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Ecology and Potential Distribution of the Cretan Endemic Tree Species Zelkova Abelicea
JournalJournal of Mediterranean of Mediterranean Ecology Ecology vol. 16, vol. 2018: 16, 15-26 2018 © Firma Effe Publisher, Reggio Emilia, Italy Ecology and potential distribution of the Cretan endemic tree species Zelkova abelicea Goedecke, F. & Bergmeier, E. University of Göttingen, Dept. Vegetation and Phytodiversity Analysis, Untere Karspüle 2, 37073 Göttingen, Germany; [email protected], [email protected] Keywords: Relict species, Species distribution modelling, Ecological niche, Genetic isolation, Metapopulation, Plant conservation, Crete. Abstract Mediterranean mountain forests feature woody species relicts such as Zelkova abelicea, an endemic tree species confined to six spatially and genetically distinct populations in Crete (S Aegean, Greece). We used species distribution modelling to predict the potential distribution of Zelkova abelicea. Comparison of coordinate-based geodata extractions for climate and topography revealed pronounced environmental differences for the metapopulations. Main factors for species distribution models were altitude and temperature seasonality (proxy for west-east gradient) whereas topographic conditions had surpris- ingly little influence on our models. While the most extensive Zelkova metapopulations were found to occur under locally fairly mesic conditions and comprising a wider ecological spectrum, the smaller populations comprising narrower ecological range occurred at lower elevations and further east. For further extrapolation with similar models for known populations, only similar site conditions allowed for a prediction. Differentiated site conditions in the mountains, genetic distinctness and possible environmental adaptations of isolated populations are to be considered in conservation and management. Introduction in the Sicilian mountains (Quézel & Médail 2003). Other prominent examples refer to the genus Zelkova A particularity of Mediterranean forests is the con- (Ulmaceae). -
The Potential for an Assad Statelet in Syria
THE POTENTIAL FOR AN ASSAD STATELET IN SYRIA Nicholas A. Heras THE POTENTIAL FOR AN ASSAD STATELET IN SYRIA Nicholas A. Heras policy focus 132 | december 2013 the washington institute for near east policy www.washingtoninstitute.org The opinions expressed in this Policy Focus are those of the author and not necessar- ily those of The Washington Institute for Near East Policy, its Board of Trustees, or its Board of Advisors. MAPS Fig. 1 based on map designed by W.D. Langeraar of Michael Moran & Associates that incorporates data from National Geographic, Esri, DeLorme, NAVTEQ, UNEP- WCMC, USGS, NASA, ESA, METI, NRCAN, GEBCO, NOAA, and iPC. Figs. 2, 3, and 4: detail from The Tourist Atlas of Syria, Syria Ministry of Tourism, Directorate of Tourist Relations, Damascus. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. No part of this publica- tion may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. © 2013 by The Washington Institute for Near East Policy The Washington Institute for Near East Policy 1828 L Street NW, Suite 1050 Washington, DC 20036 Cover: Digitally rendered montage incorporating an interior photo of the tomb of Hafez al-Assad and a partial view of the wheel tapestry found in the Sheikh Daher Shrine—a 500-year-old Alawite place of worship situated in an ancient grove of wild oak; both are situated in al-Qurdaha, Syria. Photographs by Andrew Tabler/TWI; design and montage by 1000colors. -
