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Morphometric Variability in Round Goby Neogobius Melanostomus

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Morphometric Variability in Round Goby Neogobius Melanostomus ZOOSYSTEMATICA ROSSICA, 26(2): 392–405 25 DECEMBER 2017 Morphometric variability in round goby Neogobius melanostomus (Perciformes: Gobiidae) from the Sea of Azov Морфологическая изменчивость бычка-кругляка Neogobius melanostomus (Perciformes: Gobiidae) Азовского моря O.A. DIRIPASKO* & T.A. ZABRODA О.А. ДИРИПАСКО, Т.А. ЗАБРОДА O.A. Diripasko, Institute of Fisheries and Marine Ecology, 8 Konsulska st., Berdyansk, 71118, Ukraine. E-mail: [email protected] T.A. Zabroda, Institute of Fisheries and Marine Ecology, 8 Konsulska st., Berdyansk, 71118, Ukraine. E-mail: [email protected] A total of 38 morphometric characters of the round goby Neogobius melanostomus melanosto- mus (Pallas, 1814) were studied in its native range in the Sea of Azov. The aim was to assess joint effect of sexual dimorphism and size variability on overall variability within groups of samples (populations) using appropriate methods of traditional statistical analysis (one-di- mensional and multivariate statistics). Sex and size-dependent variability was studied based on model samples of males and females of different size. Most of the studied morphometric characters of round goby from the Sea of Azov demonstrated statistically significant sex- and size-dependent in-group variability. The pattern of the variability suggests that, for a com- parison of round goby from different sea regions and between populations, separate samples of males and females within the range 9–13 cm SL should be examined in order to minimise the effect of the size and sex factors. The approach of searching for the most informative size range could be useful not only for further studies of infraspecific variation but for comparisons between morphologically close gobiin species. С целью оценки совместного влияния полового диморфизма и размеров рыб, используя соответствующие методы статистического анализа (одномерные и многомерные) изуче- на морфологическая изменчивость бычка-кругляка Neogobius melanostomus melanostomus (Pallas, 1814) из Азовского моря – нативного ареала вида. Всего изучено 38 пластиче- ских признаков самок и самцов разных размеров. Подавляющее большинство изучен- ных морфологических признаков бычка-кругляка Азовского моря демонстрируют ста- тистически значимую половую и размерную изменчивость. Характер морфологической изменчивости показывает, что при сравнительных исследованиях, с целью минимизации влияния размеров и пола рыб, анализируемые выборки должны включать рыб одного пола в интервале длин (SL) 9–13 см. Аналогичный подход, основанный на выявлении наиболее информативного размерного интервала, может быть использован не только для изучения внутривидовой изменчивости, но и в таксономических исследованиях близких видов бычковых рыб. Key words: variability, sex, size, statistical analysis, round goby, Sea of Azov Ключевые слова: изменчивость, пол, размеры, статистический анализ, бычок-кругляк, Азовское море * Corresponding author. © 2017 Zoological Institute, Russian Academy of Scienсes O.A. DIRIPASKO & T.A. ZABRODA. MORPHOMETRIC VARIABILITY IN NEOGOBIUS MELANOSTOMUS 393 INTRODUCTION Morphology of the round goby in its na- tive range is not sufficiently studied; in par- The native range of the round goby Ne- ticular, age-and-size variability and sexual ogobius melanostomus melanostomus (Pal- dimorphism are poorly known which is crit- las, 1814) includes basins of the Black and ical to ensure comparability across samples Marmara seas and the Sea of Azov where and populations. Some aspects of morpho- it inhabited mostly lower reaches of rivers and the whole brackish Sea of Azov. In the logical variability and sex-dependent mor- latter, the round goby is one of the most phometric differences in round goby have abundant and commercially valuable spe- been studied earlier. Thus, it was shown that cies (up to a third of annual fish harvest in some morphometric characters correlated 2008–2015). Neogobius melanostomus af- with body size and sex in the round goby finis (Eichwald, 1831) distributed in the from the Dnieper-Bug estuary (Bil’ko, 1971; Caspian Sea basin, mostly inhabits marine Bil’ko, Vybornaya, 1972). Smirnov (1986) and estuarine habitats. reported the presence of sexual dimorphism Round goby are spread across the sea in this species in the Molochny Liman estu- from almost freshwater areas with a salinity ary and the Danubian coast of the Black Sea of about 0.5‰ (eastern Gulf of Taganrog) but found no difference between males and to over 15‰ (near the Kerch Strait). The females in the Sasyk Lagoon. most dense aggregations of round goby in The absence of sex-dependent differ- summer and autumn, when they intensively ences was also reported for the round goby forage, occur