DOCSLIB.ORG

Egyptian Mathematics Timeline

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Egyptian Mathematics Timeline EGYPTIAN MATHEMATICS TIMELINE Archaic Period (3100 - 2650 BCE) Old Kingdom (2650 - 2134 BCE) – Large pyramids built; rich and productive period 1st Intermediate Period (2200 - 2050) BCE – Chaotic Middle Kingdom (2050 - 1640 BCE) – “Golden Age” Moscow and Ahmes Papyri. 2nd Intermediate Period (1640 – 1550 BCE) New Kingdom (1550 – 1070 BCE) – temple building, empire building. Ramses, Tutankamon, Moses. TIMELINE Archaic Old Kingdom Int Middle Kingdom Int New Kingdom EGYPT 3000 BCE 2500 BCE 2000 BCE 1500 BCE 1000 BCE Sumaria Akkadia Int Old Babylon Assyria MESOPOTAMIA TIMELINE Archaic Old Kingdom Int Middle Kingdom Int New Kingdom EGYPT 3000 BCE 2500 BCE 2000 BCE 1500 BCE 1000 BCE Sumaria Akkadia Int Old Babylon Assyria MESOPOTAMIA EGYPT’S GEOGRAPHY Relatively isolated, hard to attack, and therefore stable. Populated along the Nile, which makes life in Egypt possible. The Nile floods predictably every July (when Sirius rises), which provides silt and nutrients to the rich soil along the banks. EGYPT’S GEOGRAPHY Egypt subsisted on organized and centralized farming in the area flooded annually by the Nile. Tracking and managing the allocation of land required extensive record-keeping, measuring, and written language. And, in particular, a calendar. A SIDE NOTE ABOUT ASTRONOMY Ancient peoples of both Mesopotamia and Egypt could easily track the movement of the celestial sphere as it revolved around the earth every year. They could also track the movement of the sun in the ecliptic against the celestial sphere. Finally, they could plot the changes in the moon. This gave them four cycles to keep track of: years, seasons, months, and (of course) days. EGYPTIAN CALENDARS The beginning of the Egyptian calendar year was when the Nile was predicted to flood, July on our calendars. When Sirius was visible just above the horizon at dawn, the flood was imminent. Like most calendars, there was some coordination of the cycle of the sun and the moon. EGYPTIAN CALENDARS The earliest Egyptian calendar had 12 months, alternating 29 days and 30 days. The actual cycle of the moon is about 29 ½ days. The “year” was therefore 354 days. So, every 2 or 3 years, an additional month was added. EGYPTIAN CALENDARS The second Egyptian calendar had a 365-day year. All 12 months were 30 days long. Then an extra 5 days was added at the end. This calendar worked better for tracking the solar year, but the coordination with the moon cycle was lost. THE EGYPTIAN SEASONS The year was divided into three seasons, as suited what was important: Inundation (the flooding of the Nile) Emergence (of the crops) Harvest BACK TO RECORD-KEEPING, MEASURING, AND WRITTEN LANGUAGE We all know that Egypt developed a pictorial writing system known as hieroglyphics. HIERATIC TEXT A more cursive form of hieroglyphic, the result of quickly drawing signs by hand on a sheet of papyrus with a reed brush. Here the original hieroglyphic signs were reduced to their simplest form. Used from around 3000 BCE. DEMOTIC TEXT Evolved from an even more cursive form of hieratic and became the standard for the administration from the 25th or 26th Dynasty on (around 600 BCE – 450 CE). WRITTEN LANGUAGE The Rosetta stone was discovered in 1799 as part of the building material used in the construction of Fort Julien near the town of Rashid (Rosetta) in the Nile Delta. It provided one key to our understanding hieroglyphics. Jean-François Champollion did the first successful translation, building on the work of Thomas Young. PAPYRUS Egyptians developed a sort of paper made from the pith of