DOCSLIB.ORG

Greek Bronze Coin – Money for Daily Life

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Greek Bronze Coin – Money for Daily Life Greek Bronze Coin – Money for Daily Life Who does not know the custom to differentiate between Sunday and working-day dresses? Something similar exits with money. For example in ancient Greece: The bronze coins were kind of working-day cash with which one went to the market. The large silver coins, however, were used for more important business transactions. He who thinks that these were also more beautiful, is mistaken. The small coins were minted just as carefully as the prestige coinages. 1 von 7 www.sunflower.ch Sarmatia, Olbia, Bronze Dolphin, c. 480 BC Denomination: Dolphin Coin Mint Authority: City of Olbia Mint: Olbia Year of Issue: -480 Weight (g): 4.23 Diameter (mm): 45.0 Material: Bronze Owner: Sunflower Foundation This small dolphin is an interesting transition between standardized coin and bronze ingot. It weighs 4.23 grams, which corresponded to the coin standard of the Athenian drachm. The inscription on the reverse, APIXO, gives the name of the issuing authority; it is this declaration that turns the ingot into a coin. The dolphin originated from Olbia, an ancient city on the mouth of the River Bug and on the coast of the Black Sea. Dolphins were very frequent in these waters. They liked to accompany seagoing vessels over long distances, which is why they became symbols of maritime transportation and trade. The dolphin coins of Sarmatia expressed this in a very picturesque manner. 2 von 7 www.sunflower.ch Sicily, Acragas, Cast Onkia, c. 450 BC Denomination: Onkia Mint Authority: City of Acragas Mint: Acragas (Agrigento) Year of Issue: -450 Weight (g): 4.56 Diameter (mm): 20.0 Material: Bronze Owner: Sunflower Foundation The first bronze coins of Sicily were issued in Acragas. Initially they were not minted but cast, and did not yet have the typical round coin shape. The smallest denomination took an oval form, while the larger units were cone-shaped. It is not entirely clear whether the cast Acragas items were indeed circulating coins, or were rather used as weights. This specimen is an onkia, the twelfth part of a whole. The onkia was a weight standard as well as a coin unit. 3 von 7 www.sunflower.ch Sicily, Leontinoi, Tetras (1/4 Litra), 405-402 BC Denomination: Tetras (1/4 Litra) Mint Authority: City of Leontinoi Mint: Leontinoi (Lentini) Year of Issue: -405 Weight (g): 2.02 Diameter (mm): 14.0 Material: Bronze Owner: Sunflower Foundation The tetras was a small Italic-Sicilian minor coin worth 1/4 of a litra. The value was indicated by three pellets on the reverse – for 1 litra equaled 12 onkiae, and a tetras thus held 3 onkiae. Our litra bears the head of the god Apollo wearing a laurel wreath on the obverse. The reverse shows a tripod with three handles, and a lyre between the tripods legs. On each side a barleycorn is depicted; beneath are the three pellets of value. 4 von 7 www.sunflower.ch Sicily, Himera, Hemilitra (1/2 Litra), c. 400 BC Denomination: Hemilitra (1/2 Litra) Mint Authority: City of Himera Mint: Himera Year of Issue: -400 Weight (g): 1.6 Diameter (mm): 13.0 Material: Bronze Owner: Sunflower Foundation The obverse of the coin depicts the head of the nymph Himera, while the reverse shows a prawn. The six pellets on the reverse indicate the coin's value. At that time, the Himerans calculated in the duodecimal system: twelve onkiae equaled a litra, a very popular small silver coin. Our coin was worth six onkiae, half a litra thus, and was therefore called hemilitra. 5 von 7 www.sunflower.ch Bosporan Kingdom, Undefined Ruler, Bronze Unit (AE), 4th Century BC, Panticapaeum Denomination: AE (Bronze Unit) Mint Authority: Bosporan Kingdom Mint: Panticapaeum (Kerch) Year of Issue: -400 Weight (g): 7.03 Diameter (mm): 22.0 Material: Bronze Owner: Sunflower Foundation The city of Panticapaeum, founded around the mid-6th century BC on the strait between the Black See and the Sea of Azov, controlled the narrow passage between the two waters and thus soon became the most important port for trade between the Crimean and south Russia and the Aegean. Coins had been minted in Panticapaeum already in the 5th century. They are evidence of the city's economic prosperity, especially since the 4th century. This little bronze coin depicts on the obverse the head of Pan, punning on the city's name. The griffin on the reverse is the fabulous monster that was reputed to guard the sources of gold in the distant Ural or Altai Mountains. 6 von 7 www.sunflower.ch Persian Empire, Satrapy of Lydia and Ionia, Spithridates († c. 334 BC), Small Bronze Coin, Kyme Denomination: Small Bronze Mint Authority: Satrap Spithridates Mint: Undefined Year of Issue: -340 Weight (g): 1.49 Diameter (mm): 11.0 Material: Bronze Owner: Sunflower Foundation This small bronze is an issue of Spithridates, the satrap of Lydia and Ionia. Spithridates had himself portrayed by a Greek engraver; we make out his tiara, a typical Persian headgear resembling a bag from leather, of which the upper part was folded upward. The reverse of the coin depicts the prosoma of a horse and a monogram. 7 von 7 www.sunflower.ch .
