EX ERCISE ANSWER KEY EX–3

CHAPTER 3 – THE MORPHOLOGY OF ENGLISH

Exercise 3.1 This exercise lends itself to group work. It focuses students’ attention on their knowledge of the underlying morphological system that enables them to create new words from nonsense words. 1. striggily 2. striggish 3. striggishly 4. striggophile “someone who loves (or collects) striggs” 5. striggify

Exercise 3.2 1. {dis-} + {cover} + {-able} {dis-} changes the meanings of verbs to their opposite (disallow). {cover} is a verb meaning “to shelter, hide.” {-able} creates adjectives meaning “able to be” plus the action of the verb (lovable = “able to be loved”). 2. {motive} + {-ate} {motive} is a noun or adjective meaning “a desire.” {-ate} creates verbs meaning “to make”(alienate). 3. {amaze} + {-ment} {amaze} is a verb meaning “to astonish.” {-ment} creates nouns meaning “state of ”(excitement). 4. {dark} + {-en} {dark} is a noun meaning “without light.” {-en} creates verbs meaning “to cause”(lengthen). 5. {coward} + {-ice} {coward} is a adjective meaning “one who lacks courage.” {-ice} creates nouns from other words (service, justice). 6. {care} + {-less} + {-ly} {care} is a noun meaning “attentiveness.” {-less} creates adjectives meaning “without”(hopeless). {-ly} makes adverbs from adjectives (sadly). 7. {boy} + {-ish} + {-ness} {boy} is a noun meaning “male child.” {-ish} creates adjectives meaning “having the quality of ”(foolish). {-ness} creates nouns from other words (shyness, blackness). EX–4 EX ERCISE ANSWER KEY

8. {re-} + {write} {re-} means “repetition of the stated action” (redo). {w rite} is a ver b meaning “to form letters and symbols with a pen, pencil or other writing implement on a surfa c e . ”

Exercise 3.3 Yester | day | the | bak | er | ’s | old | est | daughter | ran | a | way | with | the | bank | er | ’s | young | er | son (This exercise is discussed in the text.)

Exercise 3.4 1. The | manag(e) | -er | listen | -ed | im- | patient | -ly | as | the | clerk | -’s | claim | s | became | in- | creas- | -ing | -ly | in- | cred- | -ible. 2. Fred | found | the | old | elevat- | -or | un- | bear- | able.

Exercise 3.5 1. burned, burned (British English has burnt as past and past participle.) 2. bet, bet (Some dialects use betted, betted.) 3. sprang, sprung (Some students may prefer sprung in the past tense.) 4. strove, striven (Some dialects use strived for the past tense and for the past participle.) 5. spelled, spelled (Some dialects have spelt for the past tense and for the past participle.) 6. dwelled, dwelled (Some dialects have dwelt, dwelt.) 7. bit, bitten (Some dialects have bit for the past participle.) 8. leapt, leapt (Some students may use leaped for both forms instead.) 9. dug, dug (Some dialects retain the more archaic digged.)

Exercise 3.6 1. Noun Silvano wished us many happy returns at the Trevi fountain. Verb As we promised, we returned to Rome in the spring. 2. Noun It is difficult to match reds because each fabric soaks up a different amount of dye. Adjective Your face became even redder when he kissed you. 3. Noun My mortgage company offers the lowest rates in town. Verb Elmer Dill has rated our restaurant very highly for the past two years. EX ERCISE ANSWER KEY EX–5

4. Noun The expectation of disaster fuels my fears of earthquakes. Verb Jan feared returning home so late after her curfew. 5. Noun Jan told her mother all the reasons behind her refusal to get married. Verb Syd reasoned that someone else must have been at fault. 6. Noun The names on the guest list need to be reviewed. Verb Dan names all his dogs, Sparky. 7. Noun The men hoisted the sails in preparation for departure. Verb The USS Arizona sailed to Pearl Harbor. 8. Noun Marybeth’s depression has caused her to hit new lows. Adjective Jill cried out when she hit her shin against the lowest rung of the ladder. Adverb The criminal hung his head low when the verdict was read. Verb The cattle are lowing. 9. Noun The blues of the afghan complement your couch. Verb I like bluing the water to rinse my whites so that they are very bright. Adjective The waters of Hawaii are the bluest waters I have ever seen.

Exercise 3.7 Some of the possible derivations from act are actable, actably, action, actionary, actionless, activate, active, actively, activeness, activist, activistic, activisticly, activity, antiaction, deactivate, enact, enaction, enactment, inactable, inactableness, inactably, inaction, inactivate, inactive, inactively, inactiveness, inactivity, nonaction, nonactive, nonactively, nonactiveness, nonactivity, proaction, proactive, proactively, proactiveness, proactivity, react, reaction, reactionary, reactionless, reactionlessly, reactivate, reactive, reactiveness, reactivity, reenact, reenaction, reenactment, semiaction, semiactive, semiactively, semiactiveness, semiactivity, superaction, superactive, superactively, unactable, unactableness, unactably, and so on. Students may create or discover others.