the papyrus reeds growing on the side of the Nile. These were made into long strips and then rolled and unrolled for use. EGYPTIAN MATHEMATICS And thus we come to: “How do we know about Egyptian Mathematics?” Mostly from various papyrus scrolls that have been found and translated. EGYPTIAN MATHEMATICS Two major sources: Moscow Papyrus (1850 BCE): volume of a frustrum, other methods for finding areas, volumes. Rhind Mathematical (Ahmes) Papyrus (1650 < 2000 < 2650 BCE): multiplication and division by doubling and halving, use of unit fractions, fraction doubling tables, approximation of π, linear equations, use of cotangent, attempt to square the circle. EGYPTIAN MATHEMATICS A few minor sources: Berlin Papyrus (1300 BCE): a quadratic equation and its solution; simultaneous equations. Reisner Papyri (1800 BCE): volumes of temples. Kahun (Lahun) Papyrus (1800 BCE): 6 fragments; much is still not translated. Egyptian Mathematical Leather Roll (1850 BCE): Table of decompositions into unit fractions. EGYPTIAN NUMERATION This is covered pretty well in the text… DON’T KNOW MUCH ABOUT HISTORY….. A word about history – There are lots of versions of things. The internet is a dangerous and wonderful thing. “Wikipedia is the best thing ever. Anyone in the world can write anything they want about any subject. So you know you are getting the best possible information.” –Michael Scott DON’T KNOW MUCH ABOUT HISTORY….. Books are also wonderful and dangerous things, for that matter. Scholarship is about differences in opinion. Frog, tadpole, bird, burbot fish Scroll, snare, coil of rope. Astonished man, kneeling figure, scribe, prisoner, Heh, the god of the unending. Heel, rope, hobble for cattle. EGYPTIAN NUMERATION - FRACTIONS For reasons unknown, the ancient Egyptians worked only with unit fractions, that is, fractions with a numerator of 1. The single exception was having a symbol for 2/3*. All other fractions were written as a sum of unit fractions: . So tables were provided to help with this task. *(Maybe ¾, too. That’s history for you.) EGYPTIAN NUMERATION - FRACTIONS Fractions were symbolized by putting the hieroglyph above the denominator. This may stand for “r” meaning an “open mouth.” No, I don’t know why that has anything to do with fractions. The direction of the little man’s feet determines whether we add or subtract. (Sometimes just the feet were used for this symbol.) EGYPTIAN NUMERATION - FRACTIONS Eventually, as hieroglyphic moved to hieratic, the open mouth became a line. Some suggest this was the beginning of our fraction bar. EGYPTIAN NUMERATION – OUR VERSION When we write Egyptian numbers, we’ll use our regular notation. For fractions, we’ll follow the Egyptian practice of writing them as sums of unit fractions. is how we will write . EGYPTIAN ARITHMETIC: ADDITION We’re not sure how it was done. Tables? Memorization? Counting? Perhaps something like regrouping, based on the base-10 nature of the number system. But it got done, and done pretty accurately, in the problems found in the Papyri. Same for subtraction. DIVISION USING FRACTIONS “Reckon with 8 so as to get 19.” In other words, “What, times 8, will give you 19?” 81 Next double > 19 16 2 Half of 8 4 1 2 Half ... 2 1 4 … until you get to 1 1 1 8 DIVISION USING FRACTIONS “Reckon with 8 so as to get 19.” In other words, “What, times 8, will give you 19?” 81 Next double > 19 16 2 x Half of 8 4 1 2 Half ... 