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Artaxerxes II
    Artaxerxes II John Shannahan BAncHist (Hons) (Macquarie University) Thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. Department of Ancient History, Macquarie University. May, 2015. ii Contents List of Illustrations v Abstract ix Declaration xi Acknowledgements xiii Abbreviations and Conventions xv Introduction 1 CHAPTER 1 THE EARLY REIGN OF ARTAXERXES II The Birth of Artaxerxes to Cyrus’ Challenge 15 The Revolt of Cyrus 41 Observations on the Egyptians at Cunaxa 53 Royal Tactics at Cunaxa 61 The Repercussions of the Revolt 78 CHAPTER 2 399-390: COMBATING THE GREEKS Responses to Thibron, Dercylidas, and Agesilaus 87 The Role of Athens and the Persian Fleet 116 Evagoras the Opportunist and Carian Commanders 135 Artaxerxes’ First Invasion of Egypt: 392/1-390/89? 144 CHAPTER 3 389-380: THE KING’S PEACE AND CYPRUS The King’s Peace (387/6): Purpose and Influence 161 The Chronology of the 380s 172 CHAPTER 4 NUMISMATIC EXPRESSIONS OF SOLIDARITY Coinage in the Reign of Artaxerxes 197 The Baal/Figure in the Winged Disc Staters of Tiribazus 202 Catalogue 203 Date 212 Interpretation 214 Significance 223 Numismatic Iconography and Egyptian Independence 225 Four Comments on Achaemenid Motifs in 227 Philistian Coins iii The Figure in the Winged Disc in Samaria 232 The Pertinence of the Political Situation 241 CHAPTER 5 379-370: EGYPT Planning for the Second Invasion of Egypt 245 Pharnabazus’ Invasion of Egypt and Aftermath 259 CHAPTER 6 THE END OF THE REIGN Destabilisation in the West 267 The Nature of the Evidence 267 Summary of Current Analyses 268 Reconciliation 269 Court Intrigue and the End of Artaxerxes’ Reign 295 Conclusion: Artaxerxes the Diplomat 301 Bibliography 309 Dies 333 Issus 333 Mallus 335 Soli 337 Tarsus 338 Unknown 339 Figures 341 iv List of Illustrations MAP Map 1 Map of the Persian Empire xviii-xix Brosius, The Persians, 54-55 DIES Issus O1 Künker 174 (2010) 403 333 O2 Lanz 125 (2005) 426 333 O3 CNG 200 (2008) 63 333 O4 Künker 143 (2008) 233 333 R1 Babelon, Traité 2, pl.
    [Show full text]
  • The Satrap of Western Anatolia and the Greeks
    University of Pennsylvania ScholarlyCommons Publicly Accessible Penn Dissertations 2017 The aS trap Of Western Anatolia And The Greeks Eyal Meyer University of Pennsylvania, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://repository.upenn.edu/edissertations Part of the Ancient History, Greek and Roman through Late Antiquity Commons Recommended Citation Meyer, Eyal, "The aS trap Of Western Anatolia And The Greeks" (2017). Publicly Accessible Penn Dissertations. 2473. https://repository.upenn.edu/edissertations/2473 This paper is posted at ScholarlyCommons. https://repository.upenn.edu/edissertations/2473 For more information, please contact [email protected]. The aS trap Of Western Anatolia And The Greeks Abstract This dissertation explores the extent to which Persian policies in the western satrapies originated from the provincial capitals in the Anatolian periphery rather than from the royal centers in the Persian heartland in the fifth ec ntury BC. I begin by establishing that the Persian administrative apparatus was a product of a grand reform initiated by Darius I, which was aimed at producing a more uniform and centralized administrative infrastructure. In the following chapter I show that the provincial administration was embedded with chancellors, scribes, secretaries and military personnel of royal status and that the satrapies were periodically inspected by the Persian King or his loyal agents, which allowed to central authorities to monitory the provinces. In chapter three I delineate the extent of satrapal authority, responsibility and resources, and conclude that the satraps were supplied with considerable resources which enabled to fulfill the duties of their office. After the power dynamic between the Great Persian King and his provincial governors and the nature of the office of satrap has been analyzed, I begin a diachronic scrutiny of Greco-Persian interactions in the fifth century BC.
