„Estetika Nepřítomnosti“ Heinera Goebbelse Diplomová Práce

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„Estetika Nepřítomnosti“ Heinera Goebbelse Diplomová Práce JANÁČKOVA AKADEMIE MÚZICKÝCH UMĚNÍ V BRNĚ Divadelní fakulta Ateliér scénografie Scénografie „Estetika nepřítomnosti“ Heinera Goebbelse Diplomová práce Autor práce: BcA. Jana Tkáčová Vedoucí práce: Doc. MgA. Marie Jirásková, Ph. D. Oponent práce: Doc. Mgr. Jan Štěpánek Brno 2017 Bibliografický záznam TKÁČOVÁ, Jana. „Estetika nepřítomnosti“ Heinera Goebbelse [Heiner Goebbels' “Aesthetics of Absence”]. Brno: Janáčkova akademie múzických umění v Brně, Divadelní fakulta, Ateliér scénografie, 2017, 83 s. Vedoucí práce Doc. MgA. Marie Jirásková, Ph. D. Anotace Diplomová práce „Estetika nepřítomnosti“ Heinera Goebbelse se zabývá analýzou přístupu Heinera Goebbelse k divadlu a jeho metodami tvorby s důrazem na teze, které prezentuje ve svých přednáškách a ve své práci. Goebbels se za 30 let své praxe dopracoval k principům otevřeného divadla „estetiky nepřítomnosti“, které dále rozvíjí ve své divadelní a pedagogické činnosti. Práce popisuje tyto principy v představeních Heinera Goebbelse, v moderním a současném umění a jejich prvky v reflexi vlastních projektů autorky práce. Annotation Diploma thesis Heiner Goebbels' “Aesthetics of Absence” deals with the analysis of Heinrich Goebbels' approach to the theater and its methods of production with emphasis on the theses presented in his lectures and his work. In thirty years of his practice, Goebbels worked on the principles of an open theater of "aesthetics of absence", which is further developed in his theatrical and pedagogical activities. The work describes these principles in the Heiner Goebbels' shows, in modern and contemporary art and their elements in the reflection of author's own projects. Klíčová slova Absence, hudební divadlo, prázdný střed, umělecké vzdělávání, nicota v umění. Keywords Absence, musical theater, empty center, artistic education, nothingness in art. Prohlášení Prohlašuji, že jsem diplomovou práci zpracovala samostatně a použila jen uvedené prameny a literaturu. Dávám svolení k tomu, aby tato práce byla umístěna v knihovně JAMU a používána ke studijním účelům. V Brně, dne 22.5. 2017 Jana Tkáčová Poděkování Děkuji Marii Jiráskové a Ateliéru scénografie, včetně jeho studentů, za inspirativní a podporující vedení mého studia, které se stalo součástí mě. Obsah Úvod.................................................................................................................................6 Směrem Heinera Goebbelse...............................................................................................9 Literatura v češtině.........................................................................................................9 Hudba–divadlo–galerie ...............................................................................................10 Smysl vzdělávání – vzdělávání smyslem.....................................................................29 Jsem divák..................................................................................................................36 „Škádlení“ metodou nepřítomnosti..............................................................................39 Nic v umění......................................................................................................................46 Damnatio memoriae ....................................................................................................48 Zvuková díla ticha.......................................................................................................50 Monochrom a prázdné obrazy.....................................................................................52 Mind the gap................................................................................................................55 Politika (a) absence v mé práci.........................................................................................58 Žádná scénografie a proces projektu L'amour: Experiment.......................................58 Ignorovat politiku a přijmout pozici? Proces projektu Ice Pøz...................................63 Nápad vs. intuice. Klasická hra Hřiště.........................................................................72 Závěr.................................................................................................................................76 Použité informační zdroje.................................................................................................78 Úvod Ve svých prvních letech studia na Jamu a svém prvním divadelním působení jsem se neúčastnila projektu, který by se svým smýšlením byť jen jemně dotknul principů, které Heiner Goebbels ve svých přednáškách, shrnutých do knihy Aesthetics of Abscence, předestírá. K takovému druhu divadla ve škole primárně