Activity REPORT 2 19 CONTENTS

3 25 53 Editorial Observation of the society Reaching out to new audiences

4 29 56 Guest expert: Conducting the population Organisation chart Jérôme Philippini census and using the results Prefect of the Eure department 58 in the Normandy region 33 INSEE by region Describing and analysing 6 regions and territories 59 Highlights of 2019 Workforce by region 37 and by category 8 Managing large directories 2019 by region and registers 60 The women and men 12 41 at INSEE INSEE and official statistics Disseminating and communicating its statistics 61 13 and studies Training of INSEE personnel Producing short-terms and budget diagnoses 45 Improving its methods 62 17 and innovating Surveys carried out in 2019 Studying the functionning of the French economy 49 65 Contributing to the construction Key figures for 2019 21 of European and international Providing details about statistics the productive system

2 - INSEE - ACTIVITY REPORT 2019 Editorial In November 2009, official statistics, which are coordinated by INSEE, entered a new era: the French Official Statistics Authority (Autorité de la statistique publique - ASP) was created by the Law on the Modernisation of the Economy. During the ten years that it has been in existence, the ASP has been working towards professional independence and on the quality of official statistics. The creation of this institution was especially timely, as the information market was in the early stages of a period of radical transformation. Our historical position as a reference point for information concerning the socio-economic situation in our country must be continually reaffirmed in the face of the spread of fake news and misleading information. The support provided by the ASP has undoubtedly helped to boost the credibility of official statistics and raise public confidence in them, without which our work would be meaningless. INSEE is on the front line, maintaining and consolidating the “common good” that is the Official Statistical System. We make sure that the subjects we deal with are in line with current events and the expectations of our fellow citizens, and we are also improving our communication to ensure that as many people as possible are able to access the information we produce. Jean-Luc TAVERNIER Some of INSEE’s innovations do not enjoy the visibility they deserve. For that reason, Director General, INSEE in 2019, the structural business statistics were published in full, in accordance with the economic definition of a business, for the first time with a view to better describing the economic fabric. The dissemination of statistical data at the level of the individual square cells of the grid that covers the whole of has been updated and enriched and information can now be viewed directly on maps. Being relevant also means having a publication agenda that is in step with the debate and therefore reducing our publishing deadlines. The quarterly estimate of agent accounts (household purchasing power, business margin rate, government deficit, etc.) is now available 60 days after the end of the quarter, rather than 85 days as was the case previously. Innovations are being seen in many areas; this will be highlighted in particular in the 2020 activity report as a result of the health crisis. By way of additional proof, one need only look at the work we have been carrying out since 2019 with a view to replacing some of the price surveys performed by the investigators with scanner data for the purposes of calculating the consumer price index. In addition, a further milestone has been reached in the processing of the big data collected by mobile phone operators after funding was secured from the French National Research Agency for the MobiTIC project. We have also taken a major step towards a further redesign of the Labour Force Survey with the introduction of the internet as an additional method for responding in the case of repeat surveys. Efforts to modernise our communications have been stepped up with the increase in our presence on social networks, our more frequent use of videos and the partnerships we have formed with media outlets specialising in the popularisation of socio-economic information. At regional level, our advice/expertise has been especially responsive to current events, responding in often very short timescales to the needs expressed by regional public players with regard to support for the conduct of public policies. The European elections held in May were the first to use the electoral lists from the Single Electoral Register, the new register produced by INSEE on 1 January 2019 for which it is now responsible. Our teams worked tirelessly in the run up to the election in order to handle the relationship between the users, the municipalities and the citizens. INSEE has no shortage of modernisation projects and new opportunities to shed light on the public debate. We regularly overcome new challenges in all of our activities. This report, which we were able to finalise under the remote working conditions imposed by the general lockdown put in place to combat the spread of the COVID-19 epidemic thanks to the incredible commitment of all those who contributed, is testament to this.

INSEE - ACTIVITY REPORT 2019 - 3 A former student of the École Normale Supérieure and the École Nationale d’Administration, Jérôme Filippini is a high-ranking French civil servant. He started his career as an auditor at the Court of Auditors before moving on to jobs in management, transformation of public action and operations at the Ministry of the Interior (prefectures, police), the Ministry of Justice (prison service) and the Prime Minister’s Office (State reform). Notably, he created DISIC, France’s inter-ministerial Directorate for IT, in 2011 and the SGMAP, the Secretariat-General for Government Modernisation, in 2012. Having previously acted as the Secretary- General of the Court of Auditors from 2013 to 2017 and Prefect of the Lot department until February this year, he is now Prefect of the Eure department in the Normandy region.

For a long time, I have read INSEE’s work in order to gain general knowledge and an understanding of the challenges being faced in my country. Putting factual data of an economic, social or demographic nature into perspective, in time and Guest space, is a powerful tool for correcting bias. Indeed, it is all too easy to rely on the “current mood”, and to express satisfaction or disappointment in a situation observed, with the impression that the situation is improving or deteriorating. expert: Everyone then draws on their own prejudices and temperament to affirm that “things are better” or, on the contrary, that “things were better before”. Jérôme Philippini The only way to combat this reliance on gut feeling Prefect of the Eure is to observe and read long and comparable sets of statistics. department in the This is why it is so important to perform comparative analyses, not only in terms of time, but also in Normandy region space, and to examine the associated maps. If one takes the time to take even a cursory glance at several of the annual portraits of France In your opinion, does the social and by INSEE, it is striking to read about several economic portrait of France offered trends that pave the way for, if not explain, the by official statistics provide an main lines of action at play in our country today: understanding of the social movements demographics and changing family patterns, we are currently experiencing? together with the impact of decohabitation, single

4 - INSEE - ACTIVITY REPORT 2019 parenthood and family restructuring on household income; Directorate, for example those looking at the dynamics of growing income disparities over the last thirty years, in spite employment or the retail trade situation in conurbations and of the equalising power of social and fiscal redistribution; the city centres. heterogeneity of settlement and income dynamics between Reading this work, of course, allows us to add to our permanent the various French regions with indication of a fracturing of files and to increase the reliability of data presented in support the dynamics that “make the nation”; and finally the issue of decisions. It also provides subject matter for our speeches: of residential and professional mobility, which reveals not during the social movements of the last two years, I often so much a reluctance but concrete obstacles when it comes turned to INSEE’s data concerning income dispersion and the to mobility. impact of redistribution in order to correct Nevertheless, one should, of course, the view held by some of the people I be wary of retrospective illusions: if it Putting factual worked with that “everything is going were sufficient to simply read the coffee wrong”, “nothing is being done to correct grounds of statistics to improve prediction data“ of an economic, disparities” or even that “the presence and government, this would be common social or demographic of public services is in steady decline”. knowledge. However, once again, by This is because, although they do not hide taking a step back and taking a broader nature into what is going wrong, they also highlight look at a time series or by comparing the contrasting situations in different areas. situation in one territory with that of its perspective, in time It is important that the public decision- neighbouring territories, it is possible to and space, maker is able to gain some perspective correct the false impression of the “here by comparing the area for which he or and now”. is a powerful tool she is responsible with neighbouring or for correcting similar areas. He or she is therefore able How does the information to question what other areas are doing to produced locally by INSEE bias. better succeed in tackling issues such as help you to make the right employment, economic development or decisions for the inhabitants of a particular addressing” disparities. However, from time to time, he or she region? may discover that his or her area is way ahead when it comes to elements that are little known or poorly valued by the local Statistics is the “science of the State”. In technological terms, stakeholders themselves. I would say that it is the “augmented vision of the public decision-maker”. If the public decision-maker has some The Single Electoral Register was used for statistical data that has been annotated and interpreted, the first time during the organisation of the he or she can see further and more clearly. 2019 European elections. How did you find Since returning to the field, I have become a voracious the experience? consumer of the trend and analysis notes produced by the INSEE regional directorate! I found the use of the Single Electoral Register in 2019 to be a Having acted as Prefect for the Lot region in recent years, very relaxed experience for the department that I was in. With I truly appreciated the insights provided at the beginning the exception of a few individual queries, we did not encounter of each “regional administration committee” (CAR), by the any significant or insurmountable difficulties. I imagine that Regional Director of who, depending on the topic in this was a local indicator of a more general performance that question (education, agriculture, health or the environment), I am unable to measure. highlighted two or three key lessons to be drawn from comparative sets of statistics. And I was also especially fond of the data sets that the regional directorate was able to provide to each of the department prefects. Having held the position of Prefect of Eure for a few weeks now, I have already been able to take advantage of some notes and analyses produced by the Normandy Regional

INSEE - ACTIVITY REPORT 2019 - 5 HIGHLIGHTS OF 2019 JANUARY MARCH JUNE

INSEE published “In 2016, INSEE questioned young INSEE disseminated new grid 400,000 children live half people about their profes- data, local statistics at the the time with each of their sional integration via the most detailed geographic level. separated parents”. “Survey on entry into adult  www.insee.fr/fr/  www.insee.fr/en/ life”. From 1 March to 6 July information/4181738 statistiques/4172803 2019, this public interest survey targeted young people who had completed their In “The French Economy”, initial training. INSEE provided an update on  www.insee.fr/fr/ the situation in France with information/3741647 regard to the achievement of the Sustainable Development Goals established by the UN.  www.insee.fr/en/ statistiques/4190133 The National Council for Statistical information APRIL published its new guidelines 2019-2023. As the European election year  www.cnis.fr/instances/ demands, INSEE published its moyen-terme/ five-yearly “France in European Union”, publication, an edition of Insee Références that takes JULY stock of France’s social and economic situation vis-à-vis INSEE presented the results FEBRUARY its European partners. of an analysis conducted with  www.insee.fr/en/ the Research, Studies and First detailed results of statistiques/4124951 Statistics Directorate (DARES) the complete census of and the Pôle Emploi, which the population of aimed to identify the rea- carried out at the end of 2017. sons behind the discrepancy Almost half of all inhabitants between the two key unem- are of foreign nationality. ployment indicators: unem-  www.insee.fr/fr/ ployed persons as defined by information/3713281 the ILO and jobseekers regis- tered with the Pôle Emploi.  www.insee.fr/en/ statistiques/4185754? sommaire=4185756 MAY INSEE and INED released the nd First use of the new Single 2 edition of Trajectories and Electoral Register, the mana- Origins: a survey of the diver- gement of which has been sity of populations in France. entrusted to INSEE, during  www.insee.fr/fr/ the European elections information/4172158

6 - INSEE - ACTIVITY REPORT 2019 AUGUST OCTOBER DECEMBER

INSEE attended the INSEE and the National With “Enterprises in France”, 62nd International Statistical Library of France signed INSEE provided a new view Institute congress in Kuala a partnership agreement. of France’s economic fabric, Lumpur. One of its experts, The goal: to modernise the which results from the appli- Vianney Costemalle, was digital library for official cation of the new definition awarded the Best Young statistics. of a business in the econo- Statistician Prize for his work mic sense. on statistical secrecy for  www.insee.fr/en/ the dissemination of spatial Launch of the survey on statistiques/4631320 statistics. the situation of associations in 2018. The topics broached included: the mode of governance and managers, members, the field of activity, employees and other personnel, volunteers, resources and expenditure.

INSEE organised the 34th meeting of the Voorburg To mark its 50th anniversary, Group on Service Statistics, the journal Économie et bringing together more than Statistique, which became 60 experts from around Économie et Statistique / the world. Economics and Statistics in 2017, published a special SEPTEMBER anniversary issue. This issue brought together a series Launch of the survey of State of articles focusing on civil service employees. The the major trends observed in challenge: allow for a closer NOVEMBER the French economy in terms examination of the factors of growth and income distribution, changes in determining wages and gain With “Economy and society the labour market and social a deeper understanding of in the digital age”, INSEE has, structure and inequalities, certain key topics on the sub- for the first time, compiled etc. It also addressed ject of wages, such as diffe- official statistics data that take the new challenges facing rences in pay between men account of transformations our economies, such as and women. For the first time, brought about by digital the question of artificial the persons being surveyed technology. were able to respond via intelligence and the internet by logging into  www.insee.fr/en/ the emergence of the dedicated portal statistiques/4290265 environmental concerns. for household surveys  www.insee.fr/en/ known as Coleman. statistiques/4253180 To mark its 10th anniversary, the French Official Statistics Authority organised a confe- rence aimed at highlighting its fundamental mission of working towards professional independence and on the qua- lity of official statistics.

INSEE - ACTIVITY REPORT 2019 - 7 Bourgogne-Franche-Comté Where can I find climate change data? How can BY REGION I access it? In order to answer these questions, 2019 INSEE Bourgogne-Franche-Comté teamed up with the Region and the General Secretariat for Regional Affairs (SGAR) to co-organise the inaugural regional climate change data and knowledge day on 25 June 2019 in Dijon. In connection with this event, it published a study on the changes in temperature in the region over a period of 50 years, using the open data made available by Météo-France.

Bretagne Mobility and demographic dynamics form the basis for four studies published by INSEE Bretagne in 2019. Working in partnership with urban planning agencies, this project was completed at various territorial levels: mobility issues within the Nouveau Pays de Lorient and in the priority districts of the Antilles-Guyane Rennes Metropolitan Area urban policy, and In 2019, INSEE Antilles-Guyane repeated demographic trends up to 2040 for Brittany. the survey looking at the impact of space- It helped local public-sector stakeholders to related activities on the economy of French define and implement regional development Guiana, which it conducted in partnership with and urban and housing policies. the Guiana Space Centre, an establishment belonging to the French National Centre for Space Studies (CNES). This is a specific survey in terms of both its subject and the environment in which it is conducted. It gathers detailed information that complements the INSEE information system and allows for the creation of a satellite account for space on the basis of the regional economic accounts. A satellite account for space would make it possible to highlight the part concerned by space and its direct, indirect and induced effects. The final objective is to analyse the macroeconomic impact of space-related activities in French Guiana. Centre-Val de Loire In December 2019, INSEE Centre-Val de Loire published “Health needs, health determinants and access to facilities in the Centre-Val-de- Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes Loire” in partnership with the regional health Local statistics and grid data have been authority. The health needs of the ageing highlighted by INSEE Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes population are studied in accordance with age within the scope of the Economy Days (Jéco) and socio-economic characteristics (standard run by the Foundation for the Université de of living, socio-professional categories). At Lyon. A session held on 7 November as part of regional level, in many rural areas, the lack the “off” programme for these Economy Days of doctors goes hand in hand with a lack of brought together around sixty people, including local facilities. Also, for local public-sector a class of college students. They were all able stakeholders, the questions of medical density to (re)discover the wealth of geolocalised data and the accessibility of care must be viewed disseminated by INSEE. The theme for the 2019 in the context of the broader issue of access edition of Jéco was “The environment, digital to facilities and demographic and economic technology, society… a decade of dangers”. dynamism.

8 - INSEE - ACTIVITY REPORT 2019 Corse INSEE Corse now organises “statistics afternoons” to enable discussions to take place between regional public-sector stakeholders regarding regional statistical themes and output; they provide an opportunity to better present our working methods and to learn about those applied by our partners. The regional directorate has also decided to increase the number of study partnerships and its advice/expertise actions. One of these studies, carried out in 2019 in partnership with the Corsican Regional Department of Enterprise, Competition, Consumer Affairs, Labour and Employment (DIRECCTE) and the Corsica Economic Development Agency aimed to improve shared regional employment Île-de-France Several statistical studies on Seine-Saint-Denis knowledge: structure of establishments, were launched in 2019. This was in response type of employment contract, working hours, to numerous requests from local partner seasonality, etc. stakeholders. One study will therefore focus on the internal dynamics of this department and others, which will take place over a longer term, will analyse more structural projects in this area, such as the Grand Paris Express (Société du Grand Paris), Roissy Charles- With 800 km of borders to the north and de-Gaulle airport Terminal 4 (Commission east of its territory, the Grand Est region nationale du débat public [National Public is particularly interested in cross-border Debate Commission]) and even the 2024 issues. In order to satisfy its need for Olympic Games (Delegation to the Olympic knowledge, in 2019, INSEE Grand Est and Paralympic Games). published a number of studies reporting on the flow of workers, the local labour markets around the border, demographic changes and business start-ups, in cooperation with the statistical offices of neighbouring countries. La Réunion-Mayotte In September 2019, INSEE La Réunion- Mayotte published a series of three studies on employment in Mayotte, drawn up in partnership with DIRECCTE in Mayotte and Hauts-de-France the French Ministry of Labour’s Research, Between 1 October and 3 December 2019, Studies and Statistics Directorate (DARES). INSEE Hauts-de-France conducted a survey Never before conducted in this area where on waste generation and management the unemployment rate is the highest of all the in the tertiary sector in partnership with French regions (30% in 2019), these studies the DREAL and the Regional Council. Based make use in particular of data from the 2017 on a sample of 2,000 establishments, this population census and the annual employment survey will make it possible to provide figures survey for Mayotte. They also allow public- for the waste component of the Regional sector stakeholders and social partners to gain Planning, Sustainable Development more detailed knowledge of the labour market and Equality of Territories Scheme (SRADETT). and the obstacles to accessing employment. It will also inform INSEE’s strategic considerations between now and 2025 in order to enable short and rapid surveys to be conducted in one year, while still adhering to the criteria of statistical quality and compliance that are specific to surveys conducted by the Official Statistical System.

