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Home , 2 Enoch, Books of the Maccabees

Books of jasher and jubilees

Continue Three of the most popular and sought-after apocryphal books are now on the same volume. - Enoch's book is quoted by Judas, quoted by Peter, and read by the Apostles, Enoch (1 Enoch) informs our ideas of angels and demons. The book describes the fall of a group of angels named, Observers, who adopted the daughters of men as wives and Father Nephilim (Genesis 6: 1-2). Enoch continues to record amazing visions of the sky and its work. Enoch is an ancient Jewish religious work traditionally attributed to Enoch, 's great-grandfather. The Ethiopian Orthodox Church considers it canonical. - The book of anniversaries, also known as Little Genesis and the Apocalypse of , begins with an extraordinary statement about authorship. This is attributed to one hand of Moses; wrote when he was on Mount Sinai, as an angel of God dictated to him about the events that had taken place from the very beginning of the world. The story is written from the point of view of an angel. The angelic monologue takes place after the exodus of the children of Israel from Egypt. The setting is at the top of Mount Sinai, where Moses was called by God. The text then unfolds as the angel reveals the viewpoint of the heavens of history. We carry through the creation of man, the fall of from grace, the union of fallen angels and earthly women, the birth of demonic offspring, the purification of the earth by the flood, and the surprising assertion that the very nature of man has somehow been altered, leaving a man with less sinful qualities than his antediluvian counterpart. History continues to fill many details in the , ending at the moment when the dictation began on the mountain. - Jasher's book reveals a great deal of additional information about the period between the divine creation and the time of Joshua's leadership over Israel, when the Israelites enter the land of Kanan. Yasher's book contains detailed information about the antediluvian patriarchs, angels, observers, floods, the Tower of Babel, and many other events mentioned in the . Tales are expanded and imbued with details previously inaccessible. This means that we get an idea of the lives of Abraham, Noah, Enoch, Joseph, and many other biblical figures. We understand how they became great and why they acted the way they did. We are also given a still unknown knowledge of historical events. We are shown how God's hand shaped history through His love and anger. We see how his disappointment with humans and angels ended with the near total destruction of the Earth. Full apocryph: with Enoch, Jasher and anniversariesCnitsa Enoch - ancient Jewish religious work, attributed by tradition to Enoch, Noah's great-grandfather, although modern scholars evaluate the old sections (mostly in the Book of Observers) to date from about 300 BC, and the last part (Book of Parable) By the first century BC, it was not part of the used by , with the exception of beta-Israel. Most Christian denominations and traditions may accept the Enoch Books as having some historical or theological interest, but they tend to view Enoch's Books as non-canonical or non-connible. The Ethiopian Orthodox Church of Tevahedo and the Eritrean Orthodox Church of Tevahedo consider it canonical, but not by any other Christian groups. The Book of Anniversaries, sometimes called Small Genesis (Leptogenesis), is an ancient Jewish religious work of 50 chapters, considered canonical Ethiopian Orthodox Church, as well as beta-Israel (Ethiopian Jews), where it is known as the Book of Division. In Protestant, Roman Catholic and Eastern Orthodox churches anniversaries are considered to be among the Peudepigraphs. He was well known to early , as evidenced by the works of Epiphany, Justin the Martyr, , Diodor Tars, Isidore of , Isidore of Seville, Eutichius of Alexandria, John Malalas, George Sinsellus and George Kebrenos. The book was the main canonical literature of the ancient Jewish community, as evidenced by the dominance of the number of copies found among all that were originally collected by the Dead Sea Scrolls. No full version of Hebrew, Greek or Latin is known to have survived. The book of anniversaries states that represents the history of the separation of the days of the Law, the events of the years, the year-week, and the anniversaries of the world, as shown by Moses (in addition to the or Instruction) angels when he was on Mount Sinai for forty days and forty nights. The chronology given in the anniversaries is based on multiples of seven; 49 years, seven-year-weeks, which are divided all the time, are attached to the