2 1 x 4 … until you get to 1 1 1 x 8 19 1 1 2 Or, 2 4 8 Find the numbers in the left column that add to 19; add the corresponding numbers in the right column to get the quotient. MORE DIVISION WITH FRACTIONS “Reckon with 12 so as to obtain 31” 12 1 The usual doubling 24 2 Half of 12 6 1 2 Half of 6 – now 3 1 what? 4 MORE DIVISION WITH FRACTIONS “Reckon with 12 so as to obtain 31” 12 1 The usual doubling 24 2 Half of 12 6 1 2 Half of 6 – now 3 1 what? 4 Dag, yo . MORE DIVISION WITH FRACTIONS “Reckon with 12 so as to obtain 31” 12 1 The usual doubling 24 2 Two-thirds of 12 8 2 3 Half of 8 4 1 3 Half 2 1 6 Done 1 1 12 MORE DIVISION WITH FRACTIONS “Reckon with 12 so as to obtain 31” 12 1 The usual doubling 24 2 x Two-thirds of 12 8 2 3 Half of 8 4 1 x 3 Half 2 1 x 6 Done 1 1 x 12 31 1 1 1 2 3 6 12 A LITTLE BIT ABOUT THESE FRACTIONS The Ahmes Papyrus 2/n table: 2/3 = 1/2 + 1/6 2/5 = 1/3 + 1/15 2/7 = 1/4 + 1/28 2/9 = 1/6 + 1/18 2/11 = 1/6 + 1/66 2/13 = 1/8 + 1/52 + 1/104 2/15 = 1/10 + 1/30 2/17 = 1/12 + 1/51 + 1/68 2/19 = 1/12 + 1/76 + 1/114 2/21= 1/14 + 1/42 2/23 = 1/12 + 1/276 2/25 = 1/15 + 1/75 2/27 = 1/18 + 1/54 2/29 = 1/24 + 1/58 + 1/174 + 1/232 2/31 = 1/20 + 1/124 + 1/155 2/33 = 1/22 + 1/66 2/35 = 1/25 + 1/30 + 1/42 2/37 = 1/24 + 1/111 + 1/296 2/39 = 1/26 + 1/78 2/41 = 1/24 + 1/246 + 1/328 2/43 = 1/42 + 1/86 + 1/129 + 1/301 2/45 = 1/30 + 1/90 2/47 = 1/30 + 1/141 + 1/470 2/49 = 1/28 + 1/196 2/51 = 1/34 + 1/102 2/53 = 1/30 + 1/318 + 1/795 2/55 = 1/30 + 1/330 2/57 = 1/38 + 1/114 2/59 = 1/36 + 1/236 + 1/531 2/61 = 1/40 + 1/244 + 1/488 + 1/610 2/63 = 1/42 + 1/126 2/65 = 1/39 + 1/195 2/67 = 1/40 + 1/335 + 1/536 2/69 = 1/46 + 1/138 2/71 = 1/40 + 1/568 + 1/710 2/73 = 1/60 + 1/219 + 1/292 + 1/365 2/75 = 1/50 + 1/150 2/77 = 1/44 + 1/308 2/79 = 1/60 + 1/237 + 1/316 + 1/790 2/81 = 1/54 + 1/162 2/83 = 1/60 + 1/332 + 1/415 + 1/498 2/85 = 1/51 + 1/255 2/87 = 1/58 + 1/174 2/89 = 1/60 + 1/356 + 1/534 + 1/890 2/91 = 1/70 + 1/130 2/93 = 1/62 + 1/186 2/95 = 1/60 + 1/380 + 1/570 2/97 = 1/56 + 1/679 + 1/776 2/99 = 1/66 + 1/198 2/101 = 1/101 + 1/202 + 1/303 + 1/606 WHY THIS PARTICULAR DECOMPOSITION? Can you express every proper fraction as a sum of unit fractions? Yes – Proved by Leonardo of Pisa (Fibonacci) in 1202.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The Rosetta Stone the Rosetta Stone Is 3 Feet 9 Inches Long and 2 Feet 41/2 Inches Wide - (114X72x28cm)
    The Rosetta Stone The Rosetta Stone is 3 feet 9 inches long and 2 feet 41/2 inches wide - (114x72x28cm). It is dark grey-pinkish granite stone (originally thought to be basalt in composition) with writing on it in two languages, Egyptian and Greek, using three scripts, Hieroglyphic, Demotic Egyptian and Greek. Because Greek was well known, the stone was the key to deciphering the hieroglyphs. History The Rosetta stone is dated to March 196 BC, in the 9th year of Ptolemy V. The background to the setting up of the stela was the confirmation of the control of the Ptolemaic kings over Egypt. The Ptolemies were Greeks who had been ruling Egypt since the fragmentation of the Empire of Alexander the Great, and while they built temples in the Egyptian style, their lifestyle and language remained exclusively Greek. Egypt had by now become a multi-cultural society, a mixture of Greek and Egyptian, although in many parts of the country the two rarely met. In the years preceding the setting up of the Rosetta Stone, control of certain parts of Egypt had been lost to the family of the Ptolemies, and it had taken the Ptolemaic armies some time to put down opposition in the Delta; parts of southern Upper Egypt, particularly Thebes, were not yet back in the control of the government. It appears that it was decided that the best way to emphasise the legitimacy of the 13 year old Ptolemy V in the eyes of the Egyptian elite was to re-emphasise his traditional royal credentials with a coronation ceremony in the city of Memphis, and to affirm his royal cult throughout Egypt.