INSEE - ACTIVITY REPORT 2019 - 9 INSEE Nouvelle-Aquitaine, together with the Normandie Aerospace Valley competitiveness hub, this In June 2019, this region hosted survey has been assigned a “general interest” three events that increased tourist activity: label with an obligation to respond to this the 75th anniversary of the D-Day landings statistical survey. and the Battle of Normandy, the Rouen Armada and the FIFA Women’s World Cup in Le Havre. INSEE Normandie measured the impact of these events by means of the study entitled “Three major events have boosted hotel occupancy The Law on the Modernisation of the Economy in June 2019 in Normandy”. During this period, of 2008 defines “businesses” as economic the number of overnight stays recorded units with a certain degree of decision-making by the hotels exceeded the average autonomy. In order to measure their activity, the for the previous four years by 144,000. institute consolidates data from several sources within the ESANE system: the financial links between legal units (from LIFI), data collected from surveys (annual survey, ESA, conducted in Nantes, production survey, EAP, conducted in Caen) and tax returns. For two years, a dedicated department at the Pays de la Loire Regional Directorate has been ensuring the quality of the consolidated data from these economic units, except for the 60 largest groups, which are handled by the Directorate-General, by means of multiple checks. 2019 saw the culmination of this work in December with the dissemination by INSEE of all of the business Nouvelle-Aquitaine statistics incorporating this new concept In 2019, INSEE Nouvelle-Aquitaine carried out of business. several prospective studies based on population projections. What housing needs will there be by 2030? How many college students will we need to accommodate in the area in 2040? How many secondary school pupils will there be in Les Landes? Given the ageing population, how many dependent elderly people will need to be cared for by 2030? Analysed with the partners in charge of the public policies concerned (DREAL, Regional Council, education authority, Departmental Council of Les Landes, ARS), these studies provide a detailed view of the projected situations in the sub-regional territories. Provence-Alpes-Côte d’Azur In 2019, INSEE Provence-Alpes-Côte d’Azur provided a new perspective on air pollution by looking at the population’s exposure to Occitanie particles measuring less than 10 micrometres in The annual regional survey on aerospace diameter, known as “PM10”. The study, which and the space sector in the Grand Sud- saw the PACA region joining forces with DREAL, Ouest region underwent several changes combined the observations of AtmoSud, the in 2019. The businesses surveyed can approved association for air quality monitoring, now respond online. More than 3,000 and the geolocalised data from the demographic businesses participate in the survey each files on dwellings and individuals (Fidéli). year. Conducted by INSEE Occitanie and

10 - INSEE - ACTIVITY REPORT 2019 FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:

West Indies-French Guiana Grand Est Nouvelle-Aquitaine Baert X., Charrier R., Elena Mironova, Sophie Villaume, Adeline Béoutis, Bénédicte Castéran- “Different dynamics for complementary “The number of cross-border commuters Sacreste, “23,000 new households t activities”, Insee Flash French Guiana to Luxembourg has doubled since 1999”, o be housed each year between now no. 123, February 2020 Insee Analyses Grand Est, June 2019 no. 97 and 2030”, Insee Analyses Nouvelle-  www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/4309200  www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/4171650 Aquitaine no. 78, September 2019  www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/4211899 Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes Hauts-de-France “To better understand the data... “Launch of a survey on the production Laurence Martin, Nadia from the region to the grid cells”, and management of waste in Hauts- Wojciechowski, “In 2040, the number Lyon Economy Days 2019, de-France from 1 October 2019”, Insee of college students in Nouvelle- Aquitaine will once again reach 2016  www.insee.fr/fr/information/4216637 Hauts de France, press release dated 6 August 2019: levels following a moderate increase up until 2026”, Insee Analyses Bourgogne-Franche-Comté  www.insee.fr/fr/information/4200758 Tribout X., Brion D., “In Bourgogne- Nouvelle-Aquitaine no. 84, December Franche-Comté, average temperatures Survey on waste generation and 2019 have increased by between 0.7 management in the tertiary sector  www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/4267964 in Hauts-de-France and 1.6°C in 50 years”, Insee Flash Ghislaine Monerie, Nadia Bourgogne-Franche-Comté no. 85,  www.insee.fr/en/metadonnees/source/ serie/s1040 Wojciechowski, “Number of secondary June 2019 school pupils expected to peak in  www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/4176857 Île-de-France 2021 in Les Landes”, Insee Analyses See also: Joseph Chevrot, Issam Khelladi, Nouvelle-Aquitaine no. 74, June 2019 Brittany Laure Omont, Odile Wolber (INSEE),  www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/4125322 Bovi H. and Marguerite É. (Insee) Frank Bikun Bi Nkott, Clémentine Fourré, – Ferrec R. and Le Montagner A. Dumartin S., Labarthe G., Benoît Oudin (Departmental Council of (AudéLor), “Nouveau Pays de Lorient: “In Nouvelle-Aquitaine, the number Seine-Saint-Denis), with the participation four types of area with their own of dependent elderly people will of the Seine-Saint-Denis prefecture, dynamics and strong interactions”, continue to increase until 2030”, “Seine-Saint-Denis: caught between Insee Analyses Brittany no. 84, Insee Analyses Nouvelle-Aquitaine economic dynamism and persistent social June 2019 no. 85, January 2020 difficulties”, Insee Analyses Île-de-France  www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/4137561  www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/4294178 no. 114, February 2020 Bovi H., Tacon D., “In Brittany, the  www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/4308516 Occitanie population will increase between now Cambon G., Mouhali K., and 2040, no matter which scenario is La Réunion-Mayotte “The aerospace supply chain applied”, Insee Analyses Brittany no. 90, Cédric Mureau, Employment in in Grand Sud-Ouest: opportunities November 2019 Mayotte in 2017: economic sectors and challenges”, Insee Analyses  www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/4250752 and localisation, Insee Analyses Occitanie no. 91, January 2020 Mayotte, September 2019 no. Bovi H., Rouxel M., More than  www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/4295804  www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/4210653 400,000 additional inhabitants in Hild F., Régnier V., Voisin P., “A sustained Brittany by 2040, Insee Analyses Aurore Fleuret, Philippe Paillole, favourable dynamic in the aerospace Brittany no. 89, November 2019 Entry onto the labour market in sector in Grand Sud-Ouest”, Insee  www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/4250821 Mayotte University degrees, the key to Analyses Occitanie no. 90, January 2020 professional integration, Insee Analyses  www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/4294174 Centre-Val-de-Loire Mayotte, September 2019, no. 21 “Health needs, health determinants and  www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/4210656 Pays de la Loire access to facilities in the Centre-Val de Aurore Fleuret, Philippe Paillole, One Elaboration of annual statistics of Loire”, Insee Dossier Centre-Val job for every three adults, Insee Flash companies (ESANE) de Loire no. 5, December 2019 Mayotte, September 2019, no. 93  www.insee.fr/en/metadonnees/source/  www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/4263758  www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/4210651 serie/s1188 Corsica Normandy Provence-Alpes-Côte d’Azur Bonnefont M., Caruso D., Luciani Caroline Poupet, Pauline Roger, “Three Rouaud P. (INSEE), Channac Y. A., Torre V., Touzani H., “Wages and major events have boosted hotel (AtmoSud), “In 2017, the WHO employment conditions. An analysis of occupancy in June 2019 in Normandy”, threshold was exceeded for half of the the island’s 12 main industries”, Insee Insee Analyses Normandy no. 69, region’s residents”, Insee Analyses Dossier Corsica no. 13, October 2019 November 2019 Provence-Alpes-Côte d’Azur no. 80, November 2019  www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/4230632  www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/4241890  www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/4250618

INSEE - ACTIVITY REPORT 2019 - 11 INSEE AND OFFICIAL STATISTICS

Key objective: Insee’s engagement with european inform economic and social debate and international organisations

INSEE collects, produces, analyses and publi- INSEE works with Eurostat (the EU’s official shes data on the French economy and society. statistics agency) and its EU member state This information is of value to government, counterparts on a daily basis, contributing to the public sector organisations, social partners, development of the EU’s statistical system. businesses, researchers, media outlets, INSEE is also involved with the statistical work teachers and the general public. It is used to of the United Nations (United Nations), the IMF build knowledge and understanding, and has (International Monetary Fund), as well as the applications in research, forecasting and Statistics Committee and Statistical Policies of the decision-making. OECD (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development). It participates in the annual meetings of the UN Statistical Commission, the Conference of European Statisticians and the OECD Committee on Statistics and Statistical Policy. L’Insee : national institute of statistics and economic studies

INSEE is a directorate-general of the Ministry Some history… of the Economy and Finance with offices across France. Its staff are classed as civil servants. The National Institute of Statistics and INSEE is subject to public accounting rules Economic Studies – INSEE – was established and is funded out of the general government under the Finance Act of 27 April 1946 (Art. 32 budget. INSEE operates as a fully independent and 33). The new institution took over the official professional entity. Article 1 of the French Sta- statistics remit which has been undertaken tistics Act states that “the design, production continuously since 1833. and dissemination of official statistics shall be carried out with full operational independence”. The official statistics authority, established by the Economic Modernisation Act of 4 August 2008, works to uphold this independence. The French Official Statistics Authority takes stock of 10 years of activities Insee coordinates the work of the official statistical system PTo celebrate its 10th anniversary, the Official Statistics Authority organised a symposium on 27 November 2019, based around two panel dis- The official statistical system is made up of INSEE cussions. The first concentrated onprofessional and ministerial statistics units (SSMs) who carry independence, and the second on confidence out statistical work within their area of expertise. in official statistics. As part of the institute’s coordination activity, INSEE and the SSMs determine the methodologies, A video of the conference and a summary note can standards and procedures for compiling and be found on the Official Statistics Authority’s website. publishing statistics.  www.autorite-statistique-publique.fr/colloque-10ans/

12 - INSEE - ACTIVITY REPORT 2019 Providing short-term diagnoses Each quarter, INSEE draws up an economic international environment with the implementation diagnosis covering a period of six to nine months. of Brexit and an escalating trade war between the In order to make these predictions, INSEE’s United States and China. economic analysts make use of all of the short-term INSEE’s economic analysts therefore needed to statistics published by the institute, together with the business leaders’ responses to outlook surveys. innovate and develop tools or methods that would allow them to fine tune their forecasts. Alongside On the basis of these qualitative surveys, INSEE those tools, a “GDP tracker” now also allows calculates the business climate in the various sectors, which, by means of benchmarking, makes changes in growth to be estimated in real time. it possible to predict economic activity. These From a methodological point of view, the institute surveys also provide useful indications of has made new use of monthly consumer confidence production capacity. They are harmonised at surveys to establish the extent to which the social European level. category or place of residence of the respondents In 2019, the forecasting exercise was made more influences their perception of the economic complicated as a result of a highly uncertain situation.

INSEE - ACTIVITY REPORT 2019 - 13 Predicting the impact of Brexit and the trade war on the economic outlook Analysing and forecasting the French economy began stockpiling by means of mass imports. This requires a good understanding of changes in the helped to boost European exports in the first international environment. In this respect, 2019 was quarter, but there was a net knock-on effect in the marked by rising protectionist pressure. The United following quarter. States was blowing hot and cold in its trade As for the impact of Brexit itself, its evaluation negotiations with China. This escalation brought remains a challenge for forecasters, who have no about a substantial increase in customs duties before precedent to compare it against. Nevertheless, the a truce agreement was reached at the end of the Department of Short-Term Economic Analysis has year. In Europe, the suspense linked to the date and attempted to evaluate, under certain assumptions, terms of Brexit persisted throughout the year, which the impact of the probable future increase in also generated a great deal of uncertainty. customs tariffs between the United Kingdom and In its Note de conjoncture (Economic Outlook) the European Union. In order to do so, it is published in March 2019, INSEE therefore important to take account not only of exports examined several aspects of the consequences of directly produced in a country and destined for the Brexit over the short to medium term. First of all, United Kingdom, but also of exports to third the uncertainties have had a negative impact on countries which will use those products as UK growth and on business investment in intermediate consumables for subsequent exports particular. However, it has also had an impact on to the United Kingdom. Indeed, it is this “second the economies of the United Kingdom’s main round” effect that would dominate for the majority partners, including France: speculation was of the United Kingdom’s partners, which reflects greatest just before the various deadlines, the significant extent to which global value chains particularly in early 2019 when British companies are interwoven with one another.

14 - INSEE - ACTIVITY REPORT 2019 leaders. However, studying consumer confidence among households also helps to “look beyond GDP” by studying well- Variations in consumer confidence being, including from a subjective point of view. depending on social category This is all the more true when you consider that, behind the or place of residence synthetic indicator are households with naturally heterogeneous opinions. On several occasions in 2019, INSEE’s Economic Each month, INSEE publishes the results of the consumer Outlook publication therefore looked into the differences that confidence surveys, and in particular the confidence indicator can appear between different categories of households over that summarises the opinions of households on the general time. This is why, for example, pensioners became more economic situation in France and also on their own situation. pessimistic about their future financial situation from mid-2017 There is a clear correlation between changes in this indicator onwards, a situation undoubtedly linked to the measures and that for household purchasing power, for example; however, involving the general social security contribution (CSG). it also relies on other factors that are not necessarily economics- Conversely, a rapid rebound was seen in early 2019 following based: there is almost always a one-off “peak” in confidence the cancellation of the CSG increase for the pensioners with around the time of each presidential election. the lowest incomes. And, at the end of 2018, the opinion of the This is why the ability of this indicator to forecast quarterly wealthiest households on the overall standard of living in fluctuations in economic activity is more modest than that of, say, France fell later than that of low-income households, before the business climate, which in turn boosts the morale of business recovering more quickly in 2019.

INTERVIEW WITH OLIVIER GARNIER What means do you have to deal with Director General uncertainty? of the Directorate General Uncertainty is an inherent part of our job. For example, Statistics, Economics the price of oil, which is a key assumption in our and International of the Banque de France. forecasts, remains volatile and subject to both upward and downward fluctuations. In order to deal with uncertainty, we have tools that allow us to quantify the effects of different shocks Why was 2019 such a special year on the French economy. These are generally for economic analysts? macroeconometric models, such as FR-BDF, our new 2019 was marked by a great deal of political and model for France. It is used for both medium-term economic uncertainty: at international level, there were projection exercises and in order to ana-lyse scenarios. the uncertainties surrounding the timing and terms of Creating scenarios under various assumptions is one Brexit, the trade war between the United States and way in which we can take account of the risks affecting China, geopolitical tensions in the Middle East and the a forecast, for those risks that are known at least. downturn in the business pro-spects of our two main Nevertheless, it should be noted that the coronavirus European partners, Germany and Italy. At national shock, which is extra-economic in nature, cannot level, the uncertainty linked to the effects of social be captured by our standard models and requires movements had an impact on the end-of-year situation, completely different methods. and economic analysts were taken by surprise by a decline in GDP during Q4. Nevertheless, in spite of all of the-se uncertainties, French growth in 2019 is How are INSEE and the Banque de France currently estimated at 1.2%, a slight deviation from working together on economic diagnostics? the forecast of 1.6% issued by the Banque de France The economic analysts at INSEE and the Banque in December 2018. By way of comparison, de France are in regular and informal contact with one the Eurosystem’s forecast for Germany for 2019 has another with regard to their data, tools and analyses. been revised down from 1.6% in December 2018 to Such discussions are facilitated by our shared “culture”. 0.5% today. For example, the head of the forecasting department And of course, 2020 will be even more “special” at the Banque de France was previously employed as the shock caused by coronavirus could not have in the Department of Short-Term Economic Analysis been predicted. at INSEE.

INSEE - ACTIVITY REPORT 2019 - 15 Innovations to allow More interactive the economic outlook to be Informations Rapides report monitored Since January 2019, Informations Rapides in real time report (short publications setting out the most recent short-term economic indices) has been Forecasting quarterly GDP growth remains a challenge. The taking major steps towards digital media: all number of indicators measuring different aspects of economic of the graphics are now interactive and the activity tends to increase, and it can be difficult to identify the data can be consulted and downloaded. The most relevant forecasting models. In an attempt to make the printable version (PDF) is edited automatically. most of increasingly rich sources of information, new The Informations Rapides report comprised forecasting techniques are making use of many new 345 publications in 2019, all of which were developments in the field of data science: machine learning, translated into English. web scraping, factor models, random forests, etc. INSEE’s Department of Short-Term Economic Analysis created a GDP 50 different short-term economic indicators, Tracker for France in order to have a real-time GDP forecast the latest of which was published for the that makes use of a large number of series while avoiding first time in December 2019: the quarterly overfitting and taking account of non-linearities. This tool residential rent index. therefore supplements the range of models used – however, it does not offer any guarantee against forecast deviations!

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION Publications Note de conjoncture (Economic Event Outlook), december 2019 Cornuet F., Ouin-Lagarde T., Vignolles On 14 and 15 November 2019,  https://www.insee.fr/en/statistiques/ B., Montornès J., “Assessing the together with KOF/ETH Zurich and 4269288?sommaire=4269398 impact of Brexit on the economic the OECD, INSEE helped CIRET activity of the UK’s closest partners: the Macroeconomic projections for France to organise an experts’ workshop trade channel”, Note de conjoncture from the Banque de France: on leading economic indicators. (Economic Outlook), march 2019 Macroeconomic projections – Discussions focused on ways in  www.insee.fr/en/statistiques/ December 2019 which outlook surveys can improve 4022331?sommaire=3899210 the accuracy of real-time estimates of  https://publications.banque-france. the output gap, potential growth and fr/en/macroeconomic-projections- Arion G., Beatriz M., Sueur É., productivity. december-2019 Leclair M., Morer N., “Perceived  http://www.oecd.org/sdd/leading- inflation, measured inflation: are there Short-term forecast by the Banque de indicators/ciret-kof-oecd-insee- differences between categories of France: workshop-paris-2019.htm households?”, Note de conjoncture Short-term forecast – December (Economic Outlook), march 2019 2019  www.insee.fr/en/statistiques/4022329?  https://www.banque-france.fr/en/ sommaire=3899210&q=inflation+per% statistics/survey-manufacturing- C3%A7ue%2C%20inflation+mesur% industry-services-and-building-2019dec C3%A9e

16 - INSEE - ACTIVITY REPORT 2019 Studying the functioning Of the french economy In order to study how the economy operates, you of “made in France” in the final household have to elicit more than just a factual description of consumption. the economic situation from the figures. As the The institute also showed how much trade between producer of most of the national accounting data, old and new EU Member States has increased over INSEE develops tools and implements methods the past 20 years. It has also provided an analysis that take best advantage of this knowledge. In of the evolutions in productivity in France between 2019, the institute therefore added a new model to 2000 and 2015. The story is not the same in all its list of existing macroeconomic models, the sectors of activity, nor are the mechanisms AVIONIC model. It makes it possible to simulate the sustaining these evolutions. effects that a change in final demand would have Lastly, INSEE has continued to contribute to the on production, to model the content of this final analyses of the impact of public policies with studies demand for imports and to simulate the effect of addressing the tax credit for employment and exogenous shocks on input prices. It draws upon competitiveness (CICE), reforms in public hospitals, the input-output table produced by national the innovation tax credit, etc. accountants. It has enabled to measure the weight

INSEE - ACTIVITY REPORT 2019 - 17 The high-tech services sector, which includes audiovisual, telecommunications, IT activities, and Diagnosis of productivity scientific and technical activities, has managed to in France between 2000 escape this divergence phenomenon. The assump- and 2015 tion that the gaps are widening is not at all true in Labour productivity, defined as the ratio between this case, since the least productive firms are the added value of an economic activity and the recording the highest productivity gains, with cumu- amount of labour used for that activity, is a meas- lative growth of+16%. ure of productive efficiency. It reflects the techno- logical level of an economy. In France, the labour Understanding productivity in the market sector has been slowing since the early 1980s, falling from an average the functioning yearly rate of 2.6% during the 1980s to 1.9% during of the economy the 1990s, 1.2% during the 2000s up until the 2008 thanks to a detailed financial crisis, and 0.8%since 2010, having hit a low of 0.3% each year between 2008 and 2010. knowledge of trade The growing dispersion of productivity between firms has frequently been highlighted in economic The National Accounts Department produces literature as an explanation for this general slow- summary tables that describe the national eco­ down. However, in the case of France, the devel- nomy. This is the case in particular for the opment of this dispersion of productivity is not input-output table (IOT), which analyses each of uniform across industries and its mechanisms are the outputs of the economy based on its origin not comparable. (domestic production or imports) and destination (final consumption, exports, investments). At its Three broad industries can be singled out: the core, the intermediate trade table identifies the manufacturing industry, high-tech services and low intermediate consumption within each branch of or medium-tech services. the economy for each product of the economy. In the manufacturing industry, the divergence of It is therefore a valuable tool for tracing inter­ firms’ productivities is linked to a drop in activity relationships within the economy. Furthermore, among the least productive ones during the finan- international organisations have, over the last cial crisis of 2008, as their productivity gains 15 years or so, developed inter-country IOTs by were strongly supported with capital deepening reconciling foreign trade data, thereby allowing and for which productivity stagnated after this for the analysis of global value chains. period. In the case of low and medium-tech services, To better understand the interdependencies and which cover trade, transport, hospitality, construc- interactions between all of the links in the chain, tion and even administrative and support activities, INSEE has developed a model called AVIONIC, the divergence was evident in the 2000s. It was which allows data to be exploited in detail and characterised by a stagnation in productivity of the which adapts to the inter-country IOTs deve­ least productive firms, particularly trade firms, for loped, in particular, by the OECD and Eurostat, which employment increased slightly more quickly thereby updating and renewing similar tools used than business. by INSEE.