anniversaries. The book of Jasher (also, Jashar) or the Book of Vertical or the Book of the Simple Man is mentioned in the . Translation of the Book of the Common Man is a traditional Greek and Latin translation, while the transliteerized form of Jasher is in the King James Bible, 1611. According to the medieval Jewish scholar Rashi, Sefer Gayashar refers to the Pentecostals as the fulfillment of Jacob's prophecy of Ephraim - His seed will fill the nations (General 48:19) - and that this prophecy refers to the fame of Joshua after the miracle of the sun. The description of Enoch's Book, Anniversaries, and Jasher Deluxe Edition is a SEVEN book collection of three different versions of 1 ENOCH, Fragments of Noah's Book, translation of : ENOCH, BOOK JUBILEES, and BOOK OF JASHER together in one volume. Price $29.99 Publisher Create a Space Publishing Platform Publish Date March 24, 2017 Pages 420 Dimensions 7.0 x 0.86 x 10.0 inches 1.6 lbs English Type Paperback EAN/UPC 978154485802 Derek A. Shaver is Compiler and editor. His work focuses on non-Fiction titles related to biblical studies and non-canonical, Bible-related and biblical figures. www.DEREKSHAVER.net of folklore and history VIEW LIST (25 BOOKS) Ancient Hebrew religious work from 50 chapters of Jubilees redirects here. For the Jewish legal concept see the jubilee (biblical). Tanah () Torah (Instruction)GenesisExhitExodusShemotLevicKusUmramersBeomirDetheronomyDevarim Neviim (Prophets) Former JoshuaGehuaJujaysSchofetimSuuelChemilKeilchem Last Isaiahshamedham Haggai Malachi catevim (Letters) Poetic PsalmsTehillimPrederbs MishleyJoziev Five Megilot (Scrolls) Song of Songshire HashirimRutuLementationEahEcclesiastes'oheletEster Historical DanielDanyelEzymi Genesis Exodus Levitt Numbers Deuteronomy Historic Jesus Navin Justices Ruth 1 and 2 Samuel 1 and 2 Kings 1 and 2 Chronicles ezra Nehemiah Esther Wisdom Work Psalms Proverbs Ecclesiastes Song songs Prophetic Basic Prophets Isaiah Jeremiah Weeping Ezekiel Daniel Minor Prophets Osia Suk zethania Haggai Malachi Malachi Deuterocanonical Tobit Judith Supplements to Esther 1 Wisdom Solomon Baruch / Supplements to Daniel Orthodox Only Prayer Manasseh Of Odessa, 2, and 3 Meqabyan Paralipomena Baruch Broder canon Bible portalvte Book of Anniversaries , sometimes called Small Genesis (Leptogenesis), is an ancient Jewish religious work of 50 chapters, considered canonical Ethiopian Orthodox Church, as well as beta-Israel (Ethiopian Jews), where it is known as the Book of Division (Ge'ez: መጽሐፈ ኩፋሌ Mets'hafe Kufale). In Protestant, Roman Catholic and Eastern Orthodox churches anniversaries are considered to be among the Peudepigraphs. It is also not considered canonical in Judaism outside Beta Israel. He was well known to early Christians, as evidenced by the works of Epiphany, Justin the Martyr, Origen, Diodor Tars, Isidore of Alexandria, Isidore of Seville, Eutichius of Alexandria, John Malalas, George Sinsellus and George Kebrenos. The text was also used by the community that originally collected the Dead Sea Scrolls. No complete Greek or Latin version is known to have survived, but the Ge'ez version has been shown to accurately translate versions found in the Dead Sea Scrolls. The book of anniversaries states that it represents the history of the separation of the days of law, the events of years, year-weeks, and the anniversaries of peace, as Moses showed (besides, or Instructions) angels when he was on Mount Sinai for forty days and forty nights. The chronology given in Jubilees is based on multiples of seven; 49 years (seven-year-week) to which the entire time was divided. Manuscripts Prior to the discovery of extensive fragments among the Dead Sea Scrolls (DSS), the only surviving manuscripts of the anniversaries were four complete texts of Geez, dated to the 15th and 16th centuries, and several quotations by the fathers of the Church such as Epiphany, Justin the Martyr, Origen, as well as Diodor Tarsus, Isidore of Alexandria, Isidore of Seville, Euchihius of Alexandria, John Malalas, George Sinkellus and George Kebrenos. There is also a surviving fragment of the Latin translation of the Greek language, containing about a quarter of all work. The ethospic texts, which are currently taught twenty-seven, are the main basis for english translation. Passages in the texts of anniversaries, which are directly parallel to the verses in Genesis, do not directly reproduce any of the two surviving handwritten traditions. Therefore, even before the Kumran discoveries, R.H. Charles concluded that the Hebrew original used otherwise unaccounted texts for Genesis and for the early chapters of Exodus, one independent either masoeptic text or a Jewish text that