Plate Market
SPECIALS | February 09 – February 15 Menu subject to change PLATE MON Breakfast Breakfast Green Eggs & Ham with Cage-Free Eggs Lunch Beef Tagine Apricots, Peas & Harissa with Rice or Spiced Couscous Eastern Stew (vg) with Artichoke, Potato, Fennel and Saffron with Rice or Spiced Couscous Dinner Domada Chicken, Tomato-Peanut Butter and Yam Stew with Rice Superkanja (vg) Veggie Stew or Chickpeas with Greens, Okra and Yams with Rice TUES Breakfast Spanish Scramble with Chorizo, Pico de Gallo, Cheddar & Jack Cheeses TACO Lunch & Build Your Own Taco, Burrito, Bowl or Salad TUESDAY Dinner Choice of: Beef, Pork, or Chicken (Halal), Black Beans, Pinto Beans, Smoked Tomato Rice, Cilantro Rice, Fajita Veggies, Topping Bar: Sour Cream, Aji Amarillo Cream, Pico de Gallo, Guacamole, Lettuce, Assorted Salsa, Cheese, Fajita Vegetables, Chipotle Cream WEDS Breakfast French Toast with Maple Syrup Lunch Beef Tagine Apricots, Peas & Harissa with Rice or Spiced Couscous Eastern Stew (vg) with Artichoke, Potato, Fennel and Saffron with Rice or Spiced Couscous Dinner Kofta Meatloaf with Harissa Glaze, served with Pearl Couscous with Almond, Mint and Raisins and Beet & Orange Salad Winter Veggie Tagine (v) served with Pearl Couscous with Almonds, Mint and Raisins THUR Breakfast Italian Scramble with Salami, Onion and Mozzarella Lunch Bamia Lamb & Okra Stew with Rice and Flatbread Koshari (v) with Flatbread Dinner Kofta Meatloaf with Harissa Glaze, served with Pearl Couscous with Almond, Mint and Raisins and Beet & Orange Salad Winter Veggie Tagine (v) served with Pearl Couscous with Almonds, Mint and Raisins FRI Breakfast Banana Pancakes with Maple Syrup Lunch Bamia Lamb & Okra Stew with Rice and Flatbread Koshari (v) with Flatbread MARKET French Market Ham, Swiss, Roasted Onions, Arugula and Grain Mustard Marmalade on a French Baguette Roll Made in a facility that also prepares wheat-based foods. -
The Postprandial Glycemic and Insulinemic Effects of Three Cooked Vegetables
The Postprandial Glycemic and Insulinemic Effects of Three Cooked Vegetables: Corchorus Olitorius, Spinacia Oleracea, and Daucus Carota on Steamed White Rice Ahmad Faqih*1 and Buthaina Al-Khatib2 Abstract Background: Eatingcooked vegetables with rice is quite common in Jordan and worldwide. Dietary fibers of vegetables are expected to play a role in the glycemic control of meals. Aim: To study the postprandial glycemic and insulinemic effect of three cooked vegetables: mulukhiyah leaves (Corchorus olitorius), spinach (Spinacia oleracea) and carrots (Daucus carota). Methods: The postprandial glycemic and insulinemic effect of the threecooked vegetables on steamed rice were studied by runningtheoral glucose tolerance tests on apparently healthy young adults, each of who served as his own control, using white bread as the reference. Insulin sensitivity was measured by calculating the composite insulin sensitivity index. Results: The glycemic index (GI) of rice (84.2±10.5%) ingested with chicken broth was significantly lowered only by eating 120 g of mulukhiyah leaves (ML) and not by either carrots or spinach. The insulinemic index (II) of steamed white rice eaten with broth was significantly lowered by120 g of ML (61.7± 9.2%) and 150 g of spinach (42.9± 9.0%). Insulin sensitivity was only improved by spinach. All results are expressed as means ± SEM and are considered statistically significant at P<0.05. The results also suggested that there was no significant difference between the calculated relative GI and relative II responses of the three cooked vegetables at the two assigned levels, each eaten with rice and broth compared to the corresponding GI or the II values of the individual foods from which they were composed of. -
