DOCSLIB.ORG

Power Modulation of Aluminium Reduction Cells – Operational Constraints and Process Limits

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Power Modulation of Aluminium Reduction Cells – Operational Constraints and Process Limits Power Modulation of Aluminium Reduction Cells – Operational Constraints and Process Limits Till Carsten Reek A thesis submitted in fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy School of Chemical Engineering Faculty of Engineering The University of New South Wales Sydney, Australia February 2015 Abstract iv Abstract Aluminium reduction cells are operated traditionally with an energy input as constant as possible. This is to reduce the variability of the process and simplify process monitoring and detection of abnormal situations. Recent advances in control systems have decreased the number and magnitude of process excursions keeping a vast majority of reduction cells within optimum performance. Reorientation in energy generation towards volatile renewable sources and changes in marketing mechanisms in Germany have led to an elevated and volatile electricity price resulting in an incentive to overcome the concept of constant energy input. This thesis postulates theoretical aspects and boundaries of both possibility and magnitude of power modulation. With this objective material and thermal balances are built including side reactions and material introduced at ambient temperature and heated to process temperature which is otherwise not affected by the process, but nevertheless inevitable for continued operation. These theories are compared with results found in experiments simulating aspects of power modulation undertaken on industrial reduction cells as well as during practical operation of a whole smelter with continuous power modulation. Key results of these investigations are: 1. Theoretical amount of extra energy that can be stored in the cell was determined to be 0.7 MWh for TRIMET Hamburg’s modified P19 cell.. This amount was experimentally verified. 2. Side ledge shows a distinctly different behaviour if in contact with molten bath or molten metal. Previous considerations always assumed equilibrium when discussing side ledge. Experimental results show that there are significant dynamics influencing the shape of side ledge. Abstract v 3. Cells show a significant capability of shedding additional heat in less than a day, stabilizing operation shortly after increased energy inputs. 4. Top cell cover contributes up to 50% to physical changes in the cell induced by energy imbalances. 5. For prolonged, severe energy reductions a shifting of work practices, especially anode change, is advisable to avoid superimposing effects reducing available energy in the cell needed for good operation. Basic approaches for modelling and incorporating effects of power modulation into process control algorithms are derived from experimental results. Changes in process efficiency found during continuous modulation are evaluated with regards to the economical impact on smelter operation showing that power modulation is a valid approach for reducing production costs. Other scenarios for generating revenue based on flexible smelter operation are highlighted. To extend the capabilities for power modulation, engineering solutions available today, such as shell heat exchangers and dampers to control off-gas volume, are discussed with respects to their ability to vary and control heat loss from a cell. It is shown that shell heat exchangers are the only applicable system to actively vary heat loss. The findings of this thesis can be used to optimize future designs and retrofits of cells by taking the variability of heat loss and the limits for energy storage into account to optimize the design to extend the possibilities for power modulation. Two areas of future work are identified in this thesis. On the one hand, new process control strategies have to be developed if cells are to be operated with Abstract vi the ability to vary heat loss. These strategies have to incorporate decision points when to increase and decrease heat loss intentionally. Also it has to be defined which continuous measurements to base this decision on and if new continuous measurements are needed. The second are of interest is the extension of existing FEM models to reflect the dynamics detailed in this thesis to help predict changes in the cell. Existing MHD models could be extended to study the ledge dynamics at various heat inputs to also help optimizing cell relining for ledge stability at variable heat input. Acknowledgement vii Acknowledgement “Remember that the most difficult tasks are consummated, not by a single explosive burst of energy or effort, but by the constant daily application of the best you have within you.” Og Mandino Such a work is not easily completed, especially if the work is done part time. For that reason there are many people to thank for their help, input and understanding. First and foremost I’d like to thank Martin Iffert at Trimet Aluminium SE who paved the way for this thesis with regards to the university as well as with regards to the subject. Also many thanks for showing me the wisdom of writing a thesis while commuting between two plants, Martin! My thanks to Jörg Prepeneit for the continuous support during my time working for him at Trimet Hamburg. Andreas Lützerath, Richard Meier and Helge Friedrich along with all the employees in the reduction department in Hamburg and especially in the process control department for bearing with me during all the experiments and trials necessary for this thesis. As they supported most of the practical work, this thesis would not have been possible without them. At UNSW I’d like to thank Barry Welch, Maria Skyllas-Kazacos and Jie Bao for the supervision of my work and their continuous input on the content of the thesis. If they wouldn’t have pushed for a lot of the additional content this work would have been considerably shorter. Also at UNSW I’d like to thank Winnie Cheung for helping me around campus and having a good time as well as for the continuous confirmation that actually writing a thesis seems to be an impossible task for everybody. My thanks to our post graduate coordinator, Ik Ling Lau, for all thankful reminders when I was approaching another deadline and helping with all the administrative issues that are hard to manage if not on-site. Last but not least I’d like thank my wife Monika. Without her support not only this thesis would have been an even more difficult task than it was already. Table of Contents viii Table of Contents 1 Introduction .................................................................................................. 