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Study of Post-World War II French Aeronautical Aluminium Alloy And Study of Post-World War II French Aeronautical Aluminium Alloy and Coatings: Historical and Materials Science Approach Magali Brunet, Audrey Cochard, Christophe Deshayes, Chantal Brouca-Cabarrecq, Luc Robbiola, Jean-Marc Olivier, Philippe Sciau To cite this version: Magali Brunet, Audrey Cochard, Christophe Deshayes, Chantal Brouca-Cabarrecq, Luc Robbiola, et al.. Study of Post-World War II French Aeronautical Aluminium Alloy and Coatings: Histor- ical and Materials Science Approach. Studies in Conservation, Maney Publishing, 2019, pp.1-15. 10.1080/00393630.2019.1610846. hal-02127309 HAL Id: hal-02127309 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02127309 Submitted on 15 May 2019 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Brunet et al. STUDY OF POST-WORLD WAR II FRENCH AERONAUTICAL ALUMINIUM ALLOY AND COATINGS Study of post-World War II French aeronautical aluminium alloy and coatings: historical and materials science approach. Magali Bruneta*, Audrey Cocharda, Christophe Deshayesa, Chantal Brouca-Cabarrecqa, Luc Robbiolab, Jean-Marc Olivierc, Philippe Sciaua a CEMES CNRS, Université de Toulouse, 29 rue Jeanne Marvig, 31055 Toulouse-France b TRACES UT2J CNRS, Université de Toulouse, Maison de la Recherche, 31058 Toulouse- France 3 FRAMESPA UT2J CNRS, Université de Toulouse, Maison de la Recherche, 31058 Toulouse- France Abstract In many countries, collections of ancient aircraft, conserved in Air and Space museums or local associations, reflect the importance of a national or local history. Mostly parked outdoor, aircraft suffer from important corrosion requiring conservation operations. During renovation, metallic parts are often replaced by association members. This can lead to a major loss of information since industrial archives dealing with materials and processes were not necessarily conserved. However, if these elements can be considered, they could be a fundamental source of information on the materials originally used and of the technical history of aeronautics. This work reports a thorough study of aluminium-based alloys parts collected on a Breguet aeroplane dating from the 1950s, during its recent renovation. Thanks to an approach coupling multi-scale material characterisation and researches in archives, information on the industrial know-hows are revealed. Several historic grades of aluminium-based alloys were found, namely A-U4G, A- U4G1 and A-U3G, depending on the role of the part. Similarly, different protective coatings were identified (anodic oxidation, primers and paintings), depending on the role of the metallic part and its location in the plane. The knowledge of the materials from bulk to the coated surface is necessary for a good conservation practice of the aeronautics heritage artefacts. Related documents and archives also help fundamentally the understanding of such complex cultural heritage systems. Keywords: aluminium alloys, aeronautical heritage, aeroplanes, coatings, conservation. Introduction 1908, n°5) and in Western Europe, the flight Amongst markers of the industrialisation over the Channel by Louis Blériot in 1909 process, which started at the end of the 19th (Fontaine 1909). But soon, aeronautics century and carried out throughout the 20th revolutionised transport of human and goods, century, aeroplanes are one of the most armies, international trades and exchanges of all emblematic. Motorized aeroplanes at the very sorts (Chadeau 1987; Olivier 2014; Pattillo beginning of the 20th century were the symbol 1998). Preserving this history covers the of human adventure as for instance in the United preservation of aeronautical artefacts States, the flight of the Wright brothers in 1903 (aeroplanes, helicopters, flying machines …etc) (Orville Wright and Wilbur Wright September and also intangible dimensions such as Studies in Conservation - https://doi.org/10.1080/00393630.2019.1610846 - Article accepted: April 2019 1 Brunet et al. STUDY OF POST-WORLD WAR II FRENCH AERONAUTICAL ALUMINIUM ALLOY AND COATINGS memories, social aspects and industrial country and indirectly the historical context in manufacturing know-hows (TICCIH 2011). On which they were produced. Specifically for both aspects, tangible and intangible, the aeroplanes, the technology is relatively recent conservation of aeronautical heritage presents and it experienced a tremendous development many challenges. Although Air and Space throughout the 20th century leading to fast museums exist in most countries around the evolution in