The Impact of Caffeine and Coffee on Human Health
nutrients The Impact of Caffeine and Coffee on Human Health Edited by Christina Bamia and Marilyn Cornelis Printed Edition of the Special Issue Published in Nutrients www.mdpi.com/journal/nutrients The Impact of Caffeine and Coffee on Human Health The Impact of Caffeine and Coffee on Human Health Special Issue Editors Christina Bamia Marilyn Cornelis MDPI • Basel • Beijing • Wuhan • Barcelona • Belgrade Special Issue Editors Christina Bamia Marilyn Cornelis National and Kapodistrian Northwestern University University of Athens Feinberg School of Medicine Greece USA Editorial Office MDPI St. Alban-Anlage 66 4052 Basel, Switzerland This is a reprint of articles from the Special Issue published online in the open access journal Nutrients (ISSN 2072-6643) from 2018 to 2019 (available at: https://www.mdpi.com/journal/nutrients/ special issues/impact of caffeine and coffee on human health). For citation purposes, cite each article independently as indicated on the article page online and as indicated below: LastName, A.A.; LastName, B.B.; LastName, C.C. Article Title. Journal Name Year, Article Number, Page Range. ISBN 978-3-03921-834-9 (Pbk) ISBN 978-3-03921-835-6 (PDF) c 2019 by the authors. Articles in this book are Open Access and distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license, which allows users to download, copy and build upon published articles, as long as the author and publisher are properly credited, which ensures maximum dissemination and a wider impact of our publications. The book as a whole is distributed by MDPI under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons license CC BY-NC-ND. -
Trees and Shrubs of Ikaria Island (Greece)*
ARBORETUM KÓRNICKIE ROCZNIK 41, 1996 Kazimierz Browicz, Jerzy Zieliński Trees and shrubs of Ikaria Island (Greece)* Abstract Browicz К., Zieliński J. 1996. Trees and shrubs of Ikaria island (Greece). Arbor. Kórnickie 41: 15-45. The results are presented of dendrological field studies conducted by the authors on Ikaria in Spring 1994. The woody flora of the island contains 103 spontaneously occurring species, including 82 native and 21 naturalized taxa. Fifteen indigenous and 18 naturalized species are reported for the first time. Point maps of distribution of more interesting or rare species were prepared. Key words: Chorology, trees, shrubs, Greece, Ikaria. Address: K. Browicz, J. Zieliński, Polish Academy of Sciences, Institute of Dendrology, 62-035, Kórnik, Poland. Accepted for publication, April 1996. INTRODUCTION Ikaria, located in the eastern part of the Aegean Sea, belongs to the Asiatic Greek islands. It constitutes one of the important elements of the disrupted landbridge join ing Anatolia and the Balkan Peninsula, stretching from Samos in the east through the Cyklades (Mikonis, Tinos, Andros) to Evvoia in the west. The island is strongly elon gated, its maximum length in a straight line being about 30 km while the greatest width in the eastern part is only 9 km. Its area covers 255 km2 and coastal line has 102 km. Ikaria is of montane appearance. Its main mountain range - Oros Atheras, spreads out along the whole length of the island, having the highest peaks 1042 and 1027 m in the east, 981 m in the central part, and 1033 m in the west. Coasts are generally precipitous, rocky and stony. -