    [Show full text]
  • Mercenaries, Poleis, and Empires in the Fourth Century Bce
    The Pennsylvania State University The Graduate School College of the Liberal Arts ALL THE KING’S GREEKS: MERCENARIES, POLEIS, AND EMPIRES IN THE FOURTH CENTURY BCE A Dissertation in History and Classics and Ancient Mediterranean Studies by Jeffrey Rop © 2013 Jeffrey Rop Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy May 2013 ii The dissertation of Jeffrey Rop was reviewed and approved* by the following: Mark Munn Professor of Ancient Greek History and Greek Archaeology, Classics and Ancient Mediterranean Studies Dissertation Advisor Chair of Committee Gary N. Knoppers Edwin Erle Sparks Professor of Classics and Ancient Mediterranean Studies, Religious Studies, and Jewish Studies Garrett G. Fagan Professor of Ancient History and Classics and Ancient Mediterranean Studies Kenneth Hirth Professor of Anthropology Carol Reardon George Winfree Professor of American History David Atwill Associate Professor of History and Asian Studies Graduate Program Director for the Department of History *Signatures are on file in the Graduate School iii ABSTRACT This dissertation examines Greek mercenary service in the Near East from 401- 330 BCE. Traditionally, the employment of Greek soldiers by the Persian Achaemenid Empire and the Kingdom of Egypt during this period has been understood to indicate the military weakness of these polities and the superiority of Greek hoplites over their Near Eastern counterparts. I demonstrate that the purported superiority of Greek heavy infantry has been exaggerated by Greco-Roman authors. Furthermore, close examination of Greek mercenary service reveals that the recruitment of Greek soldiers was not the purpose of Achaemenid foreign policy in Greece and the Aegean, but was instead an indication of the political subordination of prominent Greek citizens and poleis, conducted through the social institution of xenia, to Persian satraps and kings.
    [Show full text]
  • “Just Rage”: Causes of the Rise in Violence in the Eastern Campaigns of Alexander the Great
    CORE Metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk Provided by University of Missouri: MOspace “Just Rage”: Causes of the Rise in Violence in the Eastern Campaigns of Alexander the Great _______________________________________ A Thesis presented to the Faculty of the Graduate School at the University of Missouri-Columbia _____________________________________________________ In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Arts _____________________________________________________ by Jenna Rice MAY 2014 The undersigned, appointed by the dean of the Graduate School, have examined the thesis entitled “JUST RAGE”: CAUSES OF THE RISE IN VIOLENCE IN THE EASTERN CAMPAIGNS OF ALEXANDER THE GREAT presented by Jenna Rice, a candidate for the degree of master of history, and hereby certify that, in their opinion, it is worthy of acceptance. Professor Ian Worthington Professor Lawrence Okamura Professor LeeAnn Whites Professor Michael Barnes τῷ πατρί, ὅς ἐμοί τ'ἐπίστευε καὶ ἐπεκέλευε ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to thank the members of my committee, Professors Worthington, Okamura, Whites, and Barnes, for the time they spent reading and considering my thesis during such a busy part of the semester. I received a number of thoughtful questions and suggestions of new methodologies which will prompt further research of my topic in the future. I am especially grateful to my advisor, Professor Worthington, for reading through and assessing many drafts of many chapters and for his willingness to discuss and debate the topic at length. I know that the advice I received throughout the editing process will serve me well in future research endeavors. ii TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ............................................................................................ iv INTRODUCTION ...............................................................................................................1 Chapter 1.
