numerous threads of Snow's life­ long activities into the fabric of the complex history of the Chinese Revolution is truly applaudable. Yet the meticulous details of the interplay between Snow and the numerous Chinese individuals and historical events serve as a double-edged sword: it displays Thomas's knowledge of modern Chinese history and makes the book a valuable reference for serious schol­ ars and advanced students in the field; at the same time, general readers can become lost in its painstakingly detailed narratives. A few factual errors such as stating that Ailing Soong, the first daughter of the Soong family, was "the third Soong sister" add to the confusion (p. 42). In contrast, Farnsworth's simpler and more straightforward writing eas­ ily enables a reader to follow Snow's steps from Kansas City to New York, Shanghai, Manchuria, Yanan. . . . For Farnsworth, the task of embracing the history of modern Asia seems formidable: his recording of history in the given period is less complete and his interpretations often more speculative. Nevertheless, some of Farnsworth's speculations are interesting. He has found, for example, significant parallels between Snow and Mao: both had stern and less religious fathers and sensitive but more religious mothers (p. 225). The utilization of sources is also limited in Farnsworth's work. For instance, his narratives about Snow's interactions with Chinese communist leaders are primarily based on Snow's own autobiography, unlike those in Thomas's work that exploit various sources for every detail. In sum, Season of High Adventure is an excellent monograph on Edgar Snow and will serve as a useful reference for anyone interested in the sub- 214 Missouri Historical Review ject. On the other hand, From Vagabond to Journalist, with its narrative and a clear overview of Edgar Snow's life, will be suitable for general readers.

Truman State University Huping Ling

Washington University in St Louis: A History. By Ralph E. Morrow (St. Louis: Missouri Historical Society Press, 1996). xi + 757 pp. Illustrations. Notes. Index. $69.95. Mid-nineteenth-century St. Louis seemed to cling to the edge of a precipice. Above beckoned a greatness that would make it the most impor­ tant city in America; below, forces of social anarchy threatened its descent into barbarism. An influential portion of the city elite responded with a con­ servative reformism that found expression in measures designed to tame the forces of civic ignorance and create a city worthy of their aspiration. One of these was the founding of Washington University. In a work of surprising ambition, former Washington University provost, dean, and history professor Ralph Morrow chronicles the universi­ ty's past from its beginning as Eliot Seminary in 1853 (Washington University in 1857) to the inauguration of its current chancellor in 1995. At some sacrifice to Morrow's narrative complexity, the university's history can be summarized into several distinct periods. The first approximates the nineteenth century and is principally concerned with the efforts of the well- to-do circle of Unitarian minister William Greenleaf Eliot to get the univer­ sity securely founded and integrated into the life of the city. The second period was dominated by university corporation president Robert Brookings, whose remarkable talent for securing fiscal support for the university led to its "refounding" at its current hilltop campus after the turn of the century and made its medical school one of national significance. The third period began in the post-World War II era as the university slowly reoriented as a research institution. Most important was Chancellor E. A. Shepley's decision to nationalize the student body and raise academic standards for admission. Washington University's current period began with the ascent of William Danforth to the chancellorship in 1971. To Morrow, "the central theme of Danforth's chancellorship was his unremitting effort to strengthen the econ­ omy of the University" (p. 597). This he did. Danforth took over during a time of fiscal need and raised more than three-quarters of a billion dollars by 1988 while creating a staff capable of handling such large sums with remark­ able sophistication. People who come to this book expecting a conventional company histo­ ry aimed at the alumni market will be greatly surprised. For the most part, Morrow allows the chips to fall where they may, at least until the last chap­ ters when Morrow and his contemporaries become part of the historical drama. Then the dumb deans depart, and all steps taken are sure. Book Reviews 215

This, rather, is a book about money. As Morrow concludes near the end, "I have found that, generally, the University has flourished academically in direct proportion to its ability to attract money" (p. 668). Accordingly, Brookings is the author's hero while he has a giddy admiration for William Danforth, the greatest fund-raiser of them all. Indeed, it is Morrow's preoc­ cupation with money that both seriously limits the book as a general history and yet, with its insight on its theme, distinguishes the work for the better from other university histories. A history of money, moreover, goes hand in hand with administrative history. Faculty and students are given only guest appearances, trotted out when they can show off professional laurels, cause trouble for long-suffer­ ing deans, threaten to burn down the ROTC building, or serve as a statistic to prove a particular success or failure. In many ways this is old-fashioned American political history, untouched by the current concerns of social or educational history. Chancellors and earlier board presidents play the role of the American presidents with the odd dean serving as the odd senator. Its top-down look at the university, however, will increase its value for those interested in St. Louis's elite citizenry, who litter its pages and are frequent­ ly portrayed in telling biographical sketches. People who have little interest in Washington University per se would find much of value. An unusual book within its genre, it should be, and will be, read beyond a narrow circle of alumni. Missouri State Archives Kenneth H. Winn

