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Aluminium and aluminium compounds Health-based recommended occupational exposure limit Gezondheidsraad Health Council of the Netherlands Aan de minister van Sociale Zaken en Werkgelegenheid Onderwerp : Aanbieding advies Aluminium and aluminium compounds Uw kenmerk : DGV/MBO/U-932342 Ons kenmerk : U 6024/HS/fs/459-J63 Bijlagen : 1 Datum : 15 juli 2010 Geachte minister, Graag bied ik u hierbij het advies aan over de gevolgen van beroepsmatige blootstelling aan aluminium en aluminiumverbindingen. Het maakt deel uit van een uitgebreide reeks, waarin gezondheidskundige advieswaarden worden afgeleid voor concentraties van stoffen op de werkplek. Dit advies over aluminium en aluminiumverbindingen is opgesteld door de Commissie Gezondheid en Beroepsmatige Blootstelling aan Stoffen (GBBS) van de Gezondheidsraad en beoordeeld door de Beraads- groep Gezondheid en Omgeving. Ik onderschrijf de conclusies en aanbevelingen van de commissie. Ik heb dit advies vandaag ter kennisname toegezonden aan de minister van Volksgezond- heid, Welzijn en Sport en aan de minister van Volkshuisvesting, Ruimtelijke Ordening en Milieubeheer. Met vriendelijke groet, prof. dr. ir. D. Kromhout waarnemend voorzitter Bezoekadres Postadres Parnassusplein 5 Postbus 16052 2511 VX Den Haag 2500 BB Den Haag Telefoon (070) 340 70 04 Telefax (070) 340 75 23 E-mail: [email protected] www.gr.nl Aluminium and aluminium compounds Health-based recommended occupational exposure limit Dutch Expert Committee on Occupational Safety a Committee of the Health Council of the Netherlands in cooperation with the Nordic Expert Group for Criteria Documentation of Health Risks from Chemicals to: the Minister of Social Affairs and Employment No. 2010/05OSH, The Hague, July 15, 2010 The Health Council of the Netherlands, established in 1902, is an independent scientific advisory body. Its remit is “to advise the government and Parliament on the current level of knowledge with respect to public health issues and health (services) research...” (Section 22, Health Act). The Health Council receives most requests for advice from the Ministers of Health, Welfare & Sport, Housing, Spatial Planning & the Environment, Social Affairs & Employment, Agriculture, Nature & Food Quality, and Education, Culture & Science. The Council can publish advisory reports on its own initia- tive. It usually does this in order to ask attention for developments or trends that are thought to be relevant to government policy. Most Health Council reports are prepared by multidisciplinary committees of Dutch or, sometimes, foreign experts, appointed in a personal capacity. The reports are available to the public. The Health Council of the Netherlands is a member of the European Science Advisory Network for Health (EuSANH), a network of science advisory bodies in Europe. The Health Council of the Netherlands is a member of the International Network of Agencies for Health Technology Assessment (INAHTA), an international collaboration of organisations engaged with health technology assessment. INAHTA This report can be downloaded from www.healthcouncil.nl. Preferred citation: Health Council of the Netherlands. Aluminium and aluminium compounds. Health-based recommended occupational exposure limit. The Hague: Health Council of the Netherlands, 2010; publication no. 2010/05OSH. all rights reserved ISBN: 978-90-5549-806-2 Contents Samenvatting en advieswaarden 11 Executive summary 19 1 Scope 27 1.1 Background 27 1.2 Committee and procedure 27 1.3 Data 28 2 Identity, properties and monitoring 31 2.1 Chemical identity 31 2.2 Physical and chemical properties 35 2.3 EU classification and labelling 38 2.4 Analytical methods 38 3 Sources 43 3.1 Natural occurrence 43 3.2 Man-made sources 44 4 Exposure 49 4.1 General population 49 4.2 Working population 51 Contents 7 5 Kinetics 57 5.1 Absorption 57 5.2 Distribution 59 5.3 Metabolism 62 5.4 Excretion 63 5.5 Possibilities for biological monitoring of exposure 66 5.6 Possibilities for biological effect monitoring 70 5.7 Summary 70 6 Mechanisms of action 73 6.1 Lung toxicity 73 6.2 Neurotoxicity 74 6.3 Bone toxicity 77 6.4 Pro-oxidant activity 77 6.5 Summary of the mechanism of action of aluminium 79 7 Effects in humans 81 7.1 Irritation and sensitisation 81 7.2 General systemic toxicity 83 7.3 Respiratory tract toxicity 85 7.4 Neurotoxicity 90 7.5 Carcinogenicity 100 7.6 Reproduction toxicity 101 7.7 Immunotoxicity 103 7.8 Summary and evaluation 103 8 Animal and in vitro experiments 107 8.1 Irritation and sensitisation 107 8.2 Toxicity due to single exposure 108 8.3 Toxicity due to repeated exposure 109 8.4 Genotoxicity 117 8.5 Reproduction toxicity 121 8.6 Summary and evaluation 123 9 Existing guidelines, standards and evaluations 127 9.1 General population 127 9.2 Working