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The Case Study of Flatfish Fisheries in the Portuguese Coast

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The Case Study of Flatfish Fisheries in the Portuguese Coast Universidade de Lisboa Faculdade de Ciências Departamento de Biologia Animal Stock assessment and management of multi-species fisheries: the case study of flatfish fisheries in the Portuguese coast Célia Maria Mascarenhas dos Santos Teixeira Doutoramento em Biologia Especialidade de Biologia Marinha e Aquacultura 2009 Universidade de Lisboa Faculdade de Ciências Departamento de Biologia Animal Stock assessment and management of multi-species fisheries: the case study of flatfish fisheries in the Portuguese coast Célia Maria Mascarenhas dos Santos Teixeira Tese orientada por Professor Doutor Henrique Nogueira Cabral Doutoramento em Biologia Especialidade de Biologia Marinha e Aquacultura 2009 To the memory of my Daddy, and to my Mummy À memória de meu Pai, e à minha Mãe TABLE OF CONTENTS TABLE OF CONTENTS Acknowledgements/Agradecimentos iii Resumo vii Summary xi List of Papers xiii Part I – General Introduction 1 Chapter 1 3 General Introduction 5 Fisheries stocks assessment and management 5 Multi-species fisheries 13 Flatfish fisheries in the Portuguese coast 16 Aims and importance of this study 17 Structure of the thesis 18 References 19 Part II – Biology and Ecology of Commercially Important 33 Flatfishes Chapter 2 35 Comparative analysis of the diet, growth and reproduction of the 37 soles, Solea solea and Solea senegalensis, occurring in sympatry along the Portuguese coast Chapter 3 59 Feeding ecology, growth and sexual cycle of the sand sole, Solea 61 lascaris, along the Portuguese coast Chapter 4 75 Diet, growth and reproduction of spotted flounder, four-spotted 77 megrim, flounder and bastard sole in the Portuguese coast Chapter 5 101 Genetic diversity and population structure of Solea solea and Solea 103 senegalensis and its relationships with life history patterns i TABLE OF CONTENTS Part III – Stock Assessment and Fisheries Management 125 Chapter 6 127 Time series analysis of flatfish landings in the Portuguese coast 129 Chapter 7 147 Flatfish fisheries in the Portuguese coast 149 Chapter 8 171 Catches of target species and bycatches of an artisanal fishery: the case 173 study of a trammel net fishery in the Portuguese coast Part IV – Main Conclusions and Final Remarks 197 Chapter 9 199 Main Conclusios and Final Remarks 201 References 203 ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS/AGRADECIMENTOS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS/AGRADECIMENTOS To all the people that have contributed to this work I hereby express my sincere gratitude, especially to A todos os que contribuiram para este trabalho, gostaria de expressar o meu sincero agradecimento, especialmente a Professor Henrique Cabral, for taking the supervision of this work, for always trusting in me, for constant availability and extraordinary suggestions and, for the strong friendship we have. Thank you very, very much for always being present! Professor Doutor Henrique Cabral por ter aceite a orientação deste trabalho, pela confiança que sempre depositou em mim, pela constante disponibilidade e extraordinárias sugestões e, pela nossa grande amizade. Muito, muito obrigada por estares sempre presente! Professor Maria José Costa, for the opportunity to join the Marine Zoology team at the Oceanography Institute (FCUL), and for the friendship. Professora Doutora Maria José Costa pela oportunidade de integrar a equipa de Zoologia Marinha do Instituto de Oceanografia (FCUL), e pela amizade. Professor Maria Manuela Coelho, for the opportunity to develop part of this work in the laboratory of Molecular and Evolutionary Ecology at the Center for Environmental Biology (FCUL). Professora Doutora Maria Manuela Coelho pela oportunidade de puder desenvolver parte deste trabalho no laboratório de Ecologia Evolutiva e Molecular, Centro de Biologia Ambiental (FCUL). Governmental Fisheries Bureau (Direcção Geral das Pescas e Aquicultura – DGPA), especially to Dr. Cristina Ribeiro and Ana Maria Ferreira, for the commercial landings data. Special thanks to Ana Maria, for the long hours passed in front of the computer to "filter" the database to send me matrixes of more reasonable size, with more than 3 million lines! iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS/AGRADECIMENTOS Direcção Geral das Pescas e Aquicultura (DGPA), em particular à Dr. Cristina Ribeiro e Ana Maria Ferreira, pelos dados de desembarques comerciais. Um agradecimento especial à Ana Maria, pelas longas horas que passou em frente ao computador a “filtrar” a base de dados para me enviar matrizes de tamanho mais razoável, com mais de 3 milhões de linhas! DOCAPESCA S.A. (fish houses) for all facilities, but especially Mr. Júlio Seiça, from Figueira da Foz, for the availability and high ability, and people from the fish markets for their help with sampling. DOCAPESCA