EXERCISE ANSWER KEY - CHAPTER 3 6 ______
CHAPTER 3 - THE MORPHOLOGY OF ENGLISH
Exercise 3.1
This exercise lends itself to group work. It focuses students’ attention on their knowledge of the underlying morphological system that enables them to create new words from nonsense words.
1. glubbify, glub 2. glubber 3. glubbish 4. glubbishly 5. glubbiphobe
Exercise 3.2 The parts of speech are indicated below, although at this point students are expected only to recognize independent words.
1. under# score {under} is a preposition meaning “below” {score} is a verb meaning “to mark with lines”
2. re# form {re-} means “repetition of a stated action” (redo) {form} is a verb meaning “to shape or mold”
3. dark# en {dark} is an adjective meaning “without light” {-en} creates verbs from adjectives (deepen)
4. coward# ly {coward} is a noun meaning “one who lacks courage” {-ly} creates adjectives from nouns (friendly)
5. child# ish {child} a noun meaning “a person between birth and puberty” {-ish} creates adjectives meaning “having the quality of” (foolish)
6. dough# nut# s {dough} is a noun meaning “a mixture of flour and liquids that is baked” {nut} is a noun meaning “a hard-shelled, one-cell fruit” {-s} indicates that a noun is plural (car/cars) EXERCISE ANSWER KEY - CHAPTER 3 7 ______
7. non# believe# er {non-} changes the meaning of a word to its negative (nonstarter) {believe} is a verb meaning “to accept as true” {-er} creates a noun meaning “one who does” (scribbler)
8. clue# less {clue} is a noun meaning “anything that guides in the solution of a problem” {-less} creates adjectives meaning “free of” (heedless)
9. dis# approve# al {dis-}changes the meanings of verbs to their opposites (disappear) {approve} is a verb meaning “to regard favorably” {-al} creates nouns from verbs (removal)
10. un# fashion# able {un-}changes the meaning of a word to its opposite (unlikely) {fashion} is a noun meaning “the current style” {-able} is from the adjective able, meaning “capable of”
11. re# ignite# ed {re-} means “repetition of a stated action” (reassure) {ignite} is a verb meaning “to cause to burn” {-ed} indicates the past tense of a verb (walk/walked)
12. de# class# ify {de-} indicates “reversal or undoing” (deactivate) {class } is a noun meaning “a division by quality, rank, or grade” {-ify} creates verbs from nouns and adjectives (terrify, falsify)
Exercise 3.3
Yester# day# the# bak# er# ’s# old# est# daughter# ran# a# way# with# the# bank# er# ’s# young# est# son.
Exercise 3.4
1. Fred# find# s# the# old# elevat# or# un# bear# able.
2. The# manag# er# listen# ed# im# patient# ly# as# the# clerk# ’s# claim# s# be# came# increas# ing# ly# in# cred# ible EXERCISE ANSWER KEY - CHAPTER 3 8 ______
Exercise 3.5
1. A - A regular activity assumed to occur in the past, the present, and the future
2. D - Something that will occur in the future
3. E - Something that occurs at an indefinite time
4. B - Something in a narrative that occurred in the past but is told as though it were happening in the present
5. A - A regular activity assumed to occur in the past, the present, and the future E - Something that occurs at an indefinite time
6. CC - Both verbs indicate something that is continuously ongoing in the past, present, and future
7. C - Something that is continuously ongoing in the past, present, and future D or E - Something that will occur in the future or at an indefinite time
8. BB - Both verbs indicate something in a narrative that occurred in the past but is told as though it were happening in the present
Exercise 3.6
1. thought, thought 2. sank, sunk 3. blinked, blinked 4. swept, swept 5. bleeped, bleeped 6. burned/burnt, burned/burnt 7. turned, turned 8. swam, swum 9. trimmed, trimmed 10. hit, hit 11. gritted, gritted 12. sat, sat EXERCISE ANSWER KEY - CHAPTER 3 9 ______
Exercise 3.7
1. Noun The concrete’s surface was very rough.
2. Verb I reconciled my checkbook last month.
3. Noun Only a few stars are visible when the moon is bright. Verb Johnny Depp has starred in many movies.
4. Noun We’ll have three tables of bridge tonight. Verb The committee tabled the motion after a long discussion.
5. Noun They keep soft drinks in their refrigerator during the summer. Verb Barbara drank water constantly while working out.