Exercise 3.8 1. sleeper {sleep} free base {-er} bound derivational suffix meaning “one who does;” creates agent nouns (ruler) 2. misconception {mis-} bound derivational prefix meaning “wrong” {concept} free base {-ion} bound derivational suffix meaning “action or process;” used for non-count nouns (starvation) EX–6 EX ERCISE ANSWER KEY

3. violinist {violin} free base {-ist} bound derivational suffix; creates agent nouns 4. referral {refer} free base {-al} bound derivational suffix meaning “act or process;” creates nouns from verbs 5. employee {employ} free base {-ee} bound deriv a t i o nal suffix meaning “recipient of the action; ” cr eates nouns from ver bs (refu ge e ) 6. enjoyment {enjoy} free base {-ment} bound derivational suffix meaning “state, action;” creates nouns from verbs (confinement) 7. duckling {duck} free base {-ling} bound derivational suffix meaning “small” 8. protoform {proto-} bound derivational prefix meaning “first in rank or time” {form} free base 9. pentagram {penta-} bound base meaning “five” {-gram} bound base meaning “something written”

Exercise 3.9 This exercise can be assigned as homework or it can be done in class in small groups. acrophobia fear of heights claustrophobia fear of being locked up, shut in an enclosed space hydrophobia fear of water agoraphobia fear of open spaces gamophobia fear of marriage orinthophobia fear of birds ponophobia fear of work melissophobia fear of bees demophobia fear of crowds thanatophobia fear of death phagophobia fear of eating ichthyphobia fear of fish genophobia fear of sex arachneophobia fear of spiders EX ERCISE ANSWER KEY EX–7 ophidiophobia fear of snakes xenophobia fear of strangers gynophobia fear of women fear of thirteen autophobia fear of being alone scopophobia fear of being looked at hygrophobia fear of dampness batrachnophobia fear of peniaphobia fear of poverty alophobia fear of seeing, handling, or playing a flute or similar wind instrument

Exercise 3.10 1. somewhere cannot accept change (Speakers of some dialects somewheres.) 2. lecture accepts derivational suffixes (lecturer) and inflectional suffixes (lectures) 3. of cannot accept change 4. hot accepts inflectional suffixes (hotter, hottest) and derivational suffixes (hotly) 5. rather cannot accept change 6. slow accepts both deriv a t i o nal (sl o w n e s s , sl o w l y ) and inflectional morphemes (sl o w er, sl o we s t ) 7. instead cannot accept change 8. brown accepts both derivational (brownness) and inflectional suffixes (browned) 9. and cannot accept changes

Review Exercise Morphological Analysis 1. stylistic {style} free base; “sort, kind, type”; I like Madonna’s hair style. {-ist} bound deriv a t i o nal suffix meaning “pe r s o n who does;” cr eates agent nouns; pi a n i s t {- i c } bound deriv a t i o nal suffix meaning “cha ra c t e r istic of;” cr eates adjectives ; my t h i c . 2. restive {rest} free base; “to repose”; He rested all day. {-ive} bound deriv a t i o nal suffix meaning “having cha ra c t e r istic of;” cr eates adjectives ; di s ru p t i ve. 3. carefully {care} fr ee base; “con c e rn , at t e n t i on ; ” The neurologist exercised car e in assessing head injurie s . {-ful} derivational suffix meaning “having characteristic of;” creates adjectives; painful {-ly} bound derivational suffix; creates adverbs of manner; richly 4. reachable {reach} free base; “to arrive at;” Ann reached our house by noon. {-able} derivational suffix; creates adjectives; drinkable EX–8 EX ERCISE ANSWER KEY

5. nationhood {nation} free base; “a group of people as a political unit;” Europe may become a single nation. {-hood} bound derviational suffix; creates nouns; brotherhood 6. legalize {legal} free base; “pertaining to law;” Their marriage is not legal in California. {-ize} bound de ri v a t i o nal suffix; cr eates ver bs from adjectives or nouns; eq u a l i z e , rub b e riz e 7. rivalry {rival} free base; “an opponent;” The count met his rival at dawn. {-ry} bound derivational suffix meaning “state or condition;” creates nouns; thievery 8. reference {refer} free base; “to direct;” The president will refer the question to the Secretary of State. {-ence} bound derivational suffix meaning “state or condition;” creates nouns from adjectives ending in -ent; confidence 9. playful {play} free base; “to act in jest or sport;” Our basketball team plays well. {-ful} bound derivational suffix; creates adjectives; helpful Inflectional Morphemes immigrants noun plural States noun plural brought verb past tense dialects noun plural was verb past tense greater adjective comparative come verb past participle historians noun plural centuries noun plural colonists noun plural differences noun plural became verb past tense moved verb past tense accommodated verb past tense diminished verb past participle growing verb present participle England’s noun possessive encouraged verb past tense