was the basis for the . According to one historian, the variation of parallel handwritten traditions exhibited by Septuagint in comparison with the masoretic text, which are embodied in further versions of the Dead Sea Scrolls, shows that even canonical Jewish texts did not possess any one authorized tradition of manuscript in the first centuries BC. Others write about the existence of three main traditions of textual manuscript (namely Babylonian, Samara and domasooretic proto text traditions). While the home-art text may indeed have been authoritative at the time, arguments can be made for and against this concept. Between 1947 and 1956, about 15 jubilee scrolls were found in five caves of Kumran, all of them in Hebrew. A large number of manuscripts (more than for any biblical book, with the exception of the psalms, second-law, Isaiah, Exodus and Genesis, in descending order) indicate that anniversaries were widely used in Kumran. Comparison of Kumran's texts with the etiope version by James VanderKam showed that the etiopic was in many ways an accurate and literal translation. The origin of Robert Henry Charles (1855-1931) became the first biblical scholar to propose origin for anniversaries. Charles suggested that the author of the anniversaries may have been the Pharise and that the anniversaries were the product of a midrash that had already been worked on in the Tanah/ Chronicle Books. With the discovery of the Dead Sea (DSS) in Kumran in 1947, Charles's Pharisei hypothesis about the origin of anniversaries was almost completely abandoned. Dating anniversaries was problematic for biblical scholars. While the oldest surviving copies of anniversaries can be assigned based on handwriting until about 100 BC, there is plenty of evidence that the anniversaries were written before that date. Long before that, anniversaries could not have been written for very long. Jubilees in 4:17-25 records that Enoch saw in the vision of what happened and what will happen, and the book contains many points of information otherwise find early in the Enoch Animal Apocalypse (1 Enoch Chapter 83-90), such as enoch's wife Edna. The Animal Apocalypse claims to have predicted the Maccabees Revolt (which occurred between 167 and 160 BC) and usually dates back to the time. The direction of addiction was controversial, but since 2008 there has been a consensus that the Animal Apocalypse was the first and jubilee after it. As a result, common reference works, such as the Oxford Annotated Bible and the Mercer Bible Dictionary, conclude that the work can be dated from 160-150 BC. The subsequent use of The Hasmoneans immediately took Jubilees, and it became the source of Levy's Aramaic document. For the priestly circles (although they disputed his calendar proposal) and the Temple Scroll and the Enoch Message (1 Enoch 91:1-10, 92:3-93:10, 91:11-92:2, 93:11-105:3) were based on anniversaries. It is the source for some of the Covenants of the Twelve Patriarchs, for example, for Reuben. There are no official records of this in Pharise or rabbinical sources. This was among several books that Sandrine left when the Bible was canonized. Sub rosa, many of the traditions that The Jubilees including for the first time, echo in later Jewish sources, including some 12th century midrashim that may have access to a Jewish copy. The only exception to Judaism, the beta-Jews of Israel, formerly in Ethiopia, consider the text of Geez canonical. It seems that early Christian writers appreciate the book of anniversaries, as many of them referenced and referenced anniversaries in their letters. Jan van Dit argues that the Book of Anniversaries had a great influence on the formation of Islam. In the Book of Anniversaries there is the same concept of revelation as in Islam: God's words and commandments are always written on celestial tablets. The angel reveals their contents to the prophet (2, 1; 32, 21 f.). Abraham's role in the Book of Anniversaries more than one way corresponds to Abraham's role in the Koran. The interpretation of biblical figures as prophets is also rooted in the Book of Anniversaries. Also, numerology, emphasis on angels, and the symbolism of anniversaries have found their way into Islam, such as the fact that many events in the prophet's biography, presented by Ibn Ishak, take place on the same day. Etsuko Katsumata, comparing the Book of Anniversaries and the Koran, notices significant differences, especially in the role of Abraham in the Koranic narrative, concluding that the Book of Anniversaries does not contain passages in which Abraham humiliates idols, as in other texts, using tactics to make it look as if the idol has destroyed other idols (as in the