Civilians in Hama
Syria: 13 Civilians Kidnapped by Security Services and Affiliate Militias in Hama www.stj-sy.org Syria: 13 Civilians Kidnapped by Security Services and Affiliate Militias in Hama Two young men were kidnapped by the National Defense Militia; the other 11, belonging to the same family, were abducted by a security service in Hama city. The abductees were all released in return for a ransom Page | 2 Syria: 13 Civilians Kidnapped by Security Services and Affiliate Militias in Hama www.stj-sy.org In November 2018 and February 2019, 13 civilians belonging to two different families were kidnapped by security services and the militias backing them in Hama province. The kidnapped persons were all released after a separate ransom was paid by each of the families. Following their release, a number of the survivors, 11 to be exact, chose to leave Hama to settle in Idlib province. The field researchers of Syrians for Truth and Justice/STJ contacted several of the abduction survivors’ relatives, who reported that some of the abductees were subjected to severe torture and deprived of medications, which caused one of them an acute health deterioration. 1. The Kidnapping of Brothers Jihad and Abduljabar al- Saleh: The two young men, Jihad, 28-year-old, and Abduljabar, 25-year-old, are from the village of al-Tharwat, eastern rural Hama, from which they were displaced after the Syrian regular forces took over the area late in 2017, to settle in an IDP camp in Sarmada city. The brothers, then, decided to undergo legalization of status/sign a reconciliation agreement with the Syrian government to obtain passports and move in Saudi Arabia, where their family is based. -
The Macrobotanical Evidence for Vegetation in the Near East, C. 18 000/16 000 B.C to 4 000 B.C
University of Pennsylvania ScholarlyCommons University of Pennsylvania Museum of University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology Papers Archaeology and Anthropology 1997 The Macrobotanical Evidence for Vegetation in the Near East, c. 18 000/16 000 B.C to 4 000 B.C. Naomi F. Miller University of Pennsylvania, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://repository.upenn.edu/penn_museum_papers Part of the Near Eastern Languages and Societies Commons Recommended Citation Miller, N. F. (1997). The Macrobotanical Evidence for Vegetation in the Near East, c. 18 000/16 000 B.C to 4 000 B.C.. Paléorient, 23 (2), 197-207. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/paleo.1997.4661 This paper is posted at ScholarlyCommons. https://repository.upenn.edu/penn_museum_papers/36 For more information, please contact [email protected]. The Macrobotanical Evidence for Vegetation in the Near East, c. 18 000/16 000 B.C to 4 000 B.C. Abstract Vegetation during the glacial period, post-glacial warming and the Younger Dryas does not seem to have been affected by human activities to any appreciable extent. Forest expansion at the beginning of the Holocene occurred independently of human agency, though early Neolithic farmers were able to take advantage of improved climatic conditions. Absence of macrobotanical remains precludes discussion of possible drought from 6,000 to 5,500 ВС. By farming, herding, and fuel-cutting, human populations began to have an impact on the landscape at different times and places. Deleterious effects of these activities became evident in the Tigris-Euphrates drainage during the third millennium ВС based on macrobotanical evidence from archaeological sites. -
To Read the Full Report As a PDF, Follow This Link