18 - INSEE - ACTIVITY REPORT 2019 AVIONIC therefore makes it possible to simulate the effects of a variation in final demand on the economy’s resources, INSEE helps to evaluate to model the content of the final demand for imports and to public policies simulate the effect of an exogenous shock on input prices. Based on the IOTs, INSEE has also provided an analysis Several publications in 2019 have quantified the consequences of the share of labour costs, both direct and indirect, in the of various public policies: tax credit for employment and cost of producing goods and services. Indirect labour is that competitiveness (CICE), innovation tax credit (CII) and, in the which is incorporated into intermediate consumption. On healthcare sector, tariff incentives for the development of average, direct and indirect labour accounts for half of the day-care surgery and the introduction of activity-based output in terms of value. At the level of low and medium payment (T2A). earners (below 1.6x the minimum wage), who are most They exploit the differences that the policies create between heavily affected by labour cost reduction policies, the direct different populations. The CICE paid to firms therefore and indirect share of labour is much higher in trade services depends on the number of employees paid less than 2.5x (particularly in the hospitality sector or temporary employ- the minimum wage; the CII cannot be collected by all ment) than in manufactured goods. companies; the tariff incentives for day-care surgery are only By using the IOT and its AVIONIC model, INSEE was ulti- applied for certain pathologies; the introduction of activity- mately able to demonstrate that, in 2015, “made in France” based payment has not been applied simultaneously or represented 81% of household consumption, but only 36% analogously in all public hospitals and private clinics… These of that of manufactured goods. Household consumption is differences make it possible to define a treated group, to more “made in France” than investment and exports. Lastly, which the policy applies, and a control group that is a priori “made in France” consumption is higher among the elderly not involved. By comparing the development of these two and executives. groups, it is possible to evaluate the impact of this policy. Using this approach, INSEE has demonstrated that the firms benefiting from the CII have seen their employment and turnover increase more sharply than those that were not benefiting from it. In the case of the tariff incentives for day- care surgery, a further study highlighted the fact that their effects could differ greatly depending on the date and context in which they were applied. However, the implementation of these methods presents OF HOUSEHOLD 81% some difficulties. INSEE has, in particular, lent its expertise CONSUMPTION WAS to help evaluate the effects of CICE on employment by "MADE IN FRANCE" detailing the reasons why two research teams produced in 2015. different results.

The geography of trade in goods within the European Union: in 20 years, an intensification of trade between new and old Member States

Over the past 20 years, the European Union (EU) has surprising in itself, it is merely a result of the fact that undergone successive enlargements (accession of two Member States have a tendency to trade in numerous Eastern European countries in 2004, 2007 accordance with their weight within the intra-European and 2013). What was their impact on trade in goods trade. A more interesting exercise is to examine between Member States?INSEE has measured this whether or not the same two countries trade more than based on OECD data and can therefore describe the their trading weight alone might suggest. Herein lies the import and export flows of each country with its value of the notion of relative trade intensity. On commercial partners (bilateral flows). average, during the period from 1994 to 2016, the intra‑European trade in goods appears to have been First and foremost, EU Member States primarily trade affected by geography, with the existence of trade hubs goods with European countries, with Germany holding (Western Europe, Nordic countries, Central Europe and the position of preferred partner, particularly among new the Mediterranean countries of South-Eastern Europe, EU Member States. This is also the case, to a certain etc.). However, the development of trade intensity over extent, for France with respect to Spain and Italy. the last 20 years is characterised by increasingly close relations between geographically distant countries, in The structure of trade in goods, which has been particular between Eastern and Western Europe, a relatively stable over the last 20 years despite the trend set against the backdrop of successive EU increasing openness of European economies, is not enlargements during the period in question.

INSEE - ACTIVITY REPORT 2019 - 19 Finally, the policy pursued may have an overall effect that the activity of public hospitals, it did so by means of a transfer affects the control group, which makes it impossible to effect between the private and public sector without bringing interpret the difference between them and the treated group about an overall increase in surgical procedures. as having resulted from the implemented policy . In the case These various studies illustrate the diversity of the methods of the T2A, INSEE addressed this difficulty with the use of a used to evaluate the policies and the fields to which structural model. It has shown that, while the T2A increased they apply.

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION

Publications Khder M.-B., Monin R., Report Bunel S., Hadjibeyli B., “Evaluation “Productivity in France from 2000 of the French Innovation Tax Credit”, Monin R. et Suarez Castillo M. to 2015: continued slowdown and Documents de travail, n° G2019/12, “Replication and reconciling of the moderate increase in dispersion December 2019 CICE evaluations on employment between companies”, “The French  www.insee.fr/en/statistiques/4632320 (2013-2014)”, Documents de travail, Economy”, Insee Références, July No G2018/11, January 2019 2019 Bunel S., Hadjibeyli B., “Assessment  www.insee.fr/en/statistiques/3970859  www.insee.fr/en/statistiques/ of the Innovation Tax Credit: Beneficiary 4190125?sommaire=4190133 Dynamics since its Introduction”, Insee Moutaabbid A., Simon O., Report Références “Entreprises in France”, “The Geography of the Trade in Cazenave-Lacroutz A. et Yilmaz E., December 2019 Goods Within the European Union: in “To what extent have tariff incentives  https://insee.fr/en/statistiques/4631325 20 Years, an Intensification of Trade and the prior approval procedure Between New and Older Member contributed to the development of day- Koehl L. et Simon O., “Labour share of States”, Insee Références, “France in care surgery?”, Documents de travail, production: indirect costs matter for low the European Union”, April 2019 n° G2019/05, August 2019 and medium wages”, Insee Analyses  www.insee.fr/en/statistiques/   www.insee.fr/en/statistiques/4632372 n°45, March 2019 4124931?sommaire=4124951  www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/3901151 Choné P. (Crest-Ensae), Wilner Bourgeois A. et Briand A., “AVIONIC L. (Insee-Crest) , “Competition on (Variantial Input/Output Analysis, Unobserved Attributes: The Case Available to read National Imported and Content): of the Hospital Industry ”, Documents on the INSEE blog: The Input/Output Model of National de travail, n° G2019/07, October 2019 Accounts”, Documents de travail, “Business productivity is slowing down:  www.insee.fr/en/statistiques/4220249 n°G2019/02, April 2019 are the leaders running out of steam or is the rest of the pack dropping out?” by  www.insee.fr/en/statistiques/3970826 Choné P. (Crest-Ensae), Wilner L. Marie-Baianne Kdher and Rémi Monin, (Insee-Crest), “In surgical care, activity- February 2020 Bourgeois A. et Briand A., “The “made based payment shifted patients away  in France”: 81% of final household from for-profit hospitals to nonprofit https://blog.insee.fr/la-productivite-des- consumption expenditure, but only hospitals without raising total activity ”, entreprises-ralentit-essoufflement-des- 36% of manufactured goods”, Insee Insee Analyses n° 47, October 2019 leaders-ou-decrochage-du-peloton/ Première, n°1756, June 2019  www.insee.fr/en/statistiques/4281405  www.insee.fr/en/statistiques/4172575

20 - INSEE - ACTIVITY REPORT 2019 Providing details about the productive system

By questioning businesses about their activities, The flagship projects for 2019 included the their investments, their recruitment activities and following: the dissemination of all of the data their organisations, we can get to know them better concerning the accounting and financial and therefore depict their development and their characteristics according to the definition of a diversity. INSEE therefore collects structural business in the economic sense, several insights information (size, nature of the activity, on research and development aimed at increasing characteristics of the workforce, type of the competitiveness of businesses and the organisation, etc.) from businesses, together with measurement of a new record of business creation. cyclical information and information on specific The institute continues its analysis work for the topics (energy consumption, use of new various sectors of activity, focusing in particular on technologies, innovation, etc.). This information organic stores, while sharing methods used by is collected by involving more and more international experts in service statistics, and is administrative sources as well as by conducting documenting waste management in trade and surveys. This survey system falls within the industry. framework of European regulations in particular.

INSEE - ACTIVITY REPORT 2019 - 21 the contribution of large and medium-sized busi- nesses has increased. On the other hand, the A more relevant view weighting of the industrial sector within the econ- of France’s economic fabric omy has increased, at the expense of services In 2019, INSEE publishes, for the first time, all of in particular and, to a lesser degree, trade. the data concerning the accounting and financial For example, a business may consist of a factory, characteristics of businesses in 2017 according operating with a logistics centre and an to the definition of a business in the economic export subsidiary. At the micro-economic level, sense. bringing all the factors of production together within a single structure provides more relevant This approach falls within the framework of the economic ratios. Law on the Modernisation of the Economy (LME) on the one hand, and a European regulation on the other hand. It goes beyond the purely legal R&D to improve vision of a business as a “legal unit”, which is becoming less and less relevant with the growing the competitiveness importance of corporate groups, since these of businesses: “legal units” are held by others and therefore lose some or all of their decision-making autonomy efforts and results and as a result their status as a business. Research and development (R&D) is one of the Since the 2013 fiscal year, INSEE experts have major challenges facing the economy as a driver been meeting with some fifty large and complex for growth. In 2002, the European Union’s policy, groups in order to identify the businesses within known as the “”, established the them. The most difficult concept to understand objective of devoting 3% of GDP to performing and the one that only the group is able to discuss R&D activities in 2010. In order to move towards with certainty is that of autonomy. The experts that objective, in 2014, France became the - then collect the information from each individual pean Union Member State with the highest level business. of public aid for R&D conducted by businesses. A new feature for the 2017 financial year was the In “Companies in France”, INSEE provides seve­ automatic processing of more than 130,000 other ral insights including a measure of the impact of groups present on French territory. By convention, the French Innovation Tax Credit (CII) introduced INSEE considers each of these groups to be a in 2013. An extension of the research tax credit, single business and the tax data relating to each the CII consists of a tax credit equal to 20% of legal unit of which they are made up are conso­ innovation expenditure by SMEs. It has brought lidated using an algorithm. real dynamism to the 5,300 businesses benefiting The snapshot of the French production system has from it in 2014. Both the turnover and the employ- been changed by this. On the one hand, ment of those businesses are increasing more

22 - INSEE - ACTIVITY REPORT 2019 strongly than those of the businesses that did not benefit. INTERVIEW They also create more new products. with Delphine INSEE also takes an interest in companies that have pro- VESSILLIER duced innovations, whether they be technical (products or Head of the Surveys processes) or non-technical (marketing or organisation), and Statistical within the EU15 countries in order to establish the changes Studies Department in their proportion, to analyse and compare the results, to at the French Building Federation (FFB) state their limits and to suggest alternative indicators for measuring innovation. Germany, which had the highest pro- portion of innovative companies in 2008 had been partially In your opinion, what is the main advantage caught up by other European countries by 2016. Belgium, brought by this new view of businesses? Portugal and Finland have now overtaken it. Between 2014 Until now, we mainly had access to statistics on legal units and 2016, 57% of companies in the EU15 with 10 or more from the SIRENE register, together with the information employees produced innovations in the broad sense. included in the activity reports released by large groups. There was a lack of information regarding the composition, and even the very existence, of “small groups” and the Measuring distribution of large groups by sector. sectors of activity This new definition of the economic unit therefore allows us to more closely reflect the actual economic situation Each year, INSEE strives to measure the economic weighting for each industry and to better measure the weighting of of different sectors of activity by means of “sectoral” studies. medium-sized businesses, which has previously been 2019 saw a number of insights into a variety of activities. underestimated and weighted more heavily towards VSEs As a result, organic stores are compared with other food retail and SMEs. stores. The stores are identified via a range of difference Of course, this new approach requires a change in the way sources (administrative and survey-based in particular), which we consider statistics that we are very familiar with. The enables the economic organisation of the sector to be working group on the dissemination of structural business described. When compared with other stores, organic stores statistics has provided us with an opportunity to obtain are more broadly organised as a network, they are larger, assistance with this change, and also to participate in the employ more workers and have higher sales margins. development of educational tools for all of the other users. Another publication presents the growth of accounting activities in France. With strong added-value, mainly intended for the What impact is it having on the building remuneration of work, the businesses in this sector generated sector? turnover of 19 billion in 2017. Two thirds of them As is the case in other sectors, building businesses are organised as a group of companies. 9% of total activity have undergone major organisational changes over the within the sector is outsourced, particularly at the end of last three decades. We are struggling to quantify the accounting periods. phenomenon. Following an initial analysis of the results, it can be seen These studies are frequently accompanied by European that the building sector remains highly dispersed since comparisons, such as the one looking at the impact of more than 95% of businesses comprise only a single legal internationalisation on production by French automotive groups. unit. On the other hand, the weighting of the building sector In decline since the 2008 financial crisis, production in this in terms of the number of businesses as a percentage of sector shows high levels of concentration and places France all sectors has increased slightly (11.2% in 2016 compared in fifth place in the European Union. The French balance of with 10.9% under the old approach). trade is in deficit in respect of automotive products due to The study carried out in accordance with the category of imports from foreign, mainly German, manufacturers. Though the business shows a structural distortion in favour of large French multinational groups are still contributing positively to and medium-sized enterprises for the main aggregates the balance of trade, they have located the majority of their (workforce, turnover, added value, etc.). This distortion is manufacturing operations outside France to serve the local particularly marked in the case of construction activities markets and to be re-exported to France. involving residential and non-residential buildings. Other studies look at gender disparities in commercial Obviously, this new approach brings about a break in professions, the weighting of multinationals in temporary series; however, we hope that a stable method in the employment, the French furniture industry in the face coming years will allow us to reconstruct time series taking of competition from abroad and the production of paints the year 2016 as a starting point. and varnishes. Comparability at European level is also an important issue; it is therefore important that we achieve methodological harmonisation as soon as possible.

INSEE - ACTIVITY REPORT 2019 - 23 (47%, up from 45% in 2018 and 41% in 2017), while that of conventional sole proprietorships remained stable (26%) and INSEE hosts the Voorburg Group that of companies declined (27%, down from 29% in 2018). international seminar on service statistics Manufacturing industry From 30 September to 4 October 2019, INSEE and trade: brought together more than 60 experts in official more than 70% of separated statistics for the services sector from all around the world. This was the 34th edition of the annual waste is recovered Voorburg Group seminar, which takes its name from INSEE conducts a regular survey on waste produced by trade the Dutch municipality close to The Hague where this and the manufacturing industry. The objective: to determine meeting was first held at the request of the UN. how much non-hazardous waste these sectors generate, what type of waste (paper, metals, organics, etc.) and how that The topics addressed covered a large number of waste is processed. sectoral (digital advertising, telecommunications, etc.) and transversal (measurement of service exports, In 2016, when 4.5 million tonnes of non-hazardous, non- intermediation of internet platforms, etc.) issues. mineral waste was produced, trading establishments with 20 or more employees generated 5% of this type of waste produced in France. They sort three quarters of this waste, mainly paper, cardboard and organic waste (57% of the total). Separating facilitates recovery of the waste (reuse as it is or Record number after processing, and energy production). As a result, 71% of of business start-ups ordinary1 separated waste is recovered. The majority of estab- lishments that sell food products are engaged in the fight In 2019, the total number of business start-ups (outside of the against food waste: 87% of them have adopted measures agricultural sector) was 815,300, which is 124,000 more than such as donating unsold products to associations or having in 2018. This represents an 18% increase and therefore a promotional sales on items that have reached their new record. expiry date. As was the case in 2018, this increase is largely down to the Manufacturing industry establishments with 10 or more boom in registrations under the micro-entrepreneur scheme. employees generate three times as much non-hazardous, These increased by around 25% in 2019. This success can non-mineral waste (14 million tonnes, excluding sludge), but be explained by legislative changes: the turnover thresholds sorts more of it (82% of ordinary waste). This is largely metals allowing access to the simplified tax regime for micro- and wood. The timber and metal industries sort almost all of enterprises have doubled since 1 January 2018 and the first their waste. At the other end of the scale, the chemical and three years of business have been partially exempt from social pharmaceutical industries only sort 56% of their waste and security contributions since 1 January 2019. There has also the agri-food industries only sort 50%. Here too, sorting faci­ been a significant increase in conventional business start-ups. litates recovery, since 77% of sorted waste is recovered. Indeed, the number of conventional sole proprietorships increased by 16% and start-ups in company form by 9%. 1 Ordinary waste refers to mixed and sorted waste produced by an activity on a regular basis: Therefore, in 2019, the proportion of micro-entrepreneurs wood, glass, paper and cardboard, rubber, plastics, textiles and metals. This is as opposed to among the total number of start-ups continued to increase “one-off” waste and organic waste.

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION

Publications Morénillas N., « Three quarters of Event commercial waste separated », Gourdon H., « Enterprise births in Insee Première, n°1744, April 2019 Voorburg Group international 2019 », Insee Première, n°1790,  www.insee.fr/en/statistiques/4179873 seminar January 2020  Lacuve J.-L., « 82% of ordinary www.voorburg-paris2019.insee.fr  www.insee.fr/en/statistiques/4492721 waste separated in the manufacturing « Entreprises in France », sector », Insee Première, n°1745, Insee Références, 2019 April 2019  www.insee.fr/en/statistiques/4631329  www.insee.fr/en/statistiques/4218113

24 - INSEE - ACTIVITY REPORT 2019 Observation of the society INSEE conducts a large number of surveys structures, employment, wages, income of households and individuals. Regular surveys distribution, etc. measure changes to or the persistence of major economic and social situations (income and living In addition to the publication of studies relating to conditions, employment, etc.) and structural the issues raised by the gilets jaunes movement, surveys, which are conducted every five to 2019 saw the appearance of a number of studies ten years, concentrate on specific behaviours covering the issues of poverty, inequality and or phenomena, such as the Trajectories and redistribution, as well as the publication of Insee Origins survey. Reférences “France, social portrait” concerning the development of French society over the last INSEE also makes use of a number of 40 years, the special Insee Références publication administrative files to supplement its survey data. “Economy and society in the digital age”, the When combined with data from the population 2nd edition of the Trajectories and Origins survey census, the data from administrative files provide and an update on the divergence of the valuable information on the population, family unemployment figures.