Koran). The book of anniversaries does not contain such an attitude; Abraham simply and directly destroys idols, waiting for them. Abraham's Koranic narrative, according to Katsumat, contains passages not included in the Book of Anniversaries, in which Abraham participates in debates about idolatry. Abraham in the Koran acts as a aggressive prophet with an active and confronting character, especially to his father, who throughout the narrative is hostile to his son. Abraham tries to convince the locals, the leader and the king, without leaving his homeland. In the Book of Anniversaries, Abraham's role is significantly different; he has a favorable relationship with his father and leaves his homeland after the secret burning of the temple. Content anniversaries cover much of the same land as Genesis, but often with additional detail, and the appeal to Moses in the second person, like the whole story of creation, and Israel up to this point, is told in divisions of 49 years each, or Jubilees. The passage of time from creation, to Moses receiving the scriptures in Sinai during the Exodus, is calculated as fifty anniversaries, less than 40 years old, which have yet to be explored, wandering in the desert before entering Kanan, or 2410 years. Four classes of angels are mentioned: angels of presence, angels of consecration, guardian angels over individuals, and angels presiding over the phenomena of nature. Enoch was the first person initiated by angels in the art of writing, and recorded, respectively, all the secrets of astronomy, chronology and world epochs. As for demonology, the writer's position is largely in the deuterokanonic writings of the New and Old Testament. The book of anniversaries tells the story of the origin of angels on the first day of Creation and how a group of fallen angels mate with mortal females, which gave rise to a race of giants known as Nephilim and then their descendants, Eliuda. The Ethiopian version states that the angels were in fact a naughty descendant of Seth (Deqiqa Set), while the mortal women were Cain's daughters. It is also the opinion of Clementine Literature, Sextus Julius Africanus, Ephraim Syrian, Augustine Hippo, and John Chrysostom among many early Christian authorities. Their hybrid children, Nephilim, existence in Noah's time, were destroyed by the great flood. also states that God has provided ten percent of Nephilim's disembodied spirits to try to knock humanity out of the way after the flood. Jubilees makes incestuous references against Adam and Eve's son, Cain, and his wife. In Chapter iv (1-12) (Cain and Abel), he mentions that Cain took his sister Awan to be his wife and Enoch was their child. It also mentions that Seth (the third son of Adam and Eve) married his sister Azura. According to this book, Hebrew is the language of heaven, and originally spoken by all the creatures in the Garden, animals and man; however, the animals lost their power of speech when Adam and Eve were expelled. After the Flood, the land was divided into three divisions for Noah's three sons and his sixteen grandchildren. After the destruction of the Tower of Babel, their families were scattered over their appropriations, and Hebrew was forgotten until Abraham taught him angels. The anniversaries also have several disparate allusions to the messianic kingdom. Robert Henry Charles wrote in 1913: This kingdom was to be governed by the Messiah, originated not from Levi, that is, from the Maccabees family, as some of his contemporaries expected, but from Judas. This kingdom will be gradually realized on Earth, and the transformation of physical nature will go hand in hand with the ethical transformations of man until there is a new heaven and a new earth. Thus, finally, all sins and pain will disappear, and people will live up to 1000 years of happiness and peace, and after death enjoy the blessed immortality in the spiritual world. Jubilees insists (chapter 6) on the 364-day annual calendar, which consists of four quarters of 13 weeks each, rather than the year 12 lunar months, which he says are off for 10 days a year (the actual number is about 111/4 days). He also insists a Double Saturday every year is considered only one day to come to this calculation. Jubilees 7:20-29 may have an early reference to Neuid's laws. The Sources of Jubilees bases its influence on Enoch on the Book of Observers, 1 Enoch 1-36. His sequence of events leading up to the Flood corresponds to Visions of Dreams, 1 Enoch 83-90. See also Generations of Adam's Wives aboard Noah's Ark Notes and Harris, Stephen L., Understanding the Bible. Palo Alto: Mayfield. 