    [Show full text]
  • The Origin of the Pentateuch in the Light of the Ancient Monuments
    THE Gil OF THE PIT IN THE Light of the Ancient Monuments. HENRY ALEXANDER WHITE, M. A., Pli. D., D. D. Professor of History in the Washington and Lee University, Lexington, Virginia. RICHMOND, VA.: B. F. Johnson Publishing Company. 1894. Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1894, by HENRY ALEXANDER WHITE, In the office of the Librarian of Congress at Washington. This Volume is Dedicated TO My Wife. ;; PREFACE. THE greater part of this volume, in the form of lectures, has been given, during several sessions, to my class in Bible History. The reader of these lectures should keep constantly before his eyes the open pages of the sacred narrative itself. It is hoped that they may be found available in connection with the study of the English Bible as a text- book of history in our colleges and universities. The best literature available on the various subjects has been con- sulted. Reference to some of these authorities has been made in the foot-notes. Special acknowledgment must be rendered, in the line of Egyptian and Babylonian history to Brugsch's Egypt Under the Pharaohs (Scribner's) ; Renouf's Religion of Ancient Egypt; Budge's Dwellers on the Nile ; Rawlinson's Ancient Egypt ; his Great Monarchies, and his Origin of Nations ; Wilkinson's Ancient Egyptians ; Kenrick's Egypt the publications of Ebers ; Fergusson on Egyptian Architecture ; Daw- son's Egypt and Syria; Smith's Ancient History of the East; Sayce's Ancient Empires of the East ; his Fresh Light from the Ancient Monu- ments, and his Assyria, its Princes, Priests and People ; Budge's Baby- lonian Life and History ; Layard's Nineveh and Babylon ; Keary's Dawn of History, and the various encyclopedias and publications of the Pales- tine and Egyptian Exploration Funds.
    [Show full text]
  • Die Stargate-Verschwörung
    Andreas von Retyi Die STARGATE Verschwörung Geheime Spurensuche in Ägypten Scanned by Doc Gonzo corrected by anybody Bechtermünz Genehmigte Lizenzausgabe für Verlagsgruppe Weltbild GmbH, Augsburg Copyright © 2000 by Jochen Kopp Verlag, Rottenburg Gesamtherstellung: Wiener Verlag, Himberg bei Wien Printed in Austria ISBN 3-8289-4884-7 2004 2003 2002 2001 Die letzte Jahreszahl gibt die aktuelle Lizenzausgabe an. Alle Rechte vorbehalten. Inhalt »Leserbrief« Seite 7 1. Spurensuche Seite 9 2. Geheimnisse um neun Urgötter Seite 27 3. Rätsel in Stein und Staub Seite 47 4. Die Sterne Ägyptens Seite 63 5. Monumente für die Ewigkeit Seite 85 6. Aus der Zeit des Thoth Seite 105 7. Unbekannte Kräfte Seite 123 8. Der Fluch der Pharaonen Seite 145 9. Raum-Zeit-Schleusen Seite 171 10. Verhinderte Wissenschaft Seite 187 11. Geheime Projekte Seite 211 12. Wo ist das Sternentor? Seite 223 Literaturverzeichnis Seite 235 Index Seite 241 Anstelle eines Vorworts »Leserbrief« Ein Brief an meine Leser Als ich mich entschloss, dieses Buch zu schreiben, ahnte ich, dass ich mich auf ein Abenteuer einlassen und gleichzeitig auch Ihnen, meinen Lesern, ein solches zumuten würde. Ich habe »riskiert«, anhand unzähliger Informa- tionen, wie ich sie im Verlauf der Jahre gesammelt habe, einmal laut nachzu- denken und diese Gedanken hier weiterzugeben - teils fast im Sinne eines Ge- dankenexperiments. Diese Informationen und Fakten fügten sich im Zuge der Recherchen zu einem ungewöhnlichen und doch bestechend einheitlichen Gesamtmuster. Seltsamerweise fand sich alles immer genau im richtigen Mo- ment. Als sich während der Arbeit viele jener Querverbindungen und Hin- tergründe wie von selbst auftaten, konnte ich mich gelegentlich des unsinni- gen Gefühls nicht erwehren, jemand anderes schreibe dieses Buch.