population 127 9.3 Evaluations 129 8 Aluminium and aluminium compounds 10 Hazard assessment 135 10.1 Assessment of the health risk 135 10.2 Recommendation of the health-based occupational exposure limit 140 10.3 Groups at extra risk 141 10.4 Health-based recommended occupational exposure limit 141 10.5 Additional considerations 141 11 Recommendation for research 143 References 145 Annexes 159 A Request for advice 161 B The Committees 163 C Comments on the public draft 167 D ATSDR references 169 E Human data 181 F In vitro data 205 G Animal data 207 Contents 9 10 Aluminium and aluminium compounds Samenvatting en advieswaarden Vraagstelling Op verzoek van de minister van Sociale Zaken en Werkgelegenheid leidt de Gezondheidsraadcommissie Gezondheid en Beroepsmatige Blootstelling aan Stoffen (GBBS, voorheen WGD) gezondheidskundige advieswaarden af voor stoffen in lucht waaraan mensen beroepsmatig blootgesteld kunnen worden. In het voorliggende rapport bespreekt de commissie de gevolgen van blootstelling aan aluminium en een aantal aluminiumverbindingen. Het advies is opgesteld in samenwerking met de Nordic Expert Group for Criteria Documentation of Health Risks from Chemicals (NEG), een adviescom- missie van de Noord-Europese regeringen. De conclusies in het advies zijn gebaseerd op wetenschappelijke publicaties die vóór april 2009 zijn verschenen. Fysische en chemische eigenschappen Op zuurstof en silicium na is aluminium (Al; CAS nummer: 7429-90-5) het meest voorkomende element in de aardkorst. Het gaat daarbij overigens om alu- minium dat is gebonden als oxide, silicaat of fluoride in aarde, (klei-)mineralen en stollingsgesteente en niet om aluminium in zijn metallische elementaire vorm. Elementair aluminium wordt gewonnen uit bauxiet, dat voor 40-60% uit alumi- niumoxide bestaat. Het is een zilverwit, licht, relatief zacht en buigzaam metaal. Samenvatting en advieswaarden 11 In contact met lucht en water (vocht) vormt zich een laagje van aluminiumoxide dat beschermend werkt. Metallisch aluminium lost niet op in water. Aluminium en aluminiumlegeringen worden gebruikt in de metaalverwer- kende industrie, en dan met name voor het vervaardigen van gegoten en gesmede producten. Aluminiumlegeringen worden gebruikt: voor verpakkingen; voor bouw- en constructiedoeleinden; in de transportsector; voor elektrische toepas- singen. Aluminiumverbindingen vinden toepassing in consumentenproducten (bijvoorbeeld maagzuurneutraliserende tabletten, bloedstelpende middelen, gebufferde aspirine, transpiratiewerende preparaten en als voedseladditieven). Aluminiumpoeder tenslotte wordt gebruikt in springstoffen en vuurwerk. Monitoring Omdat aluminium in het milieu alom aanwezig is, moeten er stringente voor- zorgsmaatregelen genomen worden om contaminatie en als gevolg daarvan onjuiste meetresultaten te voorkomen. Omdat aluminium meestal voorkomt als stof(deeltjes), wordt voor monster- neming en -opwerking gebruik gemaakt van de methoden voor bepaling van stof. De lucht wordt dan aangezogen via filters, waarna de filters worden behandeld met een zure oplossing. Met behulp van speciale spectrometrische technieken, zoals bij voorbeeld recentelijk beschreven door het Nederlands-Normalisatie Instituut, wordt vervolgens de hoeveelheid aluminium bepaald, zonder overigens onderscheid te kunnen maken tussen metallisch aluminium en aluminiumverbin- dingen. Ook zijn er methoden voorhanden om aluminium te bepalen in biologische monsters (bloed – plasma, serum, volbloed – en urine). Huidige grenswaarden Nederland kent geen wettelijke grenswaarde voor aluminium of aluminiumver- bindingen. Ook in Europese richtlijnen zijn geen indicatieve grenswaarden vast- gesteld. In Duitsland worden voor stof dat aluminium, aluminiumoxide of alumi- niumhydroxide bevat grenswaarden aanbevolen van 4 (inhaleerbare fractie) en 1,5 mg/m3 (respirabele fractie); voor aluminiumoxidevezels en -rook zijn geen waarden vastgesteld. Het Verenigd Koninkrijk hanteert grenswaarden voor metallisch aluminium en aluminium oxide van 10 en 4 mg/m3 (respectievelijk de inhaleerbare en respi- rabele fractie) en voor oplosbare aluminiumzouten van 2 mg/m3. 12 Aluminium and aluminium compounds Zweden heeft grenswaarden vastgesteld voor oplosbare aluminiumverbindin- gen van 1 mg/m3 en voor zowel metallisch aluminium en aluminiumoxide van 5 en 2 mg/m3 (voor respectievelijk de totale en respirabele fractie). In Denemarken zijn er waarden voor aluminiumpoeder en -stof (5 en 2 mg/m3, voor respectieve- lijk de totale en respirabele fractie), oplosbare aluminiumzouten (1 mg/m3), alu- miniumoxide (5 en 2 mg/m3) en aluminiumrook (5 mg/m3). In de Verenigde Staten heeft de ACGIH (een organisatie van arbeidshygiënis- ten) de verschillende grenswaarden voor de verschillende vormen van onoplos- baar
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