INSEE - ACTIVITY REPORT 2019 - 25 Shedding light on the issues raised by the gilets jaunes movement

In the wake of the gilets jaunes movement, INSEE 2% in October 2018, which equates to a fall in income carried out several studies on some of the reasons of €39 per month. behind the protests. The first topic addressed was the well-being of French citizens, who scored their satisfaction with the lives that they lead as 7.2 out of 10 in 2017. INSEE demonstrated that the level of satisfaction with life does not just depend on the material conditions in -2%PENSION LIVING which people live, but also on many other factors, STANDARDS such as health, age, family situation or employment in October 2018. status for those of working age. This level is more or In April, in “Housing in the Consumer Price Index”, less homogeneous throughout the country. Those INSEE pointed out that rents in France have, on living in rural municipalities are therefore allegedly average, seen above inflation increases for the last just as happy as Parisians. twenty years. On the other hand, the effort rating for In February, INSEE looked at the main mode of housing households has increased since 2001. transport used by French people to commute to work: the car is the preferred means of transport for seven out of ten employees. However, the means of transport varies depending on the place of residence. nd Public transport therefore ranks above the car in Paris Launch of the 2 edition of the and its inner suburbs and in Lyon. Trajectories and Origins survey High salaries in the civil service were the subject of a publication in February. It showed that the average The 2nd edition of the Trajectories and Origins net monthly salary of the top 1% of the highest paid survey, conducted jointly with the French civil servants in France is €7,850. It also appears that Institute for Demographic Studies (INED), took more than half of the highest paying jobs are in place 10 years after the first edition. Objective hospitals. of the survey: to better understand how people’s In March, INSEE examined the consequences of the origins (geographical, national or cultural) affect switch from social security contributions to the CSG access to housing, education, employment, and the increase in the price of petroleum products, public services, citizenship, etc. and the which affected household purchasing power between consequences of those origins on integration January and October 2018. Working households and the journey of people from a migrant came out slightly better off, while retired households background. lost out: the standard of living of pensioners fell by

26 - INSEE - ACTIVITY REPORT 2019 In another study published in October 2019, INSEE also showed that women experience a loss of income upon the Inequality, poverty, arrival of a child, which is not the case for men. Their hourly redistribution wages fall by around 5% per child, a reduction that persists for There are many publications that focus on the issues of at least five years following the birth. inequality, poverty and redistribution. On the subject of poverty, INSEE focused on the situation of Economy and Society France in Europe via two different approaches: income poverty in the Digital Age and material and social deprivation. The former, which is based on household income, is measured in a relative manner: the With “Economy and society in the digital age”, INSEE is, for poverty line depends on the country’s level of wealth. The latter the first time, offering a reference work that compiles official is based on standards of living and establishes a single statistics data that take account of transformations brought threshold for all countries. The people identified by these two about by digital technology. approaches to poverty are different, which has an impact on The work answers several questions: in France, who uses the comparisons between European Union (EU) countries. internet and what for? What role does e-commerce play in Therefore, in 2016, 12.7% of the French population and 15.7% businesses’ activities? What is the share of information of the population of the EU found themselves in a situation of technology, content and media in the economy? What impact material and social deprivation. In turn, income poverty affects has digitisation had on the organisation of work and working 13.6% of the French population and 17.3% of the European conditions? population. France has one of the lowest income poverty rates We also learn that in 2017, 84% of households were accessing in the EU and an average material and social deprivation rate. the internet from home, twice as many as 10 years previously, INSEE also studied the impact of social benefits and taxes on while 19% of those aged 15 and above had no digital skills or household income and inequalities in living standards. It found did not use the internet. As regards internet usage, 58% of that increases in VAT bring about slightly more inequality when households use it to access their online bank account, 50% it comes to living standards and poverty over a period of shop online and 50% use it to access health-related information. 3 years. It also simulated several variations of social benefits Online sales accounted for 22% of the turnover of companies, and direct taxes to examine their potential impact. It estimates, compared with 12% in 2007. for example, that a 5% increase in the flat rate of the RSA when compared with the 2017 legislation would reduce the poverty rate by 0.2 percentage points and the poverty intensity by Unemployment figures: 0.8 percentage points, and that raising the tax brackets by what are we talking about? 5% would take a million households out of paying tax entirely, but would increase inequality slightly. Using its Labour Force Survey, INSEE counts the number of In terms of inequalities, INSEE also sheds light on housing unemployed people based on the concept introduced by the conditions to note, purely on an ad-hoc basis, that for at least International Labour Office (ILO). According to that concept, a one year in 2014 or 2017, almost three out of ten people are person is considered to be unemployed if he or she meets three faced with housing difficulties due to discomfort or overcrowding. criteria: being without a job in a given week; actively seeking For one in ten inhabitants, these difficulties persist for work during the previous four weeks; being available for several years. workduring the following two weeks. For its part, DARES disseminates another key indicator in the public debate: the number of jobseekers registered with the Gender inequality Pôle Emploi. This registration is the result of an administrative what has changed? procedure. Among the jobseekers registered during a given month, category A includes those persons who were The 2019 edition of “France, social portrait” provides an update unemployed throughout the month and were required to take on the evolution of French society over the past 40 years. It positive action to seek employment. This is the category that shows in particular that from 1977 to 2015, the social mobility most closely resembles the concept of unemployment applied of men remained relatively stable, while that of women by the ILO. increased: in 2015, as was the case in 1977, almost two thirds Nevertheless, although the concepts are very similar, these two of men belonged to a different socio-professional category than indicators do not overlap particularly well and have diverged in that of their father; the mobility of women increased by 12 points recent years. INSEE, DARES and Pôle Emploi have sought to when compared with that of their mother (71% in 2015) and by understand why by cross-referencing data on an individual level. 6 points when compared with that of their father (70%). Furthermore, the social destinies of employed women are very Their work shows that, in 2017, 44% of those registered in close to those of men: the proportion of women whose mothers category A are not classed as unemployed by the ILO (this is are employees or unskilled workers who have gone on to often the case for senior citizens) and conversely, 33% of become managers or are employed in intermediate professions persons classified as unemployed by the ILO are not registered has risen from 11% in 1977 to 30% in 2015. in category A (this is often the case for young people).

INSEE - ACTIVITY REPORT 2019 - 27 FOR FURTHER INFORMATION Publications Leclair M., Rougerie C., Thélot H., Collet M., Pénicaud E., “Social “Housing in the Consumer Price Mobility of Women and Men: changes Gleizes F., Grobon S., “Life Index”, Insee Focus n° 152, April 2019 between 1977 and 2015”, published satisfaction score is not really linked  www.insee.fr/en/statistiques/4172617 in “France, social portrait”, Insee Références, November 2019 to the kind of area where people live”, Blasco J. Gleizes F., Report “Who  https://insee.fr/fr/statistiques/4238441? Insee Focus n° 139, January 2019 is Poor in Europe? Two Different sommaire=4238781  www.insee.fr/en/statistiques/4137146 Illustrations of Poverty, Using the Bolusset A., Rafraf C., “Seven out of Monetary Approach or the Material ten employees go to work by car”, and Social Deprivation Approach”, Description of the surveys Insee Focus n° 143, February 2019 Insee Références “France in the “Launch of the 2nd edition of  www.insee.fr/en/statistiques/4137155 European Union”, April 2019  www.insee.fr/en/statistiques/ Trajectories and Origins: a survey of Goussen J., Godet F., “High wages 4124923?sommaire=4124951 the diversity of populations in France”, in public services”, Insee Première press release of 1 July 2019 n° 1738, February 2019 Biotteau A.-L., Sicsic M.,  www.insee.fr/fr/information/4185603  www.insee.fr/en/statistiques/4201066 “Assessing the effects of increases and decreases in social benefits Coudin E., Maillard S., Tô M., and direct taxes on household living Events “Family, firms and the gender wage standards and inequalities”, Insee gap in France”, Insee Analyses n° 44, Focus n°151, April 2019 Inequalities seminar February 2019  www.insee.fr/en/statistiques/4168177  https://insee.fr/fr/information/1895004  www.insee.fr/en/statistiques/4180955 Coder Y., Hamman S., Dixte C., Collet M., Pénicaud E., “In 40 Hameau A., Larrieu S., Marrakchi A., Videos years, women’s social mobility has Montaut A., “Unemployed persons increased, men’s has remained almost Playlist of videos from “Economy and within the meaning of the ILO and society in the digital age” stable”, Insee Première n° 1739, jobseekers registered with Pôle February 2019  www.youtube.com/playlist?list= emploi: divergence in unemployment PLLfRO44HULrl5tYLM74YsKh45_PDz0wg9  www.insee.fr/en/statistiques/4167805 measurements with multiple André M., Biotteau A.-L., courses”, published in « Employment, Video “Number of unemployed people “Assessing the medium-term effects unemployment, earned income », according to the ILO and registered of an increase in VAT on living Insee Références, July 2019 with the Pôle Emploi: where do the standards and inequalities using  www.insee.fr/en/statistiques/ discrepancies come from?” microsimulation”, Documents 4185754?sommaire=4185756  www.youtube.com/watch?v=FtJm4aTp_cs de travail, No F1901-G2019/01, Legleye S., Rolland A., “One in six Video from “France, social portrait” February 2019 people do not use the Internet, more detailing the evolution of French  www.insee.fr/en/statistiques/4632374 than one in three users lack basic society over the past 40 Biotteau A.-L., Rioux L., “In October digital skills”, Insee Première n° 1780,  www.youtube.com/watch?v=mHJqmSvRTF4 2018, gains from social tax reforms October 2019 Video “What is the TeO2 survey?” offset by higher oil prices”, Insee  www.insee.fr/en/statistiques/4280364  www.youtube.com/watch?v=4AdOzdxeTZc Focus n° 149, March 2019 Pora P, Wilner L., “Mothers with low  www.insee.fr/en/statistiques/4168156 pre-childbirth hourly wages incur the Arnold C., Levesque M., Pontié L., largest earnings losses at the arrival “One person out of ten experiences of a child“, Insee Analyses n°48, persistant housing difficulties”,Insee October 2019 Première n° 1743, March 2019  www.insee.fr/en/statistiques/4240363  www.insee.fr/en/statistiques/4168136 “Economy and Society in the Digital “Women and men”, published in Age”, Insee Références, November 2019 “Tableaux de l’économie française”,  www.insee.fr/en/statistiques/4290265 Insee Références, March 2019  www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/ 3676619?sommaire=3696937

28 - INSEE - ACTIVITY REPORT 2019 Conducting the population census and using the results

The census of the population living in France is one etc.; fundamental information for many public and of the historical activities performed by INSEE, private-sector stakeholders. which organises and controls the surveys, exploits Following on from the change to the questionnaire the data and disseminates the results. The survey in 2018, which aimed to better understand family is conducted in the field by the municipalities. relationships and changes within families, INSEE Households are making increasing use of the option provided an estimate of cohabiting same-sex to submit their responses online, which has been couples in 2019. available to them since 2015. In 2019, 52% of Among the other significant insights provided in households and 60% of the persons surveyed 2019 were the results of the complete census of responded digitally. the population of Mayotte carried out in 2017 and Using all of these responses, the institute provides the observation that, in 2016, 400,000 minor statistics on inhabitants, families and their housing, children whose parents were divorced or separated both in terms of their number and their were alternating their place of residence. characteristics: distribution by gender, age, nationality, profession, housing conditions, commute to work, transport used for commuting,

INSEE - ACTIVITY REPORT 2019 - 29 primarily driven by a large surplus of births over deaths (+7,700 people per year on average). At In Mayotte, almost half a rate of 5.0 children per woman in Mayotte, of all inhabitants fertility is also increasing and is still well above are of foreign nationality the average for metropolitan France (1.9 children per woman). The census of the population of Mayotte took Net migration, which is once again positive, is place between 5 September and 2 October 2017 also contributing to population growth (+ 1,100 in the form of a complete census of all of the people per year between 2012 and 2017). On island’s municipalities. Every person living in the one hand, many adults and their children Mayotte, whether in ordinary housing, in arrive from the Comoros. On the other hand, communities or homeless and regardless of their large numbers of young people aged between administrative sta-tus and nationality, was taken 15 and 24 and born in Mayotte leave for other into account under the same definitions applied parts of France and metropolitan France in in metropolitan France and the other overseas particular. departments. As a result of these significant and ever- Based on this survey, INSEE observed that, in increasing flows, the population of foreign 2017, Mayotte was home to 256,500 people. nationals is increasing rapidly: almost half of the Since 2012, population growth has been population of Mayotte does not hold French particularly dynamic and has accelerated (+3.8% nationality, but a third of foreigners were born in per year on average, up from +2.7% during the Mayotte. Population growth is especially high in period from 2007 to 2012). This growth is the municipalities in the north-east of Mayotte, in the area around Mamoudzou. The population of Mayotte remains young: half of all inhabitants are under 18 years of age. The overall comfort of housing has improved + less than between 2007 and 2012: four out of 3.8OF THE POPULATION% ten households in Mayotte still live in a dwelling PER YEAR IN MAYOTTE made from sheet metal or plant materials and since 2012. three out of ten have no running water.

30 - INSEE - ACTIVITY REPORT 2019 In 2018, 4 million minor children were living with just one To better understand of their parents at home the socio-economic impact In 2018, INSEE made changes to the census questionnaire to better characterise the links between people residing in of family breakdowns the same dwelling. The aim of this was to better reflect The growth in the number of marital separations changes in family life. from the 1970s onwards has brought about As of January 2019, this new information has made it the appearance in statistical and sociological possible to corroborate and supplement the information from observations of new forms and ways of making the tax files on the alternating residence of children whose families. Yet, marriage breakdowns, whether parents are separated. Indeed, according to their parents’ in the form of separation or the death of one of tax returns, 400,000 minor children were alternating their the partners, not only have an immediate impact place of residence in 2016. They spend half of their time on the standard of living and living conditions of the living with each parent, most frequently alternating each adults and children concerned, they also have long- week. The number is consistent with that measured in term effects. In 2014, the High Council for Family the annual census carried out in 2018, which revealed that (HCF) produced a report on family breakdowns. 11% of minor children living with only one of their parents Identifying gaps in the available data, the High spilt their time equally between the homes of their two Council then recommended the implementation parents, a percentage that is impossible to determine via tax of a study and research programme, the objective data. Likewise, the geographical distribution of the alternating of which would be to better inform public action residences is very similar when the census and tax data are to support families experiencing such situations. compared: more children live in alternating residences in the It then turned to the National Council for Statistical southern and western departments of metropolitan France, Information, which established a working group particularly in Nouvelle-Aquitaine. Conversely, this is less dedicated to these issues in March 2015. Chaired by often the case in Île-de-France and the overseas Claude Thélot, this working group produced a report departments. detailing thirty recommendations in March 2016. In January 2020, INSEE published a set of national and In order to facilitate the implementation of this regional studies on family types, based on the new elements report, the services and organisations that produce introduced in the 2018 questionnaire. In fact, for couples with statistical data on family breakdowns formed a think children, these make it possible to distinguish between tank and discussion group. blended families in which, by definition, at least one child is not born to the couple, and “traditional” families in which all A number of specific actions have resulted from of the children habitually resident in the dwelling were born these discussions, including: the creation of a web to the couple. Therefore, in 2018, 68% of minor children in page that lists the work of its various members and France were living in a “traditional” family, 21% were living some of their recent research projects or projects in a single-parent family and 11% were living in a blended that reference family breakdowns, and a summary families: 7% with a parent and a step-parent and 4% with of the development of certain sources of data that both parents (these are children born to the new couple). In allow progress to be made on the identification of total, 28% of children were therefore living with only one of family configurations. As a result, since 2018, the their parents. In blended families, children are less likely to household page of the annual census survey has live with two employed adults (58%) than is the case in been modified to make it possible to describe the “traditional” families (68%). There are fewer children living relationships between all of the inhabitants of the in blended families in the large urban centres where, dwelling two by two in the online version and, for conversely, the number of children living in single-parent the paper version, which is more limited, to identify families is high. The proportion of children living in blended blended families and, for children whose parents families varies from 7% in Martinique and Hauts-de-Seine have separated, to provide an estimate to 17% in French Guiana. Children in “traditional” families of the time spent with each parent are more likely to live in the west and east of France, Text extracted from CNIS journal no. 20, “We loved each other so whereas those in single-parent families are more numerous much”: family breakdowns and statistics – Three year review of the follow-up to the recommendations of the CNIS working group, in the Mediterranean region and the overseas departments. September 2019.

INSEE - ACTIVITY REPORT 2019 - 31 the ages of 35 and 44, 90% of women partnered with a man live with children. Between the same ages, this situation is An estimate of half as common for female couples. same-sex couples Same-sex couples are more likely than others to live in the In 2019, INSEE provided a new estimate of cohabiting same- municipalities with the largest populations. In municipalities sex couples. In 2018, 266,000 people were living with a with fewer than 5,000 inhabitants, 0.6% of women and partner of the same sex, so 0.9% of cohabiting couples. The 0.6% of men living in a couple cohabit with a partner of the proportion of such couples has increased: it was 0.6% in 2011, same sex, compared with 1.5% and 2.1% respectively in as can be seen by comparing the figure with that of the survey municipalities with more than 200,000 inhabitants (except on Family and Housing. The increase is most noticeable Paris) and 2.0% and 5.3% in Paris (inner city). People living among the under 35s, who are now twice as likely to be in a with a partner of the same sex are more highly educated than same-sex relationship when compared with 2011. those living with a partner of the opposite sex. They also fall into more privileged social categories.