1 2 Background .................................................................................................. 5 2.1 Overview of the Process ........................................................................ 5 2.1.1 Temperature and Electrolyte Composition ....................................... 8 2.1.2 Smelting, Energy Use and Metal Production. ................................ 10 2.1.3 Cell Voltage.................................................................................... 14 2.1.4 Basics of Control ............................................................................ 18 2.2 Evolution of cell designs ...................................................................... 22 2.2.1 Alumina Feeding Mechanisms ....................................................... 24 2.2.2 End to End vs. Side by Side .......................................................... 25 2.2.3 Development in Relining Materials and Cathode Grades .............. 27 2.2.4 Typical Modern Cell ....................................................................... 30 2.2.5 The P19 cell used at Trimet Hamburg ........................................... 30 2.3 Global Development of the Primary Aluminium Industry ...................... 34 2.3.1 Critical Resources of the Process .................................................. 35 2.3.2 Trends in Cost Structure ................................................................ 43 2.3.3 Environmental Influence ................................................................ 44 2.4 Changing Trends in Energy Generation............................................... 46 2.4.1 Hydro Power .................................................................................. 46 2.4.2 Nuclear, Coal and Oil Power .......................................................... 46 2.4.3 Geothermal Power ......................................................................... 47 2.4.4 Wind Power.................................................................................... 47 2.4.5 Solar Power ................................................................................... 48 Table of Contents ix 2.4.6 Summary on Renewable Energy Sources ..................................... 49 2.5 “Energiewende”, Energy Reorientation ................................................ 50 2.5.1 Change from Demand to Supply Driven Market............................. 50 2.5.2 Change from Centralized to Decentralized Power Generation ...... 52 2.5.3 Impact on Use Pattern ................................................................... 52 3 Material and Thermal Balances ................................................................. 54 3.1 Process Fundamentals ........................................................................ 54 3.1.1 Operational Constraints ................................................................. 54 3.1.2 The Challenge of Power Modulation .............................................. 62 3.2 Material and Thermal Balances ........................................................... 63 3.2.1
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The Light Metal Age Played a Critical Role in the Survival of Aluminium
    Aluminium International Today 1989-2019 Aluminium International Today 1989-2019 government has long played a role in the de- practices in the sector but one which also gen- By way of contrast, when the struggling Brit- velopment of the aluminium industry for good erated innovation through the collective sharing ish Aluminium Company Ltd (BACo), the UK’s and sometimes for ill. From the outset the state of research and development. Military demand dominant aluminium producer, was eyed for The Light Metal Age played a critical role in the survival of aluminium. for the metal reached its peak during World War takeover by Reynolds Metals and UK fabrication In the 1850s, French emperor Louis Napoleon III II, especially given the importance of air power, fi rm Tube Investments in the winter of 1958-9, Aluminiumville both acted as a fi nancial backer of, and an advo- driving a massive expansion in the productive the UK government chose not to intervene, By Andrew Perchard* cover cate for, the French industry. Above all, it was the capacity of the industry and protection over despite the Cabinet being split over the matter. military applications for the metal starting with strategic reserves, which would inform policy A further disastrous fl irtation with the government Transformation in the global aluminium industry aluminium production (Stuckey, 1983; Lesclous, Franco-Prussian (1870-1) and second Anglo-Boer on stockpiling in the Cold War amongst the sponsored attempts to build the new generation since Aluminium International Today launched 1999). For most of that century then, the industry (1899-1902) wars that opened up opportunities key powers (Grinberg and Hachez-Leroy, 1997; nuclear power stations, Advanced Gas-cooled 30 years ago has been dramatic by any stand- was characterised by rapid backward vertical for an industry struggling for markets.
