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University Microfilms 300 North Zeeb Road Ann Arbor, Michigan 48106 A Xerox Education Company { BAXTER, Mary Ruth Sandvold, 1930- JAMES BOSWELL; THE IMAGINATION OF A BIOGRAPHER. The Ohio State University, Ph.D., 1972 Language and Literature, general Ii i University Microfilms, A XEROX Company, Ann Arbor, Michigan ! f j t-1 __ i © 1973 MARY RUTH SANDVOLD BAXTER ALL RIGHTS RESERVED THIS DISSERTATION HAS BEEN MICROFILMED EXACTLY AS RECEIVED. JAMES BOSWELL: THE IMAGINATION OF A BIOGRAPHER DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Mary Ruth Baxter, B.A., M.A.T. * * * * * * The Ohio State University 1972 Approved by Pj}.. Ctdefc Adviserv Department of English ACKNOKLE DGMENTS For constructive criticism, advice, and encouragement, I am indebted to Professors E. P. J. Corbett, William A. Gib­ son, Betty Sutton, and Mark Auburn. The example of Miss Ruth Hughey, a lady and a scholar, continually inspired me. For courteous help and permission to use Boswell's manuscripts, I thank the staff of the Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library, Yale University. Without the support and encourage­ ment of my family, I would never have persevered in this study. VITA July 20, 1930........... Born— Mishawaka, Indiana 1952 .................. B.A., Oberlin College, Oberlin, Ohio 1953 .................. M.A.T., Graduate School of Education, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 1965-1972 .............. Graduate Study at The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 1969-1972 .............. Teaching Associate, Department of English, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 1972-.. ................. Assistant Professor of English, Capital University, Columbus, Ohio FIELDS OF STUDY Major Field: English Literature of the Eighteenth Century Studies in Dryden. Professor A.E.W. Maurer Studies in Eighteenth-Century Novel and Criticism. Professor William A. Gibson Studies in the Age of Johnson. Professor E.P.J. Corbett TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ACKNOWLEDGEMENT i ii VITA ......... J iii Chapter I THE CONTEXT OF THE LIFE OF JOHNSON Intellectual and Social Conditions 1 Samuel Johnson on Biography ..... 13 Bosv/ell's Theory of Biography 33 II A FULL RELISH OF THIS GRAND SCENE: BOSWELL'S COMPLEX AWARENESS ..... 55 Observation and Reflection 56 Detacnment .............. 60 Memory and Imagination 63 Melancholy and Scepticism , 79 III THE ORIGINS OF BOSWELL’S CONCEPTION OF THE CHARACTER OF JOHNSON ...... 95 Before 1763 .............. 96 The First Meeting .......... 106 The Beginning of a Friendship 109 The Rambler in Holland ...... 118 Principle and Practice ...... 120 IV THE MEANS BY WHICH BOSWELL EXPRESSES HIS CONCEPTION OF JOHNSON'S CHARACTER 124 Boswell's Ethos ................ 129 Other Rhetorical Devices ........ 135 Literary Devices: The Heroic Mode 149 The Comic Mode ................ 156 The Dramatic Mode .............. , 165 V CONCLUSION 167 BIBLIOGRAPHY . 173 CHAPTER I THE CONTEXT OF THE LIFE OF JOHNSON Intellectual and Social Conditions Since the main part of this dissertation is a study of the private, sometimes almost subconscious, associations and preconceptions which influenced Boswell's image of the character of Samuel Johnson, I shall devote this intro­ ductory chapter to a brief survey of the context of the Life of Johnson. After sketching the social and intellec­ tual conditions under which eighteenth-century biography and autobiography flourished, I shall turn to the most fully- formulated theory of biography of the day, the theory of Samuel Johnson, so important in influencing Boswell's prac­ tice. I shall then outline Boswell's own theory, showing its relation to Johnson's dicta, to Boswell's own reading, and to contemporary understanding of Johnson's character. I have found it useless to make careful distinctions between biography and autobiography, since the theories both of Johnson and of Boswell make no such distinction. 1 John Dryden was the first English author to use the word biography (or as he wroter biographia) . ^ To Dryden, biography was a species of history, inferior in scope and dignity to history proper, but equal or even superior in pleasure and instruction. Both general history and biography honor the memory of great men, and provide examples of virtue to posterity, but "as the sun beams, united in a burning- glass to a point, have greater force than if they were darted from a plain superficies; so the virtues and actions of one man • . strike upon our minds a stronger and more lively impression, than the scattered delations of many men and many actions." But, Dryden continues, biography need not confine itself to the hero's public life; it descends into "minute circumstances, and trivial passages of life." The reader sees great men at play. "The pageantry of life is taken away; you see the poor reasonable animal, as naked as ever nature made him; are made acquainted with his pas­ sions and his follies, and find the Demy-God a man.'1 Dryden notwithstanding, English biographers often preferred "Demy-Gods" to men. Throughout the Restoration and eighteenth century, discreet biography had important advocates. Thomas Sprat refused to include private letters 1 In "The Life of Plutarch, " prefixed to Plutarch1 s Lives, Translated from the Greek by Several Hands tl653-6), I. Quoted in James L. Clifford, '~ecf., Biography as an Art, Galaxy Books (New York: Oxford University Press, 196^), pp. 17-19. in his biography of the poet Cowley, on the grounds that "in such letters the souls of men should appear undressed* and in that negligent habit, they may be fit to be seen by one or two in a chamber, but not to go abroad into the 2 streets," The biographical subject, far from appearing "as naked as ever nature made him," to use Dryden*s words, should remain always in full dress. Joseph Addison condemned the Grub Street biographers who profited from the deaths of great men by hurrying into print with inaccurate accounts of their lives. But it was not simply inaccuracy which disturbed Addison, who resented any invasion of privacy. "This manner of exposing the pri­ vate concerns of families, and sacrificing the secrets of the dead to the curiosity of the living" deserved to be suppressed by government censorship. Addison was convinced that impartial biography could be written only after the passions of "antagonists and adherents" had died down— a position opposed to that of Samuel Johnson for whom excellent biography could only be written, as we shall see, from fresh, living recollection. 2 From "An Account of the Life and Writings of Mr. Abraham Cowley," in Works (1668). Quoted in Biography as an Art, p. 12. 3 In The Freeholder, No. 35, April 20, 1716. Quoted in Biography as an Art, pp. 25-6. As late as 1788, meditating on the Johnsoniana which had already appeared, Vicesimus Knox wrote, "Biography is everyday descending from its dignity. Instead of an instruc­ tive recital, it is becoming an instrument to the gratifica­ tion of an impertinent, not to say a malignant, curiosity."^ In exposing the faults of great men, Knox reasoned, biog­ raphy defeated its own moral purpose, the setting up of pat­ terns of virtue for emulation. Men would not seek eminence for fear of being exposed by biographers, and readers would feel justified in imitating the vices of great men. Just as anatomical dissection ruins the beauty of the human body, so biographical dissection ruins the beauty of the human character. Knox is very much of his century in regarding serious biography as a monument to the mighty dead and as a source of moral instruction for the living, who, knowing that virtue will be commemorated, will aspire to excellence. (Knox feared the result of the commemoration of faults, as we have seen.) One of the most authoritative of the innum­ erable collective biographies of the time, the Biographia Britannica purported to be* "A BRITISH.TEMPLE -OF HONOUR,- - Winter Evenings* or, Lucubrations on Life and Letters (London: Charles Diliy, 1^8 8), II, la8. For a more extended discussion of the topic see James L.