    [Show full text]
  • Causes of the Rise in Violence in the Eastern Campaigns of Alexander the Great
    “Just Rage”: Causes of the Rise in Violence in the Eastern Campaigns of Alexander the Great _______________________________________ A Thesis presented to the Faculty of the Graduate School at the University of Missouri-Columbia _____________________________________________________ In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Arts _____________________________________________________ by Jenna Rice MAY 2014 The undersigned, appointed by the dean of the Graduate School, have examined the thesis entitled “JUST RAGE”: CAUSES OF THE RISE IN VIOLENCE IN THE EASTERN CAMPAIGNS OF ALEXANDER THE GREAT presented by Jenna Rice, a candidate for the degree of master of history, and hereby certify that, in their opinion, it is worthy of acceptance. Professor Ian Worthington Professor Lawrence Okamura Professor LeeAnn Whites Professor Michael Barnes τῷ πατρί, ὅς ἐμοί τ'ἐπίστευε καὶ ἐπεκέλευε ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to thank the members of my committee, Professors Worthington, Okamura, Whites, and Barnes, for the time they spent reading and considering my thesis during such a busy part of the semester. I received a number of thoughtful questions and suggestions of new methodologies which will prompt further research of my topic in the future. I am especially grateful to my advisor, Professor Worthington, for reading through and assessing many drafts of many chapters and for his willingness to discuss and debate the topic at length. I know that the advice I received throughout the editing process will serve me well in future research endeavors. ii TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ............................................................................................ iv INTRODUCTION ...............................................................................................................1 Chapter 1. THE GREEK RULES OF WAR ..............................................................................5 2. ALEXANDER IN PERSIA ...................................................................................22 3.
    [Show full text]
  • Achaemenid Grants of Cities and Lands to Greeks: the Case of Mentor and Memnon of Rhodes Maxim M
    Achaemenid Grants of Cities and Lands to Greeks: The Case of Mentor and Memnon of Rhodes Maxim M. Kholod HE GRANTS of cities and lands to foreigners, including Greeks, who had provided and/or would in the future T provide important services to the Persian kings and satraps were a fairly common practice in the Achaemenid Empire.1 A portion of evidence for such grants concerns Asia Minor. For example, Cyrus the Great is said to have granted seven cities in Asia Minor to his friend Pytharchus of Cyzicus.2 The Spartan king Demaratus, after he had been allowed to dwell in Persia, received from Darius I and probably then from Xerxes lands and cities, among them Teuthrania and Halisarna, where his descendants, the Demaratides, still were in power at the beginning of the fourth century.3 Gongylus of Eretria, who had been expelled from his home city as an adherent of the Persians, received from Xerxes the cities Gambrium, Palaegambrium, 1 On these grants see in detail M. A. Dandamayev and V. G. Lukonin, Kultura i ekonomika drevnego Irana (Moscow 1980) 138–142 (Engl. transl.: Cambridge 1989); P. Briant, “Dons de terres et de villes: L’Asie Mineure dans le contexte achéménide,” REA 87 (1985) 51–72, and From Cyrus to Alexander (Winona Lake 2002) 561–563, 969; Ch. Tuplin, “The Administration of the Achaemenid Empire,” in I. Carradice (ed.), Coinage and Administration in the Athenian and Persian Empires (Oxford 1987) 133–137; G. Herman, Ritualised Friendship and the Greek City (Cambridge 1987) 106–115; P. Debord, L’Asie Mineure au IVe siècle (Bordeaux 1999) 189–193; H.
    [Show full text]
  • Polygamy in Greek Views of Persians Dominique Lenfant
    Polygamy in Greek Views of Persians Dominique Lenfant ORE THAN FORTY years ago, in his polemical work Orientalism, Edward Said argued that the image of the Orient had been constructed by Westerners in the 18th Mth and 19 centuries in order to favour the latter’s political domina- tion.1 In so arguing, he did not hesitate to consider that this process dated back to Aeschylus’ Persians, and generally speak- ing, some similarities between modern and ancient views of Easterners may seem striking. However, in many cases it is worth checking the reality and depth of such analogies. At first glance, polygamy is one of them. In Montesquieu’s Persian Letters, the polygamy of the main figure is a striking feature of the Persian world that he contrasts with France. And in his classic book on The Family in Classical Greece, W. K. Lacey argued that Greek cities had “a common attitude towards family customs, monogamy, for example, and the refusal to adopt the oriental custom of the harem.” His note shows unsurprisingly that the “Orientals” who practised polygamy were Persians.2 On the back cover of Edith Hall’s Inventing the Barbarian, it may be read that “incest, polygamy, murder, sacrilege, impalement, castra- tion, female power, and despotism—these are some of the images by which the Greek tragedians defined the non-Greek, ‘barbarian’ world.”3 Since, according to Strabo (15.3.23), Per- sians appear to be the most famous barbarians among the Greeks, it may be of interest to investigate the place of polygamy 1 E. Said, Orientalism (London 1978).
