Introducing Driverless Cars to UK Roads

Introducing Driverless Cars to UK Roads WORK PACKAGE 5.3 Deliverable D11 Understanding interactions between autonomous vehicles and other road users A Literature Review John Parkin Ben Clark William Clayton Miriam Ricci Graham Parkhurst June 2016 Preferred Citation: Parkin, J., Clark, B., Clayton, W., Ricci, M. and Parkhurst, G. (2016) Understanding interactions between autonomous vehicles and other road users: A Literature Review. Project Report. University of the West of England, Bristol. Available from: http://eprints.uwe.ac.uk/29153 Centre for Transport & Society Department of Geography and Environmental Management University of the West of England Bristol BS16 1QY UK Email Address: [email protected] VENTURER: Introducing driverless cars to UK roads Contents 1 INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................................................................... 5 1.1 THE NATURE OF AUTONOMOUS VEHICLES .......................................................................................... 5 1.2 USE SCENARIOS .................................................................................................................................. 6 1.3 AUTONOMOUS VEHICLE TRIALS .......................................................................................................... 7 1.4 COLLISIONS, CONFLICTS AND INTERACTIONS ..................................................................................... 8 1.5 SUMMARY AND STRUCTURE OF REMAINDER OF THE REVIEW ........................................................... 10 2 VEHICLE-TO-VEHICLE AND VEHICLE-WITH-INFRASTRUCTURE INTERACTIONS ...... 10 2.1 TYPOLOGY OF INTERACTIONS ........................................................................................................... 11 2.2 LINKS ................................................................................................................................................ 11 2.3 JUNCTIONS ........................................................................................................................................ 13 2.3.1 Priority junctions ....................................................................................................................... 13 2.3.2 Roundabouts .............................................................................................................................. 16 2.3.3 Grade separated junctions ......................................................................................................... 16 2.3.4 Signal Controlled junctions ....................................................................................................... 16 2.3.5 Modern street design and shared space .................................................................................... 17 2.4 SIGNS AND TRAFFIC REGULATIONS ................................................................................................... 17 2.5 SOCIAL INTERACTIONS IN THE ROAD ENVIRONMENT ........................................................................ 18 2.5.1 Conflict (‘road rage’) ................................................................................................................ 18 2.6 SUMMARY ......................................................................................................................................... 22 3 INTERACTIONS BETWEEN VEHICLES AND BICYCLES .......................................................... 22 3.1 INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................................. 22 3.2 THE BUILT ENVIRONMENT AND BEHAVIOURAL MOTIVATORS .......................................................... 23 3.3 CYCLING AND RISK FROM MOTORISED TRAFFIC: THE GENERAL ISSUES ........................................... 24 3.3.1 Human decisions within an infrastructure ................................................................................. 24 3.3.2 Classifications of collision types ................................................................................................ 26 3.4 LINK AND JUNCTION INTERACTIONS ................................................................................................. 26 3.4.1 Acceptability models of cycling on links .................................................................................... 27 3.4.2 Overtaking distance and lane markings .................................................................................... 28 3.4.3 Interactions at road narrowings ................................................................................................ 32 3.4.4 Turning movements and priorities ............................................................................................. 34 3.4.5 Issues in approach queues ......................................................................................................... 35 3.4.6 Signalling of intention at junctions ............................................................................................ 36 3.4.7 Pedal cycle legislation ............................................................................................................... 36 3.5 INTERACTIONS WITH AVS ................................................................................................................. 39 3.6 SUMMARY ......................................................................................................................................... 40 4 INTERACTIONS BETWEEN VEHICLES AND PEDESTRIANS ................................................... 40 4.1 INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................................. 40 4.1.1 Historical context: Changing pedestrian priority...................................................................... 41 4.1.2 The planning of transport networks ........................................................................................... 41 4.1.3 Buchanan’s solution: Road hierarchies..................................................................................... 41 4.1.4 Unintended consequences .......................................................................................................... 42 4.1.5 Alternative approaches .............................................................................................................. 42 4.1.6 The Highway Code .................................................................................................................... 42 4.1.7 Summary .................................................................................................................................... 43 4.2 PEDESTRIAN INTERACTIONS WITH VEHICULAR TRAFFIC .................................................................. 43 4.2.1 Pedestrian behaviour along links .............................................................................................. 43 4.2.2 The effect of traffic on pedestrians ............................................................................................ 44 4.2.3 Interactions with vehicles in ‘Shared Spaces’ ........................................................................... 45 4.2.4 Summary .................................................................................................................................... 46 4.3 PEDESTRIAN-VEHICLE INTERACTIONS AT CROSSINGS ...................................................................... 46 4.3.1 General crossing behaviour and uncontrolled crossings .......................................................... 46 4.3.2 Unsignalised designated (including zebra) crossings ............................................................... 49 4.3.3 Signalised crossings ................................................................................................................... 50 i VENTURER: Introducing driverless cars to UK roads 4.3.4 Summary .................................................................................................................................... 51 4.4 PEDESTRIAN PROTECTION SYSTEMS ................................................................................................. 51 4.4.1 Intermediate technology ............................................................................................................ 51 4.4.2 Designs for autonomous vehicles .............................................................................................. 51 4.4.3 Moral dilemmas ......................................................................................................................... 52 5 CONCLUSIONS AND RESEARCH QUESTIONS ............................................................................ 52 ii VENTURER: Introducing driverless cars to UK roads Summary This review draws on literature relating to the interactions of vehicles with other vehicles, interactions between vehicles and infrastructure, and interactions between autonomous vehicles and cyclists and autonomous vehicles and pedestrians. The available literature relating to autonomous vehicles interactions is currently limited and hence the review has considered issues which will be relevant to autonomous vehicles from reading and evaluating a broader but still relevant literature. The project is concerned primarily with autonomous vehicles within the urban environment and hence the greatest consideration has been given to interactions on typical urban roads, with specific consideration

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