Planning and Management of Marine Protected Areas: Methodological Approaches to Cope with Data Scarcity

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Planning and Management of Marine Protected Areas: Methodological Approaches to Cope with Data Scarcity Universidade de Lisboa Faculdade de Ciências Departamento de Biologia Animal Planning and management of Marine Protected Areas: methodological approaches to cope with data scarcity Marisa Isabel Santos Batista Pereira Doutoramento em Biologia Especialidade de Biologia Marinha e Aquacultura 2014 Universidade de Lisboa Faculdade de Ciências Departamento de Biologia Animal Planning and management of Marine Protected Areas: methodological approaches to cope with data scarcity Marisa Isabel Santos Batista Pereira Tese orientada pelo Professor Doutor Henrique Cabral, especialmente elaborada para a obtenção do grau de doutor em Biologia (especialidade de Biologia Marinha e Aquacultura) 2014 Doctoral dissertation in Biology (specialization in Marine Biology and Aquaculture) presented to the University of Lisboa Dissertação apresentada à Universidade de Lisboa para obtenção do grau de Doutor (especialidade Biologia Marinha e Aquacultura) Marisa Isabel Santos Batista Pereira 2014 O futuro da Humanidade será tão melhor quanto melhor cuidarmos dos ecossistemas. TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT AND KEYWORDS 9 RESUMO E PALAVRAS-CHAVE 11 RESUMO ALARGADO 13 LIST OF PAPERS 19 CHAPTER 1 21 General introduction CHAPTER 2 35 Assessment of cumulative human pressures on a coastal area: integrating information for MPA planning and management CHAPTER 3 65 Assessment of catches, landings and fishing effort as useful tools for MPA management CHAPTER 4 109 A framework for a rapid assessment of MPA effectiveness based on life history of fishes CHAPTER 5 161 An overview of SW Europe Marine Protected Areas: factors contributing to their effectiveness CHAPTER 6 185 Final remarks and future perspectives AGRADECIMENTOS 193 Abstract Changes in ecosystems structure and function due to high impacts of human pressure on oceans have led to the increasing numbers of Marine Protected Areas (AMP) as tools for conservation and fisheries management. Habitat recovery, increases in density, size and biomass of organisms within MPA and beyond their limits have often been found. However, MPA effectiveness is compromised by the interaction of several factors, such as the inadequate conduction of planning and management processes and the lack of appropriate scientific datasets to support decisions. In order to contribute to MPA effectiveness, several approaches to cope with data scarcity and low accuracy were developed and then applied to different case studies. Data analyses were mainly based in published studies and official datasets. Geographic information systems and multivariate statistical analyses were the main methods applied. Cumulative effects of human activities on the Portuguese coast were assessed and showed that implemented MPA are usually under high human impacts from different sources (e.g. fisheries, land-based activities). Small-scale fisheries are often the main economic activity occurring in MPA and a new monitoring method combining data on spatial distribution of fishing effort, on-board observations and official landings records revealed to be an effective approach to the assessment of MPA impacts on small scale fisheries. A framework based on fish life history and habitats used was developed and showed this approach can indicate areas that would potentially increase the effectiveness of protection measures. Finally, the status of marine conservation in SW Europe and the factors mostly contributing to their effectiveness were assessed and showed that high MPA effectiveness is usually related with strong stakeholders support, with suitable goals, management and enforcement. Overall, this thesis results highlighted that the investment in strategies aiming at maximizing MPA performance is urgent and crucial in a context of increasing MPA coverage. Keywords: Sustainable management of marine resources; marine protected areas; small- scale fisheries; fish’s life history; anthropogenic pressures. 9 Resumo Os impactos humanos nos ecossistemas marinhos têm provocado alterações na sua estrutura e função, levando ao aumento do número de Áreas Marinhas Protegidas (AMP) como ferramentas de conservação e gestão de pescas. A recuperação de habitats e o aumento de densidade, tamanho e biomassa dos organismos dentro e fora dos limites das AMP são resultados frequentes. A eficiência das AMP é frequentemente comprometida pela conjugação de fatores como a implementação inadequada dos processos de planeamento e gestão e a falta de informação científica apropriada para suporte à tomada de decisões. Desenvolveram-se diferentes abordagens, aplicadas a vários casos de estudo, pretendendo contribuir para o sucesso das AMP quando a informação disponível