    [Show full text]
  • Cradle of Civilization
    AlexVsDarius.indd 1 11/17/19 12:36 PM Cradle of Civilization Contents Box Contents 1. The Turn 2 1 Game Board 2. Control 4 2 Rule Books 3. Combat 4 9 Counter Sheets 4. Supply 7 4 Double-sided Player Aids 5. Game Tracks 9 10 Dice 6. Initial Setup 10 36 Civilization Cards * 7. Special Rules 12 6 Epoch City Cards * 8. Events 15 6 Epoch Civilization Summary Cards * * Not used in Alexander vs Darius Objectives Each player begins the game with a position on their respective tracks. The Macedonian player must manage a war weariness track which represents the will of Alexander III’s Army to keep fighting. The Persian player must manage a legitimacy track which represents the faith of the Persian people and nobility to continue standing behind Darius III as King of Persia. If one of these tracks ever falls to 0 or below that player loses automatically. These tracks will fluctuate throughout the game but are much more likely to go down than up to represent the somewhat tenuous position of both sides. The Macedonian player must win by reducing Persian legitimacy to 0. The Persian player wins by reducing Macedonian morale to 0 and/or killing Alexander III the Great in battle. If the game ends with neither player achieving their objective then the game is a draw. 1. The Turn 1.3 Actions Each turn the Macedonians spend their treasure on one 1.1 Phases of the Game action, followed by the Persians, and so forth until both sides pass. A player who passes twice in a turn, may not The game is divided into 20 turns.
    [Show full text]
  • Ten Qualities of Successful Commanders
    1 ten QuAlities of suCCessful CommAnders OU COULDN’T MISS THE KING. THE BATTLE WAS ALREADY A MUDDLE OF MEN Yand horses in motion and yet he was unmistakable. He was short but muscular and he sat on a huge black steed. Shining in his splendid armor, with tall white plumes fi xed on either side of his helmet, Alexander the Great, king of Macedon, led the second wave of the Companion Cavalry. A blast of bugles and a roar of battle cries had sent them off , galloping across the shallow Granicus River and up onto the opposite bank, under the wait- ing eyes of Persia’s fi nest horsemen. Flush with victory over the fi rst wave of the Macedonian attack, the Persians charged the enemy with loud shouts. Two Persian brothers zeroed in on Alexander himself. Rhoesaces and Sphithridates were both aristocrats; Sphithridates was governor of Ionia, a wealthy province on what is today Turkey’s Aegean coast. The broth- ers charged and Spithridates split Alexander’s helmet with his scimitar and grazed Alexander’s hair. Alexander struck back and drove his wooden lance into Spithridates’s chest. As Spithridates died, his brother swung his sword at Alexander’s naked head and aimed a deathblow. In the split second before he made contact his arm was sliced off by the deft sword of Cleitus the Black, a Macedonian offi cer. Alexander was saved. It was a May day in northwestern Anatolia (Turkey) in 334 b.c. 9781489164488TEXT.indd 1 3/16/12 2:50 PM 2 Masters of Command ••• One hundred eighteen years later, the din of battle sounded across the roll- ing hills of southern Italy, where the armies of Rome and Carthage were locked in a death struggle outside the little town of Cannae.