Arbitrary Deprivation of Truth and Life An accurate, transparent, and non-discriminatory approach must be adopted by the Syrian State when issuing “death statements” 1 2 Executive Summary Hostilities forced Samar al-Hasan, 40, and her family to flee their home in Ma'arrat al-Nu'man city and settle in a makeshift camp in Harem city, within rural Idlib province. Before the family fled, Samar’s husband was killed in a regime rocket attack on their neighborhood. Now, Samar lives with her children in her family’s tent, unable to afford taking care of her children or herself without help. One source of her financial troubles is the Syrian government’s refusal to give Samar her husband’s death statement, a document which would allow her and her children to access her husband’s will. The wrinkles on Samar’s forehead speak of her suffering since her husband’s death in 2018. Even as she wistfully recalls for Syrians for Truth and Justice the comfortable years she spent in Ma'arrat al-Nu'man with her husband, she knows they will never return. A “death statement” formally documents the death of a person. Obtaining a death statement allows a widow to remarry – if she wishes – after the passage of her “Iddah”.1 A death statement is also required to initiate a ‘determination of heirship’ procedure by the deceased's heirs (incl. the wife, children, parents, and siblings). In Syria, “death statements” are distinct from “death certificates”. A death certificate is the document that confirms the occurrence of death, issued by the responsible local authorities or the institution in which the death took place, such as hospitals and prisons, or by the “Mukhtar” – the village or district chief, who keeps a local civil registry. -
These De Doctorat De L'universite Paris-Saclay
NNT : 2016SACLS250 THESE DE DOCTORAT DE L’UNIVERSITE PARIS-SACLAY, préparée à l’Université Paris-Sud ÉCOLE DOCTORALE N° 567 Sciences du Végétal : du Gène à l’Ecosystème Spécialité de doctorat (Biologie) Par Mlle Nour Abdel Samad Titre de la thèse (CARACTERISATION GENETIQUE DU GENRE IRIS EVOLUANT DANS LA MEDITERRANEE ORIENTALE) Thèse présentée et soutenue à « Beyrouth », le « 21/09/2016 » : Composition du Jury : M., Tohmé, Georges CNRS (Liban) Président Mme, Garnatje, Teresa Institut Botànic de Barcelona (Espagne) Rapporteur M., Bacchetta, Gianluigi Università degli Studi di Cagliari (Italie) Rapporteur Mme, Nadot, Sophie Université Paris-Sud (France) Examinateur Mlle, El Chamy, Laure Université Saint-Joseph (Liban) Examinateur Mme, Siljak-Yakovlev, Sonja Université Paris-Sud (France) Directeur de thèse Mme, Bou Dagher-Kharrat, Magda Université Saint-Joseph (Liban) Co-directeur de thèse UNIVERSITE SAINT-JOSEPH FACULTE DES SCIENCES THESE DE DOCTORAT DISCIPLINE : Sciences de la vie SPÉCIALITÉ : Biologie de la conservation Sujet de la thèse : Caractérisation génétique du genre Iris évoluant dans la Méditerranée Orientale. Présentée par : Nour ABDEL SAMAD Pour obtenir le grade de DOCTEUR ÈS SCIENCES Soutenue le 21/09/2016 Devant le jury composé de : Dr. Georges TOHME Président Dr. Teresa GARNATJE Rapporteur Dr. Gianluigi BACCHETTA Rapporteur Dr. Sophie NADOT Examinateur Dr. Laure EL CHAMY Examinateur Dr. Sonja SILJAK-YAKOVLEV Directeur de thèse Dr. Magda BOU DAGHER KHARRAT Directeur de thèse Titre : Caractérisation Génétique du Genre Iris évoluant dans la Méditerranée Orientale. Mots clés : Iris, Oncocyclus, région Est-Méditerranéenne, relations phylogénétiques, status taxonomique. Résumé : Le genre Iris appartient à la famille des L’approche scientifique est basée sur de nombreux Iridacées, il comprend plus de 280 espèces distribuées outils moléculaires et génétiques tels que : l’analyse de à travers l’hémisphère Nord. -