City of Dust: A Cement Company Town in the Land of Tom Sawyer. By Gregg Andrews (Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 1996). xii + 360 pp. Illustrations. Notes. Bibliography. Index. $42.50. In City of Dust, Gregg Andrews describes the birth, life, and death of Ilasco, Missouri. Located near Mark Twain's hometown of Hannibal on the Mississippi River, Ilasco was a small, unincorporated industrial town whose existence depended on nearby rich deposits of limestone and shale suitable for making cement. These deposits, discovered in the mid-nineteenth cen­ tury, convinced officials of the Atlas Portland Cement Company to establish cement plants there in 1901. The result of constructing plants south of Hannibal was the simultaneous growth of not only a major regional industry but also the industrial community of Ilasco. The company and the town were inextricably linked. This book relates an intriguing story of interaction between company and community. It is made more so because Andrews grew up in nearby Monkey Run, which he describes facetiously as a "suburb" of Ilasco. Understandably, therefore, the book is marked by the author's empathy and admiration for Ilasco's working class, which, at the beginning, consisted primarily of immi- 216 Missouri Historical Review grants—Rumanians, Slovaks, Magyars, Italians, and Ukrainians. For care­ fully detailed reasons found in this study, Andrews's portrayal of Atlas Cement is less sympathetic than that of its workers. And rightly so! For the company's treatment of its principally foreign-born employees can only be described as exploitive. Such treatment combined with the xenophobic atti­ tude of the rural, native-born population surrounding Ilasco to inhibit the growth of a sense of community among the town's inhabitants. Like many workers in America's basic industries, workers at Atlas Cement confronted an unsafe, unhealthy work environment characterized by accidents and diseases associated with producing cement. Strong unions, which might have helped to improve the situation, failed to develop, partic­ ularly after a crucial strike in 1910 was crushed by the Missouri National Guard. Thereafter, workers watched helplessly as company officials gradu­ ally extended their control over the town's institutional life, including its schools, churches, and businesses, until Ilasco became truly a company town. In their drive to create a disciplined workforce endowed with all the virtues deemed essential to industrial efficiency and success, Atlas officials methodically worked to impose habits and practices that were often contrary to the culture of its immigrant labor, for example, eliminating drinking and socializing in local saloons. In addition to his examination of the people of Ilasco, the author traces the history of the Atlas Portland Cement Company as it evolved through two major wars, the Great Depression, its purchase by U.S. Steel in 1929, its unionization in 1943, U.S. Steel's modernization of the plant, its purchase by Lehigh Portland Cement Company in 1980, and its purchase by the Continental Cement Company in 1981. The author also describes the deliberate perversion of Mark Twain's legacy for commercial purposes by Atlas officials and the "elites" of Hannibal that led to the ultimate destruction of Ilasco by encourag­ ing the rerouting of Highway 79 through its midtown in the early sixties. City of Dust is an excellent book that is marred only by occasional rep­ etition. Andrews has thoroughly exploited a rich variety of primary and sec­ ondary sources that have enormously enhanced his work. The scholarship is exceptional. Although essentially a study in local and state history, this book is rooted in national economic and social developments that make it infor­ mative and instructive for historians in a variety of fields. The general read­ er will also find the author's incorporation of interviews with former Ilasco residents to be most interesting. This book is a superb example of what his­ torians can do to preserve the history of company and industrial towns whose existences are now endangered by rapid economic change. City of Dust is a significant contribution to the social and industrial history of the trans- Mississippi West.

Southeast Missouri State University George G Suggs, Jr. 217

BOOK NOTES Commerce, MO: 200 Years Of History. By Edison Shrum (n.p., 1996). xi + 251 pp. Illustrations. Maps. $27.50.

This heavily illustrated volume traces the history of Commerce from its beginnings when Spanish land grants lured the first settlers into the area and includes plat maps, cemetery lists, and names of town officials through the years. Information was gleaned from early editions of the area's newspa­ pers, the recorder's office, and probate court records. Copies can be ordered from Edison Shrum, 509 Ruth Avenue, Scott City, MO 63780-1519.

Final Resting Place: The Lives And Deaths Of Famous St. Louisans. By Kevin Amsler (St. Louis: Virginia Publishing Company, 1997). 256 pp. Illustrations. Maps. Appendixes. Bibliography. Index. $15.95, paper.