0.9%OF PEOPLE IN A COHABITING COUPLE Growing success WERE OF THE SAME SEX in 2018. for online responses More and more people are choosing to respond via the internet. In 2019, 60% of the population 60% of cohabiting same-sex couples have formalised their (and 52% of households) completed their questionnaire union through marriage or a civil partnership. 14 % live with online compared with 56% and 48%, respectively, children in their homes. Most of them are female couples. in 2018. Around 31,000 children live with a same-sex couple, 26,000 Furthermore, seniors are also more inclined to respond of which are minors. Regardless of the age of the partners, via the internet with more than 50% of 60-70-year-olds there are less likely to be children in the home of same-sex doing so compared with 40% in 2018. couples than is the case for mixed-sex couples. Between

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION Publications “Mayotte in 2017. Population census Website – detailed tables”, key figures, August Algava É., Bloch K., Vallès V., 2019 The population census website: « In 2018, 4 million children under  www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/ 3284395?  www.le-recensement-et-moi.fr 18 live with only one of their parents sommaire=4199393 at home », Insee Première n° 1788, January 2020 Algava É., Penant S. « In 2018,  www.insee.fr/en/statistiques/4293265 266,000 persons live in a same-sex couple » Insee Première No 1774, Algava É., Penant S. et Yankan L., September 2019 « In 2016, 400,000 children live half  www.insee.fr/en/statistiques/4227073 the time with each of their separated parents », Insee Première n° 1728, Buisson G., Raynaud E. “We loved January 2019 each other so much” CNIS journal no.  www.insee.fr/en/statistiques/4172803 20, September 2019  Chaussy C., Genay V. et Merceron www.cnis.fr/publications/ S., « In Mayotte, nearly one in two liste-des-chroniques-du-cnis/ inhabitants has foreign nationality », Insee Première n° 1737, février 2019  www.insee.fr/en/statistiques/4227071

32 - INSEE - ACTIVITY REPORT 2019 Describing and analysing regions and territories

Thanks to its regional offices, INSEE is developing overseas departments and metropolitan France a detailed knowledge of the various French in terms of employment and unemployment, as territories. well as access to digital technology and internet Each year, INSEE’s regional offices produce a use, etc. large number of studies, often in partnership with In addition to providing advice and expertise to local public-sector stakeholders. regional stakeholders, INSEE and its regional Like the national publications, these studies use offices this year contributed to the thinking the statistical data that the regional offices help undertaken by the Ministry of Justice concerning to produce based on the census survey, business the future territorial organisation of the courts. surveys and even registers. A broad range of This contribution by INSEE is an example of topics were addressed in 2019: commuting collaboration allowing public decision-makers to between home and the workplace, local shops in base their choices on the most relevant data city centres, comparisons between the French available.

INSEE - ACTIVITY REPORT 2019 - 33 Local shops less dynamic in city centres In 2019, INSEE documented the loss of dynamism among town centre shops in medium-sized towns Employment and unemployment between 2009 and 2015. Town centre retail and trade is mainly focused on in the French overseas departments: personal goods (clothing, shoes, pharmacies, etc.), the discrepancy when compared restaurants, bars and pubs, food shops, bank branches and real estate agencies. The composition with metropolitan France remains of retail and trade also depends on the size of the stable and significant town centre, with the largest urban areas being more focused on food services, bars and pubs and In June 2019, INSEE published an analysis of the personal goods. labour market in the French overseas departments Between 2009 and 2015, the number of employees by comparing the unemployment and employment working in local retail in town centres fell in eight indicators for the French overseas de-partments with out of ten medium-sized towns. Medium-sized those of metropolitan France. The discrepancy with towns that are attractive in terms of their metropolitan France remains stable and significant. demographics, employment or tourism are the ones Several results to take away from this: between 2014 in which the town centres fare the best. However, if and 2018, the unemployment rate fell in the four we look at towns as a whole, local shops can be historic overseas departments and the employment seen to be doing better than if we look only at the rate varied little. Over the same period, in French town centre: in half of medium-sized towns, the Guiana, the halo around unemployment, which was number of people employed in local shops is already high, increased significantly. Mayotte clearly increasing. sets itself apart from the other overseas departments as its situation has deterio-rated over the last 4 years Despite regional disparities, these findings apply to as a result, in particular, of its strong demographic metropolitan France as a whole. In addition to this growth, which is producing large numbers of work, several regional publications elaborate on the candidates on the labour market. The unemployment analysis in view of local characteristics. rate reached 35% there in 2018. INSEE will extend these studies to cover all In addition, for the 2019 European elections, a specific commercial centres (including those on the focus was proposed in order to compare the situations outskirts) with a view to assessing the development of the French overseas departments with all European of the commercial centres on the outskirts, which regions in terms of employment and unemployment. seem to have been the trend for several decades.

34 - INSEE - ACTIVITY REPORT 2019

INSEE’s statistics INTERVIEW used for the territorial with Jean-Michel reorganisation of the courts ETCHEVERRY Inspector-General At the end of May 2019, INSEE agreed to contribute to the of the Courts, thinking undertaken by the Ministry of Justice concerning the head of the project future territorial organisation of the courts. A large amount of (Ministry of Justice) cartographic data was therefore made available to the heads of court by the General Inspectorate of the Courts to guide them in the reorganisation of the courts in their jurisdiction. Indeed, the Law of 23 March 2019 on programming 2018-2022 and reform for justice provides for a significant overhaul of the judicial system. In particular, on 1 January How was this collaboration between INSEE 2020 the courts of first instance (TGI) were transformed into and the Ministry of Justice established? administrative courts and the small claims courts (TI) into local The court reforms that came into force on 1 January 2020 courts; this was coupled with the possibility of redeploying provided for a significant overhaul of the judicial system powers between the courts and even assigning specialisms to ensure greater simplicity and efficiency. They also to some of them. make it possible to distribute the powers of the courts INSEE’s contribution to the thinking undertaken by the Ministry differently in different areas to allow them to be more of Justice with regard to the future territorial organisation of in line with the specific features and needs of those the courts is an example of collaboration allowing public areas. The Law has entrusted this major innovation to decision-makers to base their choices on the most relevant the initiative of the heads of court themselves to allow data available. them to tailor it as closely as possible to the realities of their jurisdictions. The Inspectorate-General of the Courts (IGJ), which was commissioned by the Keeper of the Seals to assist the heads of court in this unprecedented reform activity, has approached INSEE seeking its Employment is increasingly expertise concerning the areas in question and calling concentrated upon its ability to produce analytical tools. Together on the national territory we have designed territorial diagnoses that INSEE has agreed, in conjunction with its regional offices, to develop and commuting is increasing specifically for the reform. This was a new partnership for the IGJ, which we fully intend to continue since In France, the population census is the main source of the territorial approach taken by the courts appears to us information allowing the dynamism of local employment to be to be essentially the same as the approach we take studied on a fine geographical scale. Analyses of this concentration of jobs and the associated movements for our various missions. of people inform public policies for land use planning. In what way did INSEE’s data strategically At inter-municipal level (metropolises, conurbations, groupings contribute to the future territorial organisa- of municipalities), the concentration of employment saw a steady increase between 2006 and 2016. This concentration tion of the courts? The territorial network of the courts is unique in that it is largely the result of the fact that the number of jobs in the following nine major metropolises increased faster than at does not correspond to any other administrative division. national level: Paris, Toulouse, Lyon, Nantes, Bordeaux, In reality, the territorial studies produced by INSEE were Montpellier, Marseille, Rennes and Lille. In 2016, these nine not well matched to the network and the data only par- metropolises hosted 29% of the jobs, compared with 27% in tially concerned the courts, but even so, we were able to 2006. Being close to these dynamic metropolises promotes select almost 200 of them within the scope of the reform. population and employment growth in the neighbouring Our close collaboration with INSEE made it possible to inter-municipalities. perform diagnostics at the level of each individual jurisdic- tion. The local stakeholders could therefore be provided with data specific to their areas and they were able to rely on it to design and assess their new structure scenarios. Going beyond the demographic and socio-economic data made available in this way, INSEE’s ability to outline the conditions of population displacement within these jurisdictions was particularly valuable for the heads of court involved when they highlighted a need for greater proximity in the handling of litigation.

INSEE - ACTIVITY REPORT 2019 - 35 Access to digital technology The Paris Area, and internet use: a vast area that extends new comparative studies between beyond the Paris region

the French overseas departments Knowledge of the Paris basin and the various areas of which and metropolitan France it is comprised is of particular interest to regional decision- makers such as the National Agency for Territorial Cohesion The population survey on the use of information and (ANCT). In fact, a large number of challenges are concentrated communication technologies benefited from an extension of in the Paris basin, particularly with regard to the coordination the sample in , Martinique, French Guiana and of public policies across seven regions: Île-de-France, Reunion thanks to the financial support provided by the Bourgogne-Franche-Comté, Centre-Val de Loire, Grand Est, Directorate-General for Overseas France (DGOM). Objective: Hauts-de-France, Normandy and Pays de la Loire. to provide new comparative studies between the French The INSEE regional offices concerned have therefore joined overseas departments and metropolitan France on the subject forces to carry out a series of studies looking at the Paris basin of new information technologies and access to digital with support from the ANCT and the secretariats-general technology. for regional affairs (SGAR) of the prefectures of these regions. INSEE therefore simultaneously published a number of The first of these, which was published in June 2019, provided comparative studies between the four “historical” overseas a general overview of the socio-economic dynamics at work departments and metropolitan France. The results showed that in the vast area around Paris and the Île-de-France. more than half of the residents of the overseas departments Other studies, published in 2019, relate to the economy access the internet almost daily. The frequency of internet use and the demographic flows in the Paris basin. falls rapidly after 45 years of age and is especially low among those with few or no qualifications. One in every two people described their digital skills as poor or basic, a level close to that of metropolitan France.

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:

Publications Reynard R., Vallès V.,“Employment Event: is Increasingly Concentrated on the Cazaubiel A., Guymarc G., National Territory and Home-to-Work International Festival « The Decline in Local Retail in the City Trips are Increasing”, Insee Première of Geography Centres of Medium-Sized Towns » Insee n° 1771, September 2019 Première n° 1782, November 2019 INSEE had a stand at the International  www.insee.fr/en/statistiques/4279942  www.insee.fr/en/statistiques/4280408 Festival of Geography, held between 4 and 6 October 2019, and ran Gascard N. (INSEE), Van Lu A. Audoux L., Mallemanche C., “Access a session on local and grid data, (DREAL): “Organisation, functioning to digital technologies in the French “France seen through INSEE’s maps”. and dynamics of the area around overseas departments: well-connected  www.fig.saint-die-des-vosges.fr young people”, Insee Focus no. 159, Paris and the Île-de-France”, Insee June 2019 Dossier Île-de-France no. 4, June 2019  www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/4174498?  sommaire=4174127 www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/4172610? sommaire=4172612&q=bassin+parisien Audoux L., Mallemanche C. : “Employment and unemployment in the DOMs (France’s Overseas Departments): the gap with metropolitan France remains high”, Insee Focus n°160, June 2019  www.insee.fr/en/statistiques/4201255

36 - INSEE - ACTIVITY REPORT 2019 Managing large directories and registers

INSEE’s statisticians know how to handle large files The European elections held on 26 May 2019 saw while guaranteeing their security and confidentiality. the first use of this new register, on the basis of The institute has therefore been entrusted with the which the municipalities continuously update fundamental task of managing directories of the electoral rolls via a dedicated management companies and individuals, even though they are portal. In 2019, in order to put a stop to the false not exclusively used for statistical purposes. The information that was circulating, INSEE issued directories in question are Sirene (the information a reminder of the rules for allocating social security system of the national register of businesses numbers and of the role of the RNIPP in certifying and establishments) which is used to identify civil status. businesses, the National Directory for As regards businesses, in 2019, the Global Legal the Identification of Natural Persons (RNIPP) and Entity Identifier Foundation (GLEIF) renewed the Single Electoral Register (REU) which replaced INSEE’s accreditation as a local operator the General Electoral Register on 1 January 2019. (at the level of France) for the assignment of LEIs.

INSEE - ACTIVITY REPORT 2019 - 37 All of these exchanges are fully digitised and First use of the Single automated via a dedicated portal set up by INSEE. In early January 2019, the service-public.fr system, Electoral Register in 2019 which allows an application for registration to be The 2016 Law reforming the terms under which submitted online, was “connected” to the REU: this the electoral rolls are established entered into force means that the service can now be accessed by all on 1 January 2019. It aimed in particular to reduce of the municipalities, which receive the file directly the amount of time between the vote and the and process it in the same way as an application deadline for registering on the electoral rolls by received at a physical counter. At the same time, a linking those electoral rolls with a Single Electoral service for querying the electoral situation was Register (REU) updated in real time. As a result, made available on service-public.fr to enable voters a new registration automatically triggers the to verify their municipality of registration. deletion of the previous entry on the electoral roll The administrative partners have also adapted without any need for municipalities to exchange their own information systems to allow for and transcribe this information. The decisions to automated exchanges with the REU. register and delete people for loss of municipal ties The first municipal by-elections using the electoral is taken by the mayor (or the head of the consular rolls extracted from the REU were held from post in the case of consular electoral rolls). 17 March 2019, but the first “full scale” use of the As the body responsible for keeping the REU, REU was for the European elections held on INSEE has opened up access to the REU to the 26 May 2019. municipalities as of October 2018 to allow them to verify and validate the initial content of the register; access has also been granted to the French Ministry of Foreign Affairs for the verification of As at April 2019, 47.1 million people were consular lists. From 1 January 2019, the registered on the French electoral rolls municipalities and consulates notified their new (excluding New Caledonia), 1.3 million decisions with regard to registrations and deletions of whom were resident outside of France to the REU. As regards the automatic actions and registered on a consular list. As a result provided for by law (registration of young adults, of the baby boom experienced in the year deletions in the event of death or incapacity, judicial 2000, the number of young people being decisions, etc.), these are recorded directly on automatically registered on the electoral rolls the basis of the information submitted to INSEE increased sharply in 2018. by the various administrations.

38 - INSEE - ACTIVITY REPORT 2019 Voters were able to register to vote in this election up until 31 March. The municipalities sent out new electoral cards, An ever-increasing number generally in April or May. These cards now include a life-long national voter number assigned to each voter which will not of businesses change, even if they are added to a different registration list to register in Sirene in future. A new act on the engagement in local life and proximity to public action promulgated in December 2019 The number of declarations to be processed within the involves revising the Single Electoral Register (REU) already, framework of the management of the Sirene register has risen in order to include a new addition from early 2022, that of sharply with a record number of business start-ups in 2019. proxy management. From this date, all citizens will be allowed This increase is a continuation of the already significant rise to give proxy to someone registered on an electoral roll other seen in 2018. than their own. This new feature is designed to encourage INSEE has therefore increased its checks to avoid any risk of people to vote during elections. duplication for companies or sole proprietorships, the number of which is increasing significantly. Thanks to ongoing exchanges with Business Formalities Centres (CFE), the The RNIPP: an increasingly quality of the information gathered can be guaranteed and in almost two thirds of cases, the data has been processed centralised directory automatically. This rate is steadily rising and is expected to for the identification of individuals increase significantly with the introduction of a new automated system that will take the automated processing of declarations INSEE manages the National Register for the Identification of one step further. Natural Persons (RNIPP), which includes all persons born in France, together with persons born abroad who need to be The regulatory changes aimed at simplifying or regulating the registered in the social sphere, i.e. to hold a NIR, a registration life of the businesses involved also concern all of the number in the National Register for the Identification of Natural administrations and bodies interested in the unique Persons, which is more commonly referred to as a social identification number (Siren) allocated to the 11 million active security number (or INSEE number). legal units. INSEE plays an active role in coordinating this community of interest by chairing the Coordination Committee In 2019, INSEE issued a reminder with regard to the rules for for the Business Formalities Centres (CCCFE) and acting as allocating the social security number and the rules under which secretariat of the group managing the standard for electronic the RNIPP operates in order to clarify its interactions with the data interchange (EDI) between the various stakeholders. social welfare system and to put a stop to the false information that was circulating. INSEE and CNAV exchange registration information on a daily basis to ensure that their information is complete and updated LEI issuance: to suit their respective needs. second annual accreditation The data recorded make it possible to certify the civil status of verification passed the persons listed in the register and to specify whether they are living or dead, provided a death certificate has been drawn In 2019, the Global Legal Entity Identifier Foundation (GLEIF) up and submitted to INSEE (which is the case for all deaths renewed INSEE’s accreditation as a local operator (at the level occurring on French soil). The use of the RNIPP and its CNAV of France) for the assignment of LEIs. The number of active counterpart are highly regulated by legislation. LEIs being managed by INSEE was in excess of 67,000 by The following consult the RNIPP: the Banque de France, in the end of December 2019, an increase of 10% when particular to enable it to fulfil its role of managing the bank file; compared with the end of 2018. More than ever before, INSEE banking and financial sector institutions for the purposes of is the main stakeholder in the process of identifying French seeking the holders of inactive accounts; insurance companies economic entities. The institute ranks in seventh place among for the purposes of seeking the beneficiaries of life insurance all of the world’s issuers of LEIs. policies, for example. This growth is taking place in spite of the fact that The France Connect system is also linked to the RNIPP for the institutional framework is stable, unlike in 2018 when identification purposes. the European MiFID II Directive was implemented, which extended the scope of the LEI. Most recent use established: an exchange with the Single Electoral Register, which consults the RNIPP when registering Before any LEI is issued, INSEE uses its Sirene register and new voters. the register of funds held by the Autorité des Marchés Financiers (AMF) to verify the identity of the legal entities. All of these uses reinforce the core dimension of the RNIPP, an instrument that is in very high demand and for which INSEE must guarantee a high level of availability.

