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University of Windsor Scholarship at UWindsor Electronic Theses and Dissertations Theses, Dissertations, and Major Papers 2014 Sexual Citizenship on the Autism Spectrum Jessica Penwell Barnett University of Windsor Follow this and additional works at: https://scholar.uwindsor.ca/etd Recommended Citation Barnett, Jessica Penwell, "Sexual Citizenship on the Autism Spectrum" (2014). Electronic Theses and Dissertations. 5101. https://scholar.uwindsor.ca/etd/5101 This online database contains the full-text of PhD dissertations and Masters’ theses of University of Windsor students from 1954 forward. These documents are made available for personal study and research purposes only, in accordance with the Canadian Copyright Act and the Creative Commons license—CC BY-NC-ND (Attribution, Non-Commercial, No Derivative Works). Under this license, works must always be attributed to the copyright holder (original author), cannot be used for any commercial purposes, and may not be altered. Any other use would require the permission of the copyright holder. Students may inquire about withdrawing their dissertation and/or thesis from this database. For additional inquiries, please contact the repository administrator via email ([email protected]) or by telephone at 519-253-3000ext. 3208. Sexual Citizenship on the Autism Spectrum By Jessica Penwell Barnett A Dissertation Submitted to the Faculty of Graduate Studies through the Department of Sociology, Anthropology, & Criminology in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctorate of Sociology at the University of Windsor Windsor, Ontario, Canada 2014 © 2014 Jessica Penwell Barnett Sexual Citizenship on the Autism Spectrum by Jessica Penwell Barnett APPROVED BY: __________________________________________________ E. Ignagni, External Examiner Ryerson University __________________________________________________ M. Gragg Department of Psychology __________________________________________________ B. Adam Department of Sociology, Anthropology, & Criminology __________________________________________________ R. Lippert Department of Sociology, Anthropology, & Criminology __________________________________________________ E. Maticka-Tyndale, Advisor Department of Sociology, Anthropology, & Criminology June 3, 2014 Sexual Citizenship on the Autism Spectrum iii DECLARATION OF ORIGINALITY I hereby certify that I am the sole author of this thesis and that no part of this thesis has been published or submitted for publication. I certify that, to the best of my knowledge, my thesis does not infringe upon anyone’s copyright nor violate any proprietary rights and that any ideas, techniques, quotations, or any other material from the work of other people included in my thesis, published or otherwise, are fully acknowledged in accordance with the standard referencing practices. Furthermore, to the extent that I have included copyrighted material that surpasses the bounds of fair dealing within the meaning of the Canada Copyright Act, I certify that I have obtained a written permission from the copyright owner(s) to include such material(s) in my thesis and have included copies of such copyright clearances to my appendix. I declare that this is a true copy of my thesis, including any final revisions, as approved by my thesis committee and the Graduate Studies office, and that this thesis has not been submitted for a higher degree to any other University or Institution. Sexual Citizenship on the Autism Spectrum iv ABSTRACT Work on sexual citizenship, or the imbrication of citizenship and sexuality, has traditionally focused on the role of heteronormativity in social organization and the impacts of that organization on the lives of LGBTQ persons. Little work has examined the utility of this framework for understanding the experiences and positioning of persons with cognitive (dis)abilities, though they too have a long history of sexual oppression and civic disenfranchisement. In addition, few studies have empirically investigated the sexual and gender identities or intimate lives of this population. This study sought to fill these gaps in basic and theoretical understanding through in-depth, Internet facilitated interviews with 24 adults on the autism spectrum. Autism Spectrum Disorder is characterized by differences in social communication and unusual behaviours or interests, as well as sensory differences. Two levels of thematic analysis were conducted on interview data. A semantic analysis of participants’ intimate experiences and sexual-gender identities demonstrates that participants were successful at developing satisfying relationships and using intimate and genital touch for self-regulation. On the other hand, participants struggled with sensory-based barriers to sexual satisfaction, courtship difficulties, and experiences of intimate violence and betrayal. This analysis also substantiates previous research indicating a propensity toward gender and sexual non-conformity among persons on the spectrum, as well as delayed sexual milestones. A latent analysis connecting participants’ everyday experiences with structural processes demonstrates that participants were positioned as marginal citizens through the workings of ability and (hetero)sexual normativity in their everyday lives. Participants’ sexual citizenship was limited by the operation of these normativities evident in experiences of structural and cultural ableism, as well as heteronormativity and the primacy of monogamous sexual relationships. Participants also enacted and enhanced their sexual citizenship through the sexual economy and (hetero)sexual normalization, as well as social support, an Autistic identity, and the deployment of proactive strategies for managing (dis)ability. Finally, participants articulated new gender, sexual, and ability normativities that better facilitated their access to sexual citizenship. These analyses illustrate how normative sexuality is predicated on typical ability. Further, they show how ability and sexuality separately and in their entwined aspect mediate access to full citizenship. Sexual Citizenship on the Autism Spectrum v ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS They say that it takes a village to raise a child. Certainly it has taken overlapping communities of support to both produce this manuscript and raise the child I had just before embarking on this project. For me, these two labours have been entwined and will remain so in my memory. My communities of support importantly included my department, family, friends, and the Feminist Research Group. I hope you all know who you are when I say, sincerely, thank you. I am profoundly indebted to three people without whom I could not have balanced these twin projects: my supervisor and mentor, Dr. Eleanor Maticka-Tyndale; my mother, Sabrena Gordon; and my partner, Michael Barnett. I first came to work with Dr. Eleanor Maticka-Tyndale as a research assistant the summer before I began my MA program. I was quite “rough around the edges” and had little idea of what I had gotten myself into. During the last five years she has deeply shaped my intellectual, career, and ethical development. She is, more than anyone else, responsible for helping me learn to “think like a sociologist”. For this gift alone, I am truly grateful. From our first meeting Eleanor has been consistently forthright, empathetic, pragmatic, ethical, and supportive in the kind of sincere, dependable way that can only come from such qualities of character. Eleanor has demonstrated a respect and concern for me as a person, not just a “student”, which has been critical to my ability to self-confidently and effectively pursue my academic career. My ability to rely on her for critical insight, constructive feedback, strategic guidance, encouragement, and practical support has enabled my completion of my graduate studies and buoyed my spirit throughout the journey. Thank you. Practical support and encouragement from my mother and my partner have also been critical to my journey. Thank you, mom, for all the nights you slept over to help with the babe. Thank you for taking all my calls. Thank you for loving me so well. As with any good long-term, intimate relationship, I could write an entire acknowledgments page for my partner alone. This does not seem the place to say those things that matter most. I will content myself here with simply saying thank you for the enduring love and support. I am also grateful for the constructive, critical guidance and genuine support of my dissertation committee members, Dr. Barry Adam, Dr. Randy Lippert, and Dr. Marcia Gragg. Thank you. The flexibility and constructive feedback of my external reviewer, Dr. Esther Ignagni, was also critical to the timely completion of this project and its forward trajectory into publication. Thank you. Critical guidance was also forthcoming from my Community Advisor, Emily Lynn Williams. This project was significantly strengthened by her contributions. I learned a lot from our collaborative process. Thank you for sticking with me and educating me throughout. Finally, I am immensely grateful to the participants in this study. You opened up your intimate lives. You dedicated long hours to the interview process. And you kindly guided me to ask the questions I did not know to ask, to question assumptions that sometimes impaired my ability to see what was. There is no greater gift than such kind, firm, and open guidance into understanding. It is my most sincere hope that this manuscript reflects the understanding you worked so hard to impart
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