1985. Book of Jubilee Jublees 1:4 - b c d R H. Charles (1913). Book of Anniversaries. and the Old Testament Pseudepigraph. Oxford: Clarendon Press. Archive from the original on February 24, 2009 - via Wesley Center Online. Cite has an empty unknown parameter: 1 (help) : A minute study of the text shows that it shows the independent form of the Jewish text of Genesis and the early chapters of the Exodus. Thus, it agrees with individual authorities, such as the Samaritan or LXX, or Syrian, or , or Targum Onkelos is against everything else. Or again he agrees with two or more of these authorities in opposition to the rest, such as with Massoretic and Samaritan vs. LXX, Syrian and Vulgate, or with Massoretic and Onkelos vs. Samaritan, LXX, Syrian, and Vulgate, or with Massoretic, Samaritan and Syria vs. LXX or Vulgate. R.H. Charles, 7. Textual similarities (Robin Lane Fox, classicist and historian, discusses these multifaceted sources of the Old and New Testaments in terms of layman in an unauthorized version (1992). Historian and archaeologist, provides various articles that explore this issue in great depth, from various experts in the field of research of the Dead Sea Scrolls, in his book Understanding the Dead Sea Scrolls: Reader from the Biblical Review of Archaeology, June 29, 1993 - VanderKam, Book of Anniversaries in L. H. Schiffman and J. C. VanderKam (eds.), Encyclopedia Of the Dead Sea Scrolls, Oxford University Publishing House I. VanderCam (1989, 2001), p.18; Gabriele Boccaccini (1998). In addition to the Essen hypothesis. Eerdmans., 86f. and Todd Russell Hanneken (2008). Book of The Jubilee of the Apocalypse., 156. Boccaccini, 81f. Philip L. Tite. Textual and red-active aspects of the Book of Dreams (1 Enoch 83-90). Biblical Theology Bulletin. 31: 106f. Kugel, 252, n.37; Hanneken, 143. Daniel S. Olson (2013). New reading of the Apocalypse of Animals 1 Enoch: All Nations will be blessed / With a new translation and comment. Brill. 108-9 n. 63. VanderCam (1989, 2001), page 17- 21. Kugel, 167 - Boccacini 99-101, 104-113 respectively - Kugel, 110 - Wolf Leslau, Falasha Anthology (Yale 1951), xxvii, xxxviii, xlii, 9 - Charles, R.H. (1902). Book of Anniversaries or Little Genesis. London: Adam and Charles Black. pp. lxxvii-lxxxvi. Jan M.F. van Ridge (1992). Cf. also: Klaus Berger, Die Urchristen (2008) p. 340; Andrew Rippin, Roberto Tottoly (Hrsg.), Books and Writing Culture of the Islamic World: Research presented to Claude Gilliot on the occasion of his 75th birthday, Brill (2015) p. 280 ff. Katsumata (2012), page 51-52. Katsumata (2012), page 54, the Koran has many passages in which Abraham lays out errors in idolatry. In these passages, Abraham always addresses the local people with his words, and he does not leave their land. This probably reflects the position of Islam, which is aimed at turning idolaters into a monotheistic religion and settling in the community. The canonical Amharic version of the anniversary of the Ethiopian Orthodox Church, 5:21 - is read on page 14 of this file. Archive 2011-06-14 in Wayback Machine - Book of Anniversaries. virtualreligion.net. - JUBILEES, BOOK OF - JewishEncyclopedia.com. jewishencyclopedia.com. Boccacini, in addition to the Essen hypothesis (Eerdmans: 1998) Links by Martin J. Abegg. The Dead Sea scrolls through the Bible. San Francisco, California: HarperCollins, 1999. ISBN 0-06-060063-2. Matthias Albany, Jarg Frey, Armin Lange. Studies in the Book of Anniversaries. Leven: Peters, 1997. ISBN 3-16-146793-0. Chanoh Albek. Das Buch der Jubil'en und die Halacha Berlin: Scholem, 1930. Robert Henry Charles. Etiopical version of the Jewish book of anniversaries. Oxford: Clarendon, 1895. Robert Henry Charles. Book of Anniversaries or Little Genesis, translated from the editor's ethospic text and edited with introduction, notes and indices (London: 1902). Jean L. Davenport. Eschatology of the Book of Anniversaries (SPB 20) Leiden: Brill, 1971. Albert-Marie Denis. The consent of the Latin du Liber Jubilaeorum iv parva Genesis (Informatics et etude de textes 4; Louvain: CETEDOC, 1973) August Dillmann. Mashafa kufale sive Liber Jubilaeorum ... aethiopice . Kiel, and London: Van Maak, Williams Norgate, 1859. August Dillmann and Hermann Ryensch. Das Buch der Jubilen; Oder, Die Kleine Genesis. Leipzig: 1874. John C. Endres. Biblical interpretation in the book of anniversaries (Catholic biblical quarter monograph Series 18) Washington: Catholic Biblical Association of America, 1987. ISBN 0-915170-17-5. Katsumata, Etsuko (2012). Abraham is an iconoclast: various interpretations in the literature of the period, texts of rabbinical Judaism and the Koran. In the journal Interdisciplinary Study of Monotheistic Religions (JISMOR). 