    [Show full text]
  • Marketing Modernism: Aluminum Cladding and the American Commercial Landscape
    © 2017 Tait Johnson MARKETING MODERNISM: ALUMINUM CLADDING AND THE AMERICAN COMMERCIAL LANDSCAPE BY TAIT JOHNSON DISSERTATION Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Architecture in the Graduate College of the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 2017 Urbana, Illinois Doctoral Committee: Associate Professor Peter Mortensen, Chair Associate Professor Kenny Cupers, University of Basel, Director of Research Professor Dianne Harris, University of Utah Associate Professor David O’Brien Associate Professor Terri Weissman ABSTRACT In the postwar United States, aluminum became more widely used than any other metal in building construction except for steel. It was first produced in the early nineteenth century, finding architectural uses in the latter part of the century. By the 1960s, it was broadly employed to clad buildings in the form of frames, panels and screens. Because it was a new and extensively useful material, producers believed that its identity must be controlled. Focusing on the marketing mechanisms of Alcoa, Reynolds and Kawneer in the decades surrounding World War II, this dissertation examines the way in which commercial aluminum cladding was marketed as both instrumental in modernization and an image of modernity. Producers claimed that aluminum possessed properties which they believed underpinned the agency of aluminum to enact specific advantages for buyers. Properties that were identified by promoters, such as its relative lightness, ductility and particular visual characteristics were marketed within the context of capitalism as the ability of aluminum to reduce building cost, increase profit and reflect beauty. In turn, these advantages were promoted as enacting prosperity for the buyer and the commercial districts in which aluminum cladding was deployed.
    [Show full text]
  • EDITORIAL OPINIO N What! No Aluminium?
    VOL. VIII. No. 9S DECEMBER, 1945 p,op,idorJ: Edilor: TEMPL E PRESS LTD. E . J . GROOM, M . ln s l . Mł:T Dealing Auchoricariveł y with che Produccion, Uses Matta1in1 Diru lor: and Potentialicies of Otf,cu: ROLAND E. DANGERFIELD Lighc Metals and BOWLING GREEN LANE, cheir Alloys LONDON, E.C. t EDITORIAL OPINIO N What! No Aluminium? APPY days they were! Machine sho ps loaded to capaci ty and working day and ni ght, contract departments volubly protesting their absolute inability H to cope with fresh work , rough stores bulgin g with ba r and shcet stock of all ki nds, a co nstant stream of lorries shipping goods away from the finished stores to evcry banie fro nt in the world . They wcre good times. lf a machine broke down o r if the wo rk "s manager wa nted a new ha ndle for the ma ngle, there was always the odd lcngth of m a t e r ia ł lying around- special brasses, sta inless steel, aluminium all oys galo re: now it is all changed . Getting back into peace-timc productio n has brought with it many unexpected problems. Harassed foremcn a nd machine-sho p supcrintendents a re begmning to realize that some of the pleasant ha bits culti vatcd during the war years a re no longer admissibl e. Those pieces of sheet, tubcs, and ofT-cuts from ba rs can no longer be found , ready, like ripe fruit, to be plucked when the occasion dcmands. The luxury of selecting ones pet m a t er i a ł from a n almost limitless variety has now to be forcgone.