    [Show full text]
  • Resources for the Study of Islamic Architecture Historical Section
    RESOURCES FOR THE STUDY OF ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE HISTORICAL SECTION Prepared by: Sabri Jarrar András Riedlmayer Jeffrey B. Spurr © 1994 AGA KHAN PROGRAM FOR ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE RESOURCES FOR THE STUDY OF ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE HISTORICAL SECTION BIBLIOGRAPHIC COMPONENT Historical Section, Bibliographic Component Reference Books BASIC REFERENCE TOOLS FOR THE HISTORY OF ISLAMIC ART AND ARCHITECTURE This list covers bibliographies, periodical indexes and other basic research tools; also included is a selection of monographs and surveys of architecture, with an emphasis on recent and well-illustrated works published after 1980. For an annotated guide to the most important such works published prior to that date, see Terry Allen, Islamic Architecture: An Introductory Bibliography. Cambridge, Mass., 1979 (available in photocopy from the Aga Khan Program at Harvard). For more comprehensive listings, see Creswell's Bibliography and its supplements, as well as the following subject bibliographies. GENERAL BIBLIOGRAPHIES AND PERIODICAL INDEXES Creswell, K. A. C. A Bibliography of the Architecture, Arts, and Crafts of Islam to 1st Jan. 1960 Cairo, 1961; reprt. 1978. /the largest and most comprehensive compilation of books and articles on all aspects of Islamic art and architecture (except numismatics- for titles on Islamic coins and medals see: L.A. Mayer, Bibliography of Moslem Numismatics and the periodical Numismatic Literature). Intelligently organized; incl. detailed annotations, e.g. listing buildings and objects illustrated in each of the works cited. Supplements: [1st]: 1961-1972 (Cairo, 1973); [2nd]: 1972-1980, with omissions from previous years (Cairo, 1984)./ Islamic Architecture: An Introductory Bibliography, ed. Terry Allen. Cambridge, Mass., 1979. /a selective and intelligently organized general overview of the literature to that date, with detailed and often critical annotations./ Index Islamicus 1665-1905, ed.
    [Show full text]
  • Forces and Strength of the Army of the Orient by Eman Vovsi
    FORCES AND STRENGTH OF THE ARMY OF THE ORIENT BY EMAN VOVSI In preface to his book1, J. Christopher Herold states that the most authoritative history of Bonaparte’s campaign in Egypt was written almost a century ago by the Marquis de La Jonquière, in five volumes totaling more than three thousand large pages in rather small print.2 All writers on the subject since then, continues Herold, have drawn most liberally on that work, but no one has adequately acknowledged his debt to it. Note that La Jonquière was an officer in the French army and wrote under the auspices of the French Ministry of War, drawing on more unpublished documents on the subject than anyone since has seen. He passed judgment on no one, but his five volumes constitute as complete a dossier as any court of historians could wish. I’ve decided to use some data provided in La Jonquière’s work in terms of to show composition of the French army of the Orient during the various periods of the expedition. At any rate, along with Herold, I do acknowledge my debt to his work emphatically and in all sincerity. Note only, that La Jonquière completed his five volumes until certain period of time – upon Bonaparte’s departure for France, that is 22 August 1799. Therefore, information related to the strength on the French army after that period left in dispute. Some of it could be retrieved from the British sources, especially those that related to 1801, when the British forces of General Abercromby landed in Egypt.3 1 Herold, Christopher J., Bonaparte in Egypt (London, 1962).