INSEE - ACTIVITY REPORT 2019 - 39 FOR FURTHER INFORMATION Publications Demotes-Mainard M., « Élire, an • SIRENE register automatic enrolment of people who are Ambitious Project to the Benefit of the  https://sirene.fr going to come of age and of people who Single Electoral Register », publié dans • SIRENE api have just obtained French citizenship; it Courrier des statistiques n° 2, 2019  https://api.insee.fr/catalogue/ removes from the register any of the  https://insee.fr/en/information/4195090? • SIRENE open data electorate who have lost the capacity to sommaire=4195125  https://www.data.gouv.fr/fr/ vote (ward of court, conviction, loss of  https://sirene.fr/sirene/public/static/ citizenship) and records the enrolments Demotes-Mainard M., «47.1 million open-data and removals on or from the register voters present in April 2019 on the • SIRENE open data newsletter that are ordered by the judicial French electoral lists », Insee Focus  https://insee.fr/fr/information/3711739 authorities. Lastly, it removes names of n° 154, May 2019 people from the REU if they have died www.insee.fr/en/statistiques/4168338 THE LEI REGISTER and enters any changes in civil status. INSEE has been France’s domestic The register is continually updated: “Reactions of the social security issuer of LEIs (unique identifiers for it covers the whole of the French bodies and INSEE to the proposals financial market actors) since 2013, Republic with the exception of New made by senator Nathalie Goulet and owing to its experience in managing Caledonia. The electoral rolls that are deputy Carole Grandjean”, INSEE registers and IDs. It was confirmed in drawn up with a view to an election press release dated 5 September 2019 this role in 2018, with its accreditation are extracted from the REU. The latter www.insee.fr/fr/information/4210210 by the Global LEI Foundation (GLEIF). is managed through the Elire portal, The first stage of this international developed by INSEE. THE SIRENE REGISTER initiative was to identify the legal • Setting up the Single Electoral The SIRENE register lists all businesses units participating on the financial Register (REU) (legal entities and sole proprietorships) markets. The second stage of the  https://insee.fr/fr/information/3539086 and all establishments operating on initiative, launched mid-2017, consists • Accessing the Elire portal French territory. Each business is of supplementing the LEI applicants’  https://repertoire-electoral.insee.fr identified by a “SIREN number” and identification data with the data relating each establishment by a “SIRET to the entities by which the applicant NATIONAL REGISTER FOR THE number” that starts with the SIREN is directly and ultimately with which IDENTIFICATION OF NATURAL number for the related company. the applicant fully consolidates its PERSONS (RNIPP) SIRENE’s coverage was extended accounts. This so-called “level 2” data The National Register for the to the public sector in 1983 and to brings significant improvements in Identification of Natural Persons the agricultural sector in 1995. terms of knowledge of the composition (RNIPP) includes anyone born in In 2019, 11 million companies of groups, their financial base and, France or abroad who needs to be and administrations and 12 million potentially, their strategy. registered in the social security system, active establishments were listed. • LEI-France website managed i.e. to get a directory registration INSEE updates SIRENE based on by INSEE number, called an NIR or more declarations made by businesses when  https://lei-france.insee.fr/index commonly known as a social security they are first set up and again when any • Unique identifier for financial number (or INSEE number). It is events occur that affect them, such as a market operatives (LEI) governed by Decree no. 82-103 change of address or business activity,  https://insee.fr/fr/information/1730867 of 22 January 1982. For everyone or the winding-up of the business. in the directory, it includes their NIR These declarations are made to Centres THE SINGLE ELECTORAL REGISTER and information about their civil status: for Administrative Formalities (CFE) and The Single Electoral Register (REU), surname, first and middle names, date sent to INSEE, which thus keeps the instituted by French law no. 2016-1048 and place of birth and, if applicable, SIRENE register constantly up-to-date. of 1st August 2016, which entrusted date and place of death. Since January 2017, the businesses management of the REU to INSEE, INSEE updates it based on statistical and establishments’ database derived has been operational since 1st January reports sent by registrars in relation from the SIRENE register has been 2019. It recounts the electoral position to births, deaths and any other deed freely available online, at no cost, for all the electorate. affecting a person’s civil status. at sirene.fr and data.gouv.fr. The register is updated partly by the The RNIPP is an instrument Since July 2018, it has also been municipalities and consular posts, who for verifying and certifying civil status accessible through an API validate the enrolment applications filed for social security organisations, banks (Application Programming Interface). by voters, and remove from the register and the official registers (SIRENE and Finally, in 2019, the “Sirene open data any voters who no longer have grounds the Single Electoral Register). actualités” newsletter was created to remain on it. Based on information • RNIPP to provide information to users of received through the administrations  https://www.insee.fr/fr/metadonnees/ Sirene data. that hold it, INSEE proceeds with the definition/c1602

40 - INSEE - ACTIVITY REPORT 2019 Disseminating and communicating its statistics and studies INSEE aims to reach out to all audiences and to where INSEE strengthens its presence and make its figures speak for themselves to ensure influence. that any curious citizen is able to access them. As For all those who need help to find information or a result, INSEE prepared to launch its blog in 2019. require further explanations with regard to figures, This firmly educational medium aims in particular INSEE has been providing ongoing assistance by to combat the spread of fake news and misleading telephone or email for the last 15 years. information on the internet. Finally, INSEE conducts activities for the general The blog articles centre around and supplement the public, either by taking part in events or through data and studies that INSEE makes available to all partnerships. With support from the Ministry of on its website. With more than 35 million visits per National Education and Youth and the French year, it remains its key dissemination tool and Statistical Society, the third European Statistics showcases its entire output. The website is Competition presented an opportunity to constantly evolving, particularly following the demonstrate to numerous undergraduates just how satisfaction surveys conducted by the institute. useful statistics are. In order to diversify their audience, the data and studies are relayed on Twitter and LinkedIn,

INSEE - ACTIVITY REPORT 2019 - 41 in terms of transport infrastructure or public facilities, such as schools, gymnasiums, etc.; they Grid data: make it possible to effectively plan public services, local statistics at an extremely such as the volume of waste to be collected; detailed geographic level and they allow for the mitigation of risks faced by vulnerable populations: safety measures INSEE provides socio-economic information on in flood areas, for example. They are also 28 million households. It disseminates this of use to economic stakeholders for the purposes information on different scales, the smallest of of reinforcing or adapting their development which relates to a square grid cell measuring strategy. 200 x 200 metres. This tile-based or grid technique consists in dividing a given territory into square grid cells in order to disseminate statistical information Sirene, at a low aggregate level, while still maintaining at the heart of many confidentiality. Grids require having access to data applications in which the geographical position of each observation is accurately known. In accordance with the commitments set out in Square grid cells provide a way out of the usual the law for a Digital Republic, INSEE has been administrative boundaries and can be grouped in making Sirene data open data since January order to construct or approximate any zone. 2017. The institute took this opportunity to review Statistical information on such a zone can then be its dissemination tools by redesigning the sirene. easily retrieved by aggregating of gathering data fr website, making monthly files from the Sirene from the square grid cells composing it. The square database available on data.gouv.fr and creating grid cells also offer the advantage of remaining an API for Sirene. In addition, the Sirene Open stable over time. data Actualités newsletter now informs all users about developments of the offer and about INSEE calculates grid data for 26 socio-economic possible uses. indicators. These include the number of households with five or more occupants, the number of single- The public authorities have been invited parent families, people’s ages, the standard of to interface their information systems with the living of households, the number of owner- Sirene API. More than fifty applications now use it occupied households, the number of social housing to provide services such as business activity units and the years of construction of the dwellings. monitoring, repository management or studies. This enables, for example, Customs to validate These statistics are a valuable source of export duties and the Ministry of Justice to manage information when it comes to implementing public the criminal records of Companies. policies: they provide knowledge on requirements

42 - INSEE - ACTIVITY REPORT 2019 Experimental platform A blog to combat fake news for Linked Open Data In 2019, INSEE laid the foundations for its blog, which was launched in early 2020. Following the For more than ten years, INSEE has been example of the British (ONS) and Canadian (StatCan) publishing data modelled according to the Resource statistical institutes, INSEE ran a test period Description Framework or RDF standard of the during Q4 in order to develop its blog. semantic web. These data are linked together Objective: to offer content that is in line with news semantically, in addition to being in web page in reaction to a controversial issue or in response format. This formalisation facilitates the automatic to fake news or incorrect information casting doubt use of data by applications that are compatible with on a figure or content published by INSEE. these new technologies. These data make licence- Complementing the insee.fr website, this new free databases that were previously linked together dissemination channel aims to raise awareness under the Linked Data model. INSEE is also offering of the institute’s work among more than just its usual a Mélodi (Mon espace de livraison en open data users and to combat the spread of fake news and de l’Insee – My area for receiving open data from misleading information. INSEE) area on an experimental basis.

New file formats “Datapoints” and videos on insee.fr with Datagora The insee.fr site provides users with numerous In 2019, INSEE joined forces with Datagora, which aims datasets and, depending on the volume to use its platform as a means for curious audience of information to be presented by users, different concerned about objectivity to access reliable data. media are offered. Therefore, for large volumes INSEE therefore publishes figures, tables and graphs of data, Excel spreadsheets are replaced with files from its publications on this platform in the synthetic form for specific software that have been designed of “datapoints”, which adopt the same familiar format to process larger quantities of data as social media posts. (R, SAS, Beyond, etc.). In 2019, INSEE updated This partnership has also resulted in the creation of short its offer based on the results of a satisfaction survey. videos or datavideos by INSEE and Datagora, produced Users can now choose open formats: csv files in motion design and disseminated on social networks. are now available alongside xlsx and dbf files. Two of these were designed together with la Finance pour tous, the educational site for personal finance and the economy. One of the first videos looks at changes in consumer spending over the last 60 years and another focuses on changes in purchasing power over the same period.

Each district has its own statistics In 2019, INSEE chose to publish all its sources In addition, the “Statistiques locales” section of local data, including the census, in accordance has been expanded to include 11 indicators with the most recent geographical reference for each 1 km square tile, which allows available. As a result, each new municipality and new sub-municipal analyses to be carried inter-municipality has the most recent key figures out, covering both population structure and at its disposal at any time in a “dossier complet” household living conditions. These maps are on insee.fr, and those data are homogeneous available for metropolitan France, Martinique and consistent with their new boundaries. and La Réunion.

INSEE - ACTIVITY REPORT 2019 - 43 “Economy and society in the digital European Statistics age”, a 100% digital publication Competition 2019-2020 The first in a new series, “Economy and society in the More than 12,000 European college students were digital age” inaugurates a new 100% digital format for registered for the 2019-2020 edition of the European the Insee Références collection. This unprecedented Statistics Competition organised by Eurostat. work brings together official statistics data on the way Seventeen national statistical institutes attended, in which digital technology is transforming the including INSEE on behalf of France. Initially national economy and society. and then European, this competition invites each This publication combines traditional analyses with participating team to work as a group to test their files, fact sheets, infographics and videos. This 100% theoretical knowledge, to focus on the data produced digital edition is all about new online reading practices. by the public statistics stakeholders and to discover or rediscover their societal issues.

“France’s Statistique générale Our figures with you during the First World War” for you exhibition INSEE produces a leaflet in an As part of the activities organised to mark original format, “Our figures with the centenary of the First World War, INSEE’s you for you”, in order to highlight its Alain Desrosières library presented an exhibition statistics and missions. The leaflet, entitled “France’s Statistique générale during which the interviewers hand out to the First World War” from 20 May to 3 September every household that they survey, 2019. This exhibition, which retraces the history of illustrates some of the results of the France’s Statistique générale, the precursor to INSEE, surveys to which the household is and statistics in France during the conflict, has been contributing. A new type of leaflet designed to make awarded “Centenary” certification by the Centenary the figures speak for themselves and to introduce INSEE Partnership Program. to a wider audience. FOR FURTHER INFORMATION: Library • INSEE, partner in the Economy Days Sirene  https://www.sirene.fr/sirene/ held from 5 to 7 November 2019 public/accueil?sirene_locale=en Insee’s Alain Desrosières library  www.insee.fr/fr/information/4216637 Sirene API  https://api.insee.fr  http://bibliotheque.insee.net/ • Involvement by INSEE experts in Local statistics  https://statistiques-  www.insee.fr/en/information/3288629 Printemps de l’économie 2019 locales.insee.fr/#c=home “France’s Statistique générale in the  www.insee.fr/fr/information/3714924 face of the First World War” exhibition  http://bibliotheque.insee.net/index. Videos php?lvl=cmspage&pageid=2&id_ INSEE Contact • INSEE, Datagora, “INSEE’s grid rubrique=41  www.insee.fr/en/information/2414818 data”, 27 June 2019, • INSEE, La finance pour tous, Blog Newsletters Datagora, “Consumer spending; what Newsletters Insee.net news has changed over the last 60 years”, INSEE’s blog  www.insee.fr/fr/information/1405553 29 August 2019  https://blog.insee.fr/ Sirene Open data Actualités newsletter • INSEE, La finance pour tous,  https://insee.fr/fr/information/1405555 Datagora, “French purchasing power Events over the last 60 years”, 21 November • European Statistics Competition Social networks 2019  www.insee.fr/fr/information/4200785 INSEE on social networks • Julien Pouget, “Economic outlook • INSEE’s participation in the  www.insee.fr/en/information/3711699 report in two minutes”, INSEE, Entretiens Enseignants-Entreprises 20 June 2019 [Teacher-Business Interviews] on 27 and 28 August 2019 on the subject Websites Videos available on INSEE’s YouTube channel of the role of business in globalisation Insee  https://www.insee.fr/en/accueil https://www.youtube.com/channel/  eduscol.education.fr/cid131915/entretiens- The census and me UChCCvJTbZEYsCXyfu27eQ6g enseignants-entreprises-2018.html  https://www.le-recensement-et-moi.fr

44 - INSEE - ACTIVITY REPORT 2019 Improving Its methods and assessing quality

In order to meet growing social demand on varied As regards the household surveys, the future is and complex subjects, the institute carries out “mixed-method” collection, a combination of face- important methodological work and experiments to-face, telephone and internet data collection with the provision of new data, in close methods. The Coleman platform, which was cooperation with the ministerial statistical launched in September 2019, serves a number of departments. functions: web-based data collection; promotion In 2019, a great deal of innovative projects were and explanation of surveys; and authentication of undertaken by INSEE’s statisticians on the respondents. This is the platform that allows subject of statistical methodology. Those households to respond online to all surveys issued concerning statistical confidentiality for the by the Official Statistical System that allow for this dissemination of spatial statistics even won an method of responding. The Labour Force Survey international award at the International Statistical will also concentrate on online responses from Institute symposium in Kuala Lumpur in 2021 following a pilot run throughout 2020. August 2019; they were designed and Another significant methodological change can be implemented in conjunction with the dissemination seen in the preparations to take account of scanner of income-related grid data in 2019. data in the calculation of the consumer price index.

INSEE - ACTIVITY REPORT 2019 - 45 Statistical Institute symposium in Kuala Lumpur in Guaranteeing statistical August 2019. secrecy for the dissemination Working towards the agile of grid data use of constantly evolving administrative data The dissemination of income-related grid data by INSEE in 2019 required significant methodological In addition to the information collected through investments in order to guarantee statistical household and business surveys, INSEE compiles secrecy. statistics on employment and wages based on vari- The method used to manage the primary statistical ous administrative declarations. INSEE needs to be confidentiality that applies to the data directly dis- able to adapt to changes in administrative sources. seminated involves superimposed grids. It consists As a result, when the Nominative Social Declaration of creating square grid cells of different sizes, such (DSN) was introduced to replace the annual social that they each contain at least 11 households. In data declaration, it was not simply a case of merging order to disseminate information at the finest level the existing administrative declarations. It also led to of detail throughout the territory, i.e. square grid the rationalisation and simplification of the data on cells measuring 200 metres by 200 metres, rather the one hand, and a strict definition of the framework than the information collected, square grid cells with for the exchange of information between businesses fewer than 11 households contain recalculated data and the agencies receiving the DSN on the (referred to by statisticians as “imputed” data), other hand. which is consistent at a more aggregated level The institute has therefore carried out a major over- (1 km, 2 km, etc.). Users therefore have two sets of haul of its information system to enable it to process data at their disposal, which are consistent with one around 2 million files each month. another: one with a mesh of square grid cells of To avoid having to take such drastic action each time different sizes providing aggregated data as col- the source of administrative data changes, INSEE lected and the other showing 200 metre x 200 metre has developed an application called ARC, which square grid cells, but for 80% of which the data are stands for Accueil, Recueil, Contrôle [receive, com- imputed. Although very numerous, these square pile, check]. grid cells cover only 20% of the population. ARC makes it possible to translate the data con- In the case of secondary statistical secrecy, where tained within an administrative file into “statistical data can be reconstituted or inferred by the users, language” before those data are integrated into a the method used involves detecting issues with model of its choosing for the purposes of statistical geographical differentiation. It aims to prevent processing. This operation involves around a hun- cross-referencing of grid data with that dissemi- dred variables and means that subsequent phases nated according to a different territorial breakdown, of the process never have to use source data, just such as by municipality, in an attempt to infer data these new variables. on fewer than 11 households. One of the main diffi­ With ARC, statisticians are able to describe the data culties lies in the very large number of calculations model that they need in order to perform their ana­ that need to be performed to detect households at lysis and then to define the rules for integrating the risk. A general solution to this problem has been data collected into this model. The application there- found. It drastically reduces the number of calcu- fore allows for the flexible and agile processing of lations and allows all “at risk” households to be all of the data collected. quickly identified. This method won an international award when it was presented at the International

46 - INSEE - ACTIVITY REPORT 2019 62nd International Statistical Institute congress Improving the From 18 to 23 August 2019, INSEE travelled to Kuala Lumpur to attend the identification of the 62nd International Statistical Institute World Statistics Congress, which brought together statistical offices, central banks, universities, industry practitioners and employer in the census policy makers. The “Improving the identification At the event, INSEE statistician, Vianney Costemalle, was awarded the IAOS of the employer in the census” (International Association for Official Statistics) Best Young Statistician Prize project was selected as one of for his work on statistical secrecy for the dissemination of spatial statistics. the 15 winners of the call for During the congress, INSEE gave talks on the tools resulting from the new expressions of interest among technologies used for censuses and the governance and quality of statistical administrations to experiment services in developing countries. It also joined the discussions between the with artificial intelligence in public National statistical institutes which have created labs with a view to encouraging services. The call had been the use of big data. launched by the inter-ministerial directorate for digital technology, formerly DINSIC, and the inter- ministerial directorate for public transformation, DITP. Based on the declarations made Scanner data: by people about their employer a new source for calculating in the census and the Sirene the consumer price index business register, this project, which combines data and artificial Since January 2020, the Consumer Price Index (CPI) has been calculated using intelligence, should provide greater scanner data from major retailers. Collected continuously as the consumer passes precision for the home-work through the checkout of the shop and centralised on a daily basis, scanner data statistics provided by INSEE and provide information about the prices paid and the products purchased. Under the improved efficiency in the data decree of 13 April 2017, supermarkets and hypermarkets are obliged to submit production chain. scanner data to INSEE. Providing much greater detail and much larger volumes than the data used up to now, scanner data present true added value for calculating price statistics. INSEE receives 1.7 billion records each month and uses the scanner data to calculate the CPI for industrial food, maintenance and personal and home care products. Almost 80 million of these products covered by the scanner data can now be used to replace 32,000 price collections that would previously have had to be carried out by INSEE’s researchers. For other products and in the case of Measuring the present consumption via points of sale other than supermarkets and hypermarkets, price population and mobility collection still takes place in the traditional way. with the help of ICT What changes does this new source of data bring about for the measurement of inflation? The decision has been made to retain the concept of the CPI: a fixed (MobiTIC) basket of goods and services, representative of household consumption, will The “MobiTIC” research project continue to be monitored on a monthly basis with the aim of measuring price has been selected by the French movements with a constant level of consumption quality and structure. In addition, National Research Agency throughout 2019, INSEE calculated the CPI twice, once with and once without (ANR). This project, which the scanner data: the differences seen in the overall index appear to be small (less involves INSEE, Ifsttar (Gustave than 0.1 point). Such differences result largely from an improvement in price Eiffel university), Orange and statistics, which are more accurate, provide better coverage of the field of Géographie-Cités, aims to produce consumption and provide a better understanding of the prices charged by retailers indicators for the presence and (especially promotions). mobility of people by combining recent mobile phone data By using this new source of data, INSEE joins the select club of European countries (particularly signalling data), other that are already making use of scanner data to calculate their consumer price digital data and traditional data. indexes under the aegis of Eurostat, the EU’s statistical office.