    [Show full text]
  • Uncovering the Gastronomic History of Beleura
    DINING IN STYLE: UNCOVERING THE GASTRONOMIC HISTORY OF BELEURA IAIN ROBERT BUCKLAND MA (Gastronomy), BE, Dip Ed Thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy The University of Adelaide FACULTY OF ARTS SCHOOL OF HUMANITIES DEPARTMENT OF HISTORY August 2016 TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE NUMBER LIST OF TABLES v LIST OF FIGURES v ABSTRACT vii DECLARATION viii ETHICS APPROVAL viii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ix ABBREVIATIONS ix CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 Background to the project 1 1.2 Background to Beleura 3 1.3 The scope of gastronomy 5 1.4 Survey of previous academic literature 7 1.5 Significance of this research project 19 1.6 The meaning of objects and their place in historical studies 23 1.7 Project research methodology 31 CHAPTER 2. THE PRE-TALLIS ERA (1863–1916) 38 2.1 A villa residence at Schnapper Point – the nineteenth-century socio-cultural context of Beleura 38 2.2 Evolution of Beleura and arrangement of the service areas 44 2.3 Sourcing, storing and preserving food 49 2.3.1 Artifact evaluation 1 – Jeffery’s Germ Proof Filter 53 2.4 Cooking at Beleura 58 2.4.1 Artifact evaluation 2 – The cast iron closed fire kitchen range 63 2.5 Serving food at Beleura 69 2.5.1 Artifact evaluation 3 – The Bright family silver tea set 72 2.6 Beleura before the Tallis era 77 CHAPTER 3. THE EARLY TALLIS YEARS (1916–1948) 87 3.1 George and Amelia Tallis acquire Beleura – social and technological change in the early twentieth century 87 3.2 Evolution of Beleura and development of the service areas 96 3.3 Sourcing, storing and preserving food 101 ii 3.3.1 Artifact evaluation 4 – Frigidaire refrigerator 105 3.4 Cooking at Beleura 112 3.4.1 Artifact evaluation 5 – Stronglite, AGA and Pyramid cookware 121 3.5 Serving food at Beleura 128 3.5.1 Artifact evaluation 6 – Coracle fitted picnic basket 133 3.6 Beleura under the Tallis family during the inter-war period 137 CHAPTER 4.
    [Show full text]
  • Bauxite and Aluminium by Yves Jégourel
    July 2015 Policy Brief PB-15/21 A Chequered African History of Commodity Markets, Part One: Bauxite and Aluminium By Yves Jégourel Summary The African endowment in mineral resources is well known and has often been a mixed blessing, according to the so- called “natural resources curse”. Bauxite, an ore that serves as a feedstock for aluminium production, is particularly pre- sent in Guinean soil but, notwithstanding its efforts to do so, this country has not yet succeeded in transforming this red treasure into a real source of social and economic development. Despite the difficult economic context and a long road ahead, there are a number of reasons to expect improvements on this front. History has always been patterned by commodities, from output. With productions close to 800,000 and 620,000 the early Iron or Bronze Ages to the silk road, from the metric tonnes in 2013, Ghana and Sierra Leone are re- Gold rush to the late shale gas revolution. Albeit not a spectively the second and the third largest African pro- raw material that often hits the headlines akin to oil or ducers, far behind Guinea, Australia and China, the gold, aluminium is no exception to this rule1.The alumin- world’s top producers. ium industrial era can be traced back to the beginning of the twentieth century when the electricity required to Graph 1: Top world producers of bauxite produce this metal became cheaper, and when industry (2013, 000s of MT) realized its potential and started to consider it as an at- tractive alternative to steel due to its attractive physical properties (lightness, strength at low temperature, good conductivity, resistance to corrosion).