terms of materials and processes. In world, with dedicated covered sheds and with particular, aluminium alloys enabled the specific aircraft restoration procedures (Mikesh development of lighter-than-air vehicles: 2009), there is a large part of collections Zeppelins and aeroplanes (Hardouin Duparc managed by local associations. And in most 2005; Starke Jr and Staley 1996). Correlating cases, aircraft are conserved outdoors, because the evolution of materials with the historical of their size and their numbers. Some old context should highlight the synergy which aircraft consequently undergo severe corrosion. existed in this field. For ensuring security, major intervention on the aircraft can be required such as the replacement To do so, the restoration of an aircraft is of corroded or mechanically damaged structural a good opportunity to study thoroughly a parts. Repainting the overall aircraft is most of representative industrial artefact, to understand the time, carried out at the end of the structural its materiality and the manufacturing processes restoration. This is performed firstly, in order to involved in its fabrication. It is the time when protect the parts newly replaced and the original the structure of the aircraft is apparent and when parts whose coating lost probably efficiency and materials are exposed, which allows to secondly, because the association members document an important part of the materials want to exhibit a like-new appearance. During constitutive of the primary and secondary the parts removal and the repainting step, we structures. On parts that are being removed (for assist in the major loss of historical information replacement), scientific analysis can be carried concerning materials and indirectly to industrial out. A thorough research in all related know-hows. Archives related to the documents such as industrial archives, when manufacturing of the aircraft, where such accessible, completes the understanding and the information could be found, are most of the time knowledge on the object. difficult to find and fragmentary. Technical In this article, through an documents could be spread on different sites and interdisciplinary approach coupling material thrown away when considered out of date or investigation and archives analysis, we will during the merging between two companies. show and discuss the extent of information which can be revealed from parts collected on Considering all these factors, this highly an old aeroplane, information useful for the specific cultural heritage is in danger. conservation of a specific industrial heritage and Information on raw materials used and for history of techniques. We will illustrate our processes has to be retrieved and contextualised approach with the case of a French aeroplane in the same way it is done for works of art. The built in the 1950s: the double-decker Breguet interests are manifold: for conservation 765 Sahara n°504 65-PH. This aeroplane is purposes, the materials parts of old aircraft nowadays being renovated at the association Les should be studied or at least identified well in Ailes Anciennes Toulouse. The case of the advance to propose appropriate restoration Breguet 765 Sahara is a good example of the protocols (Adams and Hallam 1991; Gayle and incomplete and dispersed archives due to Goodway 1994; Guilminot and Tissier 2015; politics and economics. Breguet enterprise was Rocca et al. 2010); for historical purposes then, one of the most important aeronautical historic materials reveal the technicity of a companies which developed, during the first Studies in Conservation - https://doi.org/10.1080/00393630.2019.1610846 - Article accepted: April 2019 2 Brunet et al. STUDY OF POST-WORLD WAR II FRENCH AERONAUTICAL ALUMINIUM ALLOY AND COATINGS middle of the 20th century, numerous aeroplane is to conserve and to highlight the aeronautical models in Western Europe. After the merging of memory of the region: visitors are allowed to Breguet Company with Dassault Aviation group enter and admire the aircraft interior during the in 1971, some documents disappeared: either cockpit days organised several times a year. lost or destroyed (Audrey Cochard 2016). In this This collection reflects the aeronautic adventure context, the analysis of the materials collected and the local industrial history. The Breguet directly on the aeroplane allows to complete the 765, a double-decker built in 1958 by the local understanding of the construction techniques as industrial Louis Breguet for military usage well as the context enlightening
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