1 October 2013 Clinical Infectious Diseases Volume 57 Number 7

iNews iii In the Literature iv Crossing Borders: One World, Global Health Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/cid/article/57/7/NP/335063 by guest on 27 September 2021 ARTICLES AND COMMENTARIES

923 Exchange Transfusion for Severe Malaria: Evidence Base and Literature Review Kathrine R. Tan, Ryan E. Wiegand, and Paul M. Arguin Despite biologic plausibility for using exchange transfusion (ET) as an adjunct to antimalarial drugs for treatment of severe malaria, this matched study and a comprehensive literature review provided no evidence for ET’sefficacy on survival. Adjunct ET cannot be recommended. On the cover: T4 Bacteriophage, by Luke Jerram, (British, 1974-). Originally exhibited at the Venice Biennale 2011. Image reproduced with permission. 929 Strongly Decreased Risk of Genital Warts After Vaccination Against In 1799, a French soldier on patrol near the town Human Papillomavirus: Nationwide Follow-up of Vaccinated and of Rashid () in uncovered a fragment Unvaccinated Girls in Denmark of an ancient stele from a pile of building materials Maria Blomberg, Christian Dehlendorff, Christian Munk, and Susanne K. Kjaer used in the construction of Fort Julien in the Delta. The provided the pivotal link in Based on individual human papillomavirus vaccination status, a significantly reduced risk of genital translating the previously undecipherable code of warts was found among vaccinated young girls in a country with high vaccine coverage. Egyptian hieroglyphics. Similarly, the T4 bacteriophage and its dsDNA provided the key to unlocking the secrets of the genetic code and opening the discipline 935 High Levels of Hepatitis B Virus After the Onset of Disease Lead to of molecular biology. The concept of a bacteriophage Chronic Infection in Patients With Acute Hepatitis B was postulated as early as 1896 with the observation Hiroshi Yotsuyanagi, Kiyoaki Ito, Norie Yamada, Hideaki Takahashi, Chiaki Okuse, Kiyomi Yasuda, by Ernest Hanbury Hankin that something in the waters Michihiro Suzuki, Kyoji Moriya, Masashi Mizokami, Yuzo Miyakawa, and Kazuhiko Koike of the Ganges and Yamuna Rivers in India had In acute hepatitis B virus infection, genotype A is associated with the development of persistent marked antibacterial action against cholera and could infection, presumably determined by positive hepatitis B surface antigen at 12 months from pass through a fine porcelain filter. In 1915, Twort in the onset. London and two years later d’Hérelle in Paris, refined the concept of a bacteriophage and the thesis of phage therapy. Since its discovery, no fewer than 12 943 High-Dose Intravenous Methylprednisolone for Hantavirus Nobel Prizes have been awarded to investigators in Cardiopulmonary Syndrome in Chile: A Double-Blind, Randomized ’ which T4 provided the foundation for the laureate s Controlled Clinical Trial work. Pablo A. Vial, Francisca Valdivieso, Marcela Ferres, Raul Riquelme, M. Luisa Rioseco, Mario Calvo, Luke Jerram is a UK-based sculptor whose Glass Constanza Castillo, Ricardo Díaz, Luis Scholz, Analia Cuiza, Edith Belmar, Carla Hernandez, Microbiology series, originated in 2004, includes Jessica Martinez, Sang-Joon Lee, and Gregory J. Mertz; for the Hantavirus Study Group in Chile sculptures of swine flu, HIV, E. coli, smallpox, SARS, and malaria. The T4 sculpture was added in 2011. We conducted a double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial to evaluate the efficacy of intravenous (Mary & Michael Grizzard, Cover Art Editors) methylprednisolone for hantavirus cardiopulmonary syndrome in Chile between 2003 and 2010. Sixty of 66 enrollees had hantavirus confirmed. We observed no significant difference in primary efficacy or safety outcomes between the groups. 952 Comparative Immunogenicity and Efficacy of 992 Circulation of Respiratory Viruses Among 13-Valent and 7-Valent Pneumococcal Conjugate Pilgrims During the 2012 Hajj Pilgrimage Vaccines in Reducing Nasopharyngeal Samir Benkouiten, Rémi Charrel, Khadidja Belhouchat, Tassadit Drali, Colonization: A Randomized Double-Blind Trial Nicolas Salez, Antoine Nougairede, Christine Zandotti, Ziad A. Memish, Malak al Masri, Catherine Gaillard, Philippe Parola, Philippe Brouqui, and Ron Dagan, Scott Patterson, Christine Juergens, David Greenberg, Noga Givon-Lavi, Nurith Porat, Alejandra Gurtman, William C. Gruber, Philippe Gautret and Daniel A. Scott This study suggests a rapid acquisition of respiratory viruses among pilgrims during their stay in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia and highlights The 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine compared with the ’ 7-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV7) significantly reduced the potential of the spread of these infections into the pilgrims home countries upon their return. nasopharyngeal colonization of single serotypes 1, 6A, 6C, 7F, 19A, and 19F, but not serotype 3 or other PCV7 serotypes; serotype 5 had too few Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/cid/article/57/7/NP/335063 by guest on 27 September 2021 events for analysis. BRIEF REPORT