    [Show full text]
  • EAA Celebrates the 125Th Anniversary of the Hall-Héroult Process
    EAA celebrates the 125th anniversary of the Hall-Héroult Process The Legacy of the Aluminium Twins In 1886, two young 23-year old inventors simultaneously and independently filed their patents for the production of aluminium: the French Paul Héroult and the American Charles Martin Hall. Known as the « Hall-Héroult Process », the invention was based on the fused-salt electrolysis of alumina dissolved in a molten cryolite bath. It gave way to the modern aluminium industry. 125 years later, the process is still used but has been dramatically improved to meet economic, energy and environmental challenges. Consumption jumped from a few thousand tons in 1900 to 50 million tons worldwide nowadays. A third of this metal is produced from recycling. Aluminium & innovation • 1890 Switzerland Zéphir , first aluminium craft • 1893 UK Eros Sculpture at Piccadilly Circus in London • 1895 USA Defender , first boat made from aluminium, wins the America’s Cup • 1898 Italy Aluminium dome of San Gioacchino church in Roma • 1899 France 100 km/h record by La Jamais Contente , an electric car with an aluminium body ••• institute for the history of aluminium www.eaa.net IHA institut pou r l’histoire d e l’aluminium Combining Utility and Beauty… Aluminium has the elegance of an immaterial force. It is the formalisation of our dreams. Olivier Debré, painter (1920-1999) The aluminium industry has been passionate about innovation for 125 years. Since the middle of the 19th century, the light metal has never ceased to excite the imagination. From a wide diversity of applications, three stand above the rest in allowing aluminium to combine a passion to serve with a gift for beauty: transportation, packaging and building.
    [Show full text]
  • Aluminium Federation Fact Sheet 07 2020 ALUMINIUM – the METAL Introduction Metallic Aluminium Is Not Found In
    Aluminium Federation Fact Sheet 07 2020 ALUMINIUM – THE METAL Introduction Metallic aluminium is not found in nature, it occurs in the form of hydrated oxides or silicatesor as complex clays. Aluminium is the third most abundant element in the earth’s crust. Chemical % Natural Element Symbol Abundance Oxygen O 47.3 Silicon Si 27.7 Aluminium Al 7.9 Iron Fe 4.5 Calcium Ca 3.5 However, it is too difficult to economically extract aluminium from most clays. A common clay brick wall contains 10 to 20 kilograms of aluminium per square metre. Aluminium oxide gives China Clay kaolin its white colour. Bauxite The only clay from which aluminium can be economically extracted is bauxite. Bauxite is a rock formed from laterite soil that has been severely leached over millennia of silica and other soluble materials in wet tropical or subtropical climate. Bauxite has no specific composition, it is a mixture of hydrous aluminium oxides, aluminium hydroxides, clay minerals and insoluble materials. Globally Bauxite reserves have been estimated at 40 to 75 Billion tons. Bauxite globally sources ▪ Australia 31% ▪ China 16% ▪ Brazil 14% ▪ Indonesia 12% www.alfed.org.uk ▪ Guinea 7% ▪ India 6% History of Aluminium Pliny the Elder, a Roman scientist, died on August 25, AD 79, in his book “Historica Naturalis” told the story of a first century craftsman presenting to Tiberius, the Roman Emperor, a cup made of an unknown metal looking like silver, but too light to be silver, In “Historica Naturalis” Pliny the Elder, gave the name ‘Alumen’ to alum, a mineral containing a compound of Aluminium and Sulphur.
