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The Opioid Epidemic, White Despair and Authoritarian Populism on the New England Borderlands University of Massachusetts Amherst ScholarWorks@UMass Amherst Doctoral Dissertations Dissertations and Theses October 2019 Framing the Crisis in the Merrimack Valley: The Opioid Epidemic, White Despair and Authoritarian Populism on the New England Borderlands Gyuri Kepes University of Massachusetts Amherst Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.umass.edu/dissertations_2 Part of the Communication Commons Recommended Citation Kepes, Gyuri, "Framing the Crisis in the Merrimack Valley: The Opioid Epidemic, White Despair and Authoritarian Populism on the New England Borderlands" (2019). Doctoral Dissertations. 1697. https://doi.org/10.7275/15118223 https://scholarworks.umass.edu/dissertations_2/1697 This Open Access Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Dissertations and Theses at ScholarWorks@UMass Amherst. It has been accepted for inclusion in Doctoral Dissertations by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks@UMass Amherst. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Framing the Crisis in the Merrimack Valley: The Opioid Epidemic, White Despair and Authoritarian Populism on the New England Borderlands A Dissertation Presented by GYURI S. KEPES Submitted to the Graduate School of the University of Massachusetts Amherst in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY September 2019 Department of Communication © Copyright by Gyuri S. Kepes 2019 All Rights Reserved Framing the Crisis in the Merrimack Valley: The Opioid Epidemic, White Despair and Authoritarian Populism on the Borderlands A Dissertation Presented By GYURI S. KEPES Approved as to style and content by: _________________________________________________ Mari Castañeda, Chair _________________________________________________ Sut Jhally, Member _________________________________________________ Henry Geddes, Member _________________________________________________ Agustin Lao, Member _____________________________________________ Sut Jhally Department Chair Department of Communication DEDICATION To all of the individuals, families, and communities who have experienced loss and trauma as a result of the opioid crisis. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to send sincere gratitude to my dissertation advisor, Mari Castaneda, who provided much needed encouragement through the most trying periods of the research and writing process. I really could not have completed this project without your prudent advice and erudite perspective. I wish to express my appreciation to committee members, Sut Jhally, Henry Geddes, and Agustin Lao for their incisive feedback and guidance through all phases of the project, as well as the staff of the Communication Department who helped me navigate the sometimes maddening dissertation process. I also send my gratitude to the entire UMass family, which has been instrumental in my intellectual and social development, from my days as undergraduate to Ph.D. Finally, I would like to thank my dearest daughter, Samarah who gives me perennial joy. It is what keeps me grounded and focused when the stresses of juggling research, writing, and teaching seem too much to handle. I have endless gratitude for all others who provided assistance and encouragement, throughout this journey, however small or large. v ABSTRACT FRAMING THE CRISIS IN THE MERRIMACK VALLEY: THE OPIOID EPIDEMIC, WHITE DESPAIR AND AUTHORITARIAN POPULISM ON THE NEW ENGLAND BORDERLANDS SEPTEMBER 2019 GYURI S. KEPES B.A. COMMUNICATION UNIVERSITY OF MASSACHUSETTS AMHERST Ph.D., UNIVERSITY OF MASSACHUSETTS AMHERST Directed by: Professor Mari Castañeda This dissertation examines how discourses and ideologies about the opioid crisis were framed, produced and constructed in the geographic specificity of the Merrimack Valley in the period leading up to the 2016 presidential election. Applying the theoretical and methodological frameworks offered by the cultural studies tradition, this dissertation project attempts to map out the complex interplay between the news media, law enforcement, policymakers, and citizens in producing, circulating, amplifying, framing and sustaining public anxiety about the opioid crisis in the Merrimack Valley and beyond. Employing a mix of qualitative and quantitative forms of inquiry, including interpretation of data collected through text mining, text visualization, sentiment and emotion analysis, and coding software, this project examines the dominant framing devices used in local television coverage of the opioid crisis in New Hampshire, analyzes images and discourses to three prominent opioid analgesic poisoning cases in the Merrimack Valley, and investigates the dominant discursive themes in several dozen speeches delivered by Jeff Sessions during his short tenure as