8: 37-58.CS1 maint: ref'harv (link) James L. Kugel, Walk on Anniversaries : Research in the Book of Anniversaries and the World of Its Creation, (Brill Academic Publishers, 2012); ISBN 978-900421768-3 Jan M.F. van Dit (1992). Le Proph't musulman en tant que N'sir All's et ses ant'c'dents: le Naz'reios vang'lique et le livre des jubil's. Eastern L.A. Periodica (OLP). 23: 251–274. Segal. Book of Anniversaries: Rewritten Bible, Editorial, Ideology and Theology. Leiden-Boston, 2007. ISBN 978-90-04-15057-7. Michelle Testuz. Les id'es religieuses du livre des Jubil's Geneva: Droz, 1960. James C. VanderCam. Text and historical research in the Book of Anniversaries (Harvard Semitic monographs, No. 14) Missoula: Scholars Press, 1977. James C. VanderCam. Book of Anniversaries. Critical text. Leven: Peters, 1989. ISBN 978-90-429-0551-1. James C. VanderCam. Book of Anniversaries. Translated. Leven: Peters, 1989. ISBN 978-90-429-0552-8. James C. VanderCam. Book of Anniversaries (Apocryphal and Pseudepigraph Guides). Sheffield: Sheffield Academic Press, 2001. ISBN 1-85075-767-4. ISBN 978-1-85075-767-2. Orval S. Wintermouth, Jubilees, in the Old Testament , ed. James H. Charlesworth (Garden City, N.J.: Doubleday, 1985) 2:35-142 External Links Text translated by R. H. Charles, 1902, with and notes. Jewish Encyclopedia entry The Catholic Encyclopedia view Development of the Canon Jubilees at earlyjewishwritings.com Ge'ez text of Jubilees (first page) Ethiopic Jubilees Reading Guide: 11:1-10 Ethiopic Jubilees Reading Guide: 17:15-18:16 Retrieved from 2 Tanakh (Judaism) Torah (Instruction)GenesisBereshitExodusShemotLeviticusWayiqraNumbersBemidbarDeuteronomyDevarim Nevi'im (Prophets) Former JoshuaYehoshuaJudgesShofetimSamuelShemuelKingsMelakhim Latter IsaiahYeshayahuJeremiahYirmeyahuEzekielYekhezqel Minor Hosea Joel Amos Obadiah Jonah Micah Nahum Habakkuk Zephaniah Haggai Zechariah Malachi (Writings) Poetic PsalmsTehillimProverbsMishleiJobIyov Five Megillot (Scrolls) Song of SongsShir HashirimRuthRutLamentationsEikhahEcclesiastesQoheletEstherEster Historical DanielDaniyyelEzra–NehemiahEzraChroniclesDivre Hayyamim Old Testament () Pentateuch Genesis Exodus Leviticus Numbers Deuteronomy Historical Joshua Judges Ruth 1 and 2 Samuel 1 and 2 Kings 1 and 2 Chronicles Ezra Nehemiah Esther Wisdom Job Psalms Proverbs Ecclesiastes Song of Songs Prophetic Major prophets Isaiah Jeremiah Lamentations Ezekiel Daniel Minor prophets Hosea Joel Amos Obadiah Jonah Micah Nahum Habakkuk Zephaniah Haggai Zechariah Malachi Deuterocanonical Tobit Judith Additions to Esther 2 Maccabees Wisdom of Solomon Sirach Baruch / Letter of Jeremiah Additions Daniel The Orthodox only 1 Esdras Prayer Manassas Psalm 151 3 Maccabees 4 Maccabees Odessa Orthodox Tevachedo 1 Enoch Anniversaries 1, 2, and 3 Meqabyan Paralipomena From Barucha Broadway Canon Bible portalvte martyrs refuse to sacrifice the Greek idol of The Bibel in The Billboard also called 1 Maccabees, is a book written in Hebrew by a Jewish author after the restoration of the independent Jewish kingdom of the , about the second half of the 2nd century BC The original Hebrew is lost, and the most important surviving version is the Greek translation contained in Septuagint. The book is contained as the canonical Holy Scriptures of Catholic, Orthodox and Eastern Orthodox churches (with the exception of orthodox Tevahedo), but not by Protestant denominations or any major branches of Judaism; it is not part of Tanah. Such Protestants consider it an apocryphal book (see also Deuterokanon). 1 The Maccabees are best known for containing a narrative about the Jewish holiday of . The contents of the book setting up is about a century and a half after the conquest of Judea by the Greeks under Alexander the Great, after Alexander's empire was divided so that Judea was part of the Greek Celeway Empire. It tells how the Greek ruler Antioch IV Epiphany tried to suppress the practice of the main Jewish resulting in the Maccabees Revolt ( uprising against Selekivka's rule). The book covers the entire rebellion, from 175 to 134 BC, emphasizing how the salvation of the Jewish people in this crisis came through the Family of Mattatias, especially his sons, Judas Maccabees, Jonathan Apfus and Simon Tusi, and Simon's son, John Gircanus. The doctrine expressed in the book reflects traditional Jewish teachings, without later doctrines found, for example, in 2 Maccabees. The first book by the Maccabees also gives a list of Jewish colonies scattered elsewhere across the Mediterranean at the time. In the first chapter, Alexander the Great conquers the territory of Judea, but eventually he is replaced by Celeweid Antioch IV Epiphany. After a successful invasion of the Ptolemy Kingdom of Egypt, Antioch IV seizes Jerusalem