INSEE - ACTIVITY REPORT 2019 - 47 Optimising the methods of response for household surveys Since the early 2010s, the institute has conducted a number of experimental online household INTERVIEW surveys in parallel with the more usual face- François BECK to-face approach to these surveys. During the head of the programme same period, online collection grew considerably for the development for the population census and business surveys. of mixed-method This will go one step further in 2021 with the household surveys integration of online responses into the Labour Force Survey. The challenge for INSEE is to make the best use of the various methods of What challenges can the mixed-method gathering information to set up surveys that make collection of data and the establishment use of different solutions, so-called “mixed- of the Coleman platform address in the case method” surveys. of household surveys? The Coleman platform fulfils a number of functions that allow for the collection of data via the internet during the performance of household surveys. It provides a portal for the promotion of surveys which highlights, in a simple and standardised manner, the various elements of the survey, including those intended to encourage the persons selected FOR FURTHER to participate. It also allows those persons to securely authenticate themselves and to complete the questionnaire. INFORMATION The platform is part of a wider range of services that allow for mixed-method collection. It interfaces with an assistance and information service for respondents based on INSEE contact Publications and on teams of experts specialising in the topics covered Renne C., “Understanding the Nominative by the survey. The main challenge is to offer respondents Social Declaration (DSN) for Better several reliable and ergonomic tools in order to maintain the Statistical Measurement”, Courrier des high levels of participation observed in France for household statistiques n°1, December 2018 surveys, regardless of the collection method used. www.insee.fr/en/information/4195367? The survey on government employees, which was conducted sommaire=4195376 between September and December 2019, inaugurated the launch of this platform. New grid data: local statistics at the most detailed geographic level How do the households and INSEE benefit?  www.insee.fr/fr/information/4181738 With mixed-method collection, some of the people who were Leclair M., “Using scanner data to previously unable to respond to surveys via traditional means calculate the Consumer Price Index”, will now be able to participate. Courrier des statistiques no. 3, 2019 Nevertheless, the internet is not a replacement for the  www.insee.fr/fr/information/4254225? collection of data by a researcher. It simply provides an sommaire=4254170 additional route for households that would prefer to respond to surveys themselves during weekends or at specific “Improving the identification of the times. For all those households that feel less comfortable employer in the census” responding online and require support during the process,  www.numerique.gouv.fr/actualites/ full use is made of the researchers’ skills. intelligence-artificielle-15-nouveaux- projets-vont-etre-experimentes-dans-les- administrations/ Mélodi experimental area  http://rdf.insee.fr/melodi/index.html MobiTIC  https://mobitic.huma-num.fr/

48 - INSEE - ACTIVITY REPORT 2019 Contributing to the development of European and international statistics INSEE and the Ministerial Statistical Offices In 2019, INSEE examined how France’s (SSM) make up the French Official Statistical performance compared to that of its partners on the System (SSP), which is coordinated by INSEE. basis of the 100 indicators on the scorecard set up INSEE puts forward the SSP’s concerns at by the European Union to monitor the Sustainable European level when preparing official statistical Development Goals. Measuring economic texts. The majority of the work produced by the SSP globalisation presents a challenge for statistics at is subject to European regulations, which define the both national and European level. INSEE characteristics of the statistics that are to be contributed to adapting the production of official produced with a view to ensuring their quality and statistics at a conference of the Directors-General comparability, together with some specific standards of the European NSIs. that are to be applied, such as nomenclatures, As part of its international relations, INSEE also submission deadlines, data formats, etc. Therefore, works together with international bodies (OECD, in 2019, two new European framework regulations UN, etc.) and with national statistical institutes. As to which INSEE contributed redefined the basis a result, in 2019, INSEE and Afristat organised a used for the production of social and business seminar on national statistics governance in North statistics. and Sub-Saharan Africa.

INSEE - ACTIVITY REPORT 2019 - 49 Two new European The IESS framework regulation is the result regulations of a long modernisation process for European on social and business statistics, aimed at supporting social policies statistics and meeting the needs of decision-makers and the public. It seeks improved performance in terms Two European framework regulations were of comparability, accuracy, flexibility, dissemination adopted in 2019 to cover two main areas of times and cost-effectiveness. European statistics. The first regulation, IESS (Integrated European Social Statistics) concerns social statistics and the second, FRIBS (Framework Regulation Integrating Business The framework regulation on business statistics, Statistics), concerns business statistics. These referred to as FRIBS is based on three founding two regulations constitute the new legal basis for principles: the use of common methodological the production of European statistics. Objective: principles, definitions and quality criteria; the to support the growing European integration by need for greater flexibility to respond to economic ensuring greater consistency. INSEE has provided developments and emerging statistical needs; and a great deal of support for these two regulations the identification of cross-domain synergies and since the preparation stage. simplifications of the data requirements to alleviate the burden on businesses. FRIBS is designed to replace ten sectoral regulations or decisions. It creates a common legal framework for business statistics, reducing both inconsistencies between different domains and redundancies.

50 - INSEE - ACTIVITY REPORT 2019 INTERVIEW France and Gallo GUEYE the Sustainable Development Deputy Director General, National Office of Statistics Goals (Eurostat) The 2030 Agenda adopted in 2015 by the United Nations General Assembly is broken down into 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and 169 targets. It covers the three traditional dimensions What impacts will the two new European of sustainable development: the economic, social regulations on business (FRIBS) and social (IESS) and environmental. This framework is flexible statistics have on the production of statistics? and adaptable to the context of the various The new legal bases for social and business statistics are countries or regions across the world. Both France ambitious. They represent a new way of legislating on statistics and the European Union (EU) have therefore at European level, by covering more statistical fields and by developed their own dashboards, derived from assigning the decisions to be taken to the appropriate levels. the global sustainable development indicators, Decisions of a political nature (regardless of the requirements in though more restricted, each involving around terms of statistics) are to be taken by co-legislators (Parliament a hundred indicators. and Council), implementing measures (how to quantify these needs) is the responsibility of the statisticians. They are integrative, regulating a coherent set of statistical domains that In the 2019 edition of “L’économie française”, were previously processed in silos, in order to better understand INSEE therefore uses the 100 indicators selected the increasingly complex socio-economic phenomena. at European level to position France in relation to Their extended coverage will allow Member States to benefit the other Member States, both overall and indicator from synergy effects. by indicator. France sits around mid-table within the In the case of social statistics, the requirements in terms of EU. For example, poverty and monetary inequalities the level of accuracy needed are standardised and the quality in the country are relatively low. Although life reports are aligned to a single model. For business statistics, expectancy is high, this does not translate into the flexibility is reflected in three dynamic themes: the use of ICT perception of better health and the country remains and e-commerce; innovation and value chains, the key variables a poor performer in terms of road deaths. Access to of which will be selected each time the data is collected. employment is improving, but remains difficult. France is performing at around the European average with How did INSEE contribute to the introduction regard to air pollution caused by fine particles and of this legislation? as regards the development of organic agriculture. INSEE played a particularly constructive role during the discus- sions. Within the various groups, INSEE’s representatives pro- moted the use of new techniques such as small area estimation and the joint use of administrative and survey data, supported the pilot exchange of micro data in the field of foreign trade statistics and helped to raise awareness of the importance of providing better coverage of services in statistics. They strongly supported the need for close international cooperation and INDICATORS the importance of continuing the harmonisation efforts needed 100SELECTED to ensure the comparability of data between Member States. at European level INSEE also played a decisive role with regard to adherence to to situate France ambitious data submission deadlines and the need to maintain a minimum degree of flexibility, which will require some effort from the NSIs in the future, but which would be desirable in order to meet user needs in the long term.

INSEE - ACTIVITY REPORT 2019 - 51 Statistics and globalisation The challenges of national statistics of the economy governance in North and Sub-Saharan The conference of the Directors-General of Africa the European NSIs was held in Bratislava on 9 and 10 October 2019 on the subject of the In view of its role in helping to define and monitor public statistical implications of economic globalisation. policies and, more broadly, information provided by all The fragmentation of value chains and the of the social stakeholders, the governance of official internationalisation of firms are making it more statistics presents a major challenge. Also, to support complicated to measure production and income the consolidation of the statistical systems in North and at national level. Of the ten contributions made Sub-Saharan Africa, INSEE and Afristat co-organised a to this conference, two came from INSEE. The seminar dedicated to Cefil, which was held in Libourne first dealt with the implications of globalisation for from 1 to 5 July 2019. This meeting brought together some the use and interpretation of national accounts thirty directors generals and senior managers of national aggregates. The second was devoted to the work statistical institutes from 17 countries and gave them the carried out by INSEE with the Banque de France opportunity to discuss good practices and action plans for and the Directorate General of Customs and Excise maintaining and strengthening the governance of official (DGDDI) to report on the internationalisation of statistics with each other and with INSEE’s officials. the French pharmaceutical sector. The speakers stressed in particular the need to work on the sharing of data from different countries and on access to data from multinational firms while respecting statistical secrecy, as well as the need Five years of coordinating for better communication on these issues. the European Seasonal Adjustment Centre of Excellence Study visit by the Instituto INSEE coordinated the European Seasonal Adjustment Centre of Excellence from its creation in April 2014 Nacional de Estadística until September 2019. This centre, which was set up The president of the Spanish Instituto Nacional by Eurostat, has made it possible to extend the reach de Estadística (Ine), Juan Manuel Rodriguez, was of the JDemetra+ software internationally. It has been hosted by INSEE on 5 and 6 November 2019, recommended by Eurostat and the ECB since 2015 and together with several officials from the institute. represents the benchmark for the correction of seasonal The discussions concerned the organisation of the variations in time series of official statistics. Jean Palate, national statistical systems, the business registers, head of the Research & Development unit of the “general the consumer price index, the population censuses statistics” directorate of the Banque nationale de Belgique, and communication and dissemination. The two which is a member of the Centre of Excellence and a key institutes decided to continue exchanging good player in the development of the JDemetra+ software, practices and innovations with regard to the latter, demonstrates this in a video. as well as with regard to the use of mobile phone Video available on INSEE’s YouTube channel data for statistical purposes.  https://www.youtube.com/channel/UChCCvJTbZEYsCXyfu27eQ6g FOR FURTHER INFORMATION: éclairer les politiques”, Courrier des Publications statistiques, n° 3, décembre 2019 Events Piffeteau H., “Un nouveau triptyque Conference of the Directors Generals  www.insee.fr/fr/information/4254231? juridique pour les statistiques of the National Statistical Institutes, sommaire=4254170 européennes”, Courrier des Bratislava statistiques, n°3, décembre 2019 Cling J-P., Eghbal-Teherani S., Orzoni  www.dgins2019.sk/  www.insee.fr/fr/information/4254229? M. et Plateau C., « France and the sommaire=4254170 Sustainable Development Goals », Seminar on national statistics published in «The French Economy», governance in North and Sub-Saharan Colin C., “FRIBS : un nouveau Insee références, June 2019 Africa cadre commun pour les statistiques   d’entreprises européennes”, Courrier https://www.insee.fr/en/statistiques/ www.cefil.fr/eminaire-afristat-sur-la- des statistiques, n°3, décembre 2019 4190103?sommaire=4190133 gouvernance-de-la-statistique-publique- dans-les-etats-dafrique-subsaharienne-et-  International Technical Support, www.insee.fr/fr/information/4254231? dans-les-pays-du-maghreb/ sommaire=4254170 information newsletter (Insee), n°11, Cases C., “IESS : l’Europe harmonise January 2019 ses statistiques sociales pour mieux  www.insee.fr/en/information/2404021

52 - INSEE - ACTIVITY REPORT 2019 Reaching out To new audiences

Like all official statistical output, INSEE’s figures its output. This can be seen in particular from the and publications are public property. Everyone must introduction of new channels such as the INSEE be able to access this information and refer to it blog, which was launched at the beginning of 2020 whenever they wish. While expert audiences made and even the production of summary videos, which up of researchers, decision-makers, economists can be easily shared on social networks. It also and journalists make more habitual use of INSEE’s means choosing to join forces with partners that are publications, the institute wishes to stretch beyond in touch with new audiences that the institute would this circle of insiders to reach a wider audience. struggle to reach out to by itself. The common Reaching out to all audiences is therefore one of denominator of all of these changes is the need the four pillars making up the institute’s strategy for to go down a more educational route and to adopt 2025. In order to achieve this, INSEE is investing a voice that is accessible to the largest number in other ways of disseminating and communicating of people.

INSEE - ACTIVITY REPORT 2019 - 53 the case of the first video, which looked at pre- Increasing its range committed expenditure and 17,000 views for the second video, which covered purchasing power. with the support of partners A third, on the subject of standards of living, will In order to reach out to new audiences, INSEE has complete the trilogy. chosen to join forces with some new partners. The new Économitips media site has been chosen Moving towards as a means of reaching out to citizens who are more visual communication curious about the economy but not experts in the field. The principle applied: educate people by In order to attract a wider audience to its work, to means of story telling, introduce a concept or an showcase and publicise the majority of its economic notion by means of an anecdote. Users publications, INSEE is offering more and more can subscribe to these newsletters free of charge visual versions of its content. The institute therefore via the website. intends to communicate via the video or infographic Launched in January 2019, the newsletter found standards that everyone disseminates and shares its audience, with almost a hundred thousand on social networks. subscribers after one year. INSEE co-produced six The publications within the Insee Références newsletters in 2019. Aside from the newsletters, collection are often used as a source for several the Économitips community is also made up of videos and infographics. From the authors of the readers on Facebook and Twitter. In total, the dossiers to the communication officers, everyone newsletters produced with INSEE have been gets involved and plays their part in delivering the viewed more than 355,700 times, including by key messages contained within the institute’s work more than 113,500 people on Facebook. in a short format. Each edition of Conjuncture in To give its work even greater visibility, in 2019, France is now accompanied by a short video in the INSEE joined forces with la Finance pour tous and form of expert interviews. Datagora in order to co-produce educational videos that are promoted by each of the partners Complementary infographics are regularly used via their own media outlets. Two videos dedicated to highlight the most interesting subjects for a to the issue of purchasing power have been non-initiated audience. The institute is therefore co-produced and broadcast by the partners. By acquiring new skills, which are essential to consolidating the publications by the three statisticians who want to make themselves partners, the two videos attracted 32,000 views in understood.

54 - INSEE - ACTIVITY REPORT 2019 INTERVIEW THE INSEE BLOG 3 questions for Mickaël BARDET and Laurence HERMANT, Communication Division, Directorate for Dissemination & Regional Action

At the start of February 2020, INSEE launched a blog, the content of which reflects current events. This aims to raise awareness of the institute’s work among more than just its usual users and to combat the spread of fake news and misleading information.

Why a blog? With its blog, INSEE is further increasing its involvement This project was launched in 2020, but a lot of in the headline debates that fall within its area of investigative and production work took place in 2019. expertise. It does this by highlighting recent publications The blog aims to support internet users in their search for that are in line with current events; promoting its reliable information and to help them to decipher current methods, particularly when they are attacked/called into topics using statistical data. question; and shedding light on the results in a more flexible format than that provided by a publication. The content of the blog aims to add fuel to the public debate. It is educational to ensure that it can be What have the initial reactions been like? understood by as many people as possible, particularly those who are not familiar with the concepts of The initial traffic statistics have been encouraging. In fact, economics and statistics, but who are seeking to better from its first month of existence, the blog registered more understand economic and social phenomena and how than 200 unique visitors each day, before reaching more they develop. than 350 unique visitors each day from the second month onwards. What type of content is on offer? Two types of content are published on the blog, which The blog received a great many mentions in the press. relate to current events: either to react to the news and This desire to reaffirm its expertise and to anchor the sometimes to correct false information that is circulating contribution of public statistics ever more firmly in current in the press or on social networks; or to highlight its work events and the public debate has been very well received on the basis of advance editorial programming and supported by journalists and decision-makers. The first papers deal with topics that feature regularly in publications and studies, such as: “Gender equality The Director General and many INSEE agents act as in employment”, “Purchasing power and inequality”, ambassadors by sharing articles on their own LinkedIn or “Innovation and productivity”, “Measuring inflation and the Twitter accounts. This assimilation increases the visibility inclusion of housing in the Consumer Price Index”, etc. of the content published. FOR FURTHER INFORMATION Videos Videos available on INSEE’s “Here’s to next year!” YouTube channel  http://newsletters.artips.fr/Economitips/ • INSEE, Datagora, “INSEE’s grid  www.youtube.com/channel/ Harmonisation_Europe/ data”, 27 June 2019, UChCCvJTbZEYsCXyfu27eQ6g “Are you average?” • INSEE, La finance pour tous,  http://newsletters.artips.fr/Economitips/ Datagora, “Consumer spending;  Quetelet_Statistiques/ what has changed over the last INSEE/Économitips 60 years”, 29 August 2019 newsletter “Dear grandchildren...” • INSEE, La finance pour tous,  http://newsletters.artips.fr/Economitips/ Datagora, “French purchasing power “We’re counting on you” ComtessedeSegur_Socio/ over the last 60 years”, 21 November  http://newsletters.artips.fr/Economitips/ “Clean that for me!” 2019 Bonaparte_Recensement/  http://newsletters.artips.fr/Economitips/ “Taxi!” Nightingale_Graphiques  http://newsletters.artips.fr/Economitips/ Salaries_Uber/

INSEE - ACTIVITY REPORT 2019 - 55 ORGANISATION CHART as at 31 December 2019

Karine Berger EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE Financial Affairs and Planning of Work Resources Alain Bayet General Secretariat Patrick Redor Legal Affairs and Litigation

Olivier Lefebvre Information Technology Services Benoît Rouppert IT Production and Infrastructure

Pascal Rivière Internal Audit Unit Sylvie Lagarde Methodology, Statistical Patrick Sillard Coordination and International Statistical Methods Relations Directorate

Christel Colin Business Statistics Pierrette Schuhl Directorate Registers, Infrastructures Jean-Luc and Structural Statistics Tavernier Director General

Didier Blanchet Economic Studies and Julien Pouget National Accounts Directorate Short-Term Economic Analysis

Benoît Ourliac Director General’s Office

Chantal Cases Demographic Valérie Roux and Social Demography Statistics Directorate

Françoise Maurel Dissemination Guillaume Mordant and Regional A INSEE Info-Service ction Directorate

56 - INSEE - ACTIVITY REPORT 2019 Jean-Paul Faur Jean-Michel Quellec Manager Regional Office Human Resources Living and Working Conditions