    [Show full text]
  • Ä G Y P T I S C H E
    Ä g y p t i s c h e Geschichte Ä g y p t e n Ägyptische Genealogie und Geschichte nach Erkenntnis von Gotthard Matysik Pharao Tutanchamun Pharaonen-Thron Nofretete Ägyptologen: Champollion Jean Francois (Franzose), entzifferte 1822 die ägyptischen Hieroglyphen Belzoni (Italiener), der Sammler Lepsius (Deutscher), der Ordner Mariette (Franzose), der Bewahrer Petrie (Engländer), der Messende u. Deuter Schlögl (Schweiz) Historiker der Geschichte Ägyptens: Manetho, ägyptischer Hohepriester in Heliopolis, * in Sebennytos im 3. Jahrhundert v. Chr., Verfasser einer nicht original überlieferten Pharaonengeschichte mit ihrer Einteilung in 30 Dynastien. Diodorus Sicullus, aus Sizilien, griechischer Historiker, 1. Jahrhundert v. Chr., Verfasser einer ägyptischen Geschichte Prf. Kenneth Kitchen (Ägyptologe). Verfasser des „The Third Intermediate Period in Egypt“ von 1973 Dr. David Rohl, Verfasser von „Pharaonen u. Propheten“ u. „Das Alte Testament auf dem Prüfstand“ von 1996 Herrscher in ä g y p t e n Stufenmastaba von König Djoser Felsentempel von Abu Simbel Das Schwarze Land (ägyptisch: Kemet) war der Wohnsitz des Horus, eines lebenden Königs u. seiner göttlichen Mutter Isis. Das Rote Land (ägyptisch: Deschret), die riesige Wüste, das Reich der Gefahr u. des Unheils, regiert von Seth (ägyptisch: Set Sutech), dem Gott des Chaos. Pharao (Titel) = par-o = großes Tor (ähnlich der „hohen Pforte) Vordynastische Periode vor 3200 bis 3150 vor Chr. um 3400 v. Chr. Onyxkopfstandarte Fingerschnecke Fisch Pen-abu um 3300 Elefant Funde könnten seinen Namen tragen, Lesung unsicher. Stier um 3250 Rinderkopfstandarte, vermutl. Kleinkönig von Skorpion I. besiegt. Skorpion I. um 3250 v. Chr. Skorpion I. in Oberägypten. Schrift und Bewässerungsanlagen wurden eingeführt. Grab in Abydos 1988 entdeckt.
    [Show full text]
  • The Rosetta Stone Online
    qkyVR [Read download] The Rosetta Stone Online [qkyVR.ebook] The Rosetta Stone Pdf Free E. A. Wallis Budge *Download PDF | ePub | DOC | audiobook | ebooks #3472890 in eBooks 2016-01-25 2016-01-25File Name: B01B2SYVMQ | File size: 68.Mb E. A. Wallis Budge : The Rosetta Stone before purchasing it in order to gage whether or not it would be worth my time, and all praised The Rosetta Stone: 5 of 5 people found the following review helpful. Now I Know.By Michael FosterI had a colleague in work who had a most unusual paperweight. It was a miniature limestone replica of the Rosetta Stone while we both had a vague notion of its significance neither of us knew the full import of the stone. Ten years after retirement while browsing on the site I came across this gem of book. At first I thought it might be a bit too academic for me, but to my surprise it turned out to be a very readable informative book. To think that our knowledge understanding of ancient Egypt was unlocked by finding of the key which the Rosetta stone is clearly simply explained in this book.1 of 1 people found the following review helpful. Four StarsBy Von MartiusA classical work of Wallis Budge.3 of 3 people found the following review helpful. Most of the book are just translations ...By Luis MansillaSince I didn't find a more compelling book to read about this subject, such as "The Keys of Egypt", I read this little book. Most of the book are just translations of the original writings in the Rosetta Stone so just a few words are dedicated to the most interesting part, the story to decipher the egyptian hieroglyphics.