nevede, přednost se dává sumě jiných znalostí a dovedností. Divadlo se mi tak v prvním ročníku stavělo do pozice jakéhosi klasického řemesla, které je třeba se naučit a následně praktikovat. Jediný ateliér, do kterého jsem osobně viděla (jako studentka) zevnitř, a mohu je jej tak hodnotit zasvěceněji, i když stále subjektivně, je ateliér scénografie. Cením si zdejšího prostředí, které je svým vedením otevřeno širším formám divadelním i nedivadelním, a vyčleňuje se tak svým přístupem z proudu jednoho „správného“ pojetí řemesla. Také nemálo zdejších studentů/absolventů se vydalo cestami různými od divadla, směrem k módě, výtvarnému umění, tetování, výstavnictví, filmu, hudbě, kritice... Otevřenost je pro Heinera Goebbelse klíčová. Nejde pouze o způsoby, kterými svá představení konstruuje, ve své knize čtenářům otevírá přístup ke svému myšlení a až filosofickému přístupu k umění a skrz něj ke světu (nebo pravděpodobně naopak). Každé rozhodnutí v kompozici jeho jevištního kusu znamená rozhodnutí ve výběru úhlu pohledu na svět, který se každou scénou snaží korigovat do co možná nejširšího. Představení mohou působit esejistickým či kolážovým principem, kde se jako divák nezabýváme snahou rozklíčovat zprávu nám předávanou, naopak se snažíme vnímat, pochopit a přijmout dojem, který vzniká v nás, tedy zprávy si vytváříme jako diváci sami. Nejde o změnu vnímání divadla, ale o změnu vnímání vůbec. Je třeba říci, že Heiner Goebbels vytváří svá představení jakoby na míru své vlastní divácké potřebě. Pokud nám ve svých textech odhaluje klíče, které jako režisér pro propojení/nepropojení složek použil, často se odkazuje na diváka, jeho kýžený dojem, a snaží se formovat diváka do své vlastní divácké totální otevřenosti (různosti forem) a neustále přítomnosti (myšlenkové aktivity). Ve své práci vystupuje často z pohledu diváka, inspiruje se literáty a jejich pohledem na divadlo z divácké perspektivy spíše než divadelními tvůrci a jejich autorským tvůrčím přístupem. Způsob, jakým 6 vypráví kamenná divadla, i některé projekty, na jejichž vývoji jsem mohla spolupracovat, stály na nosné (dějové) lince, kvůli níž vznikaly a kterou se tvůrci snažili podpořit všemi složkami, být srozumitelní, komunikovat s divákem. Nejde ani tolik o přítomnost nebo absenci příběhu, jako o otázku přímočarosti komunikace a od této otázky odvozený proces tvorby. Sdělení (téma, příběh, dramatický text) – zkoušení=materiál=komunikace – sdělení proti sdělení (účinkující/neherci, zvukový materiál, textový nedramatický materiál) – proces komunikace – sdělení. Projekty Heinera Goebbelse i přes svou nedramatickou formu nejsou „němé“ a jsou uváděny na významných jevištích po celém světě. Klíč pro takový úspěch představení, která jsou pro běžného diváka svou nedramatickou/post-dramatickou formou případně nová, vidím právě v jejich specifické komunikaci s divákem, kdy nepředpokládá diváckou znalost divadelní teorie, kritiky ani historie divadla či literatury, a přesto je tato jeho zdánlivě složitá forma divadla srozumitelná. Představení mnohdy z velké části komunikují o samotné komunikaci, o procesu vnímání jako takovém, dávají divákovi možnost a čas pochopit jiné způsoby vnímání a prožívání, než na jaké je (z klasického divadla a nejen divadla) zvyklý. Pokud divák přijme tyto jiné možnosti, otevírá se mu svět širokého pole spojení, dojmů, výkladů a významů, které představení obsahuje, a druhá násobná množina, kterou přináší do divadla on sám, a která vzniká na místě jedinečným spojením toho konkrétního představení a toho konkrétního diváka. Umět přimět diváka k vnímání způsobem, který si tvůrce přeje, v tomto případě přimět ho aktivně vnímat, je klíčem k nelimitované divácké přístupnosti. Uvedení divadelního kusu, kde není jasná dějová linka ani příběh středem pozornosti, kde dokonce není ani divákova pozornost vedena jedním směrem, by se dalo považovat za „škádlení“ diváka. Škádlení (teasing) existuje i jako psychologický termín definován různě, převážně jako „záměrná provokace, doprovázená hravými a nezřejmými narážkami, která komentuje něco relevantního adresátovi“1. Očekávání diváka, závislé na postupech tvorby a hierarchických strukturách fungování západního divadla, je ustálený předpoklad. Nenaplňuje-li divadelní představení požadavek na 1 KELTNER, D., CAPPS, L., KRING, A. M., YOUNG, R. C., & HEEREY, E. A. Just teasing: A conceptual analysis and empirical review. Psychological Bulletin, 2001, vol. 127, č. 2, s. 229-248. 7 performera něco ukázat/předvést divákovi jako pouhému recipientovi-konzumentovi, musí být nutně na takovém kusu tento vzorec přehodnocen. Původní očekávání je tedy zde něco, co je pro diváka relevantní, na čem mu záleží, a netradiční forma je oním škádlením. Toto škádlení však nemusí být nutně vnímáno jako provokace a už vůbec nemusí být vnímáno negativně a jako něco, vůči čemu je třeba se vyhranit nebo
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