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TRANS-SITUATED GENDER LABOR: Trans/Nonbinary Individuals Negotiating Gender & Race in Intimate Relationships

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TRANS-SITUATED GENDER LABOR: Trans/Nonbinary Individuals Negotiating Gender & Race in Intimate Relationships Georgia State University ScholarWorks @ Georgia State University Sociology Theses Department of Sociology 12-12-2018 TRANS-SITUATED GENDER LABOR: Trans/Nonbinary Individuals Negotiating Gender & Race in Intimate Relationships Alithia Zamantakis Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.gsu.edu/sociology_theses Recommended Citation Zamantakis, Alithia, "TRANS-SITUATED GENDER LABOR: Trans/Nonbinary Individuals Negotiating Gender & Race in Intimate Relationships." Thesis, Georgia State University, 2018. https://scholarworks.gsu.edu/sociology_theses/74 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Department of Sociology at ScholarWorks @ Georgia State University. It has been accepted for inclusion in Sociology Theses by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks @ Georgia State University. For more information, please contact [email protected]. TRANS-SITUATED GENDER LABOR: TRANS/NONBINARY PEOPLE NEGOTIATING GENDER AND RACE IN INTIMATE RELATIONSHIPS by ALITHIA ZAMANTAKIS Under the Direction of Katie Acosta, Ph.D. ABSTRACT Gender operates as a currency of exchange between bodies through sexuality. Ward (2010) notes that “all genders demand work” to be produced and maintained through performances of gender, sexuality, and solidarity. This labor is illustrated in previous research, though, from a non-intersectional perspective of cis femmes in relationships with trans men and/or transmasculine partners. I expand Ward’s concept of “gender labor” to include trans- situated gender labor, or the work trans/nonbinary individuals perform to “give” (cis)gender. In addition, I conceptualize “pre-emptive labor,” or the labor performed prior to intimate encounters and relationships, which functions to protect trans/nonbinary individuals in addition to the structure of cissexism/whiteness. I examine the ways accountability to gender regimes functions for trans/nonbinary people within intimate relationships and encounters. Utilizing photo elicitation and in-depth interviews, I ask how trans/nonbinary people negotiate their gender/race within intimate relationships and how gender negotiations are inherently racialized processes. INDEX WORDS: Trans Studies, Gender Labor, Dating/Hook-up Culture, Racial Labor, Doing Gender, Trans Intimacies TRANS-SITUATED GENDER LABOR: TRANS/NONBINARY PEOPLE NEGOTIATING GENDER AND RACE IN INTIMATE RELATIONSHIPS by ALITHIA ZAMANTAKIS A Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Masters of Arts in the College of Arts and Sciences Georgia State University 2018 Copyright by alithia zamantakis 2018 TRANS-SITUATED GENDER LABOR: TRANS/NONBINARY PEOPLE NEGOTIATING GENDER AND RACE IN INTIMATE RELATIONSHIPS by ALITHIA ZAMANTAKIS Committee Chair: Katie Acosta Committee: Wendy Simonds Maura Ryan Electronic Version Approved: Office of Graduate Studies College of Arts and Sciences Georgia State University December 2018 iv DEDICATION I dedicate this to Marsha P. Johnson and Sylvia Rivera, both of whom paved the way for my existence. I could not be here (in the academy or this world) without you, and I will fight daily to honor you. The research for this paper was conducted on land stolen from the Mvskoke and Tsalagi peoples. My life, my existence, my education, and my career occur on the backs of Black and Indigenous peoples whose labor and bodies form the foundation of the United States Empire. In particular, my research occurred primarily on the land of the Mvskoke (Creek) and Tsalogi (Cherokee) Nations in so-called Atlanta, GA. v ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I want to acknowledge my thesis chair and academic advisor, Dr. Katie L. Acosta and my committee members, Dr. Wendy Simonds and Dr. Maura Ryan, for their theoretical and methodological feedback, perpetual editing and reading of my thesis drafts, and encouragement throughout this process. Thank you to Sage Saturn Nenyue, Samantha Martin, Jordan Forrest Miller, Sarah Hanson, the LGBTQ Scholars of Color Network, Nick Hemenway, Leanna Greenwood, Hannah McShane, Sage Sargent, Mason Frost, Ailey Ellsworth, and the nearly hundred other individuals and organizations that shared my recruitment flyer. Thank you to my mom, Misty, for reading my thesis proposal drafts, thesis drafts, and publication drafts over and over, sharing my flyer around my hometown and in her local PFLAG group, and helping me after knee surgery so that I could stay alive and healthy enough to continue researching and writing. You are my rock, my greatest advocate, and my best friend. Thank you to Jordan Forrest Miller, Dresden Lackey, and Brittany Jean Taylor for your support in reading over drafts and helping me to form my theoretical framework and analyses. Thank you to my best friend and chosen family, Margarita Hernández-Ruíz, for supporting me through this process emotionally and intellectually. Finally, I want to thank each and every one of my participants, without whom this research could not have been conducted. I am in debt to you for the hour(s) you spoke with me, the support you gave me in continuing this work, the selfies and texts you continued to send me after, and the community you provided me. vi TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ............................................................................................... V LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ........................................................................................ IX 1 INTRODUCTION....................................................................................................... 1 2 THEORETICAL BACKGROUND .......................................................................... 2 2.1 Re-doing gender.................................................................................................... 4 2.2 Doing gender beyond a binary ............................................................................ 5 2.3 Eliciting (trans)gender ......................................................................................... 8 2.4 Agency and its constraints ................................................................................... 9 2.5 The Racialization of Gender.............................................................................. 12 3 LITERATURE REVIEW ........................................................................................ 14 3.1 Hook-up culture and new media ....................................................................... 15 3.2 Trans Intimacies ................................................................................................. 16 3.3 Performance as strategy .................................................................................... 18 3.4 Agency in a social world .................................................................................... 21 3.5 Political Landscape ............................................................................................ 22 4 METHODS ................................................................................................................ 24 4.1 Methodologies of photo elicitation .................................................................... 27 4.2 Coding ................................................................................................................. 28 4.3 Methodological Reflexivity ................................................................................ 30 vii 5 RESULTS .................................................................................................................. 35 5.1 Pre-emptive Labor ............................................................................................. 35 5.1.2 Pre-emptive gender labor as racial labor ..................................................... 59 5.2 Negotiating Gender/Race with Long-Term SOFHUs ..................................... 62 5.2.1 Language and intimacy ................................................................................ 63 5.2.2 What to call and do with the body? .............................................................. 67 5.2.3 Laboring by Teaching................................................................................... 72 5.3 Queering Labor .................................................................................................. 83 5.3.1 #Trans4Trans ................................................................................................ 84 5.3.2 #QTPOCOnly ................................................................................................ 90 5.3.3 White anti-racist accompliceship ................................................................. 93 6 DISCUSSION ............................................................................................................ 97 7 CONCLUSION ....................................................................................................... 102 REFERENCES .............................................................................................................. 105 APPENDICES ............................................................................................................... 117 Appendix A—Demographic and Coding Information .......................................... 117 Appendix B—Photos by Code .................................................................................. 121 Appendix B—Interview Guide ................................................................................. 141 Appendix C—Recruitment Flyer ............................................................................. 145 Appendix D—Online Recruitment
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