963 Identification of a Major Locus, TNF1, That 1001 The Serum Galactomannan Index Predicts Controls BCG-Triggered Tumor Necrosis Factor Mortality in Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplant Production by Leukocytes in an Area Recipients With Invasive Aspergillosis Hyperendemic for Tuberculosis Cynthia E. Fisher, A. Michal Stevens, Wendy Leisenring, Steven A. Pergam, Michael Boeckh, and Tobias M. Hohl Aurelie Cobat, Eileen G. Hoal, Caroline J. Gallant, Leah Simkin, Gillian F. Black, Kim Stanley, Jean-Philippe Jaïs, Ting-Heng Yu, Anne Boland-Auge, Ghislain Grange, Christophe Delacourt, INVITED ARTICLES Paul van Helden, Jean-Laurent Casanova, Laurent Abel, Alexandre Alcaïs, and Erwin Schurr 1005 CLINICAL PRACTICE fi By means of multivariate linkage analysis, we identi ed a major locus, The “Epic” Challenge of Optimizing Antimicrobial TNF1, that controls BCG-triggered tumor necrosis factor production. Surprisingly, TNF1 was mapped in the vicinity of the TST1 locus, which Stewardship: The Role of Electronic Medical controls tuberculin skin test negativity per se in the same family sample. Records and Technology Ravina Kullar, Debra A. Goff, Lucas T Schulz, Barry C. Fox, and Warren E. Rose 971 Risk of Severe Dysglycemia Among Diabetic With Epic leading the challenge of electronic medical record Patients Receiving Levofloxacin, Ciprofloxacin, technology, several tools have been developed within Epic to optimize or Moxifloxacin in Taiwan antimicrobial stewardship programs (ASPs). We cite current examples of Hsu-Wen Chou, Jiun-Ling Wang, Chia-Hsuin Chang, Jen-Jyh Lee, Epic stewardship tools from 3 academic medical centers’ ASPs. Wen-Yi Shau, and Mei-Shu Lai In a study evaluating the risk of dysglycemia in diabetic patients who 1014 VIRAL HEPATITIS received specific fluoroquinolones, diabetic patients using oral fluoroquinolones faced greater risk of severe dysglycemia than with other Elimination of Hepatitis C Virus Infection Among antibiotics; this risk was most commonly associated with moxifloxacin. People Who Inject Drugs Through Treatment as Prevention: Feasibility and Future Requirements Jason Grebely, Gail V. Matthews, Andrew R. Lloyd, and Gregory J. Dore 981 Mycobacterium abscessus Bacteremia After Receipt Modeling studies suggest that modest increases in hepatitis C virus of Intravenous Infusate of Cytokine-Induced (HCV) treatment could lead to substantial reductions in HCV prevalence Killer Cell Therapy for Body Beautification and among people who inject drugs. This article focuses on issues to Health Boosting consider for the feasibility of HCV treatment as prevention. Raymond Liu, Kelvin K. W. To, Jade L. L. Teng, Garnet K. Y. Choi, Ka-Yi Mok, Kin-Ip Law, Eugene Y. K. Tso, Kitty S. C. Fung, Tak-Chiu Wu, Alan K. L. Wu, Shing-Hoi Fung, Sally C. Y. Wong, Nigel J. Trendell-Smith, 1021 HIV/AIDS and Kwok-Yung Yuen Challenges in Evaluating the Cost-effectiveness Four patients suffered from Mycobacterium abscessus bacteremia of New Diagnostic Tests for HIV-Associated after infusion of cytokine-induced killer cell therapy for body Tuberculosis beautification and health boosting. Three patients required intensive care Jason R. Andrews, Stephen D. Lawn, David W. Dowdy, and and 1 patient died. The clinical, pathological, microbiological, and Rochelle P. Walensky cytokine profiles were described and analyzed. Cost-effectiveness analyses may inform the scale-up of tuberculosis diagnostics in resource-limited settings; however, there are important areas of uncertainty in the case of HIV-associated tuberculosis. Key ethical and budgetary tensions emerge in evaluating tuberculosis diagnostic strategies in high HIV-prevalence settings. HIV/AIDS 1057 Reply to Kesav et al Onder Ergonul, Tumer Guven, Kenan Ugurlu, Aysel Kocagül Çelikbas¸, 1027 A Systematic Review and Meta-regression of S¸ebnem Eren Gök, Selçuk Çomog˘lu, Nurcan Baykam, and ˘ Temporal Trends in Adult CD4+ Cell Count at Bas¸ak Dokuzoguz Presentation to HIV Care, 1992–2011 Catherine R. Lesko, Stephen R. Cole, Anne Zinski, Charles Poole, and 1058 Molecular Epidemiology Linking Multihospital Michael J. Mugavero Clusters of Opportunistic Pneumocystis jirovecii Over the past 2 decades in developed countries, the change in the + Pneumonia mean CD4 cell count of patients who newly present to HIV care has Brian J. Nankivell, Carolina Firacative, Kathy Kable, Sharon C.-A. Chen, been <2 cells/µL per year. and Wieland Meyer Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/cid/article/57/7/NP/335063 by guest on 27 September 2021 fi 1038 The Incidence of AIDS-De ning Illnesses at a 1059 Rapid Reassortment of Internal Genes in Avian ≥ – Current CD4 Count 200 Cells/µL in the Post Influenza A(H7N9) Virus Combination Antiretroviral Therapy Era Liangsheng Zhang, Zhenguo Zhang, and Zhiping Weng A. Mocroft, H. J. Furrer, J. M. Miro, P. Reiss, C. Mussini, O. Kirk, S. Abgrall, S. Ayayi, B. Bartmeyer, D. Braun, A. Castagna, A. d’Arminio Monforte, B. Gazzard, F. Gutierrez, I. Hurtado, K. Jansen, 1061 Imported Malaria Cases: A Source of Moving L. Meyer, P. Muñoz, N. Obel, P. Soler-Palacin, A. Papadopoulos, F. Raffi, Backward From Elimination to the Preelimination J. T. Ramos, J. K. Rockstroh, D. Salmon, C. Torti, J. Warszawski, Phase in Malaria Control S. de Wit, R. Zangerle, C. Fabre-Colin, J. Kjaer, G. Chene, J. Grarup, and Samad E. J. Golzari, Kamyar Ghabili, Hadi Mohammad Khanli, J. D. Lundgren; for the Opportunistic Infections Working Group on behalf Ata Mahmoodpoor, and Babak Sabermarouf of the Collaboration of Observational HIV Epidemiological Research Europe (COHERE) study in EuroCOORD The incidence of AIDS was higher in patients with a current CD4 1062 Caveat Emptor? Meta-Analysis of Studies count of 500–749 cells/µL compared to 750–999 cells/µL, but did not Comparing Self-Observed Therapy and Directly decrease further at higher CD4 levels. Results were similar in those Observed Therapy for Tuberculosis virologically suppressed on combination antiretroviral therapy, suggesting Patrick K. Moonan and Stephen E. Weis immune reconstitution is incomplete until CD4 >750/µL.