6. Adjective You can drop me off at the far corner. Adverb His robot didn’t go far before it ran off the road and fell into a ditch.
7. Verb Joe freed the dog from its leash when they reached the park. Adjective I have never felt freer in my life. Adverb The New Hampshire motto is “Live free or die.”
8. Noun He’ll be wearing 28 longs before long. Verb The servicemen and women longed to spend Thanksgiving at home. Adjective June 6, 1944, has been called “The Longest Day.” Adverb Jimmy balanced the ball on his nose longer than anyone else.
Exercise 3.8
Some of the possible derivations from act are: actable, actably, action, actionary, actionless, activate, active, actively, activeness, activist, activistic, activisticly, activity, antiaction, deactivate, enact, enaction, enactment, inactable, inactableness, inactably, inaction, inactivate, inactive, inactively, inactiveness, inactivity, nonaction, nonactive, nonactively, nonactiveness, nonactivity, proaction, proactive, proactively, proactiveness, proactivity, react, reaction, reactionary, reactionless, reactionlessly, reactivate, reactive, reactiveness, reactivity, reenact, reenaction, reenactment, semiaction, semiactive, semiactively, semiactiveness, semiactivity, superaction, superactive, superactively, unactable, unactably, and so on.
Students may create or discover others. EXERCISE ANSWER KEY - CHAPTER 3 10 ______
Exercise 3.9
1. {fore-} bound derivational prefix meaning “before in time” (forecast) {shadow} free base
2. {dis-} bound derivational prefix indicating negation (disunite) {approve} free base {-al} bound derivational noun-making suffix meaning “act or process” (refusal)
3. {hyphen} free base {-ate} bound derivational verb-making suffix meaning “to apply” (pollinate)
4. {techno-} bound base meaning “concerned with technology” {-crat} bound derivational suffix meaning “a participant or supporter” (democrat)
5. {be-} bound derivational verb-making prefix meaning “to cause a condition to exist” (becalm) {stir} free base
6. {en-} bound derivational verb-making prefix meaning “to put into or on” (encompass) {throne} free base {-ment} bound derivational noun-making suffix meaning “state or action” (government)
7. {marvel} free base {-ous} bound derivational adjective-making suffix “having or possessing” (odorous)
8. {en-} bound derivational prefix meaning “in or within” (encase) {close} free base {-ure} bound derivational noun-making suffix indicating “act or process” (indenture) EXERCISE ANSWER KEY - CHAPTER 3 11 ______
Exercise 3.10
This exercise can be assigned as homework or it can be done in class in small groups. Use a dictionary to check your answer. acrophobia fear of heights claustrophobia fear of being locked up, shut up in an enclosed space hydrophobia fear of water agoraphobia fear of open spaces gamophobia fear of marriage orinthophobia fear of birds panophobia fear of work melissophobia fear of bees demophobia fear of crowds thanatophobia fear of death phagophobia fear of eating ichthyphobia fear of fish genophobia fear of sex arachnophobia fear of spiders ophidiophobia fear of snakes xenophobia fear of strangers gynophobia fear of women triskaidekaphobia fear of thirteen autophobia fear of being alone scopophobia fear of being looked at hygrophobia fear of dampness batrachnophobia fear of frogs peniaphobia fear of poverty alophobia fear of seeing, handling, or playing a flute or similar wind instrument
Exercise 3.11
1. fast accepts inflectional suffixes (as a verb, fasts/fasted; as an adjective or adverb faster/fastest)
2. quite cannot accept change
3. river accepts inflectional suffixes (rivers) EXERCISE ANSWER KEY - CHAPTER 3 12 ______
4. might cannot accept change
5. backwards cannot accept change
6. cook accepts derivational (cookery) and inflectional suffixes (cooks, cooked)
7. attractive accepts derivational (attractively) suffixes
8. among cannot accept change
9. imagine accepts derivational affixes (unimaginable, imaginability)
Exercise 3.12
No answers are provided for this exercise.