Brief essays offer biographical sketches of eighty-eight St. Louisans and tell not only about their lives but also about their deaths—where their funer­ als were held and where they are buried. A St. Louis map locates the ceme­ teries, and cemetery maps help locate the plots. The book can be found in bookstores or ordered from Book Source (314) 647-0600.

The Great Cyclone at St. Louis and East St. Louis, May 27, 1896. Compiled and edited by Julian Curzon (Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press, 1997). xxiii + 416 pp. Illustrations. $12.95, paper, plus $3.50 for shipping.

Originally published in 1896, this book, compiled by a local magazine writer in the days following the disaster, describes the tornado that blasted a ten-mile path through St. Louis, destroying 311 buildings and killing 306 people. The book, comprising news reports and photographs that appeared in the aftermath of the disaster, delineates the tornado's path, tells who the dead were, and describes how they died. Copies are available from the Order Department, Southern Illinois University Press, P.O. Box 3697, Carbondale, IL 62902-3697.

The House On Riddle Hill. By Glenn Tompkins (Cape Girardeau: Southeast Missouri State University, 1997). 274 pp. Illustrations. $12.00, paper, plus $2.00 for shipping.

A first-person account of life in southeast Missouri, this book tells the story of one community's struggle in the first half of the twentieth century. Through the eyes of a boy becoming a man, readers learn intimate details of one family's existence and about life and labor along the dirt roads of 218 Missouri Historical Review

Crowley's Ridge from 1930 to 1955. Orders can be placed with the Center for Regional History, Southeast Missouri State University, One University Plaza, Cape Girardeau, MO 63701.

An Informal History of Black Families of the Warrensburg, Missouri, Area. By Lucille D. Gress (Warrensburg, Mo.: The Mid-America Press, 1997). 162 pp. Illustrations. Maps. $9.50, paper, plus $2.00 for shipping.

The culmination of a three-year project, this volume records some of the oral histories and genealogies of black families in the Warrensburg area. The stories revolve around three geographical locations: Mt. Olive, Montserrat Township, and "Old Town" Warrensburg. The book can be obtained from Lucille D. Gress, 448 East Market Street, Warrensburg, MO 64093-1925.

The James Foundation in Missouri, 1941-1991. By James D. Norris and Timothy K. Malone (New York: New York Community Trust, 1996). 167 pp. $13.00, paper.

This work traces the James Foundation's first half century from its cre­ ation by Lucy Wortham James, who bequeathed her estate to the New York Community Trust with instructions to make St. James and the area sur­ rounding it more attractive and comfortable. The book discusses the histo­ ry of the foundation and its projects. It can be ordered from the James Foundation, 320 South Bourbeuse Street, St. James, MO 65559-1498.

The Osage in Missouri. By Kristie C. Wolferman (Columbia: Missouri Heritage Reader Series, University of Missouri Press, 1997). xi + 119 pp. Illustrations. Index. $9.95, paper.

This book tracks the history of the Osage Indians in Missouri, from their origins to their forced removal from the state. The author describes how the Osage way of life changed with the coming of the first trappers and the establishment of Fort Osage. The book is available in bookstores.

A Pictorial History of Portageville, Missouri, Volumes I-III. By Arzine French (Marceline, Mo.: Heritage House Publishing Company, 1993, 1994, 1996). 136 pp. each. Illustrations. $48.00 each, plus $4.00 for shipping.

Pictures and captions tell the story of Portageville and its people. Photographs run the gamut from downtown and parade scenes to sports teams and church choirs. Copies of each volume can be obtained from Arzine French, 405 East Sixth Street, Portageville, MO 63873-1303. Book Notes 219

St. John's Lutheran Church, Brunswick, Mo., 1871-1996. (Marceline, Mo.: Walsworth Publishing Company, 1996). 104 pp. Illustrations. Index. $35.00, plus $3.00 for shipping.

A chronicle of the church's history, pastors, clubs, and activities, this book also contains confirmation lists dating from the first class on record in 1872, complete with class pictures, and burial, baptism, and marriage list­ ings for nearly every year. The volume can be ordered from St. John's Lutheran Church, 319 East Broadway, Brunswick, MO 65236.

Where The Ancestors Sleep: A Self-guided Walking Tour of Deepwood Cemetery. Compiled and edited by Patrick Brophy (Nevada, Mo.: Vernon County Historical Society, 1997). 30 pp. Illustrations. $2.50, paper, plus $1.00 for shipping.

This booklet provides a thirty-stop tour of Deepwood Cemetery, estab­ lished in Nevada in 1869, giving brief sketches of some of the prominent peo­ ple buried here. A city map locates the cemetery, and a numbered map of the cemetery locates the plots. The cemetery guide can be ordered from the Vernon County Historical Society, 231 North Main Street, Nevada, MO 64772.