The Identification of Chaghalvandi Area Flora in the Central Zagros
یافتههای نوین در علومزیستی، جلد 5، شمارۀ Nova Biologica Reperta 5(4): 389-402 (2019) 389-402 :4 شناسایی فلور منطقه چغلوندی در زاگرس مرکزی * محمد مهدی دهشیری ، معصومه سپهوند و اکرم رشنو دریافت: 26/10/1396/ اصﻻح: 17/08/1397/ پذیرش: 05/10/1397/ انتشار: 1397/12/28 گروه زیست شناسی، واحد بروجرد، دانشگاه آزاد اسﻻمی، بروجرد، ایران * مسئول مکاتبات: [email protected] چکیده. این پژوهش با هدف شناسایی گونههای گیاهی، معرفی فلور و پراکنش جغرافیایی گیاهان منطقه چغلوندی در استان لرستان انجام گرفت. منطقه مذکور با مساحت 2000 هکتار در شمال استان لرستان واقع بوده که مقدار بارندگی ساﻻنه 79/481 میلیمتر و متوسط دمای ساﻻنه 32/15 درجه سانتیگراد است. روش جمع آوری گیاهان منطقه مذکور، روش مرسوم مطالعات گیاگانی بود. نمونههای گیاهی از نقاط مختلف منطقه بین ارتفاع 1500 تا 2800 متر در طی دو فصل رویشی بین سالهای 1391-1390 جمعآوری شدند. شکل زیستی گونههای گیاهی با استفاده از روش رانکیه مشخص شد. جایگاه این منطقه از نظر طبقهبندی جغرافیایی بر اساس پراکنش جغرافیایی و منابع مورد بررسی قرار گرفت. از 206 گونه گیاهی آوندی شناسایی شده در منطقه چغلوندی 2 گونه نهانزاد آوندی، 183 گونه دولپهای و 21 گونه تکلپهای حضور دارند. این گونهها به 55 تیره و 142 سرده تعلق دارند. تیره های بزرگ از نظر تعداد گونه به ترتیب عبارتند از: تیره باقﻻئیان Fabaceae )07/14 درصد(، تیره کاسنیان Asteraceae )16/11 درصد( و تیره نعنائیان Lamiaceae )68/10 درصد(. تروفیتها با 78 گونه )86/37 درصد( فراوانترین شکل زیستی هستند. 102 گونه )51/49 درصد( متعلق به ناحیه ایرانی-تورانی هستند؛ از این تعداد 12 آرایه انحصاری ایران است، که در میان آنها پراکنش Cousinia .khorramabadensis Bornm به استان لرستان محدود میشود. -
Φυσıκοχηµıκή Ανάλυση Καı Μελέτη Iστορıκών Υφασµάτων
ΑΟΗΠΡΝΡΔΙΔΗΝ ΞΑΛΔΞΗΠΡΖΚΗΝ ΘΔΠΠΑΙΝΛΗΘΖΠ ΞΝΙΡΔΣΛΗΘΖ ΠΣΝΙΖ ΑΕΏΟΘΔΘΏΟΕΖΛ ΜΝΛΓΝΏΘΘΏ ΘΒΟΏΜΟΠΡΕΏΖΣΙ ΞΜΛΠΑΣΙ «ΜΝΛΞΟΏΞΕΏ, ΞΠΙΟΔΝΔΞΔ & ΏΜΛΖΏΟΏΞΟΏΞΔ ΒΝΓΣΙ ΟΒΡΙΔΞ & ΘΔΡΏΙΕΞΘΣΙ» ΖΏΟΒΠΘΠΙΞΔ ΐ΄ Ώθαδεκατθφ έηνο 2012-2013 Γηπισκαηηθή Δξγαζία Φπζηθνρεκηθή αλάιπζε θαη κειέηε ηζηνξηθώλ πθαζκάησλ Θεραγηάο Κ. Γεκνζζέλεο Αξραηνιόγνο Α.Ξ.Θ Δπηβιέπνπζα θαζεγήηξηα : θ. ΐαξέιια Ώ. Βπαγγειία, Βπίθνπξνο Ζαζεγήηξηα Οκήκαηνο Ρεκείαο Ώ.Μ.Θ. Ρξηκειήο Δμεηαζηηθή Δπηηξνπή : θ. ΐαξέιια Ώ. Βπαγγειία, Βπίθ. Ζαζεγήηξηα Οκ. Ρεκείαο Ώ.Μ.Θ. θ. Ζαξαδέδνο Γεψξγηνο, Ώλαπι. Ζαζεγεηήο Οκ. Ώξρηηεθηφλσλ Θεραληθψλ Ώ.Μ.Θ. θ. Ζαξαπαλαγηψηεο Εσάλλεο, Βπίθ. Ζαζεγεηήο Ώ.Β.Ώ.Θ. Θεζζαινλίθε Αεθέκβξηνο 2012 ΑΟΗΠΡΝΡΔΙΔΗΝ ΞΑΛΔΞΗΠΡΖΚΗΝ ΘΔΠΠΑΙΝΛΗΘΖΠ ΞΝΙΡΔΣΛΗΘΖ ΠΣΝΙΖ ΑΕΏΟΘΔΘΏΟΕΖΛ ΜΝΛΓΝΏΘΘΏ ΘΒΟΏΜΟΠΡΕΏΖΣΙ ΞΜΛΠΑΣΙ «ΜΝΛΞΟΏΞΕΏ, ΞΠΙΟΔΝΔΞΔ & ΏΜΛΖΏΟΏΞΟΏΞΔ ΒΝΓΣΙ ΟΒΡΙΔΞ & ΘΔΡΏΙΕΞΘΣΙ» ΖΏΟΒΠΘΠΙΞΔ ΐ΄ Ώθαδεκατθφ έηνο 2012-2013 Αηπισκαηηθή Βξγαζία Φπζηθνρεκηθή αλάιπζε θαη κειέηε ηζηνξηθώλ πθαζκάησλ Ζεραγηάο Θ. Αεκνζζέλεο Ώξραηνιφγνο Ώ.Μ.Θ Δπηβιέπνπζα θαζεγήηξηα : θ. ΐαξέιια Ώ. Βπαγγειία, Βπίθνπξνο Ζαζεγήηξηα Οκήκαηνο Ρεκείαο Ώ.Μ.Θ. Ρξηκειήο Δμεηαζηηθή Δπηηξνπή : θ. ΐαξέιια Ώ. Βπαγγειία, Βπίθ. Ζαζεγήηξηα Οκ. Ρεκείαο Ώ.Μ.Θ. θ. Ζαξαδέδνο Γεψξγηνο, Ώλαπι. Ζαζεγεηήο Οκ. Ώξρηηεθηφλσλ Θεραληθψλ Ώ.Μ.Θ. θ. Ζαξαπαλαγηψηεο Εσάλλεο, Βπίθ. Ζαζεγεηήο Ώ.Β.Ώ.Θ. Θεζζαινλίθε Αεθέκβξηνο 2012 2 Ξεξηερόκελα Μξφινγνο 8 Βηζαγσγή 11 Abstract 14 Ζεθάιαην 1.Θεσξεηηθφ κέξνο 16 1.1 Ον Ηανγξαθηθφ Θνπζείν θαη Ώξρείν Ώ.Μ.Θ 16 1.2. Αεηγκαηνιεςία 17 1.3. Μεξηγξαθή δεηγκάησλ 18 1.4. Οαμηλφκεζε πθάλζηκσλ ηλψλ 51 1.4.1.Λξγαληθέο 51 1.4.2.Οερλεηέο 52 1.4.3.Δκηζπλζεηηθέο ή αλαγελλεκέλεο ίλεο 52 1.4.4.Ξπλζεηηθέο ή ρεκηθέο ίλεο 54 1.4.5.Ώλφξγαλεο 54 1.5. Ον καιιί 56 1.5.α. Εζηνξία ηνπ καιιηνχ 56 1.5.β. Ξχζηαζε κάιιηλεο ίλαο 56 1.5.γ.