    [Show full text]
  • DARIUS III (336-331 B.C.) Arses and the Corinthian League The
    CHAPTER FIFTEEN DARIUS III (336-331 B.C.) Arses and the Corinthian League The murdered Artaxerxes III was succeeded by Arses, his son by his Queen of queens, Atossa (whose name, piously Zoroastrian, had recurred among Achaemenian princesses since the time of Cyrus). Egypt revolted at the news of his father's death; and in the same year the Greek states founded the Corinthian League with Philip of Macedon as its 'protector', and proclaimed war on Persia. The ostensible cause was to avenge the destruction of Greek shrines by Xerxes almost one hundred and fifty years earlier-a good rallying ground for the deeply divided Hellenes. A Macedonian army crossed at once into Asia Minor, and was welcomed there by some of the Greek cities. The accessions of Darius III and Alexander Before Arses could act on either front, he tried to rid himself of the dominating Bagoas, only to be poisoned by him like his father. Bagoas is said to have had all Arses' children put to death; and there seems to have been a general slaughter of other princes of the blood over the years, for the king-making eunuch (who as commander-in-chief evidently had the loyalty of Persian troops) now set on the throne Darius III, a great-great-nephew of Artaxerxes II. Darius was then a man of forty-five, with some experience of rule as satrap of Armenia; but he can have had no training for governing the empire, and no expectation of the crown. He early proved to be of some mettle, however, for when Bagoas, finding him intractable, tried to poison him in his turn, he is said to have forced the eunuch to swallow the deadly drink himself.l A few months later Philip of Macedon was murdered, and his son Alexander, then just twenty, succeeded him, though not without a struggle.
    [Show full text]
  • Pharnabazos, Cyrus' Rebell Ion, and the Spartan War of 3991
    ARTA 2008.003 John Hyland – Christopher Newport University Pharnabazos, Cyrus’ Rebellion, and the Spartan War of 399 1 Introduction – In the summer and fall of 399 BC, the Persian satraps Tissaphernes and Pharnabazos faced a Spartan invasion of their territories in western Anatolia. The initial Spartan attacks targeted the southern province of Tissaphernes, but after a new Spartan general took over command, the invading army turned north against Pharnabazos instead. The Greek historian Xenophon, a participant in the campaign, reports that this Spartan change in strategy exploited an astounding division in the Persian leadership: “When Derkylidas took over the army, knowing Tissaphernes and Pharnabazos to be suspicious of each other (hypoptous ontas allēlois), reaching a common agreement with 1 I presented early versions of this paper in workshop settings at Illinois Wesleyan University and Christopher Newport University. I am grateful to the participants in these events for their feedback. Achemenet Décembre 2008 1 ARTA 2008.003 Tissaphernes he led the army away towards the territory of Pharnabazos” (Hell. III.1.9). Xenophon does not elaborate on the reasons for this powerful suspicion, but indicates that the satraps’ mistrust was convenient for their enemies. Without Tissaphernes’ support, Pharnabazos lost a series of cities in the Troad, exposing the interior of his province to potential Spartan attack. Achaemenid history is dotted with examples of tension between provincial elites, but Tissaphernes’ betrayal of Pharnabazos is one of the more extreme cases recorded before the inter-satrapal warfare of the 360s. Modern scholars, commenting in passing on the events of 399, have followed two approaches.
    [Show full text]
  • Darius in the Shadow of Alexander
    Darius in the Shadow of Alexander DARIUS IN THE SHADOW OF ALEXANDER PIERRE BRIANT TRANSLATED BY JANE MARIE TODD CAMBRIDGE, MASSACHUSETTS LONDON, EN GLAND 2015 Copyright © 2015 by the President and Fellows of Harvard College All rights reserved Printed in the United States of America First printing Publication of this book has been aided by a grant from the French Ministry of Foreign Aff airs and the Cultural Ser vices of the French Embassy in the United States. First published as Darius dans l’ombre d’Alexandre by Pierre Briant World copyright © Librairie Arthème Fayard, 2003. Library of Congress Cataloging- in- Publication Data Briant, Pierre. [Darius dans l’ombre d’Alexandre. En glish] Darius in the shadow of Alexander / Pierre Briant ; translated by Jane Marie Todd. pages cm Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978- 0- 674- 49309- 4 (alkaline paper) 1. Darius III, King of Persia— 330 B.C. 2. Iran— Kings and rulers— Biography. 3. Iran— History—To 640. 4. Alexander, the Great, 356 B.C.– 323 B.C. I. Title. DS284.7.B7513 2015 935'.705092—dc23 [B] 2014018170 Contents Ac know ledg ments vii Preface to the English- Language Edition ix Translator’s Note xvii Introduction: Between Remembering and Forgetting 1 I THE IMPOSSIBLE BIOGRAPHY 1. A Shadow among His Own 15 2. Darius Past and Present 65 II CONTRASTING PORTRAITS 3. “The Last Darius, the One Who Was Defeated by Alexander” 109 4. Arrian’s Darius 130 5. A Diff erent Darius or the Same One? 155 6. Darius between Greece and Rome 202 vi Contents III RELUCTANCE AND ENTHUSIASM 7.
    [Show full text]