New Year's Truth

Kansas City Times, January 3, 1898. It's easier for a man to put a thread through the eye of a needle than to write 1898 at the head of a letter.

Get It Straight

Columbia Missouri Herald, May 13, 1898. The Herald is a country newspaper still. No, not a country newspaper still, but still a country newspaper. We expect to talk out in meetin' when occasion demands.

He's Trying Flying

Kansas City Times, January 3, 1898. According to a contemporary, a Cincinnati man is "experimenting with a flying machine like a goose." This is ambiguous, but maybe that's the beauty of it. 220

STATE HISTORICAL r •I &y SOCIETY OF MISSOURI fc 11

Founded in 1898, the State Historical Society is the preeminent research facility for the study of the Show Me State's heritage. It is the only statewide historical society in Missouri. The Society has assembled the largest specialized research library in the state and the largest collection of state newspapers in the nation.

The Society invites interested individuals to support its mission of collecting, preserving, and making accessible the state's history by becoming a member. Membership entitles you to a one-year subscription to the Society's quarterly publication, the Missouri Historical Review.

The State Historical Society is a not-for-profit, tax-exempt organization. Gifts of cash and property to the Society are deductible for federal income, estate, and gift tax purposes.

Individual membership $10.00 Contributing membership $25.00 Supporting membership $50.00 Annual sustaining membership $100.00 to $499.00 Annual patron membership $500.00 or more Life membership $250.00

To join the Society or to inquire about gifts or bequests contact:

James W. Goodrich, Executive Director State Historical Society of Missouri 1020 Lowry Street Columbia, Missouri 65201-7298 Phone (573) 882-7083

Celebrating A Century of History MISSOURI IN 1898 Missouri and the Spanish-American War

By the mid-1890s, the Spanish colony of Cuba, located only ninety miles off the coast of Florida, had aroused intense public interest. The press repeatedly reported on the concentration camps, starvation, and other atrocities occurring in Cuba as the insurgents rebelled against Spanish rule. Missouri, along with other states, had an interest in Cuba's freedom. Economic, humanitarian, and political concerns all weighed heavily. Some eyed the island as a potential American colony. Others recognized the value of Cuban exports—St. Louis, as a distribution center for the West, bought huge quantities of sugar, coffee, and tobacco. Likewise, Cuba purchased a significant amount of grain and flour from Kansas City. Even before the United States declared war, Missourians involved themselves in humanitarian efforts on behalf of the Cuban rebels. As early as 1895, groups formed around the state to discuss the Cubans' plight and build support for U.S. intervention. St. Louis physician Foster S. Winn and a group of twenty students from the Missouri Medical College sailed to Cuba in 1897 to volunteer their services. In Washington, D.C, Democratic senators and congressmen chastised President William McKinley for his lack of action. Missouri Congressman Charles Cochran accused the president of "practically joining hands with Spain to crush the Cubans." Momentum for intervention built after the U.S. battleship Maine sank on February 15, 1898, claiming 260 American lives. Spain was blamed for the disaster. Immediately, volunteer military units were formed, and war fever spread across the country. Despite President McKinley's reservations, he declared war on Spain on April 25, 1898. Across the state, politicians and citizens enthusiastically hailed the move. Four days later, the president requested that Missouri's National Guard supply five regiments of State Historical Society of Missouri infantry and one battery of light artillery. With limited resources Missouri Soldiers at Camp Columbia, Cuba, 1898 and a frugal governor, the state militia organized the following: Battery A of light artillery at St. Louis, the First Regiment at St. Louis, the Second Regiment at Joplin, the Third Regiment at Kansas City, the Fourth Regiment at St. Joseph, and the Fifth Regiment at Kansas City. Governor Lon Stephens, anticipating a muster call from the president, ordered Battery A and the First Regiment to Jefferson Barracks in St. Louis to await federal service. The other regiments followed in the next two weeks. After a second call for troops in June, the Sixth Regiment of Missouri Volunteers was formed. The Spanish-American War lasted only three-and-one-half months. None of the Missouri volunteer units participated in combat, and an armistice was announced shortly after Battery A reached the front lines. Over eight thousand Missourians served as volunteers, and about thirty-five hundred Missouri men participated in the war through regular service in the U.S. Army and Navy. Only four states contributed more soldiers and sailors. Men from Missouri were sent to both the Caribbean and Pacific theaters. A number of Missouri women also volunteered for medical service and braved exposure to dreaded diseases such as typhoid and malaria. Several Missourians, including two future admirals, Leigh C. Palmer and Arthur L. Willard, and three future generals, Enoch H. Crowder, John J. Pershing, and John H. Parker, distinguished themselves during the war. 5QU7MB\N>'