Yves Calderini Antilles-Guyane Guy Bourgey François Hada Étienne Traynard Coordinator of the managers Jean-Philippe Auvergne Statistical Centre of Metz Coordinator of Cross-Cutting Actions of regional offices Grouthier Rhône-Alpes Bourgogne Moïse Mayo Franche-Comté Éric Lesage Bretagne Centre Val-de- Yvonne Pérot Mylène Chaleix Arnaud Degorre Loire IT System Development IT innovation and strategy Olivier Léna Corse

Joël Creusat Grand-Est

Jean-Christophe Hauts-de-France Fanouillet

Marie-Christine Jean-Pierre Cling Île-de-France Dominique Bonnans Élise Coudin Parent Quality Statistical and International Coordination SSP Lab Aurélien La Daubaire Réunion- Mayotte Daniel Brondel Normandie Fabienne Le Nouvelle- Hellaye Aquitaine Alain Jacquot Élisabeth Kremp Caroline Jamet Short-Term Statistics Sectoral Economic Outlooks Occitanie Pascal Seguin Pays de la Loire Provence-Alpes- Alberto Lopez Côte d’Azur

Sébastien Roux Guillaume Houriez General Economic Studies National Accounts

Valérie Albouy Pascal Chevalier Sylvie Le Minez Vladimir Passeron Consumer Price Index Employment and Earnings Household Resources Demographic and Social Studies and Living Conditions and Household Surveys

Isabelle Anxionnaz Christine Lagarenne Michel Duée Hélène Erkel-Rousse National Council for Statistical Dissemination Regional Action Library Resources and Archives Information Secretariat (CNIS Secretariat)

INSEE - ACTIVITY REPORT 2019 - 57 INSEE BY REGION

Lille A A Amiens

Caen Rouen Metz Reims A St-Quentin- BA en-Yvelines A Rennes A Nancy Strasbourg A A Orléans B A A Nantes Dijon Poitiers Besançon Head office Regional headquarters AA Clermont- Regional office Ferrand Limoges Lyon Regional office Inter-regional office AA Cefil Libourne Bordeaux

A Toulouse A A Montpellier Aix-en-Provence

Marseille

Ajaccio

Saint-Denis Cayenne

Mamoudzou Pointe--Pitre Fort-de-France Basse-Terre

A A A A A

58 - INSEE - ACTIVITY REPORT 2019 WORKFORCE by region and by category

C excl. Assignment/ C survey A+ A B survey Total Personnel category interviewers interviewers Head office 259 539 545 144 0 1,487 Paris* 255 473 384 68 1,180 Metz 4 66 161 76 307 Regional Offices 57 725 1,644 522 860 3,808 Antilles-Guyanne 2 32 70 23 103 230 Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes 7 60 135 48 91 341 Bourgogne-Franche-Comté 1 30 113 23 35 202 Bretagne 4 30 66 14 52 166 Centre-Val-de-Loire 3 44 79 28 36 190 Corse 12 26 2 4 44 Grand Est 2 54 158 41 85 340 Hauts-de-France 5 78 139 50 65 337 Île-de-France 4 30 97 43 78 252 La Réunion – Mayotte 2 27 40 22 48 139 Normandie 4 54 171 48 45 322 Nouvelle-Aquitaine 5 55 149 40 69 318 Occitanie 5 56 143 50 69 323 Pays de la Loire 8 117 153 57 31 366 Provence-Alpes-Côte d’Azur 5 46 105 33 49 238 Insee total 316 1,264 2,189 666 860 5,295

* Including staff from the INSEE Training Centre in Libourne (CEFIL)

INSEE - ACTIVITY REPORT 2019 - 59 THE WOMEN AND MEN AT INSEE 52 as at 31 DecemberA+ 94 2019 170 Total Total 50 ANS ET PLUS

Workforce by category 5,295 262 538 DE 35 À 49 ANS and by genderA Femme Femme 464 2 189 2 189 MOINS DE 35 ANS Men 261 845 Women B 1 083 Homme Homme Total 803 169 215 C hors enquêteurs 282 3,158 1 302 1 302 1 264 1 264 2 546 TOTAL 1 946 59 C enquêteurs 254

5472,189 2,137 887 887 860 860 704 704 685 666 685 666 579 579 1,302 1,264 457 457 887 860 704 316 685 666 316 316 209 200 579 156 457 116 200 209 200 209 156 156 116 116 A+A+ A BB CC excl. excl. survey survey CCA+ A B C excl. survey C CATEGORIESCATEGORIES A CATEGORIES Total interviewersinterviewers surveysurvey interviewers interviewers interviewers survey interviewers 2,546 Workforce by category and by age group Total 1,946 Total Femme Femme Under 35 2 137 2 137 35 to 49 Homme Homme

50 and over 1,083 5 295 5 803 295 845 3 158 3 158 547 538 464 TOTAL TOTAL 262 261 282 94 254 254 215 59 52 59 170 169

A+ A B C excl. survey C survey Total CATEGORIES interviewers interviewers

60 - INSEE - ACTIVITY REPORT 2019 TRAINING Of Insee personnel

Training programme participation rate (1) Type of training programme Personnel A+ A B C Total Category in % in % in % in % in % PREPARATION FOR IMPROVING Women 52 78 75 87 79 COMPETITIVE EXAMS COMPUTER SKILLS

Men 60 74 72 79 72 ADAPTATION (CHANGING JOB 9% 12% Total 55 76 74 85 76 CATEGORY) (1) Percentage of employees having attended at least one training program during the year. 21% Average number of training days per trained employee 58% Personnel Category A+ A B C Total

Women 3.9 5.9 5.8 7.7 6.5 IMPROVING NON-COMPUTER SKILLS Men 3.5 6.4 6.8 8.0 6.7 Total 3.6 6.2 6.2 7.8 6.6

INSEE Allocation of the budget according Budget to the total cost* of Insee’s main activities Share of Insee’s In €m Activities 2018 budget Allocation according to the initial in % budget law 2019 Population census 16.9 Staff budget 371.6 Household surveys 15.3 Operating budget 41.5 Regional activity (including regional distribution) 14.8 Investment budget 5.6 Structural statistics from companies 7.1 Intervention budget 22.9 National distribution 6.6 Total 441.5 Company registers 6.5 Short-term statistics from companies 5.9 Consumer Price Index 4.9 Strategic, coordination, international management 4.8 Administrative statistics concerning employment 4.6 and earnings Marital status, electoral register 3.8 (including demographic statistics) National accounts 3.4

* The full cost includes the cost of supporting and cross-disciplinary functions Studies 2.9 (administrative management, property, IT, etc.) for each operation. Themed surveys of companies 1.5 Sources: Initial Budget Law (loi de finances initiale – LFI) and calculation via Economic outlook 1.1 large-scale operations/performed by the Department of Financial Affairs and Planning of Works Resources. Total 100.0

INSEE - ACTIVITY REPORT 2019 - 61 SURVEYS CARRIED in 2019

• Annual survey on the use of particularly to be incorporated in the Information and Communication calculation of the Consumer Price Technologies (ICT) in households: Index (CPI). gathers information on household equipment and use of computers, Resources internet and telephones. • Annual survey on “Statistics on income and living conditions” • Human Mobility Surveys (EMP): (SRCV): the French part of a Euro- aims to gain an understanding of pean statistical operation providing mobility practices and the shares indicators on poverty and exclusion of the various modes of transport in the Member States. used for journeys, regardless of their distance. • Life History and Wealth Survey (HVP) – Retirement and financial • Working Conditions Survey (CDT/ situation: interviews households RPS): aims to gain a specific des- that responded to the 2017-2018 cription of work, the way in which HVP survey. It aims to facilitate the it is organised and the conditions monitoring of panel individuals by under which it is carried out from requesting, in particular, information the point of view of hours, working regarding persons who have relo- patterns, physical strain or risks cated and changes to their contact faced, difficulty, organisation of work, details. safety, cooperation, disputes, etc. It also looks at issues such as profes- • Survey on government employees sional development and feelings of (FPE): aims to gather information self-worth, etc. that is not available within the admi- nistrative files of the system for infor- • Trajectories and Origins survey mation on civil servants (SIASP). Household (TeO2): vaims to study the living conditions and social trajectories Employment, qualifications, Demographics of persons residing in metropolitan professional integration, wages France based on their origins and • Population census other characteristics (gender, age, • Labour Force Survey: conducted • Population census in Wallis and social background, neighbourhood, on an ongoing weekly basis. This Futuna (previous census in 2013) etc.). is the largest household survey in terms of sample size. Every quarter • Health in the overseas departments: Living conditions it measures the unemployment rate a survey conducted periodically in according to the International Labour • Monthly Consumer Confidence metropolitan France and across all of Office, which makes it possible to Survey (CAMME): measures the Member States of the European make uniform international compa- households’ opinion on their eco- Union; extended to the overseas risons. It also provides very com- nomic environment, their personal departments for the first time in prehensive data on employment, financial situation and their intentions 2019. It aims to provide information working conditions and working time. in terms of savings and consumption. regarding the health of the population, access to healthcare, health insurance • Labour Force Survey in Mayotte • Annual Victimhood Survey – and behaviours in terms of health and (annual) “Living Environment and Security” prevention. (CVS): the main goal is to gain • Annual survey on Entry into Adult Life (EVA): covers a panel of young information concerning any criminal acts Housing of which households and their members people to measure their professional have been victim; it also provides • Quarterly survey on rents and and social integration and links the the rate of complaint by offence and charges: measures change in rents conditions of their integration with therefore of undeclared offences. within the private rental sector, their schooling and university paths.

62 - INSEE - ACTIVITY REPORT 2019 Local economy measures the monthly or quarterly of 2014; this is the third wave of change in transaction prices for interviews of the survey panel for • Survey of travellers leaving goods and services. It covers the the New Enterprises Information Mayotte, known as a “Tourist industrial production indices for System (SINE). The aim of this flow survey”: provides annual the domestic and foreign markets, third set of interviews is to evaluate quantitative information on tourists and the indices for import prices of the five-year survival rate of young visiting Mayotte in order to follow the industrial products. enterprises, to gain an understanding development of this important sector of the conditions in which they • Monthly business survey of food of the local economy. are developing, the difficulties supermarkets (EMAGSA): mea- encountered and, for enterprises sures changes in the activity of major that are not micro-entrepreneurs, the food retailers, through sales and by Business surveys effects on employment. broad product category. • Survey on networks of ensigns: Housing • Annual survey on the use of aims to identify establishments information and communication • Quarterly survey of social offering retail sales or services technologies and electronic housing providers, on rent in the that are affiliated with a network of commerce in companies employing social housing sector (ELBS): ensigns in order to understand the at least 10 people (ICT): the aim of this measures change in rents within the links that they maintain with the survey is to improve understanding of social housing sector, particularly to head of the network, to quantify the computerisation and the dissemination be incorporated in the calculation of significance of networks of ensigns, of information and communication the Consumer Price Index (CPI). to assess the diversity of the types technologies within companies. of organisation and to analyse Productive system • Survey on usage of information the specific features of affiliated • Annual survey by sector (ESA): and communication technologies establishments. and e-Commerce in enterprises focusing on services, construction, • Survey on subcontracting: the to companies within the meaning agri-food industries, transport and survey aims to improve the statistical of the LME law (TIC-TPE): first trade, the annual sectoral surveys knowledge of subcontracting, which experiment with conducting a survey ask companies to provide basic has become an indispensable among enterprises. information about their activities means of organising production. (from which their principal activity • Structural survey of companies As a result, the goal is to gather can be deduced), events that have in Mayotte: the aim of this annual quantitative framing data concerning happened during the year, such survey is to be able to produce subcontracted work undertaken and as a merger or absorption, and reports, especially for the branches, received, by the activity and by the information specific to each sector. providing a description of the formal function of the company on the one • Annual output survey (EAP): and informal economy of Mayotte, hand, and qualitative information conducted in the manufacturing with an accurate breakdown of value allowing for an improved estimate industry, the annual output survey added by sector, and to monitor and of the impact of subcontracting gathers the same information as the update the SIRENE register. on companies: number of ESA as well as a detailed breakdown contracts, selection criteria and • Survey on corporate purchases: of billing and quantities. degree of autonomy enjoyed by this unprecedented survey aims to subcontractors, geographic location, • Outward Foreign Affiliates Trade provide an up-to-date insight into principle products concerned, etc. on Statistics survey (O-FATS): annual corporate purchases integrated into the other hand. survey of French business groups the production process in order to located abroad which provides improve estimates of French GDP Tourisme information on their subsidiaries, growth. • Collective tourist accommodation their location, their activity and their • Survey among enterprises occupancy survey: This survey al- employee numbers. created in 2014: conducted among lows the occupancy of collective tourist • Survey on Observation of Prices a sample of persons who created a accommodation (hotels, campsites in Industry and Services (OPISE): new enterprise during the first half and others) to be monitored together,

INSEE - ACTIVITY REPORT 2019 - 63 in particular, with the number of over- Companies and market Other surveys night stays by tourists by country of strategies – outlook residence. • Monthly outlook survey in Prices, purchasing power Industry industry • Consumer Price Index (CPI):1 a • Monthly branch survey (EMB): • Quarterly business outlook survey tool measure inflation, the CPI used to calculate the Industrial Pro- of investment in industry is used to estimate the average duction Index (IPI). variation in the prices of products • Half-yearly survey of the cash consumed by households between • Annual survey on the Aerospace flow situation in industry two given periods. The CPI excluding sector in Greater South-West tobacco is used to index-link the France: measures the economic • Monthly outlook survey of minimum wage (SMIC), many private power of the aerospace sector in the retail trade and the trade contracts, alimony and annuities. Greater South-West France, that and repair of motor vehicles is to say of regional units whose • Bi-monthly business outlook • European survey on Purchasing activity contributes to the aerospace survey of wholesaling Power Parity (PPP)1 construction field at a global level. • Monthly outlook survey of the 1. Survey requiring no response time on the part of companies. Environment and sustainable building industry development Territoires • Monthly outlook survey of • Survey of environmental protection services • Outlook survey on local public studies and investments (ANTI- investment: survey of territorial • Quarterly outlook survey of public POL): the aim of the survey is to up- authorities, launched in 2016 in works date knowledge of the total cost and partnership with the Caisse des type of studies, investments (yearly) • Quarterly outlook survey Dépôts. and current expenditure (every three of the building trades years) for environmental protection. • Quarterly business outlook survey • Annual survey on industrial energy of real estate development consumption (EACEI): provides information on quantities consumed by energy type and related costs and Employment, professional also provides a breakdown of the use integration, employees of each energy type. • Annual survey on the cost of Financial system and financing labour and wage structure the economy (ECMOSS): the purpose is to monitor, on an annual basis, the • Annual leasing survey: measures structure of employee earnings and the distribution of leasing contracts working time. It alternates between by institutional sector and sector of asking for explanations of wage activity, information that is required discrepancies one year and to perform an economic analysis of measuring and providing a company accounts. breakdown of labour costs for employing establishments the following year.

64 - INSEE - ACTIVITY REPORT 2019 KEY FIGURES FOR 2019

SURVEYS

Economic outlook Population census 1

million housing units 20,000 5 surveyed companies surveyed every month of the population 60% respond by internet

2,000 million people households interviewed identified every month 9

Companies and employment 24,000 census agents

280,000 7,907municipalities involved companies surveyed

30 surveys Price index 200 100,000 survey interviewers people interviewed for the Labour Force Survey 90 staff employed

Society prices 500,000 200,000 collected households interviewed

sales outlets 17 surveys 30,000

tarifs collected each month 852 survey interviewers 190,000 (SNCF, electricity, etc.)

1 Census figures in metropolitan France, Antilles-Guyane and la Réunion.

INSEE - ACTIVITY REPORT 2019 - 65 ANALYZES AND PRODUCTIONS Publications Large registers RNIPP: 111 million people living or having lived in France REU: 46 million1 registered voters Sirene: 11 million active businesses and 12 millions 345 establishments Informations Rapides reports LEI: 67,000 active registrations 99 Insee Première and Insee Focus 36 Europe and international Documents de travail and Insee Analyses 161 125 international groups cooperation actions 603 regional studies, including 122 Europeans international one third of which are conducted in which participate including 46% in accounting in partnership with regional public bodies experts from INSEE. national and economic

1 Figure excluding New Caledonia.

DISSEMINATION AND COMMUNICATION

35.8 million visits including million 69,000 14,000 8.5 on mobile Followers Followers

User assistance Media calls per year to the voicemail servers of which: 290,000 (Insee contact, SIRENE, Coltrane, ESA, indices) 56,000 58,000 received telephone mentions in the press responses (all media) 76,000 email requests of which: 11% for audiovisual Dissemination methodological of knowledge 37 seminars

66 - INSEE - ACTIVITY REPORT 2019 Publication Director: Jean-Luc Tavernier Production: Dissemination and Regional Action Directorate, INSEE Info Service, Communication Division Lead author and editor: Laurence Hermant Authors: Mickaël Bardet, Laurence Hermant The following also contributed to drawing up this report: Élisabeth Algava, Ludovic Audoux, François Beck, Dominique Bonnans, Alexandre Bourgeois, Daniel Brondel, Yves Calderini, Arthur Cazaubiel, Mylène Chaleix, Jean-Pierre Cling, Laure Collignon, Franck Cotton, Vianney Costemalle, Élise Coudin, Aurélien Daubaire, Véronique Daudin, Magali Desmotes-Mainard, Michel Duée, Sylvie Eghbal-Teherani, Hélène Erkel-Rousse, Jean-Christophe Fanouillet, Noël Gascard, Gaël Guymarc, Olivier Haag, Fabrice Hillaireau, Marie-Anne Houlbreque, Bertrand Kauffmann, Élisabeth Kremp, Marie Leclair, Fabienne Le Hellaye, Olivier Léna, Nathalie Lépine, Alberto Lopez, Claude Mallemanche, Aude Martin, Alain Maurand, Moïse Mayo, Frédéric Minodier, Rémi Monin, Marie-Christine Parent, Julien Pouget, Yvonne Pérot, Sébastien Pons, Robert Reynard, Sébastien Roux, Olivier Simon, Pierrette Schul, Pascal Seguin, Sébastien Seguin, Odile Soulas, Frédéric Tallet, Vincent Vallès, Anh Van Lu, Pascal Védie, Chantal Villette, Suvani Vugdalic Iconography: Lucile Chevret Graphic Design: Nantes - 0830/19 - www.agence-latitude.fr Photo credits: © DICOM/ministère de la Justice, © AdobeStock Printed in France in 2020 Printer: Jouve - 733, rue Saint-Léonard – CS 40003 – 53101 Mayenne Cedex Publisher: © Insee - 88, avenue Verdier – CS 70058 – 92541 Montrouge Cedex Legal Deposit: janvier 2020 ISBN: 978-2-11-151268-9

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