and removes sacred objects from the Temple of Jerusalem, killing many Jews. He then imposes a tax and establishes a fortress in Jerusalem. Antioch then tries to suppress public compliance with Jewish laws in an attempt to control the Jews. In 168 BC, he desecrated the Temple by establishing the abomination of desolation (i.e. establishing the rites of pagan rites in the Temple, or sacrificing impure animals on the altar in the Holy Saints). Antioch prohibits circumcision and possession of Jewish scriptures for the pain of death. He forbids observing Saturday and sacrifice in the Temple. It also requires Jewish leaders to make sacrifices to idols. While enforcement can only be directed against Jewish leaders, ordinary Jews were also killed as a warning to others. The ellinization included the construction of gymnasiums in Jerusalem. Among other consequences, this further discouraged the Jewish rite of circumcision, which had already been officially banned; the man's condition could not be concealed in the gymnasium, where the men were trained and socialized in the nude. However, 1 Maccabees also insists that there were many Jews who sought or welcomed the introduction of Greek culture. According to the text, some Jewish men even engaged in the restoration of foreskin in order to pass as fully Greek. Matthias calls on people loyal to The Traditions of Israel to stand up to the invaders and Jewish Hellenists, and his five sons launch a military campaign against them (the Maccabees Uprising). There is one complete loss of thousands of Jews (men, women and children) in Antioch when Jewish defenders refuse to fight on Saturday. Other Jews then reason that when attacked, they must fight even on the holy day. In 165 BC the Temple was liberated and re-consecrated, so that ritual sacrifices could begin again. The Hanukkah Festival was founded by Judas Maccabees and his brothers to celebrate the occasion (1 Macc. 4:59). Judas seeks an alliance with the Roman Republic to remove the Greeks. His successor is his brother Jonathan, who becomes priest, and seeks an alliance with Rome and confirms the alliance with Aree Sparta (1 Macc. 12:1-23). Simon follows them, receiving a dual position of high priest and prince of Israel. (Simon and his successors form the Aumonean Dynasty, which is not always considered a valid kingdom of the Jews, as they were not David's ancestry.) Simon leads the people in peace and prosperity until he was killed by agents of Ptolemy, the son of Abubus, who was appointed governor of the region by the Macedonian Greeks. His successor is his son John Gircan. The name Maccabi in Hebrew means Hammer. This refers to the first leader of the uprising, Judas, mattatia's third son. The name was also used for his brothers, which explains the title of the book. .Who, as you are from among the mighty, Lord? (Mem, Kaf, Beth, Yud). This Hebrew verse is taken from Exodus 15:11. The form of storytelling is primarily a prosaic text, but is interrupted by seven poetic sections that imitate classical Hebrew poetry מי כמוכה באלים י'ה Maccabi's name can also be derived from the first letters of each word These include four weeping and three hymns of praise. The canonicality of pope Damasus I Of the Council of Rome in 382, if Decretum Gelasianum correctly connected with it, issued a biblical canon identical to the list given in Trent including two books by the Maccabees. Origen of Alexandria (253), y Augustine Hippo (c. 397), Pope Innocent I (405), Synod Hippo (393), The Council of Carthage (419), The Apostolic Canons, the Council of Florence (1442) and the Council of Trent (1546) listed the first two books of the Maccabees as canonical. The transmission, language and author text comes to us in three codes of Septuagint: The Sinaiticus Codex, the Alexandrin Codex and the Vatican Code, as well as some cursors. Although the original book was written in Hebrew as it can be derived a number of Jewish idioms in the text, the original was lost, and the version that comes down to us is Septuagint. Some authors date the original hebrew text even closer to the events covered, while some offer a later date. Because of the accuracy of the historical account, if taken later, the author would have to have access to first-hand reports of events or other first information. Origen of Alexandria gives evidence of the existence of the original Jewish text. Jerome also claims that the first book of the Maccabees I found to be Hebrew, the second Greek, as can be proven from the style itself (in Prologus Galeatus). Many scholars suggest that they may have actually had access to biblical Aramaic paraphrasing work, but should be aware of creeping aramaicism, finding evidence