    [Show full text]
  • THE NEAR EAST: ARCHAEOLOGY in the ‘CRADLE of CIVILIZATION’ EXPERIENCE of ARCHAEOLOGY Series Editor: Andrew Wheatcroft
    THE NEAR EAST: ARCHAEOLOGY IN THE ‘CRADLE OF CIVILIZATION’ EXPERIENCE OF ARCHAEOLOGY Series Editor: Andrew Wheatcroft The Archaeology of the Arabian Gulf Michael Rice The Near East Archaeology in the ‘cradle of civilization’ Charles Keith Maisels Classical Archaeology of Greece Experiences of the discipline Michael Shanks THE NEAR EAST: ARCHAEOLOGY IN THE ‘CRADLE OF CIVILIZATION’ Charles Keith Maisels London and New York To my wife Jennifer for being there First published 1993 by Routledge 11 New Fetter Lane, London EC4P 4EE This edition published in the Taylor & Francis e-Library, 2005. “ To purchase your own copy of this or any of Taylor & Francis or Routledge’s collection of thousands of eBooks please go to http://www.ebookstore.tandf.co.uk/.” Simultaneously published in the USA and Canada by Routledge 29 West 35th Street, New York, NY 10001 First published in paperback 1998 © 1993 Charles Keith Maisels All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilized in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data Maisels, Charles Keith The near east: archaeology in the ‘cradle of civilization’ I. Title 930.1 Library of Congress Cataloguing in Publication Data Maisels, Charles Keith The near east: archaeology in the ‘cradle of civilization’/Charles Keith Maisels p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. 1. Archaeology-Middle East-History-19th century. 2. Middle east- Civilization. To 622.
    [Show full text]
  • Egyptology, Egyptomania, Egyptian Modernity / Elliott Colla
    ConfliCted Antiquities Conflicted Antiquities egyptology, egyptomAniA, egyptiAn modernit y Elliott Colla Duke University Press Durham and London 2007 © 2007 Duke University Press All rights reserved Printed in the United States of America on acid-free paper ∞ Designed by C. H. Westmoreland Typeset in Warnock Pro by Achorn International Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data appear on the last printed page of this book. Duke University Press gratefully acknowledges the support of Brown University, which provided funds toward the production of this book. To Josephine, who sent me, and Dele, who welcomed me home. And always, to Nadia, who’d rather come along. Contents ACknowledgments . ix Introduction: The Egyptian Sculpture Room . 1 1 The Artifaction of the Memnon Head . 24 Ozymandias . 67 2 Conflicted Antiquities: Islam’s Pharaoh and Emergent Egyptology . 72 The Antiqakhana . 116 3 Pharaonic Selves . 121 Two Pharaohs . 167 4 The Discovery of Tutankhamen’s Tomb: Archaeology, Politics, Literature . 172 Nahdat Misr . 227 5 Pharaonism after Pharaonism: Mahfouz and Qutb . 234 Conclusion . 273 notes . 279 BiBliogrAphy . 311 index . 329 Acknowledgments This book did not come into being by itself, nor was it produced single- handedly. In conducting my research for the book I was fortunate to be assisted by the able team of Ghenwa Hayek and Ben Kamber in Provi- dence, Kouross Esmaeli in New York, and Reham Shams El-Dean in Cairo. Likewise invaluable was the assistance of the staffs at Dar al-Kutub, Dar al-Watha’iq, the British Library, the British Museum, and the Ministère des Affaires Étrangères. Charles Auger and Carol Wilson-Allen pro- vided continuous and patient assistance throughout.
    [Show full text]
  • Der Stein Von Rosetta – Eine Exkursion Zum Fundort
    DOI 10.1515/les-2013-0008 Lebende Sprachen 2013; 58(1): 169–196 Peter A. Schmitt Der Stein von Rosetta – Eine Exkursion zum Fundort Abstract: The Rosetta Stone is one of the most important stone fragments in history. It is the most popular single object in London’s British Museum, has been the object of scholarly research and has had much written about it. Indeed, any account of the history of translation will at least mention the Rosetta Stone. Today, the name “Rosetta” is used metaphorically in the context of translation, foreign-language learning, and even space exploration. In the light of this, one would assume that all sources are in agreement on the facts but, surprisingly, this is not the case. This article shows that sources disagree even in the most obvious aspects, such as the material, colour, condition of the stone and, in particular, with respect to its discovery. Based on an excursion to Alexandria, Rashíd and the – in all likelihood – real discovery site in the Nile delta, this article provides facts and casts some doubt on the reliability of internet sources. Keywords: Stein von Rosetta, Raschid, Festung St. Julien, Citadel of Qaitby, Trans- lationsgeschichte Peter A. Schmitt: Universität Leipzig, Beethovenstraße 15, D-04107 Leipzig, Deutschland, E-Mail: [email protected] Der Stein von Rosetta dürfte einer der bedeutendsten Steine der Geschichte sein: „The ‚most famous piece of rock in the world‘“ (Parkinson 2005: 7). Sein Fund im Jahre 1799 markiert einen – vielleicht den wichtigsten – Meilenstein in der Ägyp- tologie, denn bekanntlich ermöglichte erst dieser Stein die Decodierung der Hieroglyphen.