S.A. por todas as facilidades concedidas, mas especialmente ao Sr. Júlio Seiça, da Figueira da Foz, pela sua constante disponibilidade e grande competência, e às pessoas dos mercados pela ajuda na amostragem. All colleagues that Todos os colegas que i) contributed with samples for genetic analysis i) contribuiram com amostras para a análise genética Abdellahi Ould Samba, Deirdre Flanagan, Françoise Lagardère, Imane Tai, Jesper Boje, Kostas Charalambous, Manuela Krakau, Maria Assunção Franco, Marie-Laure Bégout, Matthew McHugh, Najoua Trigui El-Menif, Natasha Taylor, Pilar Drake and Sencer Akalin. b) helped during the process b) ajudaram durante o processo Belgin Hossucu, Celia Vassilopoulou, Karim Erzini, Luis Tito de Morais, Marina Busi, Miguel Santos, Panos S. Economidis, Rachid Amara, Salah Ben Cherifi, Válter Amaral and Yves Désaunay. Tatiana Teixeira for helping in the genetic work. Tatiana Teixeira pela ajuda no trabalho de genética. Family Marques (Mr. Carlos, Mrs. Esmeralda and Bárbara) and to “cousins” Clô and Paulo “Alexandre” for welcoming us into their houses in Algarve and Aveiro, respectively, during the field work, in order to decrease the time of sample processing, and for all funny moments we lived in these ocasions. À Família Marques (Sr. Carlos, Sra. Esmeralda e Bárbara) e aos “primos” Clô e Paulo “Alexandre” por nos emprestarem as casas no Algarve e em Aveiro, respectivamente, reduzindo assim o tempo de processamento das amostras, e pelos momentos divertidos que vivemos nestas ocasiões. iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS/AGRADECIMENTOS All colleagues of Oceanography Institute, especially to Gilda Silva for the identification of macrobentonic organisms. To Elsa Cabral, Isabel Domingos, Lino Costa and Pedro Raposo for all fun moments we live along all these years. A todos os colegas do Instituto de Oceanografia, em especial à Gilda Silva pela identificação de alguns exemplares de macrofauna. À Elsa Cabral, Isabel Domingos, Lino Costa e Pedro Raposo por todos os momentos divertidos que vivemos ao longos destes anos. All colleagues of the laboratory of Molecular and Evolutionary Ecology, especially to Anabel Perdices, Carina Cunha, Cristina Luis, Cristiane Bastos-Silveira and Maria Ana Aboim for the constant availability to teaching everything I know about genetics and for very, very fun moments we lived in the lab when the PCR run. Thanks girls! A todos os colegas do laboratório de Ecologia Molecular e Evolução, especialmente a Anabel Perdices, Carina Cunha, Cristina Luís, Cristiane Bastos-Silveira e Maria Ana Aboim pela constante disponibilidade para me ensinarem tudo o que sei sobre genética e pelos momentos muito divertidos que passamos enquanto “corriam” as PCR. Obrigada Meninas! All colleagues of our lab for all funny moments we lived, and to understanding my smaller collaboration in the works of our group, in the end of this thesis. A especially thanks to A todos os colegas de laboratório, por todos os momentos divertidos que vivemos, e por compreenderem a minha menor participação nos trabalhos do nosso grupo, nesta fase da tese. Um agradecimento especial a Joana Marques for the work field and the long times past in the lab, times were very, very funny when we "lived" in the lab or on trip, thanks Jo! Joana Marques pelas divertidas saídas de campo e pelas longas horas que passámos no laboratório, foi uma fase muito, muito divertida em que “vivíamos” no laboratório ou em constantes viagens, obrigada, Jo! Susanne Tanner for the revisions and valuable suggestions on part of this thesis, thanks Su! Susanne Tanner pela revisão e valiosas sugestões a parte deste trabalho, obrigada Su! Catarina Vinagre for the revisions and valuable suggestions on this thesis and the constant availability to help in the end of the work, thanks Cat! Catarina Vinagre pela revisão e valiosas sugestões para este trabalho e constante disponibilidade para ajudar na parte final do trabalho, obrigada Cat! v ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS/AGRADECIMENTOS Inês Cardoso for the help to identify macrobenthic organisms in the stomachs contents, thanks Nês! Inês Cardoso pela ajuda na identificação de macroinvertebrados bentónicos, obrigada Nês! Válter Amaral for the constant encouragement to concluding this work, thanks Pipo! Válter Amaral pelo constante encorajamento para concluir este trabalho, obrigada Pipo! Marisa Batista for the constant availability for help in different components of this thesis, thanks Marisita! Marisa Batista pela constante disponibilidade para ajudar nas diversas componentes deste trabalho, obrigada Marisita! Noémie Wouters for your constant enthusiasm relative to my work, and for your availability, thanks Noé! Noémie Wouters pelo seu constante entusiasmo relativamente ao meu trabalho e pela sua disponibilidade, obrigada Noé! Maria Paula Serafim for hearing me in the stress moments, especially in the end of this thesis, thanks
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