of vaguely Aramaic text when there is nothing point to. Only the Greek text has been preserved, and this is only because of its inclusion in the Christian canon. Origen claims that the name of the original was Sarbet Sarbanael (options include Σαρβηθ and Sarbet Saarbanai El and Σαρβηθ Βανέελ Sarbot Saaratibil), a mysterious Greek transliteration from the imaginary Hebrew original. Various reconstructions have been proposed: The Book Sefer Beit , ֵס ֶפר ֵ ּבית ָסְר ָב ֵני ֵאל Sar Beit-El, respectively, The History of the House of Warriors, The Book of the House of the Princes of God, The Book of the Dynasty of God's Resistance , perhaps from , ַ ׂשר ֵ ּבית ֵאל Sar Beit-Yisra'el or , ַ ׂשר ֵ ּבית יִ ְ ׂש ָר ֵאל of the Prince of the House of Israel or The Prince of the House of God (El), from the Jewish Gustav Dalman, meanwhile, suggests that the title is the corruption of the Aramaic Book of the House hasmoneans. The author of the book is unknown, but some speculate that it may have been a devout Jew from the Holy Land who may have taken part in the events described in the book. It shows intimate and detailed geographical knowledge of the Holy Land, but inaccurately in its information about foreign countries. The author interprets events not as God's miraculous intervention, but as God, using the military genius of the Maccabees as a tool to achieve their own goals. Notes - Paul Johnson History of the Jews, page 170-71. History and review by the Maccabees. www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org. received 2019-12-29. Eusebius, Caesarea. Church History Book 6 Chapter 25:1-2. newadvent. Received on October 12, 2016. Augustine Hippo. On Christian Doctrine Book II Chapter 8:2. newadvent. Received on October 12, 2016. Westcott, Brooke Foss (2005). A general study of the history of the New Testament canon (6th place). Eugene, OR: Wipf and stock. page 570. ISBN 1597522392. Letter from Innocent I Experimentation, Bishop of Toulouse. Canon XXIV. (Greek xxvii.) canons of 217 Blessed Fathers gathered in Carthage, Christian Classics of the Essential Library of B. F. Westcott, General Survey of the History of the New Testament Canon (5th Ad. Edinburgh, 1881), p. 440, 541-542. Carthage Council (419) Canon 24 - trullo Council. Apostolic canons. Canon 85. newadvent. Received on October 12, 2016. Session 11-4 February 1442 - Session IV is celebrated on the eighth day of April 1546 under the leadership of Pope Paul III: Darshan, Guy, Original Language 1 Maccabees: Re-election, Biblische Notizen (Neue Folge) 182 (2019), 91-110, esp. 94-97. Cited by Eusebius, The History of the Church vi. 25. See: Darshan, Guy, Original Language 1 Maccabees: Reexamination, Biblische Notizen (Neue Folge) 182 (2019), 91-110, esp. 92-94. - Eusebius, Bishop of Caesarea: Church History and Martyrs of Palestine, translated by I. E. L. Alton and H. J. Lolor (London: SPCK, 1927-1928); II, 74f. - Bible Translator Dictionary, William H. Brownlee (New York: Abingdon Press, 1962), III, 203. I'm Maccabees, Jonathan A. Goldstein (AB 41, Garden City, New York: Doubleday and Company, 1976), 414-15. Gustaf Dalman, Grammatic de Yadish-Palestineishen Aramish, section 6 Further reading Bartlett, John R. 1998. 1 Maccabees. Sheffield, United Kingdom: Sheffield Academic Press. Borchardt, Frances. 2014. Torah in 1 Maccabees: Literary Critical Approach to Text. Boston: Walter de Gruiter. Darshan, Guy 2019. Original language 1 Maccabees: Re- study. Neue Folge 182: 91-110. Goldstein, Jonathan A. 1976. I Maccabees: A new translation, with introduction and comments. The Anchor Bible 41. Garden City, NY: Doubleday. Lanzinger, Daniel. 2015. The Last Command of Alcimus: History and Propaganda at 1 Maccabees 9:54. Diary of the Study of Judaism 46, No. 1: 86-102. Williams, David S. 1999. Structure 1 Maccabees. Washington, D.C.: Catholic Biblical Association. Wikisource's External Links has the original text associated with this article: 1 Maccabees Wikiquote has quotes related to: 1 Maccabees Book of the First Maccabees Full Text 1 Maccabees: 2015 Critical translation from audio drama on the biblicalaudio Knox Bible 1 Maccabees 1 Maccabees, book. Jewish Encyclopedia. 1901–1906. Fairweather, William (1911). Maccabees, books. Encyclopedia Britannica. 17 .11 198-200. References and information about 1 Maccabees 1 Maccabees, article in the historical collection of Mahlon H. Smith 1 Maccabees public domain audiobook on LibriVox 1 Maccabees Deuternonoca / Apocryff Preceded byEsther Roman Catholic Old Testament Managed2 Maccabees of the Eastern Orthodox Old Testament extracted from the the books of enoch jubilees and jasher deluxe edition

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