não é a ideal. Este trabalho baseou-se principalmente em dados publicados ou de fontes oficiais. As metodologias de análise foram Sistemas de informação geográfica e estatísticas multivariadas. O estudo dos efeitos cumulativos das atividades humanas na costa portuguesa revelou que as AMP estão sob elevadas pressões provenientes de diferentes fontes (e.g. pescas, fontes terrestres). Desenvolveu-se um método de monitorização de pescas combinando esforço de pesca, observações a bordo e desembarques oficiais que revelou ser apropriado para uma monitorização eficaz das AMP. Utilizou-se uma metodologia inovadora que integra informação sobre os habitats utilizados durante o ciclo de vida das espécies e habitats protegidos e concluiu-se que esta permite maior eficácia na escolha das zonas a proteger, contribuindo para a eficiência das AMP. Por fim, as características das AMP do SW europeu foram analisadas e foram identificados os fatores que contribuíram para a eficiência das AMP existentes (i.e. apoio por parte dos utilizadores da AMP e maior adequabilidade dos objetivos, da gestão e de fiscalização). No geral, esta tese mostrou que no contexto atual é urgente investir em estratégias que maximizem o bom desempenho e a extensão da área abrangida por AMP. Palavras-chave: Gestão sustentável dos recursos marinhos; áreas marinhas protegidas, pesca artesanal, ciclo de vida dos peixes, pressões antropogénicas 11 Resumo alargado Muitos dos ecossistemas marinhos encontram-se sob forte pressão humana, o que tem levado ao aumento das preocupações com a sustentabilidade da exploração dos recursos do Oceano, tornando inquestionável a necessidade de estabelecer estratégias para a conservação e recuperação de habitats e biodiversidade marinhas. A criação de Áreas Marinhas Protegidas (AMP) é um dos mecanismos mais utilizados na proteção do Oceano e têm sido globalmente consideradas como ferramentas adequadas quer para a conservação dos ecossistemas marinhos, quer para a gestão sustentável das pescas. O ambiente multidimensional (socioeconómico, cultural, político) onde as AMP se enquadram e os múltiplos objetivos que são estabelecidos dificultam muitas vezes o seu sucesso. A implementação eficaz de AMP está assim dependente do desenvolvimento adequado de todos os processos, desde o planeamento até à implementação e gestão. A boa condução destes processos implica à partida o envolvimento que equipas multidisciplinares e a participação ativa dos principais utilizadores da área em questão de forma a integrar decisões que reúnam consenso generalizado, uma vez que tem sido demonstrado em diversos estudos que a omissão das vertentes socioeconómica e cultural nestes processos leva, em geral, à contestação da AMP e ao incumprimento das regras implementadas, dificultando ou inviabilizando o sucesso destas zonas. A tomada de decisões e a adequada condução dos processos de implementação de AMP está ainda relacionada com a qualidade e adequabilidade da informação científica que lhes serve de suporte (e.g. características e distribuição espacial e temporal de habitats e espécies, caracterização socioeconómica das comunidades locais, dados da pesca). No entanto, na maioria dos casos, a informação científica de suporte não é a ideal, está dispersa por diversas fontes, não abrange as escalas temporais e espaciais necessárias, não engloba os vários grupos biológicos e não existe para muitas das questões socioeconómicas, entre outras lacunas. Assim, o objetivo geral desta tese é desenvolver metodologias que permitam utilizar de forma eficiente a informação disponível de modo a maximizar a sua utilidade nos processos envolvidos nas fases de planeamento e gestão de AMP e assim contribuir para o aumento dos níveis de sucesso destas áreas. Esta tese é constituída por seis capítulos que correspondem a uma introdução geral sobre o tema da tese, quatro artigos científicos publicados ou em revisão em revistas 13 Resumo alargado internacionais de arbitragem científica indexadas no Science Citation Index, que englobam abordagens mais específicas sobre aspetos do tema central da tese, e, um capítulo final em que são apresentadas as principais conclusões e perspetivas futuras. No capítulo 1, introdução geral, são apresentadas algumas considerações sobre as atividades humanas que afetam o meio marinho e os seus principais efeitos nos ecossistemas marinhas; são apresentadas algumas das ferramentas de conservação, destacando-se as AMP; é feita uma breve apresentação que enquadra a sequência de eventos e documentos internacionais que têm marcado o desenvolvimento da ciência em torno das AMP a nível global e, por fim, são apresentadas algumas considerações sobre como deve decorrer todo o processo de planeamento, implementação e gestão das AMP de modo a que estas sejam potencialmente eficientes. No capítulo 2 é desenvolvido um método de caracterização das atividades humanas ao longo da
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