Review Exercises Morphological Analysis
1. {bag} free base meaning “pouch-like container” {-age} bound derivational suffix meaning “relationship or pertaining to” (parentage)
2. {style} free base meaning “sort or kind” {-ist} bound derivational suffix meaning “a person skilled in a special field” (physicist) {-ic} bound derivational suffix meaning “characteristic of” (mythic)
3. {in-} bound derivational prefix meaning “not” (ineligible) {digest} free base meaning “to assimilate food” {-ion} bound derivational suffix meaning “an act or process” (revision)
4. {semi-} bound derivational prefix meaning “partial or half” (semicircle) {conduct} free base meaning “to direct the course of” {-or} bound derivational suffix meaning “something that performs the action” (operator)
5. {out} free base meaning “away from inside” {side} free base meaning “an area separated from another” EXERCISE ANSWER KEY - CHAPTER 3 13 ______
6. {grump} free base meaning “a cranky person” {-y} bound derivational adjective-making suffix (rainy) {-est} bound inflectional suffix indicating the superlative
7. {paint} free base meaning “to cover with a liquid used as a decorative coating” {-er} bound derivational suffix meaning “person who performs an action” (wrestler) {-ly} bound derivational suffix creating adjectives from nouns (brotherly)
8. {margin} free base meaning “an edge or border” {-al} bound derivational suffix indicating “connection with” (adjectival) {-ize} bound derivational verb-making suffix meaning “to cause to become” (idolize)
9. {in-} bound derivational prefix meaning “not” (ineligible) {capable} free base meaning “having the ability” {-ity} bound derivational suffix indicating a state or quality (authenticity)
10. {re-} bound derivational prefix meaning “repetition of a previous action” (reapply) {deploy} free base meaning “to spread out troops” {-ment} bound derivational noun-making suffix indicating “action or state” (appeasement)
11. {un-} bound derivational prefix meaning “not” (unfair) {de-} bound derivational prefix meaning “undo” (deselect) {cipher} free base meaning “code” {-able} bound derivational suffix meaning “capable of” (arguable)
12. {house} free base meaning “residence” {hold} free base meaning “something held” {-er} bound derivational suffix meaning “person who performs the action” {-s} bound inflection suffix indicating the plural EXERCISE ANSWER KEY - CHAPTER 3 14 ______
Inflectional Morphemes is verb present tense (third person singular) smallest adjective superlative state’s noun possessive growing verb present participle is verb present tense (third person singular) keeping verb present participle becoming verb present participle gardeners noun plural It’s A contraction of two words: the pronoun It and the verb is (present tense, third person singular) crops noun plural vegetables noun plural have verb present tense (plural) lacked verb past participle faster adverb comparative days noun plural fruits noun plural reported verb past tense cabbages noun plural grew verb past tense were verb past tense (plural) had verb past tense been verb past participle chilled verb past participle exploded verb past tense rose verb past tense said verb past tense was verb past tense (singular) bigger adjective comparative records noun plural holds verb present tense (third person singular) has verb present tense (third person singular) produced verb past participle was verb past tense (singular) largest adjective superlative weighed verb past tense grown verb past participle EXERCISE ANSWER KEY - CHAPTER 3 15 ______
Practical Applications - New Coinages
1. wikipedia an interactive web-based encyclopedia {wiki} + {-pedia}, as in encyclopedia
2. wiktionary an interactive web-based dictionary {wiki} + {-tionary}, as in dictionary
3. wikiblog an interactive web log {wiki} + {blog} (a compound word)
4. wikitorial a short-lived L.A. Times interactive web-based editorial page {wiki} + {-torial}, as in editorial
5. wikify, wikiate
6. wikster, wikimaniac, wikiac
7. wikisphere, wikidom, wikiverse
8. bliki, bloki
9. linki, liki, cliki
Practical Applications - Changing Language
Student answers to this assignment will vary. It is a good exercise for students to write first and share later in small groups.