Attorney General. Together, these analyses vi demonstrate that strategic portrayals of drugs, addiction, treatment, and justice can frame the opioid crisis to advance particular political and social agendas. vii TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ....................................................................................................... v ABSTRACT.............................................................................................................................vi LIST OF TABLES .................................................................................................................xiv LIST OF FIGURES ................................................................................................................xv CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION………………………………… .............................................................1 A. Introduction……………………………………………………………………………1 B. Deaths of Despair…………………………………………………………………….13 II.LITERATURE REVIEW.....................................................................................................17 A. Marx and Ideology…………………………………………………………...……….17 1. Marx and White Despair…………………………………………………18 B. Gramsci and Hegemony……………………………………………………...………20 1. The White Hegemon…………………………………………...…………21 2. Black Optimism/White Despair………………………………………….22 C. Althusser……………………………………………………………………………..28 1. Whiteness as Discourse…………………………………………….…….31 D. Critical Cultural Studies…………………………………………………………….33 1. Policing the Crisis…………………………………………………..……41 a. Deviancy and Moral Panics…………………………...…………43 b. Inverting Policing the Crisis………………………………… …...…44 viii c. Trump and Ideological Displacement: The Mythic Immigrant….49 E. Agenda Setting Along the Southern Border……………………………………….50 1. Twitter Bombing: Agenda Setting in the New Media Environment.........52 F. The Opioid Crisis as a Discursive Formation………………………………………55 G. Authoritarian Populism................................................................................................61 1. The Curious Link Between Trumpism and Deaths of Despair………...61 2. From Thatcher to Trump: The Return if Authoritarian Populism………..77 3. Whiteness as Ideology……………………………………………………82 4. “Drug Infested Den”: Immigration, Race and the Opioid Crisis…..…...90 III. FRAMING THE CRISIS: AN ANALYSIS OF LOCAL TV NEWS DISCOURSES IN NEW HAMPSHIRE………………...…………………………………………………95 A. Introduction ......................................................................................................95 1. Battleground: Granite State ......................................................................95 2. Framing the Crisis……………………………………………………...113 B. Methodology………………………………………………………………...118 C. Results……………………………………………………………………….122 1. Economic frames………………………………………………………129 ix 2. Capacity and resources frames…………………………………………129 3. Morality frames………………………………………………………...131 4. Fairness and equality frames…………………………………………...133 5. Constitutionality and jurisprudence frames……………………………134 6. Policy prescription and evaluation……………………………………..134 7. Law and order, crime and justice frames………………………………137 8. Security and defense frames…………………………………………...138 9. Health and safety frames………………………………………………140 10. Quality of life frames…………………………………………………142 11. Cultural identity frames………………………………………………144 12. Public opinion frames………………………………………………...144 13. Political frames……………………………………………………….145 14. External regulation and reputation frames……………………………147 15. Other frames…………………………………………………………..148 D. Discussion…………………………………………………………………...148 IV.DOLLAR STORE JUNKIE: OVERDOSE AS SPECTACLE……. ................................154 A. Introduction .............................................................................……………….154 1. Border Wars: Race, Class and Conflict in the Merrimack Valley……….158 2. Overdose Porn……………………………………………………………163 3. Moral Panics and Visual Criminology…………………………………..174 x B. Methodology……………………………………………………………………180 C.. Results…………………………………………………………………………184 1. Mandy McGowan……………………………………………………184 a. Circulation………………………………………………………...192 b. Accrual of Affect: Emotion and Sentiment Analysis…………….193 c. Race, Place, Gender, and Class…………………………………...199 2. Courtney Griffin………………………………………...………………204 a. Circulation………………………………………………………..205 b. Accrual of Affect: Emotion and Sentiment Analysis…………….207 c. Race, Place, Gender, and Class...……………………….………..214 3. Precious Wallaces……………………………………………………….218 a. Circulation………………………………………………………...220 b. Accrual of Affect: Emotion and Sentiment Analysis…………….222 c. Race, Place, Gender, and Class…………………………………...223 D. Discussion………………………………………………………………...……224 E. Conclusion……………………………………………………………………...229 xi V: FRAMING THE CRISIS: AN ANALYSIS OF JUDICIAL DISCOURSES ON THE OPIOID EPIDEMIC……………………………………………………………………..…233
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