    [Show full text]
  • Rosetta Stone WJH Article
    WikiJournal of Humanities, 2019, 2(1):1 doi: 10.15347/wjh/2019.001 Review Article Rosetta Stone Andrew Dalby,¹ et al. The Rosetta Stone (British Museum EA24) is a granodiorite stele, found in 1799, inscribed with three versions of a decree issued at Memphis in 196 BC during the Ptolemaic dynasty on behalf of King Ptole- my V. The top and middle texts are in Ancient Egyptian using hieroglyphic and demotic scripts, respec- tively, while the bottom is in Ancient Greek. As the decree has only minor differences between the three versions, the Rosetta Stone proved to be the key to deciphering Egyptian hieroglyphs. The stone, carved in black granodiorite during the Hellenistic period, is believed to have originally been displayed within a temple, possibly at nearby Sais. It was probably moved in Late Antiquity or during the Mameluk period, and was eventually used as building material in the construction of Fort Julien near the town of Rashid (Rosetta) in the Nile Delta. It was rediscovered there in July 1799 by a French soldier, Pierre-François Bouchard, during the Napoleonic campaign in Egypt. It was the first Ancient Egyptian bilingual text recovered in modern times, and it aroused widespread public interest with its potential to decipher this previously untranslated hieroglyphic script. Lithographic copies and plaster casts began circulating among European museums and scholars. Meanwhile, British troops defeated the French in Egypt in 1801, and the original stone came into British possession under the Capitulation of Alexandria and was transported to London. It has been on public display at the British Museum almost continuously since 1802, and is the most-visited object there.
    [Show full text]
  • Clinical Infectious Diseases 1 October 2013
    1 October 2013 Clinical Infectious Diseases Volume 57 Number 7 iNews iii In the Literature iv Crossing Borders: One World, Global Health Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/cid/article/57/7/NP/335063 by guest on 27 September 2021 ARTICLES AND COMMENTARIES 923 Exchange Transfusion for Severe Malaria: Evidence Base and Literature Review Kathrine R. Tan, Ryan E. Wiegand, and Paul M. Arguin Despite biologic plausibility for using exchange transfusion (ET) as an adjunct to antimalarial drugs for treatment of severe malaria, this matched study and a comprehensive literature review provided no evidence for ET’sefficacy on survival. Adjunct ET cannot be recommended. On the cover: T4 Bacteriophage, by Luke Jerram, (British, 1974-). Originally exhibited at the Venice Biennale 2011. Image reproduced with permission. 929 Strongly Decreased Risk of Genital Warts After Vaccination Against In 1799, a French soldier on patrol near the town Human Papillomavirus: Nationwide Follow-up of Vaccinated and of Rashid (Rosetta) in Egypt uncovered a fragment Unvaccinated Girls in Denmark of an ancient stele from a pile of building materials Maria Blomberg, Christian Dehlendorff, Christian Munk, and Susanne K. Kjaer used in the construction of Fort Julien in the Nile Delta. The Rosetta Stone provided the pivotal link in Based on individual human papillomavirus vaccination status, a significantly reduced risk of genital translating the previously undecipherable code of warts was found among vaccinated young girls in a country with high vaccine coverage. Egyptian hieroglyphics. Similarly, the T4 bacteriophage and its dsDNA provided the key to unlocking the secrets of the genetic code and opening the discipline 935 High Levels of Hepatitis B Virus After the Onset of Disease Lead to of molecular biology.
    [Show full text]