1063 First Do No Harm—Adverse Events, Drug 1048 Editorial Commentary: Under the Spell of the Red Intolerance, and Hepatotoxicity: How Can We Not Queen Joep M. A. Lange Justify Directly Observed Therapy for Treating Tuberculosis? Barbara J. Seaworth, Lisa Y. Armitige, and David E. Griffith 1051 Naturally Selected Rilpivirine-Resistant HIV-1 Variants by Host Cellular Immunity Hiroyuki Gatanaga, Hayato Murakoshi, Atsuko Hachiya, 1064 An Analysis With Serious Flaws Tsunefusa Hayashida, Takayuki Chikata, Hirotaka Ode, Kiyoto Tsuchiya, Andrew J. Nunn and Patrick P. J. Phillips Wataru Sugiura, Masafumi Takiguchi, and Shinichi Oka E138G/A/K substitutions in HIV-1 reverse transcriptase were found to 1065 Reply to Moonan and Weis, Seaworth et al, and be escape mutations of HLA-B*18-restricted cytotoxic T lymphocytes and Nunn and Phillips were confirmed to confer significant resistance to rilpivirine. Drug Jotam G. Pasipanodya and Tawanda Gumbo resistance testing should be performed preintroduction of rilpivirine- based antiretroviral therapy in HLA-B*18-positive patients. ERRATUM CORRESPONDENCE 1067 Bisson GP et al (Clin Infect Dis 2013; 56:1165–73) 1056 Rigor in the Design of Observational Noninferiority Trials Mark J. DiNubile

1056 Is Neurobrucellosis the Pandora’s Box of Modern Medicine? Praveen Kesav, V. Y. Vishnu, and Dheeraj Khurana ELECTRONIC ARTICLE

154 Parasite Antigen in Serum Predicts the Presence of Viable Brain Parasites in Patients With Apparently Calcified Cysticercosis Only Alonso Zea-Vera, Erika G. Cordova, Silvia Rodriguez, Isidro Gonzales, E. Javier Pretell, Yesenia Castillo, Sheila Castro-Suarez, Sarah Gabriël, Victor C. W. Tsang, Pierre Dorny, and Hector H. Garcia; for the Cysticercosis Working Group in Peru Viable cysticercosis lesions can be missed by computed tomography. Antigen enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (Ag-ELISA) detected Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/cid/article/57/7/NP/335063 by guest on 27 September 2021 7 patients with viable cysts among 39 patients with apparently calcified cysticercosis only. Patients with a positive Ag-ELISA were 27 times more likely to have viable cysts.

The electronic article listed above is freely available in this issue of Clinical Infectious Diseases online (http://cid.oxfordjournals.org/ content/current).