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Middlesex University Research Repository An open access repository of Middlesex University research http://eprints.mdx.ac.uk Tame, Chris R. (1998) Towards a science of liberty: reclaiming a tradition in classical liberal thought. [Doctorate by Public Works] Accepted Version Available from Middlesex University’s Research Repository at http://eprints.mdx.ac.uk/13480/ Copyright: Middlesex University Research Repository makes the University’s research available electronically. Copyright and moral rights to this thesis/research project are retained by the author and/or other copyright owners. The work is supplied on the understanding that any use for commercial gain is strictly forbidden. A copy may be downloaded for personal, non- commercial, research or study without prior permission and without charge. Any use of the thesis/research project for private study or research must be properly acknowledged with reference to the work’s full bibliographic details. This thesis/research project may not be reproduced in any format or medium, or extensive quotations taken from it, or its content changed in any way, without first obtaining permission in writing from the copyright holder(s). If you believe that any material held in the repository infringes copyright law, please contact the Repository Team at Middlesex University via the following email address: [email protected] The item will be removed from the repository while any claim is being investigated. Middlesex University • Lon don Middlesex University Research Repository: an open access repository of Middlesex University research http://eprints.mdx.ac.uk Tame, Chris R, 1998. Towards a science of liberty: reclaiming a tradition in classical liberal thought. Available from Middlesex University's Research Repository. Copyright: Middlesex University Research Repository makes the University's research available electronically. Copyright and moral rights to this thesis/research prolect are retained by the author and/or other copyright owners. The work is supplied on the understanding that any use for commercial gain is strictly forbidden. A copy may be downloaded for personal, non-commercial, research or study without prior permission and without charge. Any use of the thesis/research project for private study or research must be properly acknowledged with reference to the work's full bibliographic details. This thesis/research project may not be reproduced in any format or medium, or extensive quotations taken from it, or its content changed in any way, without first obtaining permission in writing from the copyright holder(s). If you believe that any material held in the repository infringes copyright law, please contact the Repository Team at Middlesex University via the following email address: [email protected] The item will be removed from the repository while any claim is being investigated. TOWARDS A SCIENCE OF LIBERTY: RECLAIMING A TRADITION IN CLASSICAL LIBERAL THOUGHT ESSAYS SUBMITTED FOR THE AWARD OF THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY (PHD) ON THE BASIS OF PUBLISHED WORKS University of Middlesex By Chris R. Tame June 1998 CONTENTS Introductory Context Statement o I: Unifying Theme o II: The Nature and History of Classical Liberalism - Its Decline and Rise 1 III: Applications - Social Theory and Sociology 9 IV: Applications - History 13 V: Applications - Political Philosophy 14 VI: Applications - Culture and Literature 19 VII: Conclusion - The Nature and Prospects of Liberalism 21 Notes 26 1. Creating a Science of Liberty: The Life and Heritage of Murray N. Rothbard, 1926-1995 32 I: Economics 33 II: Political Theory 34 III: History 34 IV: A Science of Liberty 34 2. The Revolution of Reason: Professor Gay, the Enlightenment, and the Ambiguities of Classical Liberalism 38 I: A Rationalist Interpretation of History 40 II: Liberty and Capitalism 42 III: The Reversal of the Enlightenment 44 IV: The Nature of Reason 46 V: Psychology and Reason 47 VI: Natural Law and Natural Rights 48 VII: Science and Scientism 50 VIII: The Ambiguities of the Enlightenment 52 Notes 56 3. The Critical Liberalism of J. M. Robertson 67 I: Introduction 67 II: Class Conflict and the Economic Interpretation of History 69 III: Historical Sociology 70 IV: The Application of Class Analysis 73 V: Liberalism and Sociology 74 VI: Robertson as a Political Thinker: Socialist, Neo-Liberal, or 'Guarded Individualist'? 