    [Show full text]
  • Aluminium – Sustainability Information
    Aluminum Sustainability Information July 2020 Aluminium – Sustainability Information 2 AT A GLANCE cess ro ing mina fa P lu ct A o r ining 350 Mt y M A 304 Mt Run-of-mine ore Bauxite 525 Mt Mass movement lumi wertu A n r n u e g m V 127 Mt s 2 – 9 Mio. t Alumin m Alumina e l t industrial e 176 Mio. t raw r Red mud material ca. 40 Mt l-sup A p Tailings l 175 Mt 59 Mt y tailings primary alumi- and spoil 73 Mt nium CO cyclin 2 2 e g 40 – 50 km /a land use R Greenhouse gas emissions 1.080 Mt CO 2 14,4 Mt Secondary Fig. 1: : Calculated mass flows in aluminium production and principal effects on the environment, data from 2017 [1]. • Most of aluminium‘s added value comes from processing the bauxite ore and not from mining. The principal bauxite producers are Australia, China and Guinea; the largest primary aluminium producers are China, Russia, Canada and India. • Bauxitedepositsarethinandshallow.Miningthereforehasalargespecificlandrequirement.However, for the same reasons, the excavated land is relatively simple to recultivate. • Aluminium production is extremely expensive in terms of energy. The true primary energy consumption in the production chain, and therefore the CO2 emissions depend on the status of the adopted technology and, to a greater extent, on the available primary energy mix. • Due to the relatively low energy costs (only 5 % compared to primary aluminium) aluminium recycling plays an important role, but the majority of the aluminium used in vehicles and infrastructure is not yet available for recycling.
    [Show full text]
  • Book of Abstracts
    12TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON THE HISTORY OF CHEMISTRY, MAASTRICHT 2019 BOOK OF ABSTRACTS Edited by Ernst Homburg, Christoph Meinel and Ignacio Suay-Matallana Organised and hosted by 12TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON THE HISTORY OF CHEMISTRY, MAASTRICHT 2019 BOOK OF ABSTRACTS Edited by Ernst Homburg, Christoph Meinel and Ignacio Suay-Matallana Organised and hosted by The Steering Organising Committee gratefully acknowledges the continuous support received from the members of the international Advisory Committee in preparing and organising the conference. 12th International Conference on the History of Chemistry, Maastricht 2019 : Book of Abstracts, ed. by Ernst Homburg, Christoph Meinel and Ignacio Suay-Matallana (Maastricht: Maastricht university, 2019). Table of Contents Welcome Address on behalf of the Local Organizing Committee 5 Greetings from the Head of Department 7 Greetings from the EuChemS Working Party on the History of Chemistry 8 Committees 9 Practical information and site map 11 Time Schedule 14 Plenary Lectures 16 Monday, 29 July, 16:30 [Town Hall] 16 Tuesday, 30 July, 09:00 [A] 16 Wednesday, 31 July, 09:00 [A] 17 Thursday, 1 August, 10:00 [A] 17 Abstracts of Panels and Sessions 19 Tuesday, 30 July, 10:45-12:45, Session A1 [A] 19 10:45-12:45, Session B1 [B] 22 14:00-15:20, Session A2 [A] 24 14:00-15:20, Session B2 [B] 27 15:50-17:50, Session A3 [A] 30 15:50-17:50, Session B3 [B] 33 Wednesday, 31 July, 10:45-12:45, Session A4 [A] 37 10:45-12:45, Session B4 [B] 39 14:00-15:20, Session A5 [A] 41 14:00-15:20, Session B5 [A]
    [Show full text]
  • The University of Queensland
    THE UNIVERSITY OF QUEENSLAND Designing New Aluminium Alloy by Orthogonal Array Analysis Student Name: ZI XUAN, LIM Course Code: MECH4501 Supervisor: Prof. MING XING, ZHANG Submission date: 29th of MAY 2019 Faculty of Engineering, Architecture and Information Technology Abstract: The type of alloying elements and its respective percentages is important to the overall mechanical properties of aluminium alloy. The primary purpose of this thesis is designing new aluminium alloy which has better hardness compared to commercially available ones in the market. Constituents and weight of aluminium alloy will be determined by statistical modelling known as Taguchi’s Method Orthogonal Array. Aluminium alloys were casted by permanent mould casting and heat treated at optimum heat treatment temperature and time to achieve peak hardness. A total of 16 experimental runs was produced by orthogonal array modelling. This thesis will mostly document the result of experimental run 7, 8 and 9. Analysis of aluminium alloy will be done by Vickers Hardness Test and microstructure analysis under optical microscope. The results obtained from experimental run 7, 8 and 9 will be correlated with other experimental run result conducted by my teammates to determine the alloy which yields the highest hardness and alloying elements and percentage which will produce aluminium alloy with high hardness through orthogonal array analysis. Hardness result of each alloy mostly shows above average hardness compared to commercially available ones at 140 HV. The highest recorded hardness obtained is alloy 8 at 240 HV. Through analysis of result, it is established that alloys with silicon, nickel, copper and magnesium show the highest average hardness.