in areas with high biomass of outside its native range, e.g., the Kuibyshev zoobenthos with a predominance of bivalve and Saratov reservoirs (Shemonaev, 2006) molluscs in the western part of the sea. and the middle reaches of the Danube Round goby do not perform large-scale mi- River (Simonović et al., 2001). These con- grations and only move to coastal areas in clusions were based solely on the results spring and away from the coast to slightly of statistical analyses using Student’s test deeper areas in autumn. but without providing two mandatory con- In the second half of the last century, ditions for its applicability (Lakin, 1980; the round goby began to expand the area Orlov, 2002): 1) the use of Student’s test of distribution upstream the rivers Danube, assumes a normal distribution in samples; Dniester, Southern Bug, Dnieper, Don, and this assumption can only be violated with Volga (Smirnov, 2001; Pinchuk et al., 2003; large samples, and 2) compared samples Bogutskaya et al., 2004). In 1990, with the need to have the same variance. However, ballast water of ships the round goby was the publications mentioned above did not introduced into the Baltic Sea (Skòra, Sto- discuss the question of applicability of Stu- larski, 1993), and began to actively spread, dent’s t-test, even when very small samples first, in the Baltic Sea (Ojaveer, 2006) and were compared. then in the coastal zone of the North Sea. Data on sexual dimorphism and size var- The round goby was introduced with the iability of morphometric characters in the ballast water of ships into the North Ameri- round goby from the Sea of Azov were first can continent where it was first collected in published only recently. Zabroda (2009) 1990 and then became successfully estab- and Zabroda & Diripasko (2009) reported lished and currently occurs in the basin of on size-dependent variability in males and all the Great Lakes (Jude et al., 1992; Cor- compared morphometric characters in kum et al., 2004; Kornis et al., 2012). So males from two different localities in view far, the round goby has become an object of of the revealed features of size variability. intensive research due to a significant ex- These data demonstrated further needs for pansion of its nonindigenous range and the a comprehensive and integrated approach impact on native aquatic ecosystems. to assess joint effect of sexual dimorphism © 2017 Zoological Institute, Russian Academy of Scienсes, Zoosystematica Rossica 26(2): 392–405 394 O.A. DIRIPASKO & T.A. ZABRODA. MORPHOMETRIC VARIABILITY IN NEOGOBIUS MELANOSTOMUS and size variability on overall variability for normally distributed variables and 2. within groups of samples (populations) and Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient for variation between groups using appropri- unknown or non-normal distributions be- ate methods of statistical analysis. So, the cause it is less sensitive to non-normality aim of this study was to analyse sex and size (Sachs, 1976; Rebrova, 2002). Correlation variability based on model samples of round coefficient (Pearson’s r) absolute values goby males and females of different size. from 0.50 to 0.75 indicate moderate to good correlation, and r values from 0.75 to 1 indi- MATERIAL AND METHODS cate very good to excellent correlation be- tween variables (Dawson & Trapp, 2004). The material, containing 50 females To evaluate statistical dependence of and 65 males, was collected in early spring morphometric characters on SL and sex, the (when matured ovaries do not affect female following methods were also used: body shape) in 2009 from catches of gob- 1. Multivariate analysis of variance ies done by mechanised dredges in North- (MANOVA). Despite the fact that this Western region (at a location at 46°10´N, method is, in fact, parametric and does 35°20´E) of the Sea of Azov. not have any immediate nonparametric As round goby males attain larger maxi- analogues, it is applicable as being not par- mum size than that in females, the statisti- ticularly robust to departures from multi- cal analyses were performed on both males variate normality (Anderson, 2001). The and females within one and the same stand- MANOVA analysis was preceded by testing ard length (SL) range, 5–15 cm. Males of for distribution normality of either of mor- the entire SL range (5–18 cm) were also phometric variables and these data were analysed. taken into account when interpreting the A total of 40 measurement were done results. (Fig. 1) using a calliper to a nearest 0.1 mm. 2. Univariate analysis of variance For the subsequent statistical processing, (ANOVA) which analyses the differences relative morphometric characters as per- among group means and their associated centage of SL and head length (HL) were procedures such as descriptive statis- used. tics and correlations between variables For statistical processing
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