76 VII: Economics 86 VIII: Elements of Philosophy 88 (i) Natural Rights and the Nature of Emotion 88 (ii) Individualism Versus Collectivism 90 (iii) Robertson's Concept of Reason 91 IX: Robertson's Liberalism: A Critical Assessment 93 Notes 97 Appendix: A Selective Bibliography of the Writings of J. M. Robertson 126 -ii- 4. The New Enlightenment: The Revival of Libertarian Ideas 143 I: Left and Right: The Unhelpful Dichotomy 144 II: The New Enlightenment 145 III: The Fall and Rise of Liberalism 146 IV: Science and Freedom 146 V: The Autonomous Individual 148 VI: The Anomalies of Statism 149 VII: The Crisis Period of Statism 152 VIII: Ayn Rand and the New Libertarian Paradigm 153 IX: "Bliss It Was" ... Some Personal Reflections 154 X: The Recovery of Nerve 155 XI: The Future 157 Notes 158 5. Against the New Mercantilism: The Relevance of Adam Smith 172 I: Introduction: Economics, Political Economy and the Philosophy of History 172 II: Mercantilism and Neo-Mercantilism 173 III: The Wretched Spirit of Monopoly 175 IV: N eo-Mercantilism and Corporatism 177 V: The Contemporary Corporate State 178 VI: Demystification and Political Economy 180 VII: The Role of Value in Analysis 181 VIII: Conclusion: The Market Versus the Present Establishments 182 Notes 182 6. Change and Pseudo-Change in Sociology 189 I: Dennis Wrong's "Skeptical Sociology" 190 II: Human Nature and Individual Autonomy 191 III: Freudian Fallacies 194 IV: The Sociological Bias 194 V: Power, Conflict and Change 195 VI: Monica Morris' "Creative Sociology" 197 VII: Change and Pseudo-Change 199 Notes 200 7. Man, Concepts and Society 206 I: Situational Logic 207 II: Concepts and Class 208 III: Against Social Determinism 210 IV: Conditioning or Contexts? 212 Notes 214 8. An Economic Misinterpretation of History: A Critique of J. K. Galbraith's Account of American Capitalism 218 I: The Age of Uncertainty 219 II: The Myth of Social Darwinism 220 III: The Motive Behind the Myth 221 IV: Social Darwinist Collectivism 222 V: Confusing the Issues: Galbraith's Characterization of Capitalism 224 -iii- VI: Production Versus Predation 225 VII: The Case of the Railroads 228 VIII: The Forgotten Men 230 IX: The Mores of Capitalism: The Industrial Virtues versus Conspicuous Consumption 231 X: Conclusion 232 Notes 234 9. Freedom, Responsibility and Justice: The Criminology of the "New Right" 224 I: Introduction 224 II: The Natural Rights Libertarians 246 III: The Economic Liberals 254 IV: The Traditionalist Conservatives 257 V: The New Realists 261 VI: Conclusion 264 Notes 264 10. The Moral Case For Private Enterprise 274 I: The Socialist Moral Tradition 275 II: The Moral Abdication of the Liberal Tradition 277 III: The Virtue of Selfishness: The Moral Case for Private Enterprise 280 Notes 283 H. Co-operation Without Community 289 I: What is Community? 290 II: Ethical Appeasement 291 III: Co-operation Without Community 292 IV: Co-operation Without Sacrifice 294 V: The Self in Self-Interest 296 Notes 298 12. The Case Against A Bill of Rights 302 I: The Importance of Ideas 303 II: Intellectual Hegemony 304 III: Do Bills of Rights Maintain Freedom?: The Real Power of Social Forces 306 IV: The American Constitutional Experience as a Test Case 308 V: The Role of "Interpretation" 309 VI: The Role of the American Supreme Court 310 VII: A Symbolic Function? 312 VIII: Contradictions in the Case For Constitutionalism 313 IX: Constitutionalism as a Sign of Desperation 316 X: A Good Campaign Issue? 317 XI: Conclusion 318 Notes 319 -iv- 13. Life, Liberty and the Stars: The Ideological Significance of Science Fiction 329 I: In Defence of Science 331 II: Political Rationalism 333 III: "Applied Science Fiction" 335 IV: The Choice for Humanity 337 Notes 338 14. Ernest Hemingway and the Failure of Nihilism 345 I: Disillusionment 346 II: Social Commitment 348 III: Technique and Sense of Life 349 IV: A Failure of Thought 351 V: Values and Literary Achievement 351 Notes 354 Appendix: Details of Original Places of Publication 357 *** INTRODUCTORY CONTEXT STATEMENT Contents: I: Unifying Theme II: The Nature and History of Classical Liberalism - Its Decline and Rise III: Applications - Social Theory and Sociology IV: Applications - History V: Applications - Political Philosophy VI: Applications - Culture and Literature VII: Conclusion - The Nature and Prospects of Liberalism Notes *** I: Unifying Theme Most conventional academic works generally offer a highly restricted view of the history and nature of classical liberalism. This is perhaps not surprising since most book-length histories of the liberal tradition have been written by authors who are either outright ideological oppo­ nents (Harold Laski, The Rise of European Liberalism, Anthony Arblaster, The Rise and Decline of Western Liberalism) (1) or at best luke-warm "neo-liberals", out of sympathy with core tenets of classical liberalism (Guido De Ruggiero, The History of European Liberal­ ism, Jose G. Merquior, Liberalism, Old and New) (2). Even when the source of that restric­ ted view is fairly obvious - ideological hostility or disdain - and can hence be taken into ac­ count, such accounts suffer from a deeper failure to perceive
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