    [Show full text]
  • Download from Warfare to Welfare
    Hans Otto Frøland and Mats Ingulstad (eds.) Hans Otto Frøland and Mats Ingulstad (eds.) Ingulstad Mats and Frøland Otto Hans The rapid growth of the aluminium industry during the last hundred years reflects the status of aluminium as the quintessentially modern metal. Given its impact on every facet of modern life, its aptitude for aca- demic analysis is only rivaled by the versatility of the metal in industrial From Warfare to Welfare application. Business-Government Relations in the Aluminium Industry While during the 19th century aluminium was the source of luxury goods for the rich few, during the First World War it was subjected to strate- gic considerations by belligerent states. It had become a warfare metal. It remained a military-strategic metal well into the 1950s, before it regained a position as a metal for civilian consumption, this time for the masses. This book takes a historical approach, informed by an institutionalist per- spective, to elucidate the political economy of the aluminium industry in the twentieth century. It is structured as a series of analyses of the inter- actions between the state and the corporations in different countries. By Welfare to Warfare From looking at business-government relationships we can better grasp the linkages between the aluminium industry and the two key features of the history of the twentieth century: The rise of the industrial warfare state and its subsequent replacement by the welfare state. The ROSTRA series takes its name from the Forum Romanum rostrum ROSTRA is published by Akademika Publishing in co-operation with the Department of History and Classical Studies, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU).
    [Show full text]
  • Innovative Development of Aluminium Research and Technologies in Japan
    Proceedings of the 12th International Conference on 1 Aluminium AlloysAlloys,, September 55-9,-9, 2010, Yokohama, Japan ©20102010 The Japan Institute of Light Metals pp. 1-9 Innovative Development of Aluminium Research and Technologies in Japan Tatsuo Sato Department of Metallurgy and Ceramics Science, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1-S8-13, O-okayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8552, Japan Aluminium industries in Japan have been widely developed for over 110 years and the total demand on aluminium today is over 4 million tons a year. Although the demand on aluminium in Japan is nowadays the 3rd in the world after China and USA, the aluminium consumption per person is still the top. In Japan, a plant for aluminium sheet production was first built in 1898 and wrought aluminium materials have continuously grown since then on. However, the so-called oil-crisis attacked industries twice and unfortunately the smelting had to be almost withdrawn. This forced the Japanese aluminium industries to specialize in rolling, extrusion and casting. The novel technology of anodic coating for aluminium (alumite) was first developed in Japan in 1929. Extra Super Duralumin (ESD) and Honda Duralmine (HD) alloys were also developed in 1936, these alloys are known as extremely high strength alloys and weldable structural alloys. In these days sheets, extrusions and die-cast for transportation, automobiles, buildings and information technologies have been markedly increased in Japan. Thin sheets with large scale coils are required for beverage cans and are increased as the major products. Body panel sheets and heat-exchange fins for automobiles have been also developed.
    [Show full text]