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Dissertationkhouloudkywan.Pdf (4.424Mb) Analyzing Gene Centres with the Help of the Checklist Method – the Case of Syria Khouloud Kywan (GCSAR) Syria Department of Agrobiodiversity Institute of Crop Sciences University of Kassel Germany “Analyzing Gene Centres with the Help of the Checklist Method – the Case of Syria” Khouloud Kywan (GCSAR) Syria Doctoral Dissertation Submitted for the degree of Doctor of Agricultural Sciences of the Institute of Crop Sciences of the University Kassel Presented by Khouloud Kywan BSc Syria, MSc. Germany Witzenhausen, Die vorliegende Arbeit wurde vom Fachbereich Agrarwissenschaften der Universität Kassel als Dissertation zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades eines Doktors der Agrarwissenschaften (Dr. agr.) angenommen. Erster Gutachter: Prof. Dr. Karl Hammer Zweiter Gutachter: Prof. Dr. Gunter Backes Tag der mündlichen Prüfung 08. Juni. 2015 This work was approved by the Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of Kassel as a thesis to obtain the academic degree of Doctor of Agricultural Sciences (Dr. agr.). Referee: Prof. Dr. Karl Hammer Co-referee: Prof. Dr. Gunter Backes Date of Examination: CONTENT ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ................................................................................................... VI DEDICATION ...................................................................................................................... VII ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS .............................................................................. IX 1 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................ 1 1.1 Geographical situation of Syria ................................................................................. 1 1.2 Population .................................................................................................................. 3 1.3 Climate ....................................................................................................................... 3 1.4 Soils of Syria ............................................................................................................... 4 1.5 Vegetation of Syria ..................................................................................................... 5 1.5.1 Agricultural regions of Syria .................................................................................. 5 1.5.2 Short history of exploration of the Syrian flora ..................................................... 6 1.5.3 Endemism in the Syrian flora ............................................................................... 11 1.6 History of the flora of cultivated plants of Syria ...................................................... 12 1.7 Genetic resources in Syria during four years of war ............................................... 14 1.8 Objective ................................................................................................................... 14 2 MATERIAL AND METHODS ..................................................................................... 16 2.1 Sources of information ............................................................................................. 16 2.2 Explanations for the checklist .................................................................................. 17 3 RESULTS: CHECKLIST OF CULTIVATED PLANTS OF SYRIA....................... 21 4 DISCUSSION ................................................................................................................. 95 4.1 Values of genetic resources ...................................................................................... 98 4.2 Genetic erosion ........................................................................................................ 99 4.3 Genetic resources conservation ............................................................................. 102 4.4 Checklist ................................................................................................................. 105 4.5 Genebank ................................................................................................................ 108 4.6 Homegardens ......................................................................................................... 110 4.7 Protected areas ...................................................................................................... 113 5 CONCLUSIONS........................................................................................................... 115 6 OUTLOOK ................................................................................................................... 116 7 REFERENCES ............................................................................................................. 117 8 SUMMARY ................................................................................................................... 126 9 ZUSAMMENFASSUNG ............................................................................................. 128 10 APPENDICES .............................................................................................................. 131 DECLARATION .................................................................................................................. 146 i Figures Fig. 1. Geographical location of Syria 1 Fig. 2. Satellite image of Syria 2 Fig. 3. Average temperatures and rainfall in Syria 3 Fig. 4. Soil map of Syria 4 Fig. 5. Land use in Syria 5 Fig. 6. Several wild wheat species grow in the Fertile Crescent in SW Asia 6 Fig. 7. Neolithic village at Abu-Hureyra, Syria 7 Fig. 8. Map of Syrian provinces 18 Fig. 9. Abelmoschus esculentus, bamia (syr), lady’s finger, okra (en). Landrace from south Syria, Dara, 2014 21 Fig. 10. Ceratonia siliqua, kharub (syr), Carob tree, St. John’s bread (en). Very old tree (khalamoon, ean al teeny) near Damascus, 2014 36 Fig. 11. Cicer arietinum, hummus (syr), chickpea (en). Landraces from south Syria, Dara, 2014 37 Fig. 12. Citrullus lanatus, bateech (syr), watermelon (en). Different varieties from South Syria, Dara, 2014 38 Fig. 13. Citrus sp., sour mandarin and lemon from South Syria, Dara, 2014 41 Fig. 14. Corchorus olitorius, mulukhiyah (syr), mallow-leaves, white jute (en). South Syria, Dara, 2014 42 Fig. 15. Cucumis melo, Bateekh asfar, shamam (syr), melon, musk melon (en), and faqus varieties from south Syria, Dara, 2014 44 Fig. 16. Cucumis sativus, khiar (syr), cucumber (en). Landraces from south Syria, Dara, 2014. Bbackground: Cucumis melo var. flexuosus (L.) Naud. (vegetable), Armenian cucumber (en), getha (syr) 45 Fig. 17. Preparation of food, different vegetables used to make pickles, Damascus, 2014 46 Fig. 18. Eriobotrya japonica, akedenia, moshmosh hinde (syr), loquat, Japanese medlar (en). Rraditional variety from Damascus, 2014 49 Fig. 19. Ficus carica, Teen (syr), common fig (en). Landraces from south Syria, Dara, 2014 50 Fig. 20. Lens culinaris, adas (syr), lentil (en). South Syria, Dara 57 Fig. 21. Lycopersicon esculentum, bandoora (syr), tomato (en). South Syria, Dara, 2014 59 Fig. 22. Malus domestica, toufaah (syr), apple (en). Damascus, 2014 60 Fig. 23. Malva parviflora, khubeza sagheerat al aworak (syr), little mallow, small flowered mallow, cheese weed (en). Landraces from South Syria, Dara, 2014 61 Fig. 24. Malva verticillata, khubeza Magdoula (syr), curled mallow (en). Landrace from South Syria, Dara, 2014 62 Fig. 25. Olea europaea, zeitoun (syr), common olive, olive tree (en). Different landraces with the extraction of olive oil, South Syria, Dara, 2014 67 Fig. 26. Opuntia ficus-indica, sabar (syr), Indian fig (en). South Syria, Al- yarmouk valley, Dara, 2014 68 ii Fig. 27. Phaseolus vulgaris, fasoulia (syr), common bean, garden bean, snap bean, kidney beans (en). Landraces from Damascus, 2014 71 Fig. 28. Phoenix dactylifera, nacheel al balah, tamer (syr), date palm, palm tree (en). Date palm gardens, Northwest Syria, Deir-alzour, Syria, 2014 72 Fig. 29. Pistacia vera , fustuq (syr), pistachio nut (en). North Syria, Idlib, 2014 74 Fig. 30. Pisum sativum, bazylah (syr), pea, garden pea (en). Landrace from South Syria, Dara, 2014 74 Fig. 31. Prunus armeniaca , moshmosh (syr), apricot (en). Landrace “Balady”, Dara, 2014 75 Fig. 32. Prunus avium, karaz (syr), sweet cherry (en). Damascus, 2014 76 Fig. 33. Prunus domestica, khokh (syr), plum (en). Different varieties from Damascus, 2014 77 Fig. 34. Prunus dulcis, louze (syr), common almond (en). North Syria, Idlib, 2014 78 Fig. 35. Prunus persica, Dourak (syr), peach (en), Source: different varieties from Damascus, 2014 79 Fig. 36. Punica granatum, romman (syr), pomegranate (en). North Syria, Aleppo, 2014 79 Fig. 37. Triticum aestivum, qameh tary, hinta (syr), bread wheat, common wheat, soft wheat (en). Experimental fields. Source: GCSAR, Damascus, Syria, 2011 88 Fig. 38. Triticum durum, qameh kassy (syr), durum wheat, hard wheat, macaroni wheat (en), South Syria, Dara, Syria, 2014 89 Fig. 39. Triticum durum. Experimental fields. Source:GCSAR, Damascus, Syria, 2011 90 Fig. 40. Traditional tool for cracking wheat to make bulgur, also frekah. South Syria, Dara, 2014 90 Fig. 41. Vitis vinifera, karma, enab (syr), grape, grapevine (en). Different landraces from south Syria, Dara, 2014 93 Fig. 42. Vavilov’s centres of genetic diversity 97 Fig. 43. Genetic diversity reduction process 100 Fig. 44. Biodiversity hotspots 103 Fig. 45. Homegardens, Damascus, 2014 110 Fig. 46. Homegarden, South Syria, Dara, 2014 112 Fig. 47. Homegardens, South